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Contents
Daily Times - Recharge Pakistan through Green Banking 8

Dawn Article - Seeking Investment 10

Pakistan Observer - A childhood denied: Confronting child Labour in Pakistan 12

Dawn Article - A dangerous moment 14

Dawn Article - Life of the Constitution 17

Dawn Article - US Saber-Rattling 19

Dawn Article - Lebanon invasion 21

THE ECONOMIST ARTICLE - THE WAR IS GOING BADLY. UKRAINE AND IT'S ALLIES MUST
CHANGE COURSE 23

The Economist Article - The Poisonous Global Politics Of Water Polarization Makes It Harder To
Adapt To Climate Change 26

THE ECONOMIST ARTICLE - Israel’s Settlers Are Winning Unprecedented Power From The War
In Gaza 30

Dawn Article - Iranian salvo 32

DAWN ARTICLE - Renegotiating The Treaty 34

The Express Tribune Article - Israel-Iran War-Prospects And Prognosis 36

DAWN ARTICLE - REGIONAL RESPONSE 38

Dawn Article - Unseen Horrors 40

The Nation Article - World War III is Looming 43

The News International Article - Conflict, Climate, and Global Hunger 46

Dawn Article - Three-year reform plan for IMF exit strategy - By Ishrat Hussain. 50

Dawn article - October Status quo shake-up? 53

The news Article - The 25th IMF Programme and the reforms agenda 56

Dawn Article : Averting a Catastrophe - By Maleeha Lodhi 59

Arab News - As COP 29 Approaches, a Fragmented International Climate Finance System in

Review 61
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Dawn Article : Terrorism Upsurge 63

New CPEC Phase Will Transform Pakistan’s Economy 65

Pakistan Observer Article - Pakistan’s strategic importance to the SCO 68

Dawn Article - Water Paradox 71

Dawn Article - After Independence 73

Dawn Article - Weather worries 75

The Express Tribune Article - SCO offerings and Pakistan, India relations 77

Pakistan Observer Article - Pak-Malaysia ties beyond the horizon 79

The Express Tribune - SCO Summit: Pakistan's leadership opportunity Pakistan 81

Palestine & Kashmir: Struggle for Justice 83

Fast-tracking progress on SDGs: learning from global models 85

Climate diplomacy 87

Dawn Article - IMF raises alarm over banks’ heavy reliance on govt 89

Pakistan Observer Article - Baffling US Role: Middle East on Fire 91

The Express Tribune Article - Balochistan cauldron: unravelling the enigma 93

Pakistan Observer Article - "Pakistan's Strategic Importance to the SCO" 95

Dawn Article - Kashmir’s no to BJP by Maleeha Lodhi. 97

Dawn - IMF support and government reforms. 99

The Nation Article - India’s Hydro-Hegemony. 101

DAWN - Why the SCO meeting matters 103

The Express Tribune Article - Welcome to Pakistan Mr. Jaishankar! Let's start talking 105

Dawn Article - The Fight Over the Crown 107

Dawn Article - World is not about Indo-Pak ties. 109

The Express Tribune Article - Occupied Kashmir Elections and Legitimacy Crisis 111

The Express Tribune Article - SCO Moot: Boon for Pakistan. 113

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Dawn Article - Strategic Trade Shift. 115

Dawn Article - Successful Summit 117

Dawn Article - SCO backs China’s Belt & Road Initiative 120

Pakistan Observer - Strategic Significance of CPEC: A Vision for a Prosperous Future 122

The Nation Article - Russian Relations 124

Dawn Article - IMF Misses the Mark Yet Again 126

The international News Article - Can COP29 break the climate deadlock? 129

Pakistan Observer Article - Afghan Pakistan Dilemma 131

Pakistan Observer Article - How to Avoid Wars: Path to Global Peace, Cooperation 133

Dawn Article - Human Rights Review 136

The Express Tribune Article - Civil Service Reforms: Breaking the Cycle of Failure 138

Pakistan Observer - A new dawn in Pak-China coop 140

Dawn Article - A tired superpower? 142

Dawn Article - 26th Amendment 144

Pakistan Observer Article - 26th Constitution amendment: A step toward or away from
democracy? 146

Dawn Article - Economy'black hole 148

The Express Tribune Article - 26th Amendment, why? 150

Dawn Article - From Conflict to Cooperation 152

Pakistan Observer Article - CPEC Phase 2 and Befitting Cultivation of Mushrooms: A Way
Forward. 155

Pakistan Observer - The Inauguration of New Gwadar International Airport 157

The Express Tribune Article - Working towards a better future 159

The Express Tribune Article - BRICS Moment 161

Dawn Article - IMF's estimate 163

The Express Tribune - India joins the murder club 165

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The Nation Article - Obscure Criticism 167

Pakistan Observer Article - BRICS: A challenge to western global hegemonism 169

Pakistan Observer Article - Evolving democracy through constitutional reforms 171

Arab news article - Beyond the Headlines: Pakistan’s Economic Realities 173

Pakistan Observer - SCO Summit: Key outcomes and future prospects 175

PAKISTAN Observer - China, Pakistan & Russia alliances and India 177

The Express Tribune - Israel’s Attack on Iran: What Next? 179

The Express Tribune - Indo-Pak ties: the illusion of diplomacy at SCO Summit 181

Pakistan Observer - Geopolitics & geo-economics of BRICS: An expert opinion 183

Dawn Article - Climate investment 185

Dawn Article - Internal politics, external global conflicts may put economy in dire straits unless
country focuses on foreign investment 186

Dawn Article - Gwadar Development 188

Dawn Article - Illusion of Power 190

Pakistan Observer - Pakistan: National Interest and US Relations 192

Dawn Article - Is Middle Eastern escalation inevitable? 194

Dawn Article - Remaking of the Middle East 196

Dawn Article - Imbalance of Power 198

Dawn Article - Regional trade 200

Pakistan Observer Article - China, Pakistan & Russia alliances and India 202

The Express Tribune Article - Towards a multi-polar world: can BRICS, SCO serve as catalyst?
204

Dawn Article - Take School to the Child 206

Pakistan Observer - Climate unity: Azerbaijan’s COP29 leadership 208

Pakistan Observer Article - Parliamentary diplomacy reinforces Pakistan, Russia bilateral ties :
Ayaz 210

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Dawn Article - Legal Games. 212

The Express Tribune - Afghanistan's internal fault Lines 215

Dawn Article - Reforming the Civil Service 217

Pakistan Observer - BRI and Geo-economics of Uzbekistan: A Way Forward 219

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Daily Times - Recharge Pakistan through Green Banking

Summary:
The Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, a crucial agreement between Pakistan and India mediated by the World
Bank, is under pressure as India calls for renegotiation due to population growth, environmental changes,
and other factors. Alongside these challenges, Pakistan is on the brink of severe water scarcity, with the
United Nations Development Program warning of an impending drought by 2025. Groundwater depletion
has become a major issue, with the UN's 2023 report categorizing Pakistan as critically water-insecure. To
tackle these issues, the concept of green banking and sustainable financing has been proposed, encouraging
banks to support water conservation and rainwater harvesting initiatives, potentially easing the strain on
Pakistan's water resources.
The article advocates for rainwater harvesting as a sustainable solution to Pakistan’s water crisis.
Emphasizing examples from countries like Australia and India, it suggests that Pakistan could implement
similar regulations for rainwater collection in urban areas. The banking sector, by embracing green banking
and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices, could provide essential financial support for
conservation projects. With urbanization and climate change exacerbating water challenges, the article calls
for government intervention, policy support, and public awareness to promote water conservation efforts
and secure Pakistan’s water future.
Overview
This article delves into Pakistan’s escalating water crisis and offers solutions through green banking
initiatives. It explains the pressing need for water conservation efforts like rainwater harvesting, linking it
to the larger challenge of climate change and urbanization. The article emphasizes the role of Pakistan’s
banking sector in supporting sustainable water management projects and highlights the economic and social
urgency of addressing water scarcity.
NOTES
- Indus Waters Treaty and Pakistan-India Relations: Relevant for International Relations and
Pakistan Affairs, covering regional resource-sharing issues.
- Environmental Conservation and Green Banking: Linked to Environmental Science and
Economics, focusing on sustainable financial practices.
- Groundwater Management and Agriculture: Important for Agricultural Studies and Geography,
examining resource management in arid regions.
- Public Policy on Water Conservation: Relates to Governance and Public Administration topics on
sustainable development.
Relevant CSS Topics
- International Relations (Pakistan-India water disputes, diplomacy)
- Environmental Science (water scarcity, conservation techniques)
- Economics (sustainable financing, green banking)
Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts
Pakistan relies heavily on groundwater, with around 60-70% of the population depending on it for daily
use. Currently, the country extracts more water than it replenishes, causing a significant drop in groundwater
levels. For example, Pakistan annually pumps around 50-55 Million Acre Feet (MAF) of groundwater,
while only about 40-45 MAF is naturally recharged, contributing to a persistent depletion trend. Rainwater
harvesting, a method used in countries like India and Japan, allows water collection from roofs and surfaces,
providing an alternative to groundwater and helping reduce urban flooding.

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To wrap up, Pakistan’s water crisis demands urgent action and a shift towards sustainable practices. The
banking sector’s involvement in financing water conservation projects offers a viable solution to address
these concerns. Strengthening policies and encouraging rainwater harvesting through green banking can
alleviate water scarcity and contribute to a sustainable future for Pakistan.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Depletion reduction in the exhaustion, drain replenishment,
quantity of something. restoration
Sustainable capable of being renewable, enduring unsustainable,
maintained over time temporary
without harm
Synergized combined for enhanced unified, coordinated divided, separated
effect.
Aquifer an underground layer of water source, dry land, non-aquatic
water-bearing rock groundwater reserve layer

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Dawn Article - Seeking Investment

Summary:
Saudi Arabia has decided to increase its investment in Pakistan by $600 million, bringing the total
commitment to $2.8 billion, following Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif’s recent visit to Riyadh. This increase
is part of a broader series of memorandums of understanding (MoUs) signed between the two countries to
encourage investment in key sectors like agriculture and oil exploration. However, despite similar efforts
with the UAE and Qatar, actual investment inflows have been limited. Pakistan’s economic challenges,
such as political instability, a fragile balance of payments, and issues related to policy consistency, have
deterred some potential investors, like China and the Gulf states. The article emphasizes the need for
structural reforms, especially regarding policy stability and investor security, as essential for attracting
sustained foreign investment.
The editorial highlights Pakistan’s quest for foreign investment and underscores the significance of creating
a more reliable investment environment. Notably, the PM’s efforts to promote Pakistan’s economic potential
to Gulf countries show potential, but without consistent policy reforms, these visits may not yield lasting
financial commitments. The article suggests that the government’s focus should be on establishing a stable
investment climate to regain the trust of both new and returning foreign investors.
Overview
This article discusses Pakistan’s efforts to secure foreign investment from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and other
Gulf nations. It sheds light on the limitations Pakistan faces, despite securing MoUs, and advocates for
policy consistency and investment-friendly reforms to encourage future inflows.
NOTES
- Pakistan-Gulf Relations: Relevant to International Relations and Pakistan Affairs, focusing on
economic diplomacy and investment.
- Economic Reforms and Policy Stability: Linked to Governance and Public Administration,
highlighting structural reforms.
- Investment Climate and Economic Growth: Important for Economics, discussing the role of
foreign direct investment (FDI) in economic growth.
- CPEC and Regional Security Concerns: Tied to Current Affairs and Geography, covering
Pakistan-China economic cooperation and security issues.
Relevant CSS Topics
- International Relations (Pakistan’s diplomacy with Gulf states)
- Economics (foreign direct investment, economic reforms)
- Governance (policy consistency, structural reforms)
- Current Affairs (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and regional security)
Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts
Pakistan’s reliance on foreign investment aims to support economic growth and stabilize its financial
reserves. For instance, securing investments in agriculture and energy could help reduce trade imbalances
and create job opportunities. Over the past year, Gulf countries initially pledged around $25 billion for
investments in sectors like mining, energy, and infrastructure. However, investor confidence remains shaky
due to Pakistan’s policy inconsistencies, with only minor investments realized, such as the UAE’s
involvement in Karachi port infrastructure.

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To sum up, For Pakistan to truly attract foreign investments, it must address its core economic challenges
and ensure policy consistency. Diplomatic efforts alone will not suffice without a stable, investor-friendly
environment. Addressing security concerns and ensuring contractual sanctity could lead to long-term
partnerships, securing the country’s economic future.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Defer to delay or postpone delay, put off advance, expedite
Investment climate the economic business environment, stagnant economy,
environment affecting economic setting unfavorable conditions
investors.
Prospective likely to happen in the potential, future unlikely, improbable
future.
Sanctity the state of being inviolability, sacredness violation, irreverence
sacred or inviolable.

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Pakistan Observer - A childhood denied: Confronting child

Labour in Pakistan
Summary:
Child labour in Pakistan remains a significant issue, with over 12.5 million children aged 5 to 14 involved
in various sectors, predominantly in rural agriculture and urban workshops. These children face hazardous
work conditions, often at the expense of their education and health. Despite national laws and international
conventions aiming to curb child labour, socio-economic factors, cultural norms, and weak enforcement
mechanisms continue to sustain the practice. The article emphasizes that addressing child labour requires a
multi-faceted approach, including stricter laws, public awareness campaigns, and economic programs to
support vulnerable families.
Overview
This article, authored by Dr. Zafar Khan Safdar, examines the persistent problem of child labour in Pakistan,
highlighting how poverty, cultural acceptance, and lack of enforcement keep children in exploitative
conditions. It also compares Pakistan’s efforts with other South Asian countries and suggests
comprehensive actions to alleviate the issue, from improving educational access to implementing stricter
monitoring and enforcement.
NOTES
- Child Rights and Labour Laws: Relevant to Pakistan Affairs and Governance, examining Pakistan’s
legal framework.
- Comparative Analysis with South Asia: Useful for International Relations, understanding regional
child labour trends.
- Economic and Social Development: Linked to Public Administration and Economics, focusing on
poverty alleviation and family support systems.
Relevant CSS Topics
- Pakistan Affairs (child labour issues, rural-urban disparities)
- Governance (policy enforcement, social welfare)
- Sociology (poverty and child exploitation)
- International Relations (comparative study of South Asia’s approach)
Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts
For beginners, it's essential to note that child labour is driven by poverty, with families relying on children’s
earnings. For instance, children in rural areas often work in fields, while those in cities may be found in
brick kilns or workshops. Globally, South Asia reports high child labour rates, with 152 million children
engaged in child labour worldwide. Comparatively, Sri Lanka has reduced its child labour rates through
robust social programs and education, a potential model for Pakistan.

To wrap up, Eliminating child labour in Pakistan requires a united front involving government agencies,
communities, NGOs, and families. Strengthening legal protections and providing educational and economic
opportunities for low-income families can pave the way toward a child-friendly society where all children
have the opportunity to learn and thrive.

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Difficult Words and Meanings:

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Exploitation unfair use of someone’s manipulation, misuse fairness, respect
work or resources.
Enforcement ensuring laws are implementation, neglect, disregard
followed. execution
Cultural Norms shared societal beliefs traditions, values anomalies, divergences
and behaviors.
Sustainability the ability to be durability, longevity instability,
maintained over time. unsustainability

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Dawn Article - A dangerous moment

Summary:
In his address at the UN General Assembly, President Joe Biden drew a clear contrast between his stance
on Ukraine and the Middle East. While he emphasized defending Ukraine against Russian aggression, he
applied different principles when discussing Israel and Palestine. Biden presented Israel as a victim, giving
little attention to the plight of the Palestinians, despite Israel’s ongoing military offensive in Gaza. The U.S.
has played a significant role in supporting Israel by vetoing UN ceasefire resolutions and providing over
$12 billion in military aid. This has allowed Israel to continue its actions in Gaza and Lebanon, pushing the
region towards a broader conflict. The article criticizes Western nations for their double standards,
condemning Russia’s actions in Ukraine while ignoring Israel’s violations in Gaza. Iran, despite
provocations, has shown restraint, but tensions remain high in the region.
NOTES:
• Double Standards in Foreign Policy: The article criticizes President Biden and Western nations for
their differing approaches to conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza. The U.S. strongly supports Ukraine but
turns a blind eye to Israeli actions in Gaza.
• U.S. Role in Middle East: The U.S. has vetoed several UN ceasefire resolutions and provided Israel
with over $12 billion in military aid, helping Israel continue its military offensive against
Palestinians.
• Regional Tensions: Israel's ongoing military operations in Gaza, Lebanon, and the West Bank have
heightened tensions in the Middle East. The possibility of a full-scale regional war looms large.
• Iran’s Response: Iran has exercised restraint despite Israeli provocations, including the
assassination of leaders from Hamas and Hezbollah. However, further escalation could lead to
Iranian involvement in the conflict.
Notes for Beginners with Examples:
• Double Standards in Foreign Policy: When a country treats similar situations differently, it's
called "double standards." For example, the U.S. supports Ukraine when it’s attacked by Russia
but ignores the suffering of Palestinians when Israel attacks Gaza.
• U.S. Role in Middle East: The U.S. is a powerful country that influences decisions at the UN.
It has used its veto power to block attempts for a ceasefire in Gaza, allowing Israel to continue
its attacks. This is like when a referee in a game favors one team over the other, not allowing
the game to stop for the other team to recover.
• Escalation of Conflict: The situation in the Middle East has gotten worse because Israel
continues to attack. Imagine a small fight between two people, but more and more people join
in, and it becomes a bigger fight. This is what’s happening in Gaza and the region.
• Iran's Restraint: Although Israel has attacked Iran’s allies, Iran has chosen not to respond
aggressively yet. It's like when someone is provoked but chooses to stay calm instead of
fighting back immediately.
Facts and Figures
1. U.S. Military Aid to Israel: The United States has provided over $12 billion in military aid to
Israel. This support has enabled Israel to continue its military operations in Gaza and Lebanon.
2. UN Resolutions: The U.S. has vetoed multiple UN ceasefire resolutions, preventing
international efforts to halt Israeli military offensives in Gaza.

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3. Military Offensive: The ongoing military operations by Israel in Gaza have resulted in
significant civilian casualties and a deepening humanitarian crisis, but specific casualty figures
are not provided in the article.
4. Iran's Response: Despite provocations from Israel, including military actions against groups
like Hamas and Hezbollah, Iran has shown restraint, indicating a complex regional dynamic.
5. Double Standards in Policy: The article highlights a perceived inconsistency in Western foreign
policy, where strong condemnation of Russian aggression in Ukraine contrasts with a lack of
response to Israeli actions in Gaza.
Syllabus Relevancy
This article is relevant to the CSS/PMS syllabus in the following areas:

1. Current Affairs:
a. Understanding U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and its global implications.
b. The ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict and its impact on international relationsz
2. International Relations:
a. Analyzing the role of the UN, U.S. foreign policy, and international law in conflict
resolution.
b. The double standards in global politics regarding human rights violations and military
interventions.
3. Pakistan Affairs:
a. Pakistan’s stance on the Palestine issue and its foreign policy in relation to the Middle
East.
b. The broader Muslim world’s response to Western policies towards Israel and Palestine.
4. Political Science:
a. The article offers insights into U.S. domestic politics influencing foreign policy
decisions, especially during election years.
5. Essay Writing:
a. Useful for topics related to international law, human rights, global conflicts, and the
role of superpowers in modern geopolitics.

