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General Mathematics
Second Quarter
Module 12: Logical
Operators

1
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VII-CENTRAL VISAYAS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SIQUIJOR

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 11

General Mathematics
Fourth Quarter
Module 12: Logical
Operators

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 INTRODUCTION

This module is written in support of the K to 12 Basic Education Program to

ensure attainment of the standards expected of you as learner.

This learning material aims to equip you with the essential knowledge on the
different types of logical operators.

This includes the following activities/tasks:

▪ Expected Learning Outcome – This lays out the learning outcome that
you are expected to have accomplished at the end of the module.
▪ Pre-test – This determines your prior learning on the particular lesson
you are about to take.
▪ Discussion of the lesson – This provides you with the important
knowledge, principles and attitude that will help you meet the expected
learning outcome.
▪ Learning Activities – These provide you with the application of the
knowledge and principles you have gained from the lesson and enable
you to further enhance your skills as you carry out prescribed tasks.
▪ Post-test – This evaluates your overall understanding about the module.

With the different activities provided in this module, may you find this material
engaging and challenging as it develops you critical thinking skills.

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 What I need to know

After going through this module, you will be able to

➢ perform different types of operations on proposition. Code: M11GM-
IIg-4

What I know

Pre-Test
A. Choose the letter that correspond to the correct answer.
1. It is the proposition in the form “p if and only if q”
a. Biconditional b. conditional
c. logical equivalence d. negation

2. The proposition “if it is rainy, then it is sunny” is a _______ statement.

a. Biconditional b. conditional
c. logical equivalence d. negation

3. The proposition “Lhea will go to church if and only if it is sunny day” is a

_____
a. Biconditional statement b. Conditional statement
c. disjunction statement d. Negation statement

4. Which of the following are logically equivalent?

a. p v q and q Λ p b. (p Λ q) p and q (q Λ p)
c. (p Λ q) p and (q Λ p) q d. p (p Λ q) and (q Λ p) q

5. let p: The soup is tasty.

q: The soup is too hot.
Express the proposition “The soup is tasty if and only if it is not too hot” in
symbols.
a. p ~p b. p ~q c. p v ~q d. p Λ ~q

6. The symbolization for a conjunction is…

a. p q b. p & q c. p v q d. ~p

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7. In a disjunction, even if one of the statements is false, the whole disjunction
is still…
a. False b. Negated c. True d. Both true and false

8. In a conditional statement, the first part is the antecedent and the second part
is the…
a. Predicate b. Consequent c. Subject d. Disjunct

9. A Conditional is symbolized like this…

a. p v q b. p q c. p * q d. p & q

10. A conditional is false only when the antecedent is…

a. True and the consequent is false
b. False and the consequent is false
c. True and the consequent is true
d. False and the consequent is true

11. In a conditional statement, unless means “’if not” and introduces…

a. A negation b. The conjunct
c. The consequent d. The antecedent

12. It is impossible for a valid argument to have true premises and….

a. A true conclusion b. A negated conclusion
c. A conclusion d. A false conclusion

What’s In

You learned some terms in simple and compound proposition. Can you
still remember them? Try doing the activity below.

Activity
Directions: Classify each proposition as simple or compound
proposition.
1. Today is Sunday.
2. You may avail of the 50% discount if you are a member of the
team.
3. Honesto is not going to enrol next semester.
4. Robert went hunting or mountain climbing.
5. Neither Ayie nor Aicas is pretest.

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 What’s New

In the previous meeting, we learned about compound proposition as a

combination of simple proposition using logical connectors. In this lesson, we
will introduce the symbolic counterpart of the connectors ‘not’, ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘’if’ …,
then …’, and ‘’…if and only I f…’’, which we call logical operators. To do that,
we need to talk first about an important tool I n logic, the truth table.

A. Directions: Rearrange the jumbled letters in every item to form the

correct word related to our new discussion today. Do it in your
notebook.

1. Noiycnujnoc
2. Niotalidnoc
3. Contionjuncdis
4. Hturt bleat

What is It?

LOGICAL OPERATOR

Definition: Given a proposition, its truth table show all its possible truth values.

Example 1. Since a proposition has two possible truth values, a proposition p would
have the following truth table.

p
T
F

The truth table is useful because we can use it to display all the possible
truth value combinations of two or more propositions. For example, suppose p
and q are propositions. We can construct a truth table displaying the
relationship between the possible truth values of p and the truth values of q.
The rows of the table will correspond to each of the possible truth value
combination of p and q, and so there will be 22 = 4. Thus, for propositions p and
q, we have the following table.

