Science of Energy technologies

Lecture 1 – what is energy.

Energy can never be lost; it is always converted into another form.

Work and Energy theory

W= F*s=m*a*s
S=v*t+1/2*a*t^2
T=(V-V0)/a
D=V0*(V-V0)/a + 1/2a*((V-V0)/a)^2
a*s=v0*v-v0^2 + ½(v^2+v0^2-2*v*v0)
= ½*v^2-1/2*v0^2
W= m*a*s= ½*m*v^2 – ½*m*v0^2
W= k – k0

Then convert this to P, (power).

P= dW/dt
= d(F*s)/dt
= F(ds/dt)
= F*v

Significance
With / & * = the smallest amount of numbers count
With - & + = the amount of decimals

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Lecture 2 – the edifice of physics

Three layers of physics:

1. What physics tells us about the Modern world.
- Why the sun shines
- Why computers work
- Why apples fall of a tree.
2. Physics
- Doing the math, understanding the laws
- SET: Classical mechanics, electricity, and the physics of solar PV.
3. How a physicist looks at the world
- What is the law? What proportional to what?
- What are the units?
- What exactly are we measuring? How big is it?

Newtons Laws
1. A body acted on by no net force has a constant velocity (which may be zero) and zero
acceleration.
2. If the net force is greater to a certain direction, the mass of the body times the acceleration
of the body equals the net force vector. F = m*a
3. If a body A exerts a force on body B, then body B exerts a force on body A. These two forces
have the same magnitude but have the opposite direction. These two forces act on different
bodies. Fa = - Fb. Kicking a ball, boxing.

The five forms of energy are:

- Chemical energy Fossil fuels
- Thermal energy Hot water storage
- Potential energy Pumped hydro, compressed air.
- Kinetic energy Moving object.
- Electrical energy Batteries

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Lecture 3 – mechanics, hydropower, and storage

King chapter 7.1: Hydroelectric power.

Which way of hydropower generates more energy? Overshot or undershot?

Overshot, because that water comes from higher point.

Mechanics hydropower
The wheel change the direction of the water almost 180 degrees, so every energy can be used for
generating electricity.

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Lecture 4 – Fluid flow ad wind energy

Energy is absorbed by the atmosphere, the energy which is absorbed by the surface results in
movement of air.

Wind: the wind originates of the sun. The sun heats the surface, it has warm and cool spots, this
creates areas from higher and lower pressure, which results in air moving from the high pressure to
lower pressure.

The Coriolis force is an apparent force: If you are standing still, we cannot see the rotational
movement. But the airmass which is there, does react to the movement of the earth.

Met je hand een beweging maken van w naar v, dan weet je wat de richting is met je duim. Omdat de
richting van de lucht dan de andere kant op is, staar er een minteken voor de formule van de
Fcoriolis = 2m * v * w

Cp = coefficient of performance, can never be higher than 0.59 (Betz limit).

Viscosity describes the resistance of a flow.

(b) turbulent flow: when obstacles cause abrupt changes in fluid velocity, the flow can become
irregular and chaotic.

Mass cannot disappear, so in a pipe which is getting narrower. It is the same mass that goes through
over time. So, we can compare the velocity by mathematically working out the following formula:
A1*u1=A2*u2 u = velocity, A = surface.

Pressure = newton/ m2

Why some components are higher than others, we have to say things like, a is higher, b must be
lower. Because the outcome is constant.

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Vliegtuigen stijgen op als volgt: bij een vleugel van een vliegtuig gaat er lucht boven en onder langs.
Die zijn na dezelfde tijd weer terug achter de vleugel. Die snelheid is dus hoger, waardoor de druk
boven de vleugel lager is want dat legt een langere afstand af in dezelfde tijd. Holy shit wat ben jij
slim.

