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Slide 09 - LAN (DataLink Layer)

Computer network

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12 views

Slide 09 - LAN (DataLink Layer)

Computer network

Uploaded by

n0233305r
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Computer Communication &

Networks

Lecture 9
Datalink Layer: Local Area Network

Source Reference – Engr. Waleed Ejaz (University of Engineering and Technology –


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Taxila)
Data Link Layer

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Data Link Layer Topics to Cover

Error Detection and Correction


Data Link Control and Protocols
Multiple Access
Local Area Networks
Wireless LANs

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IEEE Standards

 In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE


started a project, called Project 802, to set
standards to enable intercommunication
among equipment from a variety of
manufacturers. Project 802 is a way of
specifying functions of the physical layer and
the data link layer of major LAN protocols.

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IEEE 802 Series of LAN Standards
 802 standards free to
download from
http://standards.ieee.org
/getieee802

WiMAX

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IEEE standard for LANs

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Ethernet
“Dominant” LAN technology:
 Cheap $20 for 100Mbs!

 First widely used LAN technology

 Simpler, cheaper than token LANs and ATM

 Kept up with speed race: 10, 100, 1000 Mbps

Metcalfe’s Ethernet
sketch

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Ethernet Frame Structure - 1
Sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram (or other
network layer protocol packet) in Ethernet frame

Preamble:
 7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one
byte with pattern 10101011
 Used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates

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Ethernet Frame Structure - 2
 Addresses: 6 bytes, frame is received by all
adapters on a LAN and dropped if address does
not match
 Type: indicates the higher layer protocol, mostly
IP but others may be supported such as Novell
IPX and AppleTalk)
 CRC: checked at receiver, if error is detected, the
frame is simply dropped

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Minimum and Maximum Lengths

 Why there is an upper limit!!

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Ethernet
 Ethernet uses 1-persistent CSMA/CD on coaxial cable
at 10 Mbps (802.3 allows other speeds & media)
 The maximum cable length allowed: 500m
 Longer distances covered using repeaters to connect
multiple “segments” of cable
 No two stations can be separated by more than 2500
meters and 4 repeaters
 Including the propagation delay for 2500m and the
store and forward delay in 4 repeaters, the maximum
time for a bit to travel between any two stations is
max=25.6se (one way)

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Ethernet: uses CSMA/CD
A: sense channel, if idle
then {
transmit and monitor the channel;
If detect another transmission
then {
abort and send jam signal;
update # collisions;
delay as required by exponential backoff algorithm;
goto A
}
else {done with the frame; set collisions to zero}
}
else {wait until ongoing transmission is over and goto A}

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Ethernet’s CSMA/CD
 In order to ensure that every collision i s “heard" by
all stations, when a station detects a collision , it jams
the channel for
 Example
 Two stations, A and B, are close together

 A third station, C, is far away

 A and B will detect each other’s transmission very


quickly and shut off
 This will only cause a short blip which may not be
detected by C but will still cause enough errors to
destroy C’s packet

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Ethernet’s CSMA/CD
 When collisions occur, Ethernet uses a random
retransmission scheme called exponential backoff:
1. If your packet is in a collision, set K=2

2. Pick a number k at random from {0, 1,..,K-1}

3. After max seconds, sense channel, transmit if idle

4. If collision occurs, let K=2 x K, go to step 2

 After 10 repeats, stop doubling K


 After 16, give up and tell layer above “I give up”
 “Fixes” random access stability problem by passing it to
the layer above!

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Ethernet Technologies: 10Base2
 10: 10Mbps; 2: under 200 meters max cable length
 Thin coaxial cable in a bus topology
 MAX 30 users on one segment.

 Repeaters used to connect up to multiple segments


 Repeater repeats bits it hears on one interface to its
other interfaces: physical layer device!
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10BaseT and 100BaseT - 1
 10/100 Mbps rate; latter called “fast ethernet”
 T stands for Twisted Pair
 Hub to which nodes are connected by twisted pair,
thus “star topology”
 CSMA/CD implemented at hub

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10BaseT and 100BaseT - 1

 Max distance from node to Hub is 100 meters


 Hub can disconnect “jabbering adapter
 Hub can gather monitoring information, statistics for
display to LAN administrators

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Gbit Ethernet

 Use standard Ethernet frame format


 Allows for point-to-point links and shared broadcast
channels
 In shared mode, CSMA/CD is used; short distances
between nodes to be efficient
 Uses hubs, called here “Buffered Distributors”
 Full-Duplex at 1 Gbps for point-to-point links

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Categories of Standard Ethernet

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Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations

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Readings

 Chapter 13 (B.A Forouzan)


 Section 13.1, 13.2

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