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 p q
T T
T F
F T
F F

Similarly, suppose, p, q, and r are propositions. Then the truth table

involving the given propositions has 23 = 8 rows, as shown below.

p q r
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
In general, a truth table involving n proposition has 2n rows.

A. NEGATION
The simplest logical operator is the negation operator, which is denoted
by ~.

Definition: The negation of a proposition is denoted by

~ p (“not p’’)
And is defined through its truth table
p ~p
T F
F T

Example 2. State the negation of the following propositions.

n1: p(x) = (x – 1)/(x + 2) is a polynomial function.
n2: 2 is an odd number.
n3: The tinikling is the most difficult dance.
n4: Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.

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 Solutions:

n1: p(x) = (x – 1)/(x + 2) is a polynomial function.

~ n1: “’It is not true that p(x) = (x-1)/(x+2) is a polynomial
function”’ or simply “p(x) = (x – 1)/(x + 2) is not a
polynomial function”.

n2: 2 is an odd number.

~ n2: “It is not true that 2 is an odd number”, or “2 is an
even number.”
n3: The tinikling is the most difficult dance.
~ n3: “The tinikling is not the most difficult dance.”
n4: Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
~ n4: “Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.”

B. CONJUNCTION

The next logical operator allows us to state an expression for two

proposition to be true. It is called the conjunction operator and is denoted
by Λ.
Definition: The conjunction of the propositions p and q is denoted by
p Λ q: (p and q)
and defined through its truth table
p q p Λq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

The propositions p and q are called conjuncts.

The conjunction p Λ q is true only when both conjuncts p and q
are true, as shown in its truth table.

The conjunction p Λ q is true only when both conjuncts p and q are true as
shown in its truth table.

Example 3. Let p and q be the propositions

p: Angels exist.
q: π > 3.

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 Express the following conjunctions I n English sentences or in symbols,
as the case may be.

1. p Λ q
Solution: “Angels exist and π > 3.”

2. p Λ (~q)
Solution: “Angels exist and π ≤ 3” or “Angels exist, yet π ≤ 3.”

3. “Angels do not exist and π ≤ 3”

Solution: (~p) Λ (~q)

4. “While angels do not exist, π ≤ 3.”

Solution: (~p) Λ q

In the example above, since proposition q is true, the conjunction pΛq

is true when p is proven to be true. On the other hand, both conjunctions p Λ (~q)
and (~p) Λ (~q) are false because one of the conjuncts, namely ~q, is false.

C. DISJUNCTION
This third logical operator is called the disjunction operator and is
denoted by ν. A disjunction allows us to alternatives.

Definition:
The disjunction of two propositions p and q is denoted by
p v q: (p or q)
and defined through its truth table
p q pvq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
The propositions p and q are called disjuncts.
The above truth table shows us the disjunction p v q is false
only when both disjuncts p and q are false.

The truth table above tells us that the disjunction p ν q is false only when
both disjuncts p and q are false.

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Example 4. Let p, q, and r be the following propositions:
p: Victor has a date with liza.
q: Janree is sleeping.
r: Eumir is eating.

Express the following propositions in English sentences or in in symbols, as the

case may be.
1. p v q
2. q v (~r)
3. p v (q v r)
4. “”Either Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.’’
5. “Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.”
6. “Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, and Eumir is
eating.”
7. “Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.”
Solutions:

1. p v q
Solution: “Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping.”

2. q v (~r)
Solution: “Either Janree is sleeping or Eumir is not eating,”

3. p v (q v r)
Solution: “Either Victor has date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is
eating,”

4. “”Either Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.’’
Solution: (p v q) v r

5. “Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.”
Solution: (p Λ q) v r

6. “Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, and Eumir is
eating.”
Solution: p v (q Λ r)

7. “Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.”
Solution: (p Λ q) v (p Λ r)

The propositions
‘Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping or Eumir is eating.’
‘Either Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.’

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 Are represented in symbols as p v (q v r) and (p v q) v r, respectively. Notice
that even as English sentences they are very similar. In the next meeting, we will
show that in Logic are actually equivalent; that is, the compound propositions p v (q
v r) and (p v q) v r are logically equivalent, and so we can get rid of the parentheses
and write them as p v q v r).
In a similar manner, we will also see later that p v (q Λ r) and (p Λ q) Λ r are
logically equivalent. Again, we can get rid of the parentheses and write p Λ q Λ.