Lecture 5 – Fluid flow and wind energy (2)

Acceleration in a circle:
In a uniform circular motion, the acceleration force is directed towards the centre. Where there is
acceleration there is force, because of the second law of newton: F=am

Wz is the instantaneous angular velocity of a rigid body rotating around the z-axis. Right hand rule, so
the direction of your thumb is the direction of wz.

Moment of Inherta; Rotational kinetic energy.

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Lecture 6 – Fluid flow, mechanics of rotating objects and wind energy.

M=pV

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Lecture 8 – recap, ik moet deze nog doen

We can define electric potential or voltage: potential energy per unit charge; V = U/ q 1.

There is resistance and resistivity, resistivity is specific for a material, rho (p) = electric field/ current
density.
and resistance is voltage drop per current. R=U/I & R=p*(l/A)

Current density = I/A

Parallel:
V1= V2 = Vtot
I1 + I2 = Itot I is stroomsterkte.

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Lecture 9 – Electric storage - capacitors and batteries

Conductors and Insulators

- Conductor
o Charge free to move.
o Will distribute along boundary.
o No E-field in the material.
- Insulator
o Charge is fixed to the material.
o Distribution can be anything.
o So, a nonzero field can be present inside the material.

Capacitors
- Ant two conductors separated by an insulator form a capacitor.
- Electrical field is always from + to -.
- If the distance between plates is very small compared to the surface of the plates, we
may neglect the boog lines on the side of the plates.
- We define the capacitance of a capacitor as: C = Q/V; the charge on each of the plates
divided by the voltage difference. F = C/V in units. C = charge

-
- C = e (hoe hard het er doorheen kan gaan, wel materiaal) * A/d
- So, capacity scales directly with size of the plate (A).

dit nog uitschrijven

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Supercapacitor
Pores material has a higher A, so C will be higher. Poros material has many pores in it so large a.
This is used in flash mechanics because it can delivered very fast.

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Lecture 10 – direct current circuits

I is the rate of charge over time.

you can take constants out of an integral because they do not change over time.

Lecture 11 en 8

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Lecture 12

AC = altering currents, sinusoidally varying current and voltage, wind turbines.

DC = direct current, unidirectional current and voltage, solar panels.

w = 2pi*frequency

To find out what is the average value of the current we must use the rms value:

DC is coming with no frequency, so there is no change in voltage, this is safer because ac can have
the same frequency as our heart, which is dangerous.

relative energy loss: lower voltage reduces the energy loss.

Little I fluctuates, I is always maximum.

How many turns do we need to acquire a certain voltage by V1/V2=N1/N2. N= number of turns.
Explanation of how a transformer works.

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Lecture 13 -

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Lecture 14 – (12) photovoltaics and semiconductors

If a photon comes in with a certain wavelength it will activate a certain level of an atom.

The more atoms you have, the more levels there are for electrons to jump to other states.

Energy band gap is the gap between

the energy bands/ levels of energy a
electron can have.

Gray parts are unoccupied conduction

bands.

Semi coductors: they have a band gap, but it is reaonal, so it is not that large, so electrons can hop to
the conduction band.

Valance band: the highest band state of the electrons.

n- and p type doping.

A mobile charge is created, because there is one on the loose.

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P type doping. There the new molecule has one electron less, which can accept an electron.

Electrons will diffuse and spread through the conductors. Afterall there are still positive and
negatively charged. As result there is an electronic field between the n and p type. From the n to the
p type conductor. This sets up a current. This electronic field is so large that the electric holes and the
electrons are pushed back so there is an equilibrium again.

This results in

Electric moving through a circuit we call an electric charge. By the magnetic field between the
positive and the negative charge, so they will go through a wire.

A photon divides the electron and the gap so the charge can be build up again, because of its thermal
energy.

When that happens, the electron is pushed back by the electronic field. But the hole prefers to be on
the p side.

Power = icell * V

icell = iphoto + idrift - idiffusion

icell = iphoto + io (eeV/KT – 1)

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Lecture 13 – continue the previous one.

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