NOTES

CLASS 12TH
SUBJECT – INFORMATICS PRACTICES
CHAPTER – 5 INTERNET AND WEB

1. Introduction to Internet
• The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the
Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.
• It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks.
• The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the web, is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

2. Evolution of the Internet

• The Internet originated from the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network) developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s.
• By the 1990s, the Internet expanded for commercial use and global connectivity.

3. Basic Concepts of the Internet

• IP Address: A unique numerical label assigned to each device on the Internet (IPv4
and IPv6).
• Domain Name System (DNS): Translates domain names (e.g., www.example.com)
into IP addresses.
• URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The address used to access web pages (e.g.,
https://www.example.com).
• Web Browser: Software application used to access information on the Web (e.g.,
Chrome, Firefox, Safari).

4. Internet Protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): The set of
communication protocols used for the Internet.
o TCP ensures reliable data transfer, breaking large data into packets.
o IP handles the addressing and routing of packets to ensure they reach the
correct destination.
• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Protocol used for transmitting hypertext pages
on the web.
• HTTPS (HTTP Secure): A secure version of HTTP, using encryption (SSL/TLS) for safe
data transfer.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used to transfer files between a client and server.
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.
• POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol):
Protocols used for retrieving emails.
5. Web Technologies
• Website: A collection of interlinked web pages hosted on a web server.
• Webpage: A document, typically written in HTML (HyperText Markup Language),
accessed via a web browser.
• Homepage: The main page of a website, serving as a starting point for navigation.
• Web Server: A server that hosts websites and responds to client requests by
delivering web pages.

6. Types of Websites
• Static Website: Displays the same information to all users (HTML/CSS only).
• Dynamic Website: Content changes based on user interaction or other factors (uses
server-side scripting like PHP, ASP.NET).

7. Web Development Languages

• HTML: The standard markup language for creating web pages.
• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): Used to style and layout web pages.
• JavaScript: A scripting language used to create dynamic, interactive effects on web
pages.
• PHP: A server-side scripting language used for dynamic web pages.
• Python: Often used for back-end development and server-side logic in web
applications.

8. Web Hosting and Domain Registration

• Web Hosting: A service that allows organizations and individuals to post a website or
web page onto the Internet.
• Domain Name Registration: The process of acquiring a domain name for your
website (e.g., www.example.com).

9. Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0

• Web 1.0: The first stage of the web, characterized by static content and read-only
interaction.
• Web 2.0: Introduced interactive web applications, user-generated content, and
social media platforms.
• Web 3.0: Focuses on the Semantic Web, where data is machine-readable and
enables more intelligent and personalized services.

10. Search Engines and Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

• Search Engine: A system that indexes the web and helps users find information (e.g.,
Google, Bing).
• SEO (Search Engine Optimization): Techniques used to improve the visibility of a
website in search engine results.

11. Cybersecurity on the Internet

• Cybersecurity: The practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from
digital attacks.
• Common cybersecurity threats include:
o Viruses: Malicious programs that can replicate and spread.
 o Phishing: Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information by
impersonating trusted entities.
o Malware: Malicious software intended to damage or exploit systems.

12. Cloud Computing

• Cloud Computing: The delivery of computing services like servers, storage, and
databases over the Internet (the "cloud").
• Types of cloud services:
o IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Basic infrastructure resources (e.g., AWS,
Azure).
o PaaS (Platform as a Service): Platform services for building applications (e.g.,
Google App Engine).
o SaaS (Software as a Service): Software hosted on the cloud (e.g., Gmail,
Office 365).

13. Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT refers to a network of physical objects that use sensors, software, and other
technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the
Internet.

Key Terms
• Internet Protocol (IP): Communication protocol for addressing and routing data.
• Domain Name System (DNS): System for converting domain names into IP
addresses.
• World Wide Web (WWW): Interlinked hypertext documents accessible via the
Internet.
• Cybersecurity: Practices to protect internet systems and data.
• Cloud Computing: Delivery of computing services over the internet.

Summary
• The Internet is a global network that connects millions of private, public, academic,
and government networks.
• Web technologies, including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and back-end languages like PHP
and Python, are crucial for building and maintaining websites.
• Cybersecurity practices, such as the use of secure protocols like HTTPS and
awareness of malware, are essential for safe internet usage.
• Emerging technologies like Cloud Computing and IoT are transforming how we
interact with the Internet, making it more integrated into daily life.
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