D. CONDITIONAL
Conditional are very important in mathematics since most mathematical
statements are expressible in this form.

Definition: The conditional of two propositions p and q is denoted by

p q: (If p, then q)
and defined through its truth table

p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

The conditional p q may also be read as “’p implies q”. The

proposition p is called the hypothesis. While the proposition q is called
the conclusion.

Example 6. Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11 student. Consider the following

conditional.
p1: If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.
p2: If Geebees is in Grade 11, then she is working as a lawyer.

Solution:
p1: The hypothesis and the conclusion are true. Thus, p1 true (from the
first row of the truth table for the conditional statement).

p2: While the hypothesis is true, the conclusion is not (a Grade 11

student is not qualified to be a lawyer). From the definition of the
conditional (second row of its truth table), the conditional
statement p2 is not true.

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 Another way to understand the truth value of conditional proposition
p q is to think of it as a promise or a contract. The conditional p q is
false or, equivalently, the promise is broken when the hypothesis p is true, while
the conclusion q is false.

Example 7. One day, Richard tweeted: “If I get promoted, t hen I will stop posting
selfies on Facebook.” Let p be the statement “Richard gets promoted,” and
let q be the statement, “Richard stops posting selfies on Facebook.”
Determine whether the conditional p q is true given the following
scenarios.
Scenario A: Richard got the promotion and promptly stopped posting selfies on
Facebook.
Scenario B: Richard got the promotion, but he realized that posting selfies on
Has become a habit he cannot break easily.

Solution:

Scenario A: Both the hypothesis and conclusion are true, so the conditional
p q is false.

Scenario B: In this scenario, the hypothesis p is true and conclusion

q is false. By definition, the conditional p q is false.

In fact, the truth table asserts that when the hypothesis p is false, the
conditional p q is true regardless of the truth value of the conclusion q. one way
to look at this that there is no way that Richard can break his promise, when he fails
to get the promotion.
Let us look at one last example.
Example 8: Determine the truth values of the following propositions.
a. If (a) > o, then there are more than 100 million Filipinos.
b. If (a) > a, then there are only 5 languages spoken in the Philippines.
c. If 2 < 0, then it is more fun in the Philippines.

Solution:
a. the hypothesis and the conclusion are both true. Hence the conditional is
true.

b. the hypothesis is true, but the conclusion is wrong because there are more
than 5 languages in the Philippines! In fact there are more than 100
languages in the country. Thus, the conditional is false.

c. Because the hypothesis is false, the conditional is true whether it is indeed

more fun in the Philippines or not.

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E. BICONDITIONAL
We now define another compound proposition which we can drive from two
conditional propositions.

Definition: The biconditional of propositions p and q is denoted by

p q: (p If and only if q,)
and defined through its truth table

p q p q
T T F
T F F
F T T
F F T

The proposition may also be written as ‘p iff q’. The proposition p and q
are the components of the biconditional.

The truth table of a biconditional tells us that its truth value is true when
the truth values of p and q are the same.
Let us revisit the scenario in our previous example.
Example 9. Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11 student. Let us now consider the
following biconditionals:
p1: Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only if she is a senior high school
student.
p2: Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only if she is working as a lawyer.

Solution:
p1: Again, both simple components of p1 are true. Hence, the
biconditional is true, according to the first row of the truth table.

p2: It is true that Geebee is in Grade 11, but it is not true that Geebee is
working as a lawyer. Therefore, the biconditional is not true, referring
to the second row of its truth table.

Solved Examples:
1. State the negation of the following propositions.
a. Mary received a text message from her friend.
b. x2 + y2 = x2

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 Solution:
a. Mary did not receive a text message from her friend.

b. It is not the case that x2 + y2 = x2 (or in symbols: x2 + y2 ≠ x2).

2. Suppose p is a true proposition, q is a false proposition, and r is a true

proposition. Determine the truth value of the following propositions.

a. (p Λ q) Λ r
b. p ∨ (q ∨ r)

Solution:
a. Since q is false, then p Λ q is false. Thus, (p Λ q) Λ r is false.

b. At least one of the disjuncts of q ∨ r is true, so the disjunction is true

q ∨ r. Therefore, p ∨ (q ∨ r) is true.