To wrap up, the article underscores the glaring double standards in Western foreign policy, particularly the
U.S., which supports Ukraine's defense while turning a blind eye to Israel’s aggression against
Palestinians. This inconsistency not only deepens the humanitarian crisis in Gaza but also threatens to
push the Middle East toward a broader regional conflict. The failure to apply the same principles of
justice and international law universally continues to erode trust and exacerbate global tensions.

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Additional gift:
Quotes on the Israel-Palestine Conflict:
1. Desmond Tutu:
a. "If you are neutral in situations of injustice, you have chosen the side of the oppressor."
2. Jimmy Carter:
a. "We can’t be the only nation in the world that is not willing to take on the injustices of
apartheid in Palestine."
3. Hanan Ashrawi:
a. "It’s time to end the occupation and recognize the rights of the Palestinian people."
4. Barack Obama:
a. "The United States is a strong supporter of Israel, but that support cannot be
unconditional."
5. Yasser Arafat:
a. "I come bearing an olive branch in one hand and a freedom fighter’s gun in the other.
Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand."
Difficult Words with Meanings, Synonyms, and Antonyms
S/No. Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
1 Aggression Hostile or violent Hostility, attack, Peace, defense,
behavior towards belligerence, calm, passivity
others; forceful offense
action intended to
dominate
2 Plight A dangerous, Predicament, Solution, ease,
difficult, or hardship, trouble, advantage,
unfortunate dilemma success
situation.
3 Veto The rejection of a Rejection, Approval,
decision or proposal prohibition, endorsement,
made by a law- dismissal, block ratification,
making body acceptance
4 Offensive An aggressive Assault, attack, Defense,
military operation campaign, retreat,
aimed at occupying invasion withdrawal,
enemy territory ceasefire
5 Hypocrisy The practice of Duplicity, deceit, Honesty,
claiming to have insincerity, integrity,
moral standards or dishonesty sincerity,
beliefs to which truthfulness
one's own behavior
does not conform
6 Escalation An increase in the Intensification, Reduction,
intensity or amplification, decrease,
seriousness of a expansion, growth alleviation, de-
situation escalation
7 Genocidal Relating to the deliberate Extermination, Protection,
killing of a large group massacre, safeguarding,
of people, especially annihilation, ethnic preservation
those of a particular cleansing
ethnic group.
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Dawn Article - Life of the Constitution

Summary
The current dominant oppositional force, the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), has gained considerable
popular support, particularly among those favoring free and fair elections and less military involvement in
politics. However, PTI has shown a lack of commitment to the 1973 Constitution. In the past, the party has
pushed for more centralization, changes to federal financing, technocratic governance, and even a
presidential system. Their latest manifesto suggested direct elections for the Prime Minister, which could
undermine the parliamentary system. The future could unfold in two ways: PTI could choose to accept and
adapt to the federal parliamentary framework of the 1973 Constitution, or, if they regain power, they might
establish a new constitutional framework that aligns with their political ideology. If this occurs, the other
political parties will likely protest but will have little credibility since they have already compromised the
constitutional foundations they once championed.
Notes:
- Indifference to the Constitution: The PTI's approach reveals a tendency to overlook the
1973 Constitution, which forms the basis of Pakistan’s political framework. This raises
concerns about their commitment to democratic principles.
- Proposed Changes by PTI: The party's advocacy for centralization and technocratic
governance could lead to significant changes in Pakistan's political structure, affecting
the balance of power.
- Future Directions: The potential outcomes for the PTI could either be a shift toward
embracing the existing constitutional framework or an attempt to reshape the political
system entirely based on their popularity.
- Political Dynamics: Should PTI seek to establish a new constitutional order, it may
provoke a strong reaction from other political parties, though their prior actions may
weaken their position.
Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Oppositional Force: An oppositional force is a group or party that opposes the current
government. For example, the PTI opposes the ruling party and seeks to bring changes.
- Legitimacy: This term means being accepted as right or proper. PTI has gained
legitimacy because many people support its ideas.
- Interference: When someone interferes, they get involved in a situation where they
might not be needed. For example, military interference in politics can disrupt
democratic processes.
- Centralization: Centralization means concentrating power in one place. If PTI wants to
centralize power, it would mean giving more authority to a single leader rather than
spreading it among different regions.
Syllabus Relevancy:
This article is relevant to the CSS/PMS syllabus in the following areas:
1. Political Science:
- Understanding different political systems and the implications of proposed changes to
governance structures.
2. Current Affairs:

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- Analyzing the role of PTI in Pakistan’s political landscape and its potential impact on
democratic processes.

3. Constitutional Law:
- Discussing the importance of the 1973 Constitution and its role in maintaining checks
and balances within the government.
4. International Relations:
- Insights into how internal political dynamics can affect a country’s foreign policy and
stability.

Difficult Words with Meanings, Synonyms, and Antonyms

S/No. Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
1 Oppositional Relating to or Adversarial, Supportive,
characterized by contrary, cooperative,
opposition. resisting, compliant,
dissenting agreeable
2 Legitimacy The quality of being Validity, Illegitimacy,
valid, acceptable, or authenticity, invalidity,
authorized. legality, unacceptability
justification
3 Interference The act of Meddling, Support,
intervening or intervention, assistance,
meddling in a intrusion, cooperation,
situation. disruption involvement
4 Centralization The concentration Consolidation, Decentralization,
of control and unification, dispersion,
power in a central central control, distribution,
authority. concentration autonomy
5 Technocracy A system of Expert Democracy,
governance where governance, populism,
decision-makers are technocratic rule, bureaucratic
selected based on meritocracy governance
their technical
expertise.
6 Manifesto A public declaration Declaration, Concealment,
of intentions, statement, policy secrecy, hidden
motives, or views, document, agenda
usually in a political platform
context.
7 Craft To create or Create, shape, Destroy,
construct something formulate, design dismantle, ruin,
skillfully. undo
8 Constitutional Order A system of Legal framework, Anarchy,
governance based on constitutional lawlessness,
a constitution that system, chaos
outlines the powers governance
and duties of
structure
government
institutions.
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Dawn Article - US Saber-Rattling

Summary
The article discusses the U.S. military's increased presence in the Middle East, which is unlikely to calm
the region but may encourage Israel's aggressive actions. Despite U.S. calls for ceasefires in Gaza and
Lebanon, its military and financial support for Israel undermines these efforts. The U.S. has a history of
military interventions leading to destruction, particularly in the Muslim world. As the U.S. prepares for a
presidential election, significant criticism of Israel from American politicians is improbable, as both major
parties avoid offending Tel Aviv, even at the cost of American lives.
Overview:
The article discusses the impact of U.S. military actions in the Middle East, particularly regarding Israel
and its conflicts, highlighting the contradictions in U.S. foreign policy.

1. Increased Military Presence:

- The U.S. is sending more troops, ships, and aircraft to the Middle East.
- This move may escalate tensions rather than calm the situation.
2. Contradictory Policies:
- The U.S. publicly calls for ceasefires while continuing military support for Israel.
- This inconsistency raises questions about the effectiveness of U.S. diplomacy.
3. Historical Context:
- Past U.S. military interventions (like in Afghanistan and Iraq) have led to widespread
destruction.
- Similar consequences may occur in the current situation in Palestine and Lebanon.
4. Political Dynamics:
- Upcoming U.S. presidential elections influence political leaders to avoid criticizing
Israel.
- The pro-Israel lobby has a significant impact on U.S. policy decisions.
Related CSS Syllabus Topics:
1. International Relations: Understanding U.S. foreign policy and its implications for
Middle Eastern stability.
2. Current Affairs: Analysis of the geopolitical situation in the Middle East.
3. Political Science: Exploration of military interventions and their consequences.
Notes for Beginners with Examples:
• Sabre-rattling: When a country shows off its military power, it is often called sabre-
rattling. For example, a nation might send troops to the border to threaten another
country.
• Volatile: A volatile situation can change suddenly, like protests that can turn into riots
at any moment.
• Rampage: When a group of people causes destruction during a protest, they are said to
be on a rampage.
Facts and Figures:
1. The U.S. has increased troop levels, ships, and aircraft in the Middle East, signaling a military
escalation.

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2. The Pentagon claims readiness to deploy forces at short notice, demonstrating military
preparedness.
3. American bombs have been implicated in attacks on key figures like Hezbollah’s chief, indicating
the complex relationship between U.S. military support and regional conflicts.
To wrap up, the article critiques the U.S. military's increased presence in the Middle East, suggesting it may
escalate tensions rather than promote peace, while highlighting the contradictions in U.S. foreign policy
regarding Israel. It emphasizes that political pressures surrounding the upcoming presidential election make
substantial criticism of Israel by American leaders unlikely.

Difficult Words with Meanings, Synonyms, and Antonyms

S/No. Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
1 Sabre-rattling Aggressive threats Intimidation, Diplomacy,
or displays of posturing appeasement.
military power
2 Volatile Likely to change Unstable, Stable, calm
rapidly and explosive
unpredictably
3 Rampage A period of violent Fury, havoc. Peace, calm.
and uncontrolled
behavior
4 Farce A ridiculous Mockery, Seriousness,
situation or event. absurdity. gravity.

5 Imperial might Powerful control Dominance, Weakness,

exerted by an authority. impotence.
empire or
superpower

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Dawn Article - Lebanon invasion

Summary
The article discusses Israel's recent invasion of Lebanon, which mirrors its 1982 invasion that lasted 18
years. Israel aims to dismantle Hezbollah, which has lost key leadership, including Hassan Nasrallah, but
vows to continue fighting. Despite Hezbollah's degraded state, it is expected to put up resistance. The article
criticizes the inaction of the Muslim and Arab blocs, such as the OIC and Arab League, in preventing Israeli
aggression, as well as the West’s support of Israel. It warns that if Israel is not stopped, further regional
attacks may follow.
Overview:
The article highlights Israel’s military incursion into Lebanon and the weakening of Hezbollah’s
leadership, along with the lack of strong response from Arab and Muslim organizations. It points
out the suffering of Lebanese civilians and criticizes the international community’s passive stance,
particularly the Western backing of Israel.
Important points :
1. Invasion and Conflict:
- Israel has launched a new invasion of Lebanon, with a focus on destroying Hezbollah.
- Hezbollah, despite heavy losses, remains committed to resisting Israeli forces.
2. Civilian Casualties:
- Hundreds of Lebanese civilians have been killed, and over a million displaced due to
the conflict.
3. Arab and Muslim World’s Response:
- Organizations like the OIC and Arab League have been ineffective in curbing Israeli
aggression.
- These blocs have only issued weak appeals for peace without meaningful intervention.
4. International Stance:
- The West, particularly the U.S., continues to support Israel’s military actions.
- The article warns that unchecked Israeli aggression could lead to further destabilization
in the region.
Related CSS Syllabus Subjects /Topics
1. International Relations: Analysis of Middle Eastern conflicts and global powers’
involvement.
2. Current Affairs: The geopolitical situation between Israel, Lebanon, and Hezbollah.
3. Pakistan Affairs: Broader discussions on Muslim countries' stance in international
conflicts.
Notes for Beginners with Examples:
• Incursion: The Israeli military made an incursion into Lebanese territory, which
means they suddenly invaded.
• Protracted: The conflict is expected to be protracted, meaning it could last for a long
time.
• Decimate: The Israeli strikes have decimated the infrastructure in parts of Lebanon,
meaning they have caused widespread destruction.

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Facts and Figures:
1. Israel’s latest invasion of Lebanon has resulted in hundreds of civilian deaths and over
a million displaced people.
2. Hezbollah’s leadership, including Hassan Nasrallah, has suffered severe losses, but the
group remains determined to resist.
3. Arab organizations like the OIC have largely been ineffective in addressing the
conflict, despite their geopolitical influence.
Ongoing tragedy in Lebanon and the broader regional implications of the conflict.

Difficult Words with Meanings, Synonyms, and Antonyms

S/No. Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
1 Incursion A sudden invasion Raid, assault. Withdrawal,
or attack. retreat.
2 Protracted Extended over a Prolonged, Shortened,
long period of time. extended. brief.

3 Decimate To destroy a large Annihilate, Build,

part of something. devastate. construct.

4 Milquetoast Weak or timid in Feeble, spineless. Strong,

nature. assertive.

5 Clout Influence or power. Leverage, Weakness,

authority impotence.

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THE ECONOMIST ARTICLE - THE WAR IS GOING BADLY. UKRAINE

AND IT'S ALLIES MUST CHANGE COURSE
SUMMARY
The article emphasizes the need for Ukraine and its Western allies to rethink their strategy in the war with
Russia. It argues that Ukraine's goal of reclaiming all occupied territories is unrealistic due to its limited
military capacity. Instead, the focus should be on maintaining Ukraine's sovereignty, democracy, and
preventing further Russian advances. Western countries must offer stronger military support, including
long-range missiles and air defense systems, and consider Ukraine's NATO membership despite ongoing
conflict. The article warns that abandoning Ukraine could destabilize Europe and embolden adversaries like
Russia, China, and Iran.
Overview:
• Ukraine is facing severe military and economic challenges, with Russia slowly
advancing in the east.
• The article calls for a shift in Ukraine's war objectives from total victory to realistic
goals like securing democracy and halting further Russian incursions.
• Western political and military support is essential but showing signs of fatigue,
with growing opposition in countries like Germany and potential shifts in U.S.
policy.
• Ukraine needs increased military supplies, domestic production of weapons, and
NATO membership to ensure long-term security and stability.
• The consequences of Ukraine's defeat could be catastrophic, not only for Ukraine
but also for global security, as it would weaken Western alliances and empower
Russia and its allies.
NOTES :
1. Ukraine’s Struggles:
- Russia is advancing slowly but steadily, with significant fighting around Pokrovsk.
- Ukraine’s power infrastructure has been severely damaged, causing blackouts that will
worsen during winter.
- Ukraine is struggling to mobilize enough troops, and public morale is weakening.
2. Western Support and Fatigue:
- Some European countries and far-right political groups are pushing against continued
aid to Ukraine.
- Donald Trump’s potential return to power could also jeopardize U.S. support.
3. Redefining Victory:
- Instead of aiming to reclaim all territories, Ukraine should focus on preserving its
democracy and preventing further Russian territorial gains.
- Western leaders must help Ukraine redefine what victory means and support it in
achieving this goal.
4. NATO Membership:
- Ukraine should be offered NATO membership to secure its long-term safety, even
without a formal end to the war.
- This can be done without NATO having to defend Russian-occupied territories, similar
to West Germany’s NATO membership in 1955.
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5. Military and Economic Strategy:
- Ukraine needs more long-range missiles, air defense systems, and increased domestic
weapons production.
- The country’s arms industry has $7 billion in orders but is currently operating at only
one-third of its potential.
Related CSS/PMS Syllabus Subjects /Topics:
1. Current Affairs:
- International Relations (IR):
- Examines the Ukraine-Russia war's global impact and the roles of Western powers,
NATO, and geopolitical implications of Russian aggression.
- U.S. Foreign Policy:
- Analyzes potential shifts in U.S. support for Ukraine under different administrations.
- Global Security Issues:
- Discusses threats from Russian aggression and its effects on European and global
stability.
2. Pakistan Affairs:
- Global Impact on Pakistan:
- Explores how international conflicts influence Pakistan's security, economy, and
foreign relations.
3. International Law:
- Territorial Integrity and Sovereignty:
- Addresses Russia's illegal occupation of Ukrainian territories and implications for
international law.
- Humanitarian Law:
- Considers the civilian impact of war and the effectiveness of sanctions.
4. Political Science/International Relations (IR):
- Theories of War and Peace:
- Contrasts realist and liberal perspectives on conflict and resolution.
- Global Power Politics:
- Evaluates the influence of superpowers and regional players on international security.
FACTS AND FIGURES:
- Russian Casualties: Estimated at 1,200 killed or wounded daily.
- Power Grid Damage in Ukraine: Leads to blackouts of up to 16 hours.
- Ukraine's Arms Industry: Has $7 billion in orders but is only operating at one-third
capacity.
- Far-right Opposition: Increasing in Germany and France against continued support for
Ukraine.
- Drone Companies: Ukraine has around 250 drone companies, some of which are world
leaders.
To wrap up, Ukraine and its Western allies must adopt a more realistic approach to the war, shifting from
total territorial recovery to ensuring Ukraine’s sovereignty and security. Increased military support, a
stronger domestic arms industry, and NATO membership are essential to protect Ukraine from further
Russian aggression. Failure to adopt this strategy could lead to destabilization in Europe and embolden

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adversaries like Russia and its allies. Therefore, Western powers need to remain committed to Ukraine's
defense for global stability.
FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING:
GLOBAL IMPACT ON PAKISTAN
Ukraine-Russia war, significantly affect Pakistan’s security, economy, and foreign relations.
Security Concerns:
Instability in Eastern Europe can destabilize Pakistan, particularly regarding its ties with
India and Afghanistan. Additionally, conflicts can empower extremist groups, posing a
threat to internal stability.
Economic Effects:
Fluctuating energy prices, driven by global conflicts, can exacerbate Pakistan’s energy
crisis and inflation. Disruptions in trade routes hinder access to essential goods and limit
export opportunities, while geopolitical tensions deter foreign investment, slowing
economic growth.
Foreign Relations:
Pakistan must navigate its relationships with major powers like the U.S., Russia, and China,
potentially reshaping its foreign policy. Conflicts may also alter the dynamics of foreign
aid, requiring Pakistan to leverage its strategic location for assistance.
Humanitarian Considerations:
Wars can lead to refugee influxes, straining resources and challenging social cohesion.
Pakistan may face pressure to support humanitarian efforts, necessitating adjustments in its
foreign policy.
In conclusion, the ramifications of international conflicts compel Pakistan to adopt a strategic approach
that balances security, economic interests, and diplomatic relations.
Difficult Words with Meanings, Synonyms, and Antonyms
S/No. Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
1 Attrition To collapse or fall Disintegrated, Strengthening,
apart. Shattered Growth

2 Crumbled Extended over a Prolonged, Stabilized,

long period of time. extended. Solidified

3 Fatigue Extreme tiredness Exhaustion, :Vigor, Energy

due to prolonged Weariness
activity.

4 Mobilize To organize and Deploy, Rally Demobilize,

prepare for military Disband
action.
5 Irrevocable Not capable of being Irreversible, Reversible,
reversed or changed. Permanent Temporary

6 Dysfunctional Not operating Malfunctioning, Functional,

properly. Broken Efficient

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The Economist Article - The Poisonous Global Politics Of Water

Polarization Makes It Harder To Adapt To Climate Change
SUMMARY
The world is facing a worsening water crisis, summarized as “too little, too much, too dirty,” according to
Charlie Iceland from the World Resources Institute. This crisis is driven by climate change, which
intensifies both droughts and floods. Already, half of the world's population experiences water stress for at
least one month every year. Adjusting to this situation will require not only technological innovation but
also political collaboration, which has been hindered by populist and demagogic leadership that fosters
distrust of science and hinders climate policy progress.
In Chile, one of South America’s most water-stressed countries, political solutions to the water crisis are
proving difficult to find. In regions like Coquimbo, farmers like Alejandro Meneses face a severe water
shortage, largely caused by illegal extraction. The problem is worsened by outdated water rights that were
granted in more abundant times. Distrust between political factions complicates efforts to revise these rules,
and illicit boreholes continue to deplete local water resources. While desalination offers a potential solution,
bureaucratic hurdles make it slow and expensive to implement.
Elsewhere, like in Australia, efforts to conserve water have been more successful. Since 2012, Australia has
conserved over 2,130 gigalitres of water through a combination of government buybacks and water-saving
projects. Despite these advances, water theft remains a problem, and water politics continue to fuel tension
between urban and rural communities.
In poorer countries like Kenya, the water crisis is even more devastating. Recent floods in Kenya, following
prolonged droughts, killed hundreds and displaced thousands. Corruption, distrust, and conspiracy theories
further complicate the situation, making it harder for governments to effectively respond to crises.
Internationally, tensions over water resources are on the rise. The construction of an Ethiopian dam has
provoked anger in Egypt, as it threatens the country’s main source of water, the Nile River. While water
wars between nations are rare, disputes like these may become more frequent if collaborative water
management is not implemented.
The article concludes by noting that while addressing the global water crisis will be costly—estimated at
1% of global GDP until 2030—it is still manageable, and every $1 invested in water management could
yield $6.80 in benefits. However, the political will and global cooperation needed to resolve these issues
remain lacking.
OVERVIEW
This article discusses the global water crisis exacerbated by climate change, population growth, and
political dysfunction. The central issues are the scarcity, excess, and contamination of water, with the
situation worsened by political polarization and inefficient management. The article also covers various
global case studies, including Chile, Australia, Kenya, and Egypt, highlighting how both rich and poor
countries struggle with water politics, theft, and inefficient usage
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects /Syllabus
❖ Environmental Science: Topics related to water management, climate change, and
natural resource conservation.
❖ Current Affairs: Global issues, international disputes, and political challenges in
environmental conservation.
❖ International Relations: Conflict resolution regarding transboundary water
resources, global cooperation on water management.
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❖ Pakistan Affairs: Lessons for water management that could be applied to Pakistan's
own issues with water scarcity.
Notes for Beginners with Examples:
1. Water Crisis and Politics: The global water crisis refers to the growing challenges in
managing water due to scarcity, contamination, and floods. For example, in Chile, the
drought has made it harder for farmers to grow crops, and illegal water extraction worsens
the problem. Political disagreements make finding a solution difficult.
2. Climate Change’s Role: Climate change intensifies both floods and droughts. Warmer
air holds more moisture, leading to heavier rainfall in some areas, while other areas
experience prolonged droughts. For example, Kenya experienced devastating floods after
years of drought, catching the government off-guard.
3. Water Theft: In many parts of the world, water theft is a growing issue, where people
illegally tap into water resources. In Australia, a farmer was fined for stealing A$1.1 million
worth of groundwater, highlighting the seriousness of the issue.
4. Desalination: Desalination, the process of removing salt from seawater to make it
drinkable, offers a solution to water scarcity in coastal areas like Chile. However, it is
energy-intensive and requires careful planning to avoid environmental damage.
5. International Water Disputes: Countries that share rivers often experience conflicts over
water resources. For example, Egypt and Ethiopia are in a dispute over the Nile River, as
a new dam in Ethiopia could reduce Egypt’s water supply.
FACTS AND FIGURES
- 50% of humanity lives under water-stressed conditions for at least one month a year.
- By 2099, the global freshwater supply per capita is projected to decrease by 29%, with a
67% decline in Africa.
- Between 2002 and 2021, floods affected 1.6 billion people, causing economic losses of
over $830 billion.
- Australia has conserved 2,130 gigaliters of water since 2012, which is 20% of its previous
consumption.
FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Pakistan Affairs: Lessons for Water Management and Application to Pakistan's Water Scarcity Issues
Water scarcity is one of Pakistan's most critical challenges, exacerbated by climate change, population
growth, and outdated water management systems. As highlighted in the global water crisis, there are
valuable lessons from countries such as Australia, Chile, and Kenya that can be adapted to Pakistan's
context.
1. Water Rights and Regulation:
- Lesson from Chile: Chile's outdated water rights system, where water was allocated in
abundance decades ago, is a key issue that continues to cause water scarcity today.
Similarly, Pakistan faces problems with improper allocation of water resources, where
influential groups control water access, often bypassing laws.
- Application to Pakistan: Pakistan must revise and strictly enforce its water rights laws,
ensuring equitable distribution of water, especially for agricultural purposes. Modernizing
the Indus Water Treaty and water-sharing arrangements between provinces can help
prevent conflicts and ensure better management of resources.

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2. Water Theft and Illegal Usage:
- Lesson from Australia: Australia’s experience with water theft, where farmers illegally
tapped groundwater, is a significant issue that hampers efforts to conserve water. In
Pakistan, illegal water extraction, particularly through tube wells and unauthorized
irrigation, contributes to over-exploitation of water resources.
- Application to Pakistan: Pakistan should implement stricter penalties for illegal water
usage, similar to Australia, where hefty fines were imposed. Better monitoring and
technological solutions, such as satellite surveillance and smart metering, can help track
water usage and prevent theft.
3. Desalination and Water Treatment:
- Lesson from Chile: Chile has turned to desalination as a potential solution to water
shortages in coastal areas, although challenges remain. Pakistan, with a long coastline, has
untapped potential for desalination, particularly in water-scarce areas like Karachi.
- Application to Pakistan: Pakistan can explore desalination technologies to provide
freshwater in coastal cities like Karachi and Gwadar. While expensive, government
subsidies and foreign investment can help finance these projects. Public-private
partnerships can also expedite the development of this infrastructure.
4. Efficient Water Conservation Techniques:
- Lesson from Australia: Australia’s water conservation initiatives, which include
government buybacks and water-saving projects, have helped save substantial volumes of
water. Pakistan can learn from these efforts, particularly in areas like the Thar desert and
Balochistan, where water conservation is crucial.
- Application to Pakistan: By promoting efficient irrigation systems like drip irrigation,
rainwater harvesting, and lining of watercourses, Pakistan can reduce wastage and improve
water efficiency. Government policies must encourage farmers to adopt water-saving
techniques through subsidies or incentives.
5. Integrated Water Management:
- Lesson from Global Case Studies: Water management requires holistic approaches that
combine scientific data, political consensus, and public participation. The global water
crisis shows that ignoring climate change and political dysfunction leads to
mismanagement.
- Application to Pakistan: Pakistan must develop an integrated water management system
that combines federal and provincial efforts, considering regional climate variations. An
independent regulatory body could be established to oversee water allocation, monitor
usage, and ensure that long-term sustainability is prioritized.
6. Investment in Infrastructure:
- Lesson from International Best Practices: Countries that have invested in modern water
infrastructure, such as dams, reservoirs, and canal systems, have been able to mitigate the
impact of climate variability.
- Application to Pakistan: Pakistan should expedite projects like the Diamer-Bhasha and
Mohmand Dams and upgrade its canal and irrigation infrastructure to prevent water losses.
Ensuring proper maintenance of existing infrastructure, like the Indus Basin irrigation
system, is critical for long-term water security.

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To sum up, The global water crisis offers critical lessons that Pakistan can apply to address its own water
scarcity. Reforming water rights, preventing water theft, exploring desalination, and investing in efficient
water conservation techniques are just a few areas where Pakistan can take action. With proper
implementation, Pakistan can avert a worsening water crisis and secure water resources for future
generations, ensuring both economic growth and environmental sustainability.

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Difficult Words with Meanings, Synonyms, and Antonyms

S/No. Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

1 Polarization Division into two Division, Conflict Unity,
sharply contrasting Harmony
groups.
2 Demagoguery Political activity or Agitation, Statesmanship,
practices that seek Rabble-rousing Diplomacy
support by appealing
to desires and
prejudices rather
than rational
arguments
3 Immutable Unchanging over Fixed, Permanent Mutable,
time or unable to be Changeable
changed.

4 Transpire Rain, snow, sleet, or Rainfall, Drought

hail that falls to the Downpour
ground
5 Precipitation Influence or power. Leverage, Weakness,
authority impotence.
6 Moratorium A temporary Suspension, Ban Continuation,
prohibition of an Resumption
activity
7 Amicably In a friendly and Harmoniously, Contentiously,
peaceable manner Cordially Aggressively

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THE ECONOMIST ARTICLE - Israel’s Settlers Are Winning

Unprecedented Power From The War In Gaza
SUMMARY
The article discusses how Israel’s settlers are gaining unprecedented power and influence due to the ongoing
Gaza war. Settlers are seizing land, gaining more military influence, and wielding significant political
power. Netanyahu’s government depends on settler-backed parties for its majority, which gives settlers a
huge say in the war and possibly a veto over any peace deals. The conflict is also providing cover for more
land grabs in the West Bank, with the government approving new settlements and legalizing unauthorized
outposts. International law experts consider these settlements illegal, but Israel disagrees, citing historical
claims to the land.
Settler violence has sharply increased since the war began, with numerous attacks on Palestinian villages.
Settlers now have growing influence within the Israeli military (IDF), where many religious Zionists hold
key positions. This has shifted the army’s character, making it more religiously driven. Despite warnings
from Israeli generals about settler violence, the settlers continue to expand their power, altering the
dynamics of the Israeli military and government.
OVERVIEW
The article highlights how Israeli settlers are gaining unprecedented power during the Gaza war. Settlers
are expanding land control, military influence, and political power, aided by Netanyahu's settler-backed
government. The war has increased settler violence against Palestinians, with minimal intervention from
Israeli authorities.
Religious Zionists, viewing settlement as a religious duty, now hold key military and government positions,
reshaping Israel's policies. While international law deems West Bank settlements illegal, Israel disputes
this, citing historical claims. The growing settler influence raises concerns about the future of the Israeli-
Palestinian conflict and peace prospects.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects /Syllabus
- International Relations: Understanding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and its implications
for global politics.
- Pakistan Affairs/Current Affairs: The Middle East conflict’s impact on Pakistan’s foreign
policy.
- Political Science: The influence of domestic political groups (like settlers) on a country’s
foreign and military policies.
- Essay: This article provides real-world examples for essays on international conflicts,
geopolitics, and settlement issues.
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Settler Expansion: Israel’s settlers are seizing more land in the West Bank under the
cover of war.
2. Political Influence: Settlers now have major political sway, with settler-backed parties
holding influence over Netanyahu’s government.
3. Military Influence: Settlers, especially religious Zionists, are deeply embedded in the
Israeli military, shaping its values and actions.
4. Violence in the West Bank: Since the start of the Gaza war, settler violence against
Palestinians has spiked, with little government intervention.

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Notes for Beginners
- Israeli Settlers: These are Jewish communities built in the West Bank. The international
community deems them illegal under the Fourth Geneva Convention, but Israel cites
historical ties to justify them.
- Political and Military Influence: Settlers have growing political power in Israel's
government and are heavily represented in the Israeli military. This is influencing Israel’s
military and settlement policies.
- Settler Violence: Since the war in Gaza, settler attacks on Palestinian villages have
increased, further escalating tensions in the region.
Facts and Figures
- Over 5,295 new homes have been approved for settlers in the West Bank, covering 2,965
acres.
- Around 500,000 settlers live in the West Bank, with 200,000 in East Jerusalem.
- Since the war began, 11 Palestinians have been killed by settlers.
EXAMPLES
1. International Relations/Essay Writing: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly the settler
expansion, offers a strong case study for essays on geopolitics, international law, and conflicts over land.
2. Pakistan Affairs/Current Affairs: The conflict in the Middle East has broader implications for Pakistan’s
foreign policy and international relations.
Comprehensive understanding of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly from the
perspective of settlers gaining power during the Gaza war.
FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Pakistan Affairs/Current Affairs: The conflict in the Middle East has broader implications for
Pakistan’s foreign policy and international Relations.
The Israeli-Palestinian issue, has significant implications for Pakistan's foreign policy and international
relations. Pakistan supports Palestine and condemns Israeli actions, aligning with broader Muslim world
sentiment, which influences its diplomatic ties with countries in the region. Pakistan’s stance impacts its
relations with the United States, which is a strong ally of Israel, potentially affecting aid, trade, and military
cooperation. Additionally, Pakistan must navigate its relations with Arab nations and Iran, balancing its
foreign policy to avoid conflicts of interest in the region, while also addressing domestic pressures regarding
its position on the Palestinian cause. This conflict also affects Pakistan's engagement in global forums like
the UN and OIC, where it actively advocates for Palestinian rights.

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Difficult Words with Meanings, Synonyms, and Antonyms
S/No. Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
1 Prosecution The process of conducting legal trial, legal action defense, absolution
action against someone
2 Smokescreen A deceptive action used to hide disguise, cove transparency, clarity
the true purpose
3 Emboldened Given the courage or confidence encouraged, inspired discouraged,
to act disheartened
4 Appropriation The action of taking something seizure, acquisition return, relinquishment
for one's own use

5 Veto-power The power to reject or prevent blocking power, authority to Antonyms: approval,
decisions reject endorsement

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Dawn Article - Iranian salvo

Summary
The article covers a growing conflict between Israel and Iran, following Iran’s missile attack on Israel,
marking the second direct confrontation between the two states. Iran's strike was a response to a series of
Israeli provocations, including the assassination of key figures such as Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh and
Hezbollah’s Hassan Nasrallah, both seen as blows to Iran’s influence in the region. The escalating hostilities
have brought the Middle East to the brink of a regional war. Israel’s aggressive stance, combined with the
support of Western powers like the US and UK, has dismissed ceasefire initiatives, leading to fears of a
wider conflict. The article calls for an immediate cessation of violence to avoid further escalation.
OVERVIEW
The article discusses the escalating conflict between Israel and Iran, triggered by Iran's second missile strike
on Israel in response to ongoing provocations, including the assassination of key figures like Hamas leader
Ismail Haniyeh and Hezbollah chief Hassan Nasrallah. This confrontation is pushing the Middle East
toward a potential regional war. The role of external powers, specifically the US and UK, in backing Israel
has complicated ceasefire efforts, leading to a heightened risk of further escalation. The article highlights
the need for an immediate cessation of violence to prevent a full-scale regional conflict.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects /Syllabus
- International Relations: Middle East conflicts, particularly the Israel-Iran tension, and
their global impact.
- Current Affairs: Implications for regional stability in the Middle East and the involvement
of global powers.
- Political Science: The role of external actors (US, UK) in regional conflicts and their
influence on peace processes.
- Essay: Provides case studies for essays on international conflict, regional stability, and
diplomatic failures.
Important points
1. Iran-Israel Conflict: Iran's missile strikes on Israel as retaliation for Israel’s provocations,
including high-profile assassinations.
2. Role of External Powers: The influence of the US and UK in supporting Israel, and how
this affects peace prospects in the region.
3. Middle East Regional War: The escalating tensions, red lines crossed by Israel, and
potential for a broader regional war.
4. Strategic Patience Ends: Ayatollah Khamenei’s decision to retaliate after a period of
strategic patience in the face of Israeli provocations.
Notes for Beginners
- Iran-Israel Tensions: Iran has directly targeted Israel with missiles twice, marking a
significant escalation in their conflict.
- Provocations: Israel’s assassination of key figures like Hamas’s Ismail Haniyeh and
Hezbollah’s Hassan Nasrallah has spurred Iranian retaliation.
- External Influence: The US and UK are backing Israel, which emboldens it to continue
aggressive policies despite the risks of wider conflict.
- Strategic Patience: Iran’s leadership had initially shown restraint but is now actively
responding to Israeli provocations.

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Facts and Figures

- Second Iranian missile strike on Israel in response to provocations.
- Assassinations of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh and Hezbollah chief Hassan Nasrallah by
Israel have deepened the conflict.
- Tensions have led to a possible regional war in the Middle East, with Israeli threats to
target Iranian nuclear facilities.
Examples
1. International Relations/Essay Writing: This conflict offers a current example of
escalating tensions between regional powers, how external actors influence the course of
conflicts, and the failures of diplomatic efforts.
2. Current Affairs: Understanding the strategic alliances in the Middle East and their impact
on global politics ( Very important)
To sum up, the escalating Iran-Israel conflict highlights the fragile geopolitical landscape
of the Middle East, with external powers intensifying regional instability. A diplomatic
resolution is urgently needed to prevent a broader regional war and further loss of life.

Difficult Words with Meanings, Synonyms, and Antonyms

S/No. Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

1 Barrage A concentrated volley, onslaught trickle,
outpouring or attack cessation
2 Provocation Action or speech incitement, pacification,
that incites anger or aggravation conciliation
retaliation
3 Assassination To make an attack in revenge, avenge protection,
return for a similar safeguarding
attack
4 Retaliate Rain, snow, sleet, or Rainfall, forgive, pardon
hail that falls to the Downpour
ground
5 Denouement The resolution or conclusion, finale : beginning,
outcome of a initiation
complex situation

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DAWN ARTICLE - Renegotiating The Treaty

Summary
The article critiques the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) as an outdated and unscientific water management
strategy for the Indus basin. Initially designed to allocate water between Pakistan and India, the treaty has
failed legally, environmentally, and politically, exacerbating issues such as river pollution, environmental
degradation, and inefficient water usage. The author argues that the treaty was influenced by economic
interests rather than scientific reasoning and has led to damaging large-scale infrastructure projects like
dams and water diversions. The article calls for a renegotiation of the IWT to reflect current scientific
knowledge, promote sustainable water management, and address environmental concerns.
OVERVIEW
This article critically examines the historical context and modern consequences of the Indus Waters Treaty
(IWT). It highlights how the treaty, rooted in political conflict rather than water scarcity, has exacerbated
environmental degradation in the Indus basin. Massive infrastructure development has damaged the
ecosystem, particularly the Indus delta and mangrove forests. The article argues that the outdated irrigation
practices and infrastructure encouraged by the treaty need to be replaced with more sustainable methods. A
revision of the IWT, informed by modern science, is necessary to restore ecological balance and ensure
future water security.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects /Syllabus :
- International Relations: Bilateral treaties between Pakistan and India, particularly water-
sharing agreements.
- Environmental Science: Impact of large-scale infrastructure on ecosystems.
- Current Affairs: Revisiting the Indus Waters Treaty for modern challenges.
- Geography: Water resource management and hydrology of the Indus basin.
- Pakistan Affairs: Historical context of water disputes and their implications for Pakistan.
IMPORTANT POINTS :
1. Indus Waters Treaty (IWT): Originally designed to divide water resources between India
and Pakistan, but now seen as outdated and environmentally harmful.
2. Environmental Impact: Damming and diversions have severely damaged the Indus delta,
mangrove forests, and river ecosystems.
3. Outdated Irrigation Practices: Colonial-era irrigation methods have worsened water
usage inefficiency, leading to salinity, waterlogging, and pollution.
4. Call for Revision: The article emphasizes the need for revising the treaty to reflect
modern scientific understanding and sustainable water-sharing methods.
NOTES FOR BEGINNERS :
- Indus Waters Treaty: A water-sharing agreement between Pakistan and India, signed in
1960, but now criticized for environmental damage.
- Environmental Degradation: The diversion of rivers and building of dams has harmed
ecosystems, particularly the Indus delta and mangroves.
- Water Conflicts: The water dispute between Pakistan and India began after 1947 when
East Punjab closed canals supplying water to Pakistan.
- Sustainable Water Management: The article emphasizes the need to move away from
outdated practices and adopt modern, eco-friendly water management systems.

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FACTS AND FIGURES :

- The Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960 between Pakistan and India, facilitated by
the World Bank.
- Environmental damage includes the near extinction of the Indus delta, loss of wetlands,
and pollution of river systems.
- Groundwater contamination, salinity, and waterlogging are ongoing issues in the Indus
basin due to unsustainable water practices.
EXAMPLES :
1. International Relations/Essay Writing: The article provides a case study of how
international agreements like the IWT need to evolve with changing environmental and
scientific knowledge.
2. Environmental Science: The impact of human activity on natural water systems is a key
theme, relevant for both environmental science and Pakistan Affairs papers.
FINAL WORDS ABOUT THE ARTICLE:
The Indus Waters Treaty, while historically significant, is outdated in the face of modern environmental and
water management challenges. It must be renegotiated to reflect current scientific understanding and to
protect the region’s ecosystems and future water security.

Difficult Words and MEANINGS - Synonyms - Antonyms

S/No Words Meanings Synonyms Antonyms

1 Unscientific Not Based On Scientific Irrational, Scientific,
Principles Or Evidence Illogical Rational
2 Transboundary Extending Across Multiple Cross-Border, Domestic, Internal
Political Or Geographic International
Boundaries (
3 Malice Intention To Do Evil Or Cause Spite, Hostility Goodwill,
Harm Kindness
4 Hydrology The Branch Of Science Water Science N/A)
Concerned With The Properties
And Movement Of Water
5 Plebiscite A Direct Vote By The Electorate Referendum, Vote Appointment,
On A Specific Issue Selection

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The Express Tribune Article - Israel-Iran War-Prospects And

Prognosis
SUMMARY
The article examines the potential war between Israel and Iran, highlighting the devastation caused by
Israel’s attacks on Gaza and Hezbollah’s retaliatory strikes. It discusses the death of Hezbollah’s leader and
Iran’s missile response, as well as Israel’s unclear military objectives. The analysis delves into different
scenarios, including Israel’s possible airstrikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities, Iran’s counterattacks, and a
potential escalation to nuclear warfare. The article concludes that the fundamental causes of the conflict,
particularly the unresolved Palestinian issue, must be addressed for lasting peace.
OVERVIEW
This article provides a comprehensive understanding of the Israel-Iran conflict and its wider implications.
It touches on military strategies, political objectives, international law, and potential global impacts, all of
which are relevant to multiple CSS subjects.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects /Syllabus
- International Relations: Dynamics between Israel, Iran, the USA, and other regional
players.
- Strategic Studies: War scenarios, nuclear strategy, and regional conflict escalation.
- Current Affairs: Middle East conflicts, particularly involving Iran, Israel, and their
allies.
- Political Science: The role of political objectives in military conflict, Netanyahu’s
leadership, and Iran’s nuclear aspirations.
- Pakistan Affairs: Impacts on the Muslim world, especially the role of the GCC and OIC
in conflicts.
IMPORTANT POINTS :
1. Israel-Iran Conflict: Overview of recent escalations and military engagements.
2. Military Objectives: Analysis of Israel’s unclear military goals and Iran’s retaliatory
strategy.
3. Regional Impact: The broader Middle Eastern geopolitical environment, involving
Hezbollah, Hamas, and GCC countries.
4. Nuclear Threat: The possibility of nuclear escalation and its global consequences.
5. Diplomatic Solutions: The necessity of resolving the Palestinian issue for long-term
peace.
NOTES FOR BEGINNERS
- Israel-Iran Conflict: A complex conflict involving multiple nations and groups, such as
Hezbollah and Hamas, with deep-rooted political and religious reasons.
- Nuclear Threat: Israel and Iran’s tensions could escalate into nuclear war, which would
have catastrophic consequences for the region and the world.
- Political Context: Netanyahu's leadership in Israel seeks to prolong conflict to
strengthen his political standing, while Iran aims to defend its proxies and maintain its
influence in the region.
- Global Implications: The role of global powers like the USA and Russia is crucial,
especially in the context of nuclear deterrence.

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FACTS AND FIGURES
- Gaza Casualties: Over 45,000 people have been killed in Gaza due to Israeli airstrikes.
- Hezbollah’s Response: Fired 20,000 rockets in the past eleven and a half months against
Israel.
- Iranian Missile Strikes: 200 missiles launched at Israeli targets in retaliation.
- Military Involvement: Both Israel and Iran are supported by powerful international allies,
potentially escalating the conflict into a broader war.
EXAMPLES :
1. International Relations/Essay Writing: This article provides a detailed analysis of how
military conflicts in the Middle East can affect global politics and security, especially when
nuclear capabilities are involved.
2. Strategic Studies: The war scenarios discussed in the article highlight the importance
of understanding military tactics and geopolitical strategy for aspirants interested in
defense-related fields.
FINAL WORDS :
The Israel-Iran conflict presents a dangerous and evolving situation, with the potential for nuclear
escalation. The article underscores the need for addressing the root causes, such as the unresolved
Palestinian issue, to prevent further devastation and achieve lasting peace in the region.

Difficult Words and MEANINGS - Synonyms - Antonyms

S/No Words Meanings Synonyms Antonyms

1 Sepulchral Relating to a tomb or grave; mournful, somber cheerful, bright
gloomy
2 Penumbra Partial shadow or an area in which shadow, fringe core, center
something exists to a lesser degree
3 Desultory Lacking a plan, purpose, or aimless, erratic organized,
enthusiasm systematic
4 Nebulous Unclear, vague, or ill-defined ambiguous, clear, definite
cloudy
5 Defanging To render something less neutralize, weaken strengthen,
powerful or harmless empower

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DAWN ARTICLE - REGIONAL RESPONSE

SUMMARY
The article focuses on the Quadrilateral group, consisting of Pakistan, Iran, China, and Russia, urging the
Afghan Taliban to take decisive action against terrorist groups operating from Afghanistan. The group
called for the elimination of threats posed by IS, Al-Qaeda, TTP, BLA, and other terrorist entities using
Afghan soil to destabilize neighboring countries. Pakistan has long raised concerns about the TTP using
Afghanistan as a base, and now other neighbors are recognizing the urgency of the issue. Diplomatic
pressure is increasing on the Taliban to act against militants. The article stresses that regional cooperation
and sustained diplomatic efforts, rather than military intervention, are crucial for addressing the terrorism
problem in Afghanistan. The Taliban’s desire for trade relations with countries like China must be leveraged
to push them towards controlling militant activities.
OVERVIEW :
This article highlights the growing consensus among Afghanistan’s neighbors—Pakistan, Iran, China, and
Russia—on the need to address terrorism originating from Afghan soil. Instead of opting for military
intervention, the Quadrilateral group is applying diplomatic pressure on the Taliban to act against various
terrorist groups. The diplomatic approach is being reinforced by the realization that regional stability is
interconnected, and Afghanistan must play its part in preventing the use of its territory for terrorist activities.
Relevant CSS/PMS Topics| Subjects :
- International Relations: Regional diplomatic efforts for counterterrorism in Afghanistan.
- Current Affairs: The role of neighboring countries in addressing terrorism from Afghanistan.
- Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s concerns over TTP attacks and regional security implications.
- Political Science: The effectiveness of diplomatic pressure versus military intervention in
counterterrorism.
IMPORTANT POINTS :
1. Regional Diplomacy: The Quadrilateral group (Pakistan, Iran, China, Russia) seeks diplomatic
solutions to counter terrorism in Afghanistan.
2. Terrorist Groups: The Taliban are being urged to act against entities like IS, Al-Qaeda, TTP, and
BLA operating from Afghan soil.
3. Diplomatic Pressure vs. Military Intervention: The article contrasts unilateral military action with
coordinated diplomatic pressure to address terrorism.
4. Taliban’s Position: The Taliban must balance its ideological ties with militant groups and its
desire to maintain regional trade relations, particularly with China.
NOTES FOR BEGINNERS
- Quadrilateral Group: This includes Pakistan, Iran, China, and Russia, all pressuring the Afghan
Taliban to take action against terrorists.
- Terrorism in Afghanistan: Groups like TTP and IS are using Afghanistan as a base to carry out
attacks in neighboring countries.
- Diplomatic Pressure: Instead of military force, Afghanistan’s neighbors are using diplomatic
channels to encourage the Taliban to act against militants.
- Taliban’s Interests: The Taliban need to balance their ideological ties with militants and their
economic ambitions, particularly trade with China.

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FACTS AND FIGURES
- Terrorist entities like IS, Al-Qaeda, TTP, and BLA are mentioned as groups operating from
Afghanistan.
- Diplomatic efforts are being led by the Quadrilateral group consisting of Pakistan, Iran, China,
and Russia.
- The article highlights attacks by TTP in Bannu and Bisham as examples of cross-border militancy.
EXAMPLES
1. International Relations/Essay Writing: The article provides insights into regional cooperation for
counterterrorism and the diplomatic strategies of key players like Pakistan, Iran, China, and Russia.
2. Current Affairs: It highlights the security dynamics in South Asia and the Middle East,
particularly the role of Afghanistan in regional instability.
FINAL WORDS ABOUT THE ARTICLE :
Diplomatic engagement appears to be the most pragmatic approach to ensuring Afghanistan curbs militancy
within its borders. The Taliban must realize that their economic aspirations cannot coexist with
fostering terrorism.

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Dawn Article - Unseen Horrors

Summary
The article discusses the ongoing civil war in Sudan, which erupted in April 2023, amid a backdrop of
international neglect and ongoing crises in other parts of the world, particularly the Russian invasion of
Ukraine. It highlights the catastrophic humanitarian situation, with over 20,000 deaths and millions
displaced, as rival military factions, the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and the Sudanese Armed Forces
(SAF), vie for power. WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus suggests that racial bias
influences the international community's response to the Sudan crisis. The article details the resurgence of
past genocidal actions, allegations of atrocities, and the geopolitical interests at play, including the UAE's
role in supplying arms to the RSF.
OVERVIEW
This article provides insight into the complexities of the Sudanese civil war, the humanitarian crisis, and
the geopolitical dynamics influencing the conflict. It emphasizes the importance of understanding
international relations, the impact of power struggles on civilian populations, and the role of external actors
in regional conflicts.
IMPORTANT POINTS - Comprehensive Analysis
1. Civil War Context:
- The article discusses the ongoing civil war in Sudan, which erupted in April 2023. It
highlights the broader implications of civil conflicts, emphasizing the need to understand
historical and socio-political contexts.
2. Humanitarian Crisis:
- Over 20,000 lives lost and approximately 12 million people displaced due to the
violence. The article underscores the severe humanitarian consequences of civil wars,
including mass starvation and displacement.
3. International Response:
- Criticism of the international community's lack of significant response to the Sudanese
crisis compared to other global conflicts, such as the war in Ukraine. This highlights issues
of global inequity and selective humanitarian concern.
4. Racial Bias:
- WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus suggests that racial factors
influence the international community's response to crises, indicating a need for awareness
about biases in global humanitarian efforts.
5. Power Struggles:
- The article describes the violent power struggle between the Rapid Support Forces
(RSF) and the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), illustrating the complexities of governance
and military influence in post-revolution Sudan.
6. Historical Precedents:
- References to past genocidal actions by the Janjaweed militia, now evolved into the
RSF, remind readers of the cyclical nature of violence and the long-lasting effects of
previous conflicts.
7. Geopolitical Interests:

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- Highlights the role of external actors, particularly the UAE, in supplying arms to the
RSF. This illustrates the geopolitical dynamics at play, where foreign nations' interests can
exacerbate local conflicts.
8. Military and Political Alliances:
- The article discusses the complicated relationships between different military factions
and their foreign allies, including support from countries like Russia, Turkey, and Egypt.
Understanding these alliances is crucial for grasping the conflict's broader implications.
9. Implications for Regional Stability:
- The ongoing conflict poses significant risks not only for Sudan but for regional stability
in Africa, affecting neighboring countries and international relations.
10. Necessity of Informed Involvement:
- The need for informed international engagement in humanitarian crises is emphasized,
particularly regarding how different nations respond based on their interests and biases.

Understanding the interplay between local conflicts and international dynamics, human rights issues.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects /Syllabus :
- International Relations: Dynamics of foreign involvement in internal conflicts.
- Current Affairs: Updates on Sudan's civil war and humanitarian crises.
- Governance: The impact of governance failures on civilian populations.
Notes for Beginners:
- Sudanese Civil War: Understanding the context of Sudan's current conflict and its
historical roots, including past genocides.
- Humanitarian Crisis: Recognizing the devastating impact of civil wars on civilian
populations, including displacement and starvation.
- Geopolitical Dynamics: Analyzing the roles of various countries and organizations in
exacerbating or alleviating conflicts.
- The Role of External Actors: Assessing how foreign interests influence local conflicts,
as seen with the UAE and other nations in Sudan.
Facts and Figures:
- Death Toll: At least 20,000 lives lost in the ongoing Sudanese civil war.
- Displacement: Up to 12 million people displaced from their homes due to the conflict.
- Historical Context: The Janjaweed militia's involvement in the 2003 genocide in Darfur
and its evolution into the RSF.
Final Words about the Article:
The article sheds light on the complex and tragic situation in Sudan, where internal power struggles and
external geopolitical interests converge to create a humanitarian disaster. It underscores the need for a more
equitable international response to crises, highlighting how race and politics can influence attention and
aid. For CSS aspirants, this case study serves as a crucial reminder of the interconnections between local
conflicts and global dynamics, emphasizing the importance of informed engagement in international affairs.

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Difficult Words and Meanings - Synonyms - Antonyms:

S/NO Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
1 Atrocities Extremely wicked or cruel acts Barbarity, Cruelty Kindness,
Compassion
2 Duumvirate A political office held by two Partnership, Single Leadership,
individuals Alliance Autocracy
3 Modus A particular way or method of Method, Approach Chaos, Disarray
operandi doing something
4 Plight A difficult or adverse situation Predicament, Fortune,
Hardship Prosperity
5 Scramble A competitive struggle to obtain Rush, Struggle Calm, Ease
something

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The Nation Article - World War III is Looming

Summary:
The article discusses the escalating tensions between Iran and Israel, with Iran launching missile strikes in
response to Israel's actions in Gaza and Lebanon. It highlights Iran's justification of its attacks as acts of
self-defense, similar to Israel's rationale for its military actions. The article emphasizes the international
community's uneven response to these conflicts, where Israel’s right to defend itself is recognized while
Iran's actions are condemned. It warns of a potential escalation that could lead to a wider conflict involving
allied nations, ultimately threatening global peace. The author stresses the urgent need for superpowers to
adopt a more restrained approach to avoid worsening the situation.
Overview
This article explores the precarious balance of power in the Middle East, examining the historical and
contemporary conflicts that shape current events. It emphasizes the importance of international relations,
the role of superpowers in regional disputes, and the necessity for diplomatic solutions to prevent further
escalation.
Important Points - Comprehensive Analysis
1. Context of Tension:
- The article outlines the recent missile strikes by Iran on Israel, highlighting the long-
standing hostilities between the two nations and their complex geopolitical histories.
2. Self-Defense Claims:
- Iran's attacks are framed as self-defense against Israeli aggression, drawing parallels
with Israel's justification for its military operations in Gaza and Lebanon.
3. International Community's Response:
- There is a notable disparity in how the international community reacts to the actions of
Israel and Iran, with Israel often receiving more favorable treatment. This reflects broader
issues of global power dynamics and selective responses to aggression.
4. Escalation Risks:
- The potential for a series of retaliatory attacks that could spiral into a larger conflict
involving allies is discussed, emphasizing the precariousness of the current situation.
5. Call for Restraint:
- The author urges superpowers to exercise caution and refrain from exacerbating
tensions for their own geopolitical interests, advocating for diplomatic solutions.
6. Historical Context:
- The article references the historical injustices faced by Palestinians and how these
contribute to ongoing tensions, suggesting that addressing these grievances is essential for
lasting peace.
7. Geopolitical Alliances:
- It highlights how alliances among nations, especially those with vested interests in the
region, can influence the course of conflicts and complicate resolutions.
8. Global Supply Chain Implications:
- The article notes that a major conflict in the Middle East would have significant
repercussions for global trade and supply chains, impacting economies far beyond the
region.

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9. Need for a Just Solution:
- A two-state solution is presented as the only viable path to peace, underscoring the need
for a just resolution to the Palestinian issue as a prerequisite for regional stability.
10. Urgency of Action:
- The article concludes by stressing the urgency of international engagement to mitigate
risks and promote a stable and peaceful resolution to ongoing conflicts.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
• International Relations: Examination of state behaviors, alliances, and responses
to conflict.
• Current Affairs: Analysis of the Middle East situation and its implications for
global politics.
• Pakistan Affairs: Understanding the regional dynamics and how they impact
Pakistan's foreign policy.
Notes for Beginners
- Iran-Israel Relations: Understanding the historical context of hostility between Iran and
Israel and the implications for regional stability.
- Self-Defense Doctrine: Recognizing how different nations justify their military actions
and the international perceptions of these justifications.
- Geopolitical Dynamics: Analyzing how global powers influence regional conflicts,
including the role of allies and international politics.
- Peace Initiatives: Exploring the proposed solutions, such as the two-state solution for
Palestine, as a means to achieve lasting peace.
Facts and Figures
- Recent Attacks: Specific instances of missile strikes and military actions between Iran
and Israel are highlighted.
- Historical Context: References to past conflicts, including the implications of Israeli
actions in Gaza and Lebanon.
- Global Impact: A potential conflict could disrupt international shipping and trade routes
crucial for global supply chains.
Final Words about the Article
The article highlights the dire implications of escalating tensions between Iran and Israel, urging the
international community to recognize the complexity of the situation and act with restraint. It underscores
the necessity of addressing historical grievances and adopting diplomatic approaches to prevent a broader
conflict. For CSS aspirants, this analysis serves as a critical reminder of the interconnectedness of global
conflicts and the importance of informed engagement in international relations.
FOR YOU UNDERSTANDING
Current Affairs: Analysis of the Middle East situation and its implications for global politics.
The Middle East situation significantly influences global politics due to its geopolitical importance, energy
resources, and complex inter-state relations. Conflicts in this region, such as the tensions between Iran and
Israel or the civil wars in Syria and Yemen, can have far-reaching consequences, including:
1. Energy Security: The Middle East is a key supplier of oil and gas. Instability can disrupt
energy supplies, affecting economies around the world.

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2. Terrorism and Extremism: Ongoing conflicts create conditions that allow extremist
groups to thrive, posing threats to both regional and global security.
3. Geopolitical Alliances: The involvement of major powers like the U.S., Russia, and
China in Middle Eastern conflicts shapes global alliances and rivalries, affecting
diplomatic relations.
4. Migration and Humanitarian Crises: Conflicts result in large numbers of displaced
people, leading to humanitarian crises that impact neighboring countries and Europe,
affecting migration policies.
5. Global Economic Impact: Economic sanctions, military actions, and trade disruptions
in the region can have wide-ranging effects on global markets and trade.

TO SUM UP, the Middle East's conflicts are not just local issues; they have far-reaching effects on the entire
world.
( Interconnected nature of global politics)

Difficult Words and Meanings - Synonyms - Antonyms:

S/NO Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

1 Medling Interfering In Others' Affairs Intervening, Ignoring,
Interfering Neglecting
2 Aggression Hostile Or Violent Behavior Hostility, Attack Peace, Calm
3 Retaliate To Take Revenge Avenge, Forgive, Pardon
Counterattack
4 Infrastructure The Basic Physical And Framework, Chaos,
Organizational Structures Foundation Disorganization
5 Countermeasures Actions Taken To Counteract A Responses, Inaction, Neglect
Threat Safeguards

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The News International Article - Conflict, Climate, and Global

Hunger
SUMMARY
The article highlights the alarming issue of global malnutrition, which persists despite technological and
agricultural advancements. The "Triple C" crisis – climate change, conflict, and the rising cost of living –
exacerbates this problem, with millions suffering from hunger, particularly in developing countries like
Pakistan. The article discusses systemic inefficiencies in food distribution and the role of factors such as
economic instability, climate disasters, and conflicts in driving food insecurity. It underscores the need for
a shift from food security to a more sustainable food system, focusing on improving nutrition, crop diversity,
and addressing the global inequality in food access.
Overview
The article provides an in-depth look at global malnutrition, its causes, and potential solutions. It stresses
the importance of understanding how climate change, conflicts, and economic instability affect food
systems. In Pakistan, malnutrition affects a significant portion of the population, with a high percentage of
children suffering from stunted growth due to poor dietary diversity. The article also explores how global
food production systems are skewed towards nutrient-poor crops, exacerbating the issue of hidden hunger.
Important Points - Comprehensive Analysis
1. Global Malnutrition Crisis:
- Despite technological advances, approximately 150 million children under five remain
malnourished worldwide, with devastating long-term effects on health and economic
potential.
2. Triple C Crisis:
- Climate change, conflict, and economic instability are interconnected drivers of global
hunger, particularly in vulnerable regions like sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and
South Asia.
3. Food Inequality:
- While the world produces enough food to feed everyone, unequal access and
inefficiencies in food distribution lead to millions going hungry, especially in developing
nations.
4. Malnutrition in Pakistan:
- Pakistan faces a severe food security challenge, with nearly 40% of children under five
suffering from stunted growth. Over 83% of Pakistanis cannot afford a balanced diet due
to rising food costs and a focus on staple crop production.
5. Impact of Climate Change:
- Pakistan’s agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable to climate change, with rising
temperatures, floods, and water scarcity reducing crop yields and threatening rural
livelihoods.
6. Micronutrient Deficiencies:
- Hidden hunger is a growing problem, where individuals may consume enough calories
but lack essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, leading to widespread health
issues.
7. Need for Crop Diversification:

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- Pakistan's reliance on staple crops like wheat and rice must shift towards more diverse
and nutritious foods, including fruits, vegetables, and pulses, to combat malnutrition.
8. Empowerment of Women in Agriculture:
- Women play a crucial role in Pakistan’s agricultural workforce. Their empowerment,
through better access to resources and decision-making power, is essential to improving
food security.
9. Public-Private Partnerships:
- Collaboration between governments, NGOs, and the private sector can help introduce
innovative solutions, such as biofortified crops and fortified foods, to address malnutrition.
10. Learning from Global Best Practices:
- Countries like Bangladesh, which have successfully reduced malnutrition rates through
targeted interventions, offer valuable lessons for Pakistan.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Current Affairs: Global malnutrition, Pakistan’s food security challenges, and the impact
of climate change.
- Pakistan Affairs: The agricultural sector, economic challenges, and solutions to
malnutrition.
- International Relations: The role of global organizations and countries in addressing
hunger and food distribution.
- Environmental Science: The effect of climate change on agriculture and food security.
Notes for Beginners
1. Global Malnutrition:
- Despite advances in agriculture, millions of children remain malnourished. Malnutrition
affects brain development and economic potential, with long-lasting consequences for
countries.
2. Triple C Crisis:
- Climate change, conflicts, and economic challenges fuel global hunger. For example,
wars displace people, and climate disasters like floods and droughts destroy crops.
3. Pakistan’s Food Security:
- In Pakistan, poor dietary diversity and reliance on staple crops like wheat and rice have
led to widespread malnutrition. Solutions include crop diversification and empowering
women in agriculture.
4. Hidden Hunger:
- Many people may consume enough food but lack essential nutrients. This problem,
known as hidden hunger, is common in developing countries like Pakistan.
Facts and Figures:
- 150 million children globally are malnourished.
- 40% of Pakistani children under five are stunted due to poor nutrition.
- 83% of Pakistan’s population cannot afford a diet that meets basic nutritional
requirements.
- 19% of Pakistan’s population is undernourished, according to the FAO's 2023 report.
FINAL WORDS

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This article sheds light on the global malnutrition crisis, with a focus on Pakistan’s challenges. It highlights
the need for a shift from calorie-based food systems to nutrition-sensitive agriculture and policy reforms.
For CSS aspirants, this topic is crucial in understanding the interconnectedness of climate change, conflict,
and economic stability with food security, both globally and within Pakistan. Addressing malnutrition
requires a multi-dimensional approach, emphasizing sustainability, diversity in agriculture, and greater
socioeconomic access to quality food.
DETAILED SUMMARY
The challenges of malnutrition continue to plague many nations, despite the rapid technological and
agricultural advancements of the 21st century. The interconnected crises of climate change, conflict, and
the rising cost of living have worsened the situation, further revealing flaws in global food distribution
systems. As the focus shifts from food security to sustainable food systems, addressing the underlying
causes of malnutrition becomes vital, especially in countries like Pakistan.
Globally, the statistics are alarming. Around 150 million children under the age of five are malnourished,
facing severe consequences like stunted growth and impaired cognitive development. Nearly 22% of the
world’s children suffer from stunting, a figure that rises to over half in the poorest countries. Malnutrition,
particularly in the critical first 1,000 days of life, has lifelong consequences, from cognitive impairments to
reduced economic potential. Children who experience malnutrition early in life may lose up to 15 IQ points,
which limits their productivity later on.
The focus on food quality has become more pressing, moving beyond just calorie intake. Micronutrients
like vitamins and minerals are crucial for healthy growth and development. Recent scientific advancements,
such as microbiome-directed complementary foods (MDCF), offer potential solutions to improve
malnutrition by enhancing gut health and nutrient absorption. However, these interventions are slow to
reach the areas that need them most.
The root causes of global malnutrition are complex. Poverty remains a key factor, but war, conflict, and
climate change have worsened food insecurity, particularly in regions like sub-Saharan Africa and the
Middle East. In these areas, conflicts destroy food supplies, disrupt agricultural cycles, and destabilize food
markets, while climate change increases the frequency and severity of extreme weather events like droughts
and floods.
Inequitable food distribution is another significant contributor to malnutrition. Even though the world
produces enough food to feed everyone, many people go hungry due to poor infrastructure and inefficient
food systems. The focus of global food production on calorie-dense but nutrient-poor foods exacerbates the
issue, leading to ‘hidden hunger’—people have enough to eat but lack essential nutrients.
Urbanization and dietary changes also contribute to the problem. Processed foods high in sugars and fats
have become more common in developing nations, creating a paradox where obesity and malnutrition
coexist.
In Pakistan, the situation mirrors these global trends. Almost half of the population faces malnutrition, with
19% undernourished and 43% experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity. Alarmingly, 83% of
Pakistanis cannot afford a diet that meets basic nutritional needs. Pakistan’s food system, which heavily
focuses on staple crops like wheat and rice, neglects more diverse and nutritious options, leading to
widespread micronutrient deficiencies.
Despite being self-sufficient in cereal production, nearly 40% of children under five in Pakistan are stunted
due to poor dietary diversity. The country’s agricultural sector remains production-centric, with little
attention given to nutritional outcomes. High post-harvest losses, combined with inadequate investment in
agricultural research and development, have hampered food security efforts. Climate change further
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worsens the situation, with rising temperatures, erratic weather patterns, and water scarcity threatening
agricultural yields.

The socio-economic conditions in Pakistan compound these challenges. While structural reforms aim to
stabilize the economy, the burden of rising energy tariffs, increased taxes, and the removal of subsidies
disproportionately falls on low- and middle-income families. These families are forced to make difficult
choices between basic needs like electricity and food, resulting in higher malnutrition rates.
Addressing malnutrition requires a comprehensive approach. Pakistan’s Ministry of National Food Security
and Research (MNFSR) must shift from a production-focused model to one that prioritizes access to quality
food. Crop diversification, focusing on high-value foods like fruits, vegetables, pulses, and animal products,
is crucial to addressing the nation’s micronutrient deficiencies.
Empowering women, who make up 40–50% of Pakistan’s agricultural workforce, is also essential.
Providing them with access to resources, education, and decision-making power can significantly improve
food production, processing, and the adoption of healthier diets. Public-private partnerships can also play
a role by promoting climate-smart agriculture, food fortification, and the development of biofortified crops.
Pakistan can draw inspiration from other countries like Bangladesh, which has successfully reduced
stunting through targeted nutrition interventions, economic growth, and collaborative efforts between
governments and NGOs. Expanding food fortification programs—like the successful iodized salt
initiative—could be a cost-effective way to address widespread micronutrient deficiencies in Pakistan.
Malnutrition is not just a health issue; it is a socio-economic and environmental crisis. Addressing it requires
coordinated action across multiple sectors. Investing in solutions now will ensure a healthier, more
productive population in the future, with benefits that far outweigh the costs.

Difficult Words and Meanings - Synonyms - Antonyms:

S/NO Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

1 Malnutrition Lack Of Proper Nutrition Due Undernourishment, Nutrition, Health
To Insufficient Food Intake Or Starvation
Unbalanced Diet
2 Exacerbate To Make A Situation Worse. Aggravate, Worsen Alleviate,
Improve
3 Stunting Impaired Growth And Growth Inhibition, Growth,
Development In Children Due Retardation Development
To Chronic Malnutrition
4 Micronutrient Essential Vitamins And Nutrients, Macronutrient
Minerals Needed In Small Vitamins (Proteins, Fats)
Amounts For Healthy Growth
And Development
5 Inefficiencies Failure To Make The Best Use Wastefulness, Efficiency,
Of Resources. Unproductiveness Effectiveness

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Dawn Article - Three-year reform plan for IMF exit strategy - By

Ishrat Hussain.
Summary:
This article stresses the need for a comprehensive three-year action plan to implement domestic reforms
that could help Pakistan smoothly transition from reliance on IMF programmes to sustainable, non-
inflationary growth. The reforms should focus on increasing investment, addressing the energy crisis,
reforming civil services, and devolving services to local governments. A key goal is to raise the investment-
to-GDP ratio and contain the fiscal deficit while ensuring these reforms have political consensus and
continuity across governments. The article advocates strengthening public financial management,
promoting agricultural productivity, boosting private sector investment, and restructuring inefficient sectors
like energy.
Overview
Pakistan needs to create a detailed three-year reform plan to avoid future economic crises. The plan would
target sustainable growth by increasing investment, controlling fiscal deficits, and reforming civil services
and the energy sector. Local governments should also take a larger role in service delivery. In addition,
public-private partnerships are encouraged to increase private investment, especially in sectors like
agriculture and industry. The article highlights the need for better financial management, reducing debt, and
restructuring inefficient energy companies.
Important Points - Comprehensive Analysis:
1. Key Reform Areas:
- Investment-to-GDP ratio should be increased to 20% by FY28.
- Fiscal deficit must be kept below 5% of GDP.
- Primary budget surplus of 3% should be maintained.
2. Investment Boost:
- Public sector investment needs to rise to 5%.
- Private investment should grow to 15% through credit expansion to key sectors.
3. Agriculture Reforms:
- Agricultural productivity must improve by supporting small and medium farmers with
better seeds, water access, and credit.
4. Energy Sector Reforms:
- The energy crisis must be addressed through privatising distribution companies
(Discos), improving transmission capacity, and targeting subsidies via the Benazir Income
Support Programme (BISP).
5. Public Financial Management:
- Aim for a revenue-to-GDP ratio of 15%, with better tax collection through digitisation
and increased provincial contributions.
- Expenditure-to-GDP should target 20%, focusing on development.
6. Civil Service Reforms:
- The civil service must be restructured for merit-based promotions, transparency, and
efficiency, reducing unnecessary staff.

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Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus

- Current Affairs: Pakistan’s economic challenges, fiscal reforms, and investment plans.
- Pakistan Affairs: Government structures, the need for civil service reforms, and local
government involvement.
- Essay ( See last paragraph)
- Economy: Fiscal policy, investment targets, and structural reforms to boost productivity.
Notes for Beginners
1. Reform Plan: Pakistan needs a well-structured three-year plan to escape reliance on the
IMF and achieve sustainable growth. This plan should focus on public investment, private
sector development, and fiscal stability.
Example: By increasing investment in key sectors like agriculture and industry, Pakistan
can reduce its import dependency and grow its economy.
2. Civil Service Reform: The current civil service system must be modernised for more
efficient governance. Merit-based recruitment and transparent performance evaluations are
crucial for progress.
Example: If civil servants are promoted based on performance rather than seniority, the
government can function more effectively.
3. Energy Crisis: Solving the energy crisis is essential to boost industrial growth and ease
the burden on consumers. Reforms such as privatisation of energy distribution companies
could improve efficiency.
Example: With improved energy distribution, Pakistan could reduce costly power
shortages that limit industrial output.
Facts and Figures:
- 20%: Target investment-to-GDP ratio by FY28.
- 5%: Public sector investment target through fiscal consolidation.
- 15%: Required private investment in key sectors.
- 3%: Primary budget surplus goal.
- 40%: Civil servants’ contribution to governance in Pakistan.
- 83%: Percentage of Pakistanis who cannot afford a balanced diet due to rising food costs.
Final Words about the Article
The article underscores the urgency of adopting a three-year action plan to stabilise Pakistan's economy and
ensure self-reliant growth. It advocates for broad structural reforms that focus on investment, agriculture,
energy, and civil services. For CSS/PMS aspirants, this topic is essential for understanding Pakistan’s
current economic situation and the necessary steps toward sustainable development. Reforms in
governance, fiscal policy, and the energy sector are critical to achieving long-term prosperity - Important
Topic for the CSS/PMS exams.
FOR YOU UNDERSTANDING
This article is highly beneficial for CSS/PMS essay preparation, especially for topics related to Pakistan’s
economic and governance challenges. It provides a detailed, structured framework on important areas that
are often discussed in competitive exams. The reform plan outlined in the article is practical and actionable,
covering areas like investment, fiscal management, civil service reforms, and energy sector improvements.
These themes are not only relevant but are also crucial for essays that require a deep understanding of
Pakistan’s economic landscape.

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The inclusion of specific data, such as the target investment-to-GDP ratio of 20% by FY28 and the fiscal
deficit cap at 5%, is particularly useful for writing a well-substantiated essay. In the CSS exam, providing
accurate facts and figures enhances the credibility of your argument, showing the examiner that you are
well-versed in the subject matter. Moreover, these figures can be effectively used to support your stance on
economic reforms, making your essay more convincing.
One of the key strengths of this article is its focus on real-world applications. It doesn’t just highlight the
problems but offers concrete solutions, such as boosting agricultural productivity, privatising inefficient
sectors like energy distribution, and improving public financial management. These are practical measures
that can be incorporated into an essay to propose a balanced and solution-oriented approach. Examiners
often look for candidates who can go beyond identifying issues and provide actionable strategies for
improvement, and this article equips you with those solutions.
Furthermore, the article adopts a multi-disciplinary approach by covering aspects of governance,
economics, and public administration. This is particularly helpful for CSS/PMS aspirants, as essays often
require candidates to integrate knowledge from various subjects. Discussing reforms in civil services,
devolution of local governance, and fiscal policy provides a broad base of arguments, making your essay
comprehensive and multi-faceted.
Finally, the article’s relevance to current affairs makes it an excellent resource for writing on Pakistan’s
ongoing challenges with IMF reliance and the need for sustainable growth. ( Hot Topics for CSS /PMS) ,
and having a detailed understanding of the reform plan will enable you to write essays that are not only
well-informed but also policy-driven. This approach is likely to resonate with examiners, who value essays
that demonstrate both critical thinking and practical insight.
Difficult Words and Meanings - Synonyms - Antonyms:
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Fiscal Relating to government Financial, budgetary Non-financial
revenue, especially taxes.
Devolution Transfer of power to a lower Decentralization, Centralization
level, especially from central delegation
government to local
governments.
Incentivizes To motivate or encourage Encourage, promote Discourage, deter
someone to do something.
Surplus An excess of income or assets Excess, profit Deficit, shortfall
over expenditure or liabilities.
Reinvigorate To give new energy or strength Revive, energies : Weaken, deplete
to something.

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Dawn article - October Status quo shake-up?

Summary:
October could be a decisive month for both the Middle East conflict and Pakistan's political scene. Israel
has expanded its aggressive military tactics from Gaza to Lebanon, killing civilians and flattening buildings,
with Western nations providing indirect support. Israel's ground invasion of Lebanon is expected, while
Hezbollah, Iran, and their allies prepare to resist. Meanwhile, Iran has launched a missile attack in response
to Israeli actions, promising more retaliatory measures if Israel escalates further. On the global stage, a
major conflict could disrupt the Middle East’s oil infrastructure, potentially plunging the world economy
into chaos. In Pakistan, significant political developments are also expected this month. A controversial
Supreme Court review ruling may benefit the government by curbing opposition power, and the
government’s plan to amend the Constitution to control judicial authority could impact former Prime
Minister Imran Khan’s political future. Massive protests are expected as Khan’s supporters challenge the
government’s agenda. The outcome of these events will shape Pakistan’s political landscape for years to
come.
Overview
The article highlights two crucial and parallel developments—Israel’s aggressive expansion of military
operations in Lebanon and the political crisis unfolding in Pakistan. Israel’s confrontation with Hezbollah
and the broader Iran-led resistance could lead to further escalation, with significant implications for global
oil supply and economic stability. Iran has responded with a missile strike, raising the stakes in an already
volatile situation. In Pakistan, the government is preparing to push through constitutional amendments
aimed at controlling the judiciary, a move seen as designed to block Imran Khan's path to power. Protests
led by Khan’s party have already begun, and the next few days could determine the country’s political
direction.
Important Points - Comprehensive Analysis
1. Middle East Conflict: Israel’s expansion of its military operations from Gaza to
Lebanon, targeting civilians and infrastructure.
2. Hezbollah’s Response: Awaiting Hezbollah’s reaction to Israel’s expected ground
invasion, with Lebanon prepared for resistance.
3. Iran’s Involvement: Iran launched missile attacks on Israel following key
assassinations and promises a strong retaliatory stance.
4. Global Economic Impact: Disruption of oil production and supply in the Middle East
could have devastating effects on the global economy.
5. Pakistani Politics: The Supreme Court’s reversal of its earlier verdict on floor-crossing
may benefit the government, leading to possible constitutional amendments.
6. Imran Khan’s Protest: Imran Khan’s supporters, led by KP’s Chief Minister, have
initiated protests in response to the government’s political moves.
7. Constitutional Amendment: The government’s effort to create a Federal Constitutional
Court could limit the judiciary’s influence and stop Imran Khan’s political rise.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Current Affairs: The Middle East conflict, Pakistan’s political crisis, and the global
economic consequences of oil disruptions.
- Pakistan Affairs: The potential constitutional amendments in Pakistan, political protests,
and judicial reforms.
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- International Relations: The role of Western nations in the Middle East, Iran’s missile
response, and global power dynamics.
- Governance and Public Administration: Issues surrounding judicial independence,
constitutional amendments, and political leadership.
- Political Science: The balance of power in Pakistan’s political structure and the effects
of protests and constitutional changes.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Middle East Conflict: The conflict between Israel and Hezbollah is heating up, with
Israel expected to invade Lebanon. Iran’s response shows how regional powers may
escalate the situation.
Example: Israel’s military raids in Lebanon are seen as part of a larger plan to reshape
power in the Middle East, while Hezbollah prepares for land-based resistance.
2. Judicial Crisis in Pakistan: The Pakistani government’s attempts to push through a
constitutional amendment may limit judicial independence and alter the political balance.
Example: The Supreme Court’s decision to allow floor-crossing votes could help the
government pass controversial amendments in the coming weeks.
3. Economic Impact: A significant conflict in the Middle East could disrupt oil production,
impacting economies worldwide.
Example: If Iran targets oil infrastructure in response to Israeli attacks, global oil prices
could skyrocket, harming major economies.
Facts and Figures
- 1,500: Civilians killed by Israeli air raids in Lebanon.
- 5-0: The Supreme Court’s majority vote in Pakistan’s review decision.
- 25 days: The timeframe in which both the Middle East conflict and Pakistani politics may
undergo decisive changes.
- Oct 26, 2024: Justice Syed Mansoor Ali Shah is set to become the Chief Justice of
Pakistan.
Final Words about the Article
The article offers a compelling analysis of the twin crises unfolding in the Middle East and Pakistan. For
CSS/PMS aspirants, this is a critical topic touching on international relations, current affairs, and
governance. Understanding the potential consequences of Israel’s aggressive military strategies, Iran’s
missile responses, and Pakistan’s political turbulence is crucial for addressing questions on regional and
global power dynamics. The combination of geopolitical risks and domestic political challenges makes
October a pivotal month for both the Middle East and Pakistan, shaping their future for years to come. This
article is highly relevant for essays on international relations, governance, and crisis management in the
context of Pakistan’s evolving political landscape.

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Difficult Words and Meanings - Synonyms - Antonyms:

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

Scorched Earth A military strategy Devastation, Preservation, protection
involving the deliberate annihilation
destruction of resources.
Genocidal Related to the systematic Exterminatory, mass- Protective,
extermination of a group. murderous safeguarding

Decapitation Removing the leadership of Leadership removal, Empowerment,

an organization or force. neutralization leadership retention

Retaliate To respond to an attack by Revenge, reciprocate Forgive, yield

making a counterattack.
Draconian Excessively harsh and Severe, oppressive Lenient, mild
severe.

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The news Article - The 25th IMF Programme and the reforms
agenda
Summary:
Pakistan's relationship with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) began in 1950, and the country has
since frequently turned to the lender to overcome economic challenges. Currently, Pakistan is engaged in
its 25th Extended Fund Facility (EFF) programme, amounting to SDR 5,320 million (about $7 billion).
This highlights a persistent cycle of dependency on the IMF, mainly driven by fiscal deficits, inflation, and
balance of payments issues. The article stresses the need for Pakistan to implement structural reforms,
improve public sector efficiency, and develop the private sector to break this cycle of dependence. By
maintaining balanced fiscal and monetary policies, and focusing on growth-friendly reforms, Pakistan can
potentially move toward long-term economic sustainability. The approval of the latest EFF programme on
September 27, 2024, offers Pakistan an opportunity to stabilise its economy and build resilience against
global economic fluctuations.
Overview
This article discusses Pakistan's long-standing reliance on the IMF and the current challenges it faces while
engaging in its 25th EFF programme. Over the years, the IMF's support has been crucial in addressing
Pakistan's economic issues, but it has also fostered dependency. The EFF programme approved on
September 27, 2024, aims to help Pakistan rebuild its economy by implementing key reforms in areas like
fiscal policy, monetary management, exchange rates, and energy sector efficiency. Structural reforms,
particularly in state-owned enterprises (SOEs), tax collection, and energy pricing, are highlighted as critical
to ensuring Pakistan’s long-term macroeconomic stability. The article also notes that Pakistan’s external
debt has stabilised, reflecting better economic management, and emphasises the need for consistent policy
efforts to enhance resilience and growth.
Important Points - Comprehensive Analysis
1. IMF Engagement: Pakistan's close relationship with the IMF began in 1950. It is now
on its 25th EFF programme, which is worth about $7 billion.
2. Economic Challenges: Pakistan’s frequent IMF engagements reflect its ongoing
economic problems, including fiscal deficits, inflation, and balance of payments issues.
3. Current Programme: The latest EFF programme, approved on September 27, 2024,
aims to stabilise the economy by focusing on fiscal discipline, efficient policymaking, and
structural reforms.
4. Energy Sector Reforms: Key areas needing reform include the energy sector, with a
focus on pricing mechanisms, competition, and reducing circular debt.
5. Tax Reforms: A national fiscal pact proposed during the SLA negotiations stresses the
importance of broadening the tax base, particularly targeting sectors like large-scale
agriculture, industrialists, and developers.
6. State-Owned Enterprises: The restructuring and potential privatisation of SOEs is
critical for improving efficiency and reducing fiscal burdens.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Current Affairs: Pakistan’s economic challenges, the IMF's role, fiscal reforms, and debt
management.

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- Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s historical reliance on the IMF and structural weaknesses in
the economy.
- Economics: Fiscal policy, monetary management, and reforms in the energy sector,
taxation, and public sector.
- Public Administration: Governance issues related to state-owned enterprises, energy
reforms, and policy implementation.
- Essay - Read last paragraphs.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. IMF Relationship: Pakistan has long depended on the IMF for economic support. This
dependency is mainly due to recurring economic issues like inflation and fiscal deficits.
The country has received 25 assistance programmes from the IMF.
Example: Pakistan often turns to the IMF when its economy faces severe challenges, just
as it did in 2024 to stabilise its finances.
2. Fiscal Reforms: The IMF stresses that Pakistan needs to focus on fiscal discipline—
keeping a balanced budget and managing public debt. Tax reforms and reducing
unnecessary government spending are essential.
Example: If Pakistan broadens its tax base by including sectors like agriculture, it can
generate more revenue and reduce its fiscal deficit.
3. Energy Sector: Reforms in the energy sector, such as revising energy prices and
reducing circular debt, are critical for economic stability. The government has started
renegotiating agreements with independent power producers (IPPs).
Example: Improving energy pricing could reduce Pakistan’s debt in the energy sector and
make power more affordable for consumers.
Facts and Figures
- 25: Number of IMF programmes Pakistan has engaged in.
- $130.68 billion: Pakistan’s external debt as of June 2024.
- SDR 5,320 million: The size of the current EFF programme.
- 2 years: Time during which Pakistan has improved its external economic position.
- January 1, 2025: Date set for provinces to align their tax systems with the federal
government’s income tax frameworks.
Final Words about the Article
This article provides an in-depth overview of Pakistan's longstanding relationship with the IMF and the
country's dependency on financial support to overcome recurring economic challenges. The approval of the
latest EFF programme offers Pakistan an opportunity to stabilise its economy through key reforms in fiscal
policy, tax collection, and the energy sector. For CSS/PMS aspirants, understanding these IMF engagements
and economic reforms is critical, as these are central issues in Pakistan’s economic development. By
adopting sustainable policies and breaking free from IMF reliance, Pakistan can create a stronger, more
resilient economy. This topic is especially relevant for essays related to Pakistan's fiscal management,
governance reforms, and economic growth strategies.
FOR YOUR EASINESS
This topic is extremely relevant for CSS/PMS essay, particularly when addressing themes like economic
management, governance, or Pakistan’s financial relationships with global institutions. The recurring
engagement with the IMF, which has been a hallmark of Pakistan's economic history, offers an ideal

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platform for discussing the broader issues of fiscal management, dependency on foreign aid, and the long-
term sustainability of economic policies. For aspirants preparing for the essay paper, the article provides
the necessary background to critically evaluate how IMF assistance, while necessary at times, has
perpetuated a cycle of reliance that undermines true economic autonomy. A well-structured essay on this
subject would not only investigate into the reasons for Pakistan's dependence on the IMF but also explore
the potential reforms required to break free from this cycle.
Moreover, this subject allows candidates to bring in multiple dimensions of analysis, such as the impact of
structural reforms on the public sector, energy pricing, and tax collection. These are all areas that have been
emphasized by the IMF in its programmes, and they tie into critical governance issues that need to be
addressed for Pakistan to stabilize its economy. Discussing the efficiency of state-owned enterprises and
the need for a broader tax base gives a candidate the opportunity to demonstrate a comprehensive
understanding of economic reforms. Furthermore, such an essay can easily be linked to the wider global
context of financial aid, highlighting how countries like Pakistan can balance external assistance with the
goal of self-sufficiency.
In sum, this topic not only enriches an aspirant’s understanding of Pakistan’s economic challenges but also
equips them with the knowledge to write an informed, well-rounded essay. It provides the material needed
to argue for pragmatic, growth-friendly reforms while also critiquing the limitations of relying too heavily
on external financial institutions. Thus, candidates can approach this essay with a critical eye, offering
solutions that align with the goal of long-term economic stability.

Difficult Words and Meanings - Synonyms – Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

Dependency A state of relying on Reliance, need Independence, self-
someone or something sufficiency
for aid or support.
Stabilize To make or become Steady, secure Destabilise, unbalance
unlikely to change or
fail
Monetary Relating to money or Financial, fiscal Non-financial
currency
Sustainability The ability to maintain Endurance, durability Instability, transience
or continue for a long
time.
Fiscal Related to government Budgetary, financial Non-fiscal
revenue, particularly
taxes.

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Dawn Article : Averting a Catastrophe - By Maleeha Lodhi

Summary:
The Middle East stands on the verge of a dangerous and possibly catastrophic war between Israel and Iran.
Israel’s recent actions, including the assassination of key Hamas and Hezbollah leaders and the invasion of
Lebanon, have left Iran no choice but to respond, which it did with missile strikes on Israeli targets. Iran,
although not seeking conflict, feels compelled to retaliate in the face of continued Israeli aggression. The
global community, especially the United States, is urging caution to prevent a larger-scale conflict, warning
Israel against escalating the situation by attacking Iranian nuclear or oil facilities. While the situation
remains volatile, the future of the Middle East, and possibly global stability, is uncertain, as Israel presses
forward with its military campaigns in Gaza and Lebanon. The coming weeks will reveal whether efforts
to prevent an all-out regional war will succeed or if the confrontation will spiral out of control.
Overview
This article highlights the precarious situation in the Middle East, where Israel’s aggressive military actions
against Hezbollah, Hamas, and Iran have pushed the region towards potential war. Iran’s measured response
through missile strikes demonstrates its willingness to defend itself without directly seeking war, though its
patience is running thin. The US and other global powers are caught in a balancing act, supporting Israel
while cautioning against escalation. The possible repercussions of this conflict, including disruption in
global oil supplies and severe economic fallout, underscore the gravity of the situation.
NOTES
This article is highly relevant for aspirants preparing for subjects like International Relations, Current
Affairs, Governance and Public Administration, and Political Science. It offers critical insights into:
1. Middle East regional dynamics, particularly the conflict between Israel, Iran, and their
respective allies.
2. The role of global powers, especially the US, in mediating conflicts and their strategic
interests in the region.
3. The economic implications of conflict, particularly in terms of global oil markets.
4. How international diplomacy attempts to balance regional conflicts while avoiding full-
scale war.
Topics Related to the CSS Syllabus
- International Relations: Middle East Conflict, US foreign policy, and global security.
- Current Affairs: Ongoing Israel-Iran conflict, global oil crisis implications.
- Political Science: Power dynamics in conflict resolution, governance during wartime.
- Pakistan Affairs: Potential implications for Pakistan, given its geopolitical proximity.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Israel-Iran Conflict: Iran responded to Israeli aggression by launching missiles, aiming
to defend itself without provoking a larger war.
Example: Just like in personal disputes, countries sometimes feel forced to respond when
attacked, even if they do not want a bigger fight.
2. Global Oil Crisis: If Israel attacks Iran’s oil facilities, it could lead to a huge rise in oil
prices, affecting countries like China and the US.
Example: Imagine a shortage of essential goods in your town due to a major supplier’s
warehouse being destroyed; that’s what would happen globally with oil.

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Facts and Figures

- Over 41,000 people have been killed in Gaza due to Israel’s ongoing military campaign.
- More than 2,000 people have died in Israel’s invasion of Lebanon.
- The Strait of Hormuz, crucial for oil supplies, could be a target if Iran retaliates against
further Israeli strikes.
Final Words About the Article
This article provides a clear and insightful analysis of the looming conflict in the Middle East, specifically
between Israel and Iran. For CSS/PMS aspirants, it provides valuable material on international conflict, the
role of diplomacy, and the economic fallout of war. The article’s relevance to global stability and the
potential consequences of unchecked aggression make it essential reading for those studying international
relations, current affairs, and governance.

Difficult Words and Meanings - Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

Precarious Not securely held or in Unstable, insecure Stable, secure
position; dangerously likely to
fall or collapse.
Retaliation Action taken in return for an Revenge, reprisal Forgiveness, leniency
injury or offense.
Escalation An increase in the intensity or Intensification, De-escalation,
seriousness of something. expansion reduction
Proportionality The quality of corresponding in Balance, symmetry Disproportion,
size or amount to something imbalance
else.
Conflagration An extensive fire which Blaze, inferno Calm, peace
destroys a great deal of land or
property, used metaphorically
here to mean a large-scale
conflict.

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Arab News - As COP 29 Approaches, a Fragmented International

Climate Finance System in Review
Summary:
As the upcoming COP 29 in Baku nears, the primary focus will be on addressing the fragmented
international climate finance system. The central questions are where new, additional climate finance will
come from and how to address the inefficiencies in the current system. While the international climate
finance structure is theoretically decentralized, the lack of effective multilateral governance has resulted in
a system that fails to meet the demands of climate action. Despite the establishment of initiatives like the
Green Climate Fund (GCF), financial gaps are growing, especially for developing nations. The article
stresses that COP 29 must bring a breakthrough in climate finance by streamlining existing processes and
enhancing concessional financing.
Overview:
The article sheds light on the historical background of climate finance, pointing out how the principle of
common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) in global treaties was meant to ensure financial
assistance to developing nations. However, due to fragmented systems, numerous funds with unclear
commitments have emerged. One significant example is the Green Climate Fund, which has consistently
fallen short of its $100 billion annual target, particularly in disbursing funds to vulnerable nations.
Pakistan’s devastating floods in 2022 serve as a recent example of how developing nations, despite suffering
the worst impacts of climate change, remain minor beneficiaries of international climate finance.
The need for a comprehensive overhaul of the climate finance structure, instead of more new funds with
vague commitments, is emphasized as the key priority for COP 29.
NOTES
This article provides valuable insights into the topic of climate finance and its implications for global
climate change efforts. For CSS aspirants, particularly those studying International Relations,
Environmental Science, and Sustainable Development, it discusses:
1. The concept of climate finance and its fragmentation in international governance.
2. The role of multilateral development banks (MDBs) and their shift to using loans, which
adds to the economic challenges faced by developing countries.
3. The inefficiency of the Green Climate Fund and the urgency for a system overhaul.
4. The significance of international cooperation and finance for climate adaptation and
mitigation.
Topics Related to the CSS Syllabus
- International Relations: Global climate negotiations, climate governance.
- Environmental Science: Climate change financing, sustainable development.
- Economics: International financial institutions and economic challenges for developing
nations.
- Governance and Public Administration: Multilateral climate agreements and financial
systems.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Climate Finance Fragmentation: The international climate finance system is fragmented,
meaning different funds and institutions exist, but they are not coordinated effectively.

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Example: Imagine a classroom where students get help from different teachers, but none
of the teachers coordinate, causing confusion instead of making things easier.
2. Green Climate Fund’s Shortcomings: Despite its goal to provide $100 billion a year, the
Green Climate Fund has struggled to deliver.
Example: It’s like a charity that promises to give $100 to every family in need, but due
to paperwork and delays, most families only get $10.
Facts and Figures
- The Green Climate Fund has failed to meet its $100 billion annual target.
- Concessional loans accounted for 72% of public climate finance between 2016 and 2020,
while grants only contributed 26%.
- Pakistan’s 2022 floods caused over $30 billion in damages and displaced millions, yet it
received minimal international climate finance assistance.
Final Words About the Article
Deep Analysis - challenges facing the international climate finance system. It emphasizes the need for
reform rather than the creation of more fragmented funds. For CSS aspirants, it provides a crucial
understanding of climate finance, particularly how it affects developing countries like Pakistan. The article
highlights the urgency for COP 29 to address these long-standing issues, stressing that without effective
financing, global efforts to combat climate change will remain insufficient.

Difficult Words and Meanings - Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Fragmented Broken or divided into parts Disjointed, scattered Unified, cohesive
Concessional Financial terms more Favorable, Non-concessional,
favorable than market advantageous costly
conditions, typically referring
to lower interest rates
Capitalization The provision of funds for a Funding, financing Defunding, withdrawal
business or system.
Respective Relating to each of two or Corresponding, Unrelated, irrelevant
more things in a particular relevant
order.
Mitigation The action of reducing the Alleviation, reduction Aggravation,
severity of something. intensification

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Dawn Article : Terrorism Upsurge

Summary:
The recent surge in terrorist incidents across Pakistan highlights the complex nature of the militant threat
facing the nation. A deadly blast near Karachi airport, which resulted in the deaths of at least three people,
including two Chinese nationals, underscores the urgent need for enhanced security measures. The Baloch
Liberation Army has claimed responsibility for the attack, which may have been aimed at sabotaging the
upcoming SCO summit in Islamabad. Other attacks in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan have
also resulted in the loss of several security personnel. The article emphasizes that Pakistan cannot afford
such acts of terrorism, especially as it works toward economic recovery and international engagement. It
calls for a thorough investigation into the Karachi attack and for the state to focus its resources on
eliminating the militant threat.
Overview
The article discusses a series of recent terrorist attacks in Pakistan, notably a bombing near Karachi airport
and violent incidents in KP and Balochistan. The Karachi attack, targeting Chinese nationals, raises
significant concerns about the security of foreign investments and the safety of expatriates in Pakistan. With
the upcoming SCO summit in Islamabad, these attacks may indicate an intent to disrupt diplomatic efforts.
The article argues that the Pakistani state must prioritize counter-terrorism measures over political disputes,
focusing on intelligence-based operations to preempt further violence.
NOTES
1. The multifaceted nature of terrorism in Pakistan, including separatist and religiously inspired groups.
2. The implications of terrorist attacks on foreign relations, particularly concerning Chinese investments.
3. The necessity for robust security measures and intelligence operations.
4. The relationship between security threats and economic recovery efforts.
Topics Related to the CSS Syllabus
- International Relations: Security dynamics, foreign policy, and terrorism.
- Governance: National security policies and state responses to terrorism.
- Current Affairs: Recent developments in terrorism in Pakistan and their implications.
- Pakistan Affairs: Internal security and foreign relations.
- Essay: Topics related to national security and counter-terrorism measures.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Terrorism's Complex Nature: The article illustrates how different groups, such as separatists and
religious militants, contribute to terrorism in Pakistan.
Example: It's like a sports team with various players; each player has a different role, but together they
form a competitive team.
2. Impact on Foreign Relations: The targeting of Chinese nationals shows how terrorism can affect
international ties.
Example: If a country fails to protect foreign visitors, it may lose investments and trust, much like a
business losing customers due to poor service.
Facts and Figures
- Three confirmed deaths in the Karachi airport attack, including two Chinese nationals.
- Thirteen army and Frontier Corps personnel were martyred in North Waziristan and Kurram.
- The attack occurred just before the SCO summit, raising concerns about security.
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Final Words About the Article

The article emphasizes the urgent need for Pakistan to confront its growing terrorism challenges head-on.
It highlights how terrorist incidents can undermine economic recovery and international relations,
particularly with key allies like China. For CSS/PMS aspirants, understanding the implications of terrorism
on governance, security, and foreign policy is important. The call for intelligence-based operations and a
united front against terrorism reinforces the necessity for a comprehensive strategy to ensure national
stability and development. This article is also relevant for Pakistan Affairs and essay writing, as it touches
on critical issues of national security and foreign relations.

Difficult Words and Meanings - Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Multifaceted Having many aspects or Complex, varied Simple, one-
phases dimensional
Martyred Killed for a cause, Sacrificed, slain Survived, lived
especially in the
context of faith or
struggle
Thoroughly In a detailed and Completely, Partially, incompletely
comprehensive manner. exhaustively
Preempt To take action in order Forestall, avert Allow, permit
to prevent an
anticipated event.
Rhetoric The art of persuasive Discourse, bombast Truth, sincerity
speaking or writing,
often used in a context
where it may lack
sincerity.

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New CPEC Phase Will Transform Pakistan’s Economy

Summary:
Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif has reaffirmed Pakistan's commitment to working closely with China,
focusing on shared prosperity and promoting peace and stability globally. At a National Day Reception
hosted by the Chinese Embassy to mark the 75th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, he
highlighted the potential of the second phase of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). This new
phase is set to transform Pakistan's economy by expanding cooperation in agriculture, IT, and minerals.
President Asif Ali Zardari echoed these sentiments, emphasizing CPEC's role in enhancing regional
connectivity and unlocking greater benefits for the people. Prime Minister Shehbaz also acknowledged
China’s crucial support during negotiations with the IMF and expressed eagerness to host the Chinese Prime
Minister at the upcoming SCO summit in Islamabad.
Overview
The article sheds light on the deepening Pakistan-China relationship, especially through the second phase
of CPEC, which focuses on expanding cooperation in several key sectors, including agriculture, technology,
and mining. PM Shehbaz Sharif stressed how this partnership not only supports Pakistan’s economic growth
but also strengthens regional stability. Both PM Shehbaz and President Zardari emphasized the role of
China in fostering peace, security, and development globally, aligning with President Xi Jinping's vision.
Additionally, the article touches on PM Shehbaz's participation in the upcoming United Nations General
Assembly (UNGA) session, where he is expected to address pressing global issues, including Kashmir and
Palestine.
NOTES
1. Pakistan’s strategic economic and political partnership with China, especially under the CPEC
framework.
2. The role of CPEC in promoting economic transformation, infrastructure development, and regional
connectivity.
3. The significance of Pakistan’s foreign policy in promoting regional peace and stability, especially
concerning multilateral organizations like the SCO and the UN.
4. Essay
Topics Related to the CSS Syllabus
- International Relations: Strategic partnerships and regional alliances.
- Governance and Public Policy: Economic transformation through international collaborations.
- Current Affairs: CPEC and Pakistan’s role in international organizations like the UN and SCO.
- Pakistan Affairs: Economic development strategies and foreign policy focus.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Pakistan-China Cooperation: The article highlights how Pakistan is leveraging its close ties with China
to boost its economic growth. This collaboration is especially important in sectors like agriculture and IT,
which are critical for the future of Pakistan's economy.
Example: Just like a business forming partnerships to grow and expand, countries like Pakistan seek
international collaborations to improve their economic standing.
2. CPEC’s Potential: The second phase of CPEC is not just about infrastructure, but also about exploring
opportunities in modern sectors such as IT, agriculture, and mining.

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Example: Imagine CPEC as a road connecting various cities; now, the second phase aims to not only
expand this road but also develop businesses along it.
Facts and Figures
- The second phase of CPEC will focus on agriculture, IT, mining, and other critical sectors.
- CPEC's high-quality development is expected to unlock regional benefits and promote greater
connectivity.
- PM Shehbaz will attend the 79th UNGA session and address major global issues like Kashmir and
Palestine.
Final Words About the Article
This article is a testament to the ever-growing relationship between Pakistan and China, with CPEC being
the cornerstone of this alliance. For CSS aspirants, understanding the multifaceted impact of CPEC on
Pakistan’s economy and foreign policy is critical. The transformation expected through the second phase
of CPEC will not only benefit Pakistan economically but will also enhance its global standing. Additionally,
the emphasis on multilateralism and global peace at forums like the UNGA further highlights Pakistan’s
role in shaping regional and global dynamics.
FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Current Affairs: CPEC and Pakistan’s role in international organizations like the UN and SCO.
Pakistan's active involvement in international organizations like the UN and SCO complements its strategic
initiatives like CPEC by creating a platform for fostering international dialogue, cooperation, and
development. At the UN, Pakistan plays a critical role in peacekeeping missions and global discussions on
issues like sustainable development, climate change, and the resolution of conflicts such as Kashmir and
Palestine. The country’s stance at these platforms not only reflects its internal policy goals but also its desire
to maintain global peace and security. Through its participation in international forums, Pakistan seeks to
highlight its efforts towards achieving stability within its borders, particularly in regions affected by
terrorism, and position itself as a responsible actor on the world stage.
In the context of the SCO, Pakistan’s strategic alignment with China and other member states underscores
the significance of regional cooperation. By hosting and participating in SCO summits, Pakistan reinforces
its commitment to strengthening regional security, economic ties, and political stability, which are vital for
the success of initiatives like CPEC. As SCO expands its influence across Eurasia, Pakistan's role becomes
even more prominent in contributing to regional dialogue on counter-terrorism, economic development,
and infrastructural connectivity. Thus, Pakistan’s role in international organizations goes hand in hand with
its national initiatives, showcasing a multi-dimensional approach to global and regional challenges, where
projects like CPEC become central to its foreign policy and international relations.

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Difficult Words and Meanings - Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Multilateralism .: Cooperation among Internationalism, Unilateralism,
multiple countries on a collaboration isolationism
shared issue
Reaffirm To confirm or assert Reiterate, declare Deny, negate
again.
Unlock To reveal or make Uncover, unleash Conceal, lock
accessible.
Existential Relating to existence, Fundamental, essential Superficial, trivial
especially in a
threatening or
challenging context.
The state of being connected or linked.
Connectivity Linkage, networking Isolation, disconnection

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Pakistan Observer Article - Pakistan’s strategic importance to

the SCO
The article by Dr. Zafar Khan Safdar discusses Pakistan’s strategic importance to the Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO) and how its role contributes to regional and global dynamics. The SCO, initially formed
by China, Russia, and Central Asian nations, focuses on political, economic, and security cooperation.
Pakistan's location at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East gives it a strategic
advantage, especially in connecting landlocked Central Asian countries to global markets through its
seaports. Projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) serve as critical links for trade,
energy, and infrastructure development. The SCO also provides Pakistan with platforms to combat
terrorism, improve trade, and strengthen ties with member countries, despite challenges like regional
tensions and economic disparities.
Overview
This article explores how Pakistan’s permanent membership in the SCO elevates its geopolitical and
economic significance, particularly in the context of regional cooperation. It highlights the benefits of
Pakistan’s location for Eurasian trade and energy corridors, with projects like CPEC being crucial for
fostering economic growth and regional integration. The article also emphasizes Pakistan’s role in counter-
terrorism efforts within the SCO and the potential for improving relations with India through diplomatic
channels within the organization. While opportunities abound, the article recognizes ongoing challenges
such as geopolitical tensions and the need for Pakistan to address terrorism and economic imbalances.
NOTES
1. Pakistan’s strategic importance due to its geolocation, which serves as a vital trading and energy link
between South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East.
2. The role of the SCO in enhancing regional security, economic cooperation, and political dialogue.
3. The significance of CPEC as a key part of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its impact on
Pakistan's infrastructure and energy sectors.
4. Pakistan’s challenges, including regional tensions and economic disparities, and how these affect its role
in the SCO.
This article relates to the following CSS syllabus topic
- International Relations: Pakistan’s role in regional organizations, especially SCO, and its strategic
partnerships.
- Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan's geopolitical significance and economic potential through initiatives like
CPEC.
- Current Affairs: The role of Pakistan in combating terrorism and fostering regional cooperation.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Strategic Importance: Pakistan’s location makes it crucial for trade routes between Central Asia and the
rest of the world.
Example: Think of Pakistan as a bridge between countries that do not have direct access to the sea and
the rest of the world.
2. Energy Projects: Pakistan can benefit from energy corridors like the TAPI gas pipeline, which would
provide much-needed energy to Pakistan and neighboring countries.

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Example: Imagine a pipeline carrying fuel from one country to another, ensuring that both countries
benefit from the trade of energy resources.
Facts and Figures
- Pakistan became a permanent member of the SCO in 2017.
- The SCO represents over 40% of the world’s population.
- The Asian Development Bank has identified 52 potential roads to connect Central Asia with seaports in
Pakistan.
- CPEC is part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which involves 65 countries.
Final Words About the Article
The article emphasizes Pakistan’s strategic importance within the SCO and the benefits that membership
offers in terms of regional cooperation, economic development, and counter-terrorism efforts.
understanding the role of international organizations like the SCO, along with Pakistan's strategic initiatives
like CPEC, is essential for grasping the broader implications of Pakistan's foreign policy. The article also
highlights the challenges Pakistan faces, particularly in dealing with regional tensions and terrorism,
underscoring the need for effective diplomatic and economic strategies.
FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Current Affairs: The role of Pakistan in combating terrorism and fostering regional cooperation.
Pakistan plays a pivotal role in combating terrorism and fostering regional cooperation, driven by its
geostrategic location, shared borders with volatile regions, and a firm commitment to maintaining peace
and stability. The country’s decades-long struggle against terrorism, especially in the aftermath of the 9/11
attacks, has positioned it as a critical player in global counterterrorism efforts. One of the strongest
arguments supporting Pakistan’s role in combating terrorism is the enormous human and economic
sacrifices the country has made. Over 80,000 lives have been lost, and Pakistan’s economy has suffered
losses exceeding $150 billion due to terrorism-related incidents. This highlights Pakistan’s frontline
position in the war on terror and its determination to secure both its borders and the broader region.
Another key factor in Pakistan’s fight against terrorism is its military operations. Through operations like
Zarb-e-Azb and Radd-ul-Fasaad, Pakistan has successfully dismantled terror networks operating within its
territory. These operations have not only secured Pakistan internally but have also played a role in
stabilizing neighboring Afghanistan, which has long been a hotbed of extremism. Pakistan’s intelligence-
sharing mechanisms with regional and global partners have also been instrumental in foiling potential
terrorist threats, making the country a valuable ally in the fight against terrorism.
In fostering regional cooperation, Pakistan’s active participation in international organizations like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) demonstrates its commitment to collective security and regional
stability. As a member of the SCO, Pakistan collaborates with other member states to address security
challenges, promote economic integration, and combat terrorism through shared intelligence and resources.
The SCO’s Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) provides a platform where Pakistan can engage in
joint efforts to eliminate terrorism and extremism from the region, ensuring that its contributions are
recognized and its security concerns addressed.
Moreover, Pakistan’s role in fostering cooperation extends to its diplomatic engagements with countries
like Afghanistan and India. In Afghanistan, Pakistan has been a key facilitator of peace talks, helping to
mediate between the Taliban and Afghan factions, while in the context of India, despite ongoing tensions,
Pakistan has consistently called for dialogue to resolve issues, including terrorism, which continues to
hinder regional cooperation.

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Ultimately, Pakistan’s efforts to combat terrorism and foster regional cooperation are deeply intertwined.
The country recognizes that without eradicating terrorism, sustainable regional cooperation is impossible.
Its commitment to counterterrorism, both at home and in regional forums, strengthens its position as a
linchpin in maintaining peace and stability across South Asia.

Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

Geopolitical Relating to politics, Strategic, global Unrelated, irrelevant
especially international
relations, as influenced
by geographical factors.
Infrastructure The basic physical and Framework, foundation Disorganization,
organizational disorder
structures needed for
the operation of a
society.
Integration The process of Unification, Separation, division
combining or amalgamation
coordinating separate
elements into a unified
whole.
Disparities Great differences Inequalities, Equalities, similarities
between things. imbalances
Connectivity The state of being Linkage, network Isolation, disconnection
connected or
interconnected.

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Dawn Article - Water Paradox

Summary:
The article highlights the global water crisis exacerbated by climate change, as 2023 became the driest year
for rivers in over 30 years. While some regions face severe droughts, others suffer from catastrophic floods,
both consequences of an increasingly erratic hydrological cycle. The article discusses the situation in
Pakistan, where monsoon flooding affects large areas while regions like Balochistan and Sindh experience
droughts. The melting of glaciers threatens the water supply in the Indus Basin, leading to agricultural
instability. The article suggests that countries must prioritize water management, invest in infrastructure to
handle extreme weather, and adopt climate mitigation strategies to avert disaster.
Overview
This article provides an in-depth look at the paradox of water crises—some regions face severe droughts
while others suffer from floods. It highlights how climate change has disrupted the global hydrological
cycle and how this impacts agriculture, economies, and human populations. For Pakistan, the situation is
dire, as the country is simultaneously experiencing floods and droughts. The melting glaciers, which feed
Pakistan’s major rivers, present a long-term challenge to water availability. The article urges nations to take
proactive steps toward managing water resources, improving infrastructure, and collaborating globally on
data-sharing for better resource management.
NOTES
1. Environmental Science: Discusses the global water crisis and climate change’s impact on the
hydrological cycle.
2. Pakistan Affairs: Focuses on Pakistan’s water challenges, particularly in the Indus Basin, and highlights
regional issues like floods and droughts.
3. Current Affairs: Covers international efforts for water conservation and the role of global organizations
like the UN in addressing water-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-6).
This article relates to the CSS syllabus in areas like
- Environmental Science: Understanding the global water crisis and the role of climate change in
exacerbating it.
- Pakistan Affairs: Insights into Pakistan's water management challenges and the risks posed by reliance on
glacial meltwater and unsustainable irrigation.
- Current Affairs: Global water governance and efforts to address SDG-6.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Water Crisis: The article highlights how different parts of the world are facing severe water shortages,
with Pakistan being a prime example.
Example: Pakistan's reliance on glacial meltwater for agriculture shows how climate change threatens its
water supply.
2. Climate Change and Water: The erratic rainfall patterns are a result of climate change, leading to both
droughts and floods in different regions.
Example: Droughts in Balochistan contrast with the floods in other parts of Pakistan, showing the
complexity of the water crisis.
Facts and Figures
- 2023 was recorded as the driest year for rivers in over three decades.

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- Pakistan relies heavily on irrigation from glacial meltwater, which is becoming unsustainable due to rising
temperatures.
- The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) links the water crisis to climate change and stresses
improved monitoring and resource management.

To wrap up, the article presents a clear picture of the global water crisis, emphasizing how Pakistan is
caught between the extremes of flooding and drought. For CSS/PMS aspirants, understanding the
complexities of water management and its ties to climate change is important. The article provides insights
into the challenges faced by Pakistan and the global community in addressing water scarcity and the need
for collective action.

Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Desertification The process by which Drought, aridification Reforestation,
fertile land becomes regeneration
desert, typically due to
drought or
deforestation.

Hydrological Cycle The continuous Water cycle None

movement of water on,
above, and below the
surface of the Earth.
Erratic Unpredictable; Unstable, fluctuating Stable, predictable
inconsistent.
Sustainable Capable of being Unsustainable, wasteful
maintained at a steady Renewable,
level without maintainable
exhausting resources
Catastrophic Involving sudden great Disastrous, calamitous Fortunate, favorable
damage or suffering.

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Dawn Article - After Independence

Summary:
The article discusses the historical background and current issues concerning Pakistan's tribal areas,
particularly focusing on the integration of these areas into the state's mainstream governance. After
independence, the tribal areas remained under British-era laws and systems until the 25th Amendment in
2018, which merged them into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The article examines Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad
Ali Jinnah's vision for peaceful integration, which was not realized after his death. The British-adopted
Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR) and the malik system created an elite class and failed to integrate the
tribal regions with the rest of Pakistan. The article also touches on the impacts of external events, such as
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the Afghan war, which introduced militancy, drugs, and weapons
into the tribal areas. The eventual merger with KP has given the tribal people representation and dismantled
the colonial legal structure, but challenges remain in aligning state and public interests.
Overview
This article provides a detailed history of the tribal areas in Pakistan, from independence to their eventual
merger with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018. It explores how the British policies, such as the Frontier Crimes
Regulation and the malik system, hindered integration and promoted elitism within tribal communities. The
article highlights the impact of global events like the Afghan war on the tribal belt and discusses the current
challenges of integrating these areas into the mainstream. Despite the progress made after the merger, issues
related to governance, justice, and socio-economic development persist.
NOTES
1. Pakistan Affairs: Covers the history of FATA, its governance systems, and its eventual merger into KP.
2. Current Affairs: Highlights the socio-economic challenges and the ongoing efforts toward integrating the
tribal areas post-merger.
3. Governance and Public Policy: Discusses issues related to governance, the legal system, and public
representation in the tribal areas.
This article relates to the CSS syllabus topics in
- Pakistan Affairs: It offers insight into the historical governance of FATA and the process of its integration
into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Current Affairs: Addresses modern challenges like militancy, governance, and socio-economic integration
in Pakistan’s tribal regions.
- Governance and Public Policy: The role of administrative systems, justice reforms, and local governance
in maintaining law and order in tribal areas.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Malik System: This was a system where tribal leaders, called maliks, held power over their tribes, acting
as intermediaries between the government and the people.
Example: In this system, maliks were given power by the government to control their tribes, which made
them more powerful than ordinary people.
2. Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR): This was a legal framework that governed the tribal areas with a
mix of tribal laws and British authority.
Example: The FCR allowed tribal customs like Pashtunwali to coexist with government-enforced
punishments, which often led to unfair decisions.

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Facts and Figures

- The tribal areas were merged into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018 through the 25th Constitutional
Amendment.
- The maliks, who were traditional tribal leaders, often acted as intermediaries between the government and
the tribal people.
- The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the US-led invasion in 2001 significantly impacted the
tribal areas, bringing in drugs, weapons, and extremism.

To sum up, the article provides a comprehensive look at the historical and current governance issues in
Pakistan's tribal areas. It offers valuable insights for competitive exams aspirants, particularly in
understanding how the FCR and malik system hindered the integration of these regions. The article also
stresses the importance of socio-economic development, governance reforms, and the need for stronger ties
between the state and the tribal people post-merger. It is essential reading for understanding the complexities
of Pakistan’s northwest regions and the ongoing efforts to integrate them into the broader
national framework.

Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Kinetic Operations: Military Military actions, armed Diplomatic measures,
actions aimed at operations negotiations
achieving political
objectives through
force.
Penetration The gradual integration Influence, incursion Withdrawal, retreat
or influence of a system
or authority in an area.
Co-optation The process of Assimilation, Exclusion, rejection
absorbing or incorporation
assimilating individuals
or groups into a
dominant system.
Militancy The use of Extremism, insurgency Peacefulness, passivity
confrontational or
violent methods in
support of a cause.
Demographic Related to the structure Population-related, Individual, singular
of populations. census-based

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Dawn Article - Weather worries

Summary:
The article highlights the growing impact of climate change on vulnerable populations, particularly
children. It emphasizes that increased carbon levels and greenhouse gases have raised global temperatures,
leading to severe health risks. In Pakistan, rising temperatures, heatwaves, and floods pose serious threats
to children’s physical and mental health. The urban heat island effect, especially in cities like Karachi and
Lahore, exacerbates these issues. The article suggests that hospitals, clinics, and schools are unprepared to
handle heat-related illnesses. Additionally, mental health challenges such as climate anxiety, attachment
disorders, and cognitive deficits are emerging in children, especially after the devastating 2022 floods.
While Pakistan cannot single-handedly reverse climate change, the article calls for measures to mitigate its
impact, particularly by teaching children preparedness protocols for extreme weather events.
Overview
This article provides a critical examination of the health and psychological impacts of climate change on
children in Pakistan. With rising carbon levels, extreme weather events are becoming more frequent,
disproportionately affecting children, especially those in poverty-stricken and urban areas. The article
outlines the dire consequences for children's physical health, including respiratory illnesses and heatstroke,
and mental health issues like depression and anxiety. It argues that Pakistan must improve its healthcare
infrastructure, and emphasizes the importance of educating children on how to cope with the extreme
weather conditions they are likely to face in the future.
NOTES
1. Environmental Science: Discusses climate change, its impact on human health, and how it
exacerbates weather patterns.
2. Current Affairs: Explores Pakistan’s vulnerability to climate change and the need for improved
healthcare and infrastructure.
3. Pakistan Affairs: Addresses the social and economic challenges that climate change poses to
Pakistan, particularly in urban areas.
4. Governance and Public Policy: Highlights the necessity for government intervention in healthcare
and climate disaster preparedness.
5. Environmental impacts of climate change, public health concerns, and the importance of preparing
for future extreme weather events.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Heatwaves: These are periods of unusually high temperatures. For example, cities like Karachi and
Lahore often experience heatwaves where temperatures rise above 40 degrees Celsius, making it difficult
for children to stay outdoors.
2. Urban Heat Island Effect: This is a phenomenon where urban areas become much hotter than surrounding
rural areas due to human activities and concrete structures. For instance, the temperature in cities like
Lahore can be several degrees hotter than nearby towns.
3. Climate Anxiety: This is a feeling of worry or fear caused by the effects of climate change. Children who
witness extreme weather events like floods may develop anxiety about the future of the planet.
Facts and Figures
- The amount of carbon in the atmosphere has exceeded 425 ppm in 2023.
- UNICEF reports that one-third of all children globally experience four to five heatwaves annually.

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- The devastating 2022 floods in Pakistan affected 33 million people, with 670,000 children still reporting
mental health issues such as anxiety and stress.
In a nutshell, this article underscores the urgent need for Pakistan to address the health and psychological
effects of climate change on its most vulnerable population: children. While the country cannot stop global
climate change alone, steps can be taken to mitigate its impacts. The article calls for better healthcare
infrastructure, preparedness protocols, and climate education to protect children from the growing threats
posed by extreme weather events. For CSS aspirants, this article is an essential read for understanding the
intersection of climate change, public health, and governance in Pakistan.

Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Greenhouse Gases Gases that trap heat in Carbon emissions, Clean air, non-
the atmosphere, pollutants pollutants
contributing to global
warming
Exacerbate To make a problem Worsen, aggravate Alleviate, improve
worse.
Respiratory Illness Diseases affecting the Pulmonary disease, Healthy lungs, normal
lungs and breathing, lung disorder breathing
such as asthma.
Mental Health A person’s condition Emotional health, Physical health, body
regarding their psychological state fitness
emotional and
psychological well-
being.
Proliferation Rapid increase or Growth, expansion Reduction, decrease
spread.

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The Express Tribune Article - SCO offerings and Pakistan, India

relations
Summary:
The 23rd Meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
will be held in Islamabad on October 15-16, 2024. The SCO aims to discuss new global security
arrangements, economic reforms, and global connectivity, especially for the Global South. Though the SCO
has resolved most border disputes among Central Asian states, the question remains whether it can help
resolve issues between Pakistan and India, particularly the Kashmir conflict. The SCO's roots lie in the
Shanghai Five, a group focused on border security and trust-building among its members. The article raises
critical questions about whether Pakistan and India can achieve similar cooperation under the SCO's
framework, especially in people-to-people contact and trade. The article also emphasizes the importance of
visionary dreams, acknowledging that while Indo-Pak ties remain strained, platforms like the SCO could
pave the way for improved relations.
Overview
This article explores the potential role of the SCO in fostering cooperation between Pakistan and India,
particularly regarding border disputes and trade. It reviews the historical success of the SCO in resolving
border issues among Central Asian states and raises the question of whether this success can be replicated
between South Asian neighbors. The article also touches on the origins of the SCO from the Shanghai Five
and the treaties focused on military trust and reduction in border regions. While the SCO has enabled greater
connectivity and trade among Central Asian states, similar progress between India and Pakistan remains a
distant dream.
NOTES
1. International Relations: It discusses regional organizations like the SCO and their role in fostering
cooperation and resolving disputes among member states, including Pakistan and India.
2. Pakistan Affairs: The article delves into Pakistan's role in the SCO and the broader implications for its
foreign policy, especially with India and Central Asia.
3. Current Affairs: The upcoming SCO meeting and its potential impact on global and regional diplomacy
are important developments to keep an eye on.
4. Political Science: It touches on political philosophy concerning global security, connectivity, and new
world orders, which can be useful for understanding evolving global dynamics.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. SCO's Role: The SCO has helped resolve border disputes among its member countries. For example,
China and Kyrgyzstan have settled their border disagreements through SCO meetings.
2. Trust-Building Measures: Like the Central Asian states, the SCO promotes military trust-building
measures, such as limiting military activities near borders. India and Pakistan could benefit from such
initiatives, but this remains a challenge.
3. Trade Cooperation: Central Asian countries enjoy high trade through soft visa regimes within the SCO.
For instance, Kazakhstan and Russia have enhanced their economic ties. However, trade between India and
Pakistan under the SCO framework remains a distant possibility due to ongoing political tensions.
Facts and Figures
- Pakistan and India became full members of the SCO on June 9, 2017.
- The SCO has resolved 90% of border disputes among its Central Asian members.
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- The Shanghai Five, established in 1996, laid the groundwork for the SCO by addressing border security
between China and its neighbors.
To sum up, this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential for the SCO to enhance
cooperation between Pakistan and India, particularly in resolving border disputes and increasing trade.
While the SCO has been successful in Central Asia, applying the same model to South Asia remains a
challenge due to the strained relations between India and Pakistan. Nonetheless, the article emphasizes that
visionary thinking and dreamers can drive change, suggesting that platforms like the SCO offer hope for
improved relations in the future. For CSS aspirants, this article is useful for understanding the role of
international organizations, regional diplomacy, and the complexities of Pakistan-India relations.

Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Prodigious Remarkable or Enormous, immense : Small, insignificant
impressive in size or
degree
Nodal Serving as a center or Central, focal Peripheral, marginal
hub
Diction The choice and use of Language, phrasing Silence, inarticulation
words and phrases in
writing or speech.
Trust-building: Actions taken to create Confidence-building, Distrust, suspicion
confidence between assurance
parties.
Coordination The process of Collaboration, Conflict, disorder
organizing people or cooperation
groups to work together
effectively.

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Pakistan Observer Article - Pak-Malaysia ties beyond the horizon

Summary:
The article, "Pak-Malaysia Ties Beyond the Horizon," discusses the growing strategic and diplomatic
relationship between Pakistan and Malaysia, highlighted by the recent visit of Malaysian Prime Minister
Anwar Ibrahim to Islamabad. Both countries are strengthening their ties across sectors like trade, energy,
security, and defense. The article highlights their shared Islamic ideology, historical bonds, and mutual
respect. The Malaysia–Pakistan Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (MPCEPA) has been pivotal in
enhancing economic relations. The two countries share a strong stance on the Palestinian and Kashmir
issues, advocating for peaceful resolutions and human rights. The article also suggests the formation of an
OIC diplomacy crisis group to address challenges faced by the Muslim world, particularly regarding Gaza
and Kashmir.
Overview
This article provides an in-depth analysis of Pakistan-Malaysia relations, touching upon their shared history,
strategic partnerships, and future cooperation. It outlines how their collaboration in trade, defense, and
regional stability has evolved over time, underpinned by shared Islamic values. The article further highlights
the importance of their roles in their respective regions—South Asia and ASEAN—and proposes greater
engagement between Pakistan and ASEAN countries. The discussion also addresses contemporary issues
like Palestine and Kashmir, calling for a collective diplomatic response from Muslim-majority nations.
NOTES
1. International Relations: The article discusses diplomatic ties, strategic partnerships, and regional
cooperation, particularly between Pakistan and Malaysia.
2. Pakistan Affairs: It highlights Pakistan’s geostrategic importance and its bilateral relations with Malaysia,
including economic, defense, and ideological ties.
3. Current Affairs: The article reflects on recent developments, including the visit of the Malaysian Prime
Minister and the signing of key agreements in trade and defense.
4. Islamic Studies: The role of Islam in shaping Pakistan-Malaysia relations, as both countries incorporate
Islamic principles into their governance, can be useful for Islamic Studies discussions.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Economic Relations: Pakistan and Malaysia have enhanced their trade ties through the Malaysia–
Pakistan Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (MPCEPA), signed in 2008. This agreement has boosted
trade in sectors like textiles, agriculture, and food production.
2. Defense Cooperation: Both countries collaborate on defense, engaging in joint exercises and military
training. For example, the recent meeting between the Malaysian Prime Minister and Pakistan’s Army Chief
emphasized expanding defense ties.
3. Islamic Ideology: Both Pakistan and Malaysia incorporate Islamic principles into their governance. For
instance, Malaysia recognizes Islam as its official religion, much like Pakistan, creating a shared ideological
foundation for their relationship.
Facts and Figures
- Pakistan and Malaysia established diplomatic relations in 1957 after Malaysia gained independence.
- The Malaysia–Pakistan Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (MPCEPA) was signed in January 2008.
- Pakistan shares around 90% of trade with ASEAN countries, including Malaysia, through Free Trade
Agreements (FTA).

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- Two new Memoranda of Understanding were signed during the recent visit of Malaysian PM Anwar
Ibrahim to boost trade and telecommunication cooperation.
Conclusion:
This article sheds light on the evolving partnership between Pakistan and Malaysia, emphasizing their
shared strategic interests, deep-rooted Islamic values, and collaborative efforts in trade and defense. By
highlighting mutual support on issues like Palestine and Kashmir, the article underscores the significance
of collective action in addressing challenges faced by the Muslim world. For competitive exams aspirants,
it offers valuable insights into Pakistan’s foreign policy, regional alliances, and the role of Islamic ideology
in shaping international relationships.

Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Fraternal Related to or Brotherly, Hostile,
characteristic of amicable adversarial
brothers; close
Diplomacy The practice of Negotiation, tact Conflict,
conducting aggression
negotiations
between countries.
Endowment A natural gift, Gift, capability Deficiency,
ability, or quality. inadequacy
Geostrategic Relating to the Strategic, tactical Non-strategic
strategy used in
geographic
locations,
especially related
to international
politics.
Embargo An official ban on Ban, restriction Free trade,
trade or other allowance
commercial
activity with a
particular country.

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The Express Tribune - SCO Summit: Pakistan's leadership

opportunity Pakistan
Summary:
The article "SCO Summit: Pakistan's Leadership Opportunity" discusses Pakistan's role as the host of the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit on October 15-16. This summit presents a strategic
chance for Pakistan to enhance regional cooperation and redefine its geopolitical role. The SCO, consisting
of nations accounting for 40% of the global population and 32% of the world's GDP, focuses on economic
collaboration, security, and regional stability. The article highlights Pakistan's potential as a mediator within
the SCO, despite India's complicated relationship with its neighbors and Western skepticism of the SCO's
motives. The summit offers a platform for Pakistan to foster dialogue on issues such as terrorism, trade, and
youth engagement, while strengthening its leadership position.
Overview
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Pakistan's opportunity to showcase leadership by hosting
the SCO summit. It emphasizes how Pakistan can play a crucial role in facilitating dialogue on regional
cooperation, economic collaboration, and addressing security concerns. The article also explores the
challenges posed by India's hesitance and bilateral conflicts within the SCO framework, as well as the
Western perception of the organization as a counterbalance to US influence. The SCO's growing
membership and its goals to promote regional stability and multilateralism are presented as central to the
summit’s significance.
NOTES
1. International Relations: The article examines Pakistan’s role in regional cooperation within the SCO and
the geopolitical challenges faced by member states, especially regarding India, China, and Western
influence.
2. Pakistan Affairs: It highlights Pakistan's opportunity to enhance its regional importance through
diplomatic efforts, positioning itself as a leader in the SCO and as a mediator for cooperation.
3. Current Affairs: The article explores the significance of the upcoming SCO summit, touching upon issues
like security, economic collaboration, and the challenges posed by India’s complex ties with neighboring
countries.
4. Governance and Public Policy: Pakistan’s leadership role in fostering regional integration and addressing
collective challenges like terrorism and trade barriers can be linked to discussions on effective governance
and international policy frameworks.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Regional Cooperation: Pakistan can use the summit to encourage cooperation among neighboring
countries. For example, by facilitating trade agreements between Central Asian states, Pakistan can position
itself as a key connector.
2. Security Concerns: The summit will focus on addressing terrorism. Pakistan can lead discussions by
sharing its experiences and strategies in combating terrorism, showcasing its role in promoting regional
security.
3. Economic Collaboration: Pakistan's trade initiatives within the SCO, like promoting investment
opportunities, will help improve its economic ties with member countries, particularly through projects like
the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).

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Facts and Figures

- The SCO member states account for around 40% of the world’s population and 32% of the global GDP.
- The SCO began as the Shanghai Five in 1996 and transformed into its current form in 2001 with the
inclusion of Uzbekistan.
- Pakistan and India joined the SCO in 2017, while Iran was included in 2023, and Belarus is expected to
join soon.
- The upcoming SCO summit is set to discuss security concerns, economic collaboration, and environmental
sustainability.
Conclusion:
This article highlights Pakistan’s opportunity to assume a leadership role by hosting the upcoming SCO
summit. It underscores how Pakistan can use