What’s More

ACTIVITY:
Directions: Answer the following questions completely. (2 points each)
1. State the negation of the following propositions.
m: Mathematics is easy to study.
o: Logic is not taken up in junior high school.
p: x2 – 4 ≤ 3

2. Let p, q, and r be the propositions p: “Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant.”,

q: “’Rena orders the restaurant’s special paella,”, r: “Rena has dessert.”
Express the following statements in English sentences or in symbols, as the
case may be.

a. “Rena orders the restaurant’s special paella, but she does not have
dessert.”
b. “If Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant, she orders the restaurant’s special
paella if and only is she does not order dessert.

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 What I Have Learned

I learned that
✓ given a proposition, its truth table show all its possible
truth values.
✓ the negation of a proposition is denoted by
~ p (“not p’’)
✓ the conjunction of the propositions p and q is denoted
by:p Λ q: (p and q)
✓ the disjunction of two propositions p and q is denoted
by p v q: (p or q)
✓ the conditional of two propositions p and q is denoted by
p q: (If p, then q)
and defined through its truth table
✓ the biconditional of propositions p and q is denoted by
p q: (p If and only if q,) and defined
through its truth table

What I can do

In this activity we look at the Instagram world of four girls Janella, Julia, Katrhryn
and Liza. We summarize their instagram dynamics who follows who in a table such as
the following.
Janella Julia Kathryn Liza
Janella
Julia
Kathryn
Liza

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 A check in a cell of table means that the girl named at the beginning of
the row follows on instagram the girl at the head of the column.

Instruction: Make the following propositions true by checking the appropriate

cell.

▪ Liza follows Kathryn but does not follow Janella.

▪ Either Juila follows Kathryn or Julia follows Liza.
▪ While Janella follows everyone that Julia follows Janella does not
follow Liza.
▪ Kathryn follows everyone who follows her.
▪ Nobody follows itself.

Note: There are several ways that this can be done.

Assessment

POST TEST
A. Choose the letter that correspond to the correct answer.

1. Proportional logic uses symbols to stand for statements and…

a. Nonstatement
b. The relationships between subject and predicate
c. Truth values
d. The relationships between statement

2. The four logical connectives are…

a. Conjunction, conditionals, compounds, and disjunctions
b. Conjunctions, statements, disjuncts, and conditionals
c. Conditionals, disjunctions, negations, and conjunctions
d. Conjuncts, disjuncts, conditionals, and negations

3. It is impossible for a valid argument to have true premises and …

a. A true conclusion
b. A negated conclusion
c. A conditional
d. A false conclusion

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 4. In a conditional statement, unless means “’if not” and introduces…
a. A negation
b. The conjunct
c. The consequent
d. The antecedent

5. A conditional is false only when the antecedent is…

a. True and the consequent is false
b. False and the consequent is false
c. True and the consequent is true
d. False and the consequent is true

Directions: Answer the following questions completely. (2 points each)

1. Consider the proposition u: “Pam works as a sales associate,” v: “”Bryan
has a temporary position in the office.” and w: “”Pam and Bryan are co –
workers.” Express the following propositions in English sentences or in
symbols as the case may be.

a. “Pam and Bryan are co – workers, but Pam works as a sales associate
and Bryan does not have a temporary position in the office.”
b. “Pam and Bryan are co – workers if and only if either Pam woks as a
sales associate or Bryan has a temporary position in the office.”
c. (u (~w))Λ((~v) w)

2. Suppose p and q are true propositions and r is a false proposition.

Determine the truth value of the following compound propositions.
a. ( ~ p ) Λ ( p ∨ ( ~ q)
b. p ((~q)Λr )
c. (p q)Λ((~r) q)
Scoring Rubrics:

Level 4 3 2 1 0
Accuracy Complete Arrived at Incomplete Attempted No
solution the correct solution to solve evidence
with the answer and did of
correct but with not arrive attempting
answer incomplete at the to show
solution correct the
answer solution

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Oronce, Olando A. First Edition. “General Mathematics” 268 – 270. Quenzon
City: Rex Bookstore.

Lim, Yvette F, and Rizaldi C.Nocon. 2016. “Math for Engaged Leaning,
Senior High General Mathematics.” Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House
Inc.

Verzosa, Debbie Marie B. and Leo Andrei A. Crisologo, et al.2016. “Teaching

Guide for Senior High School General Mathematics” Quezon City:
Commission on Higher Education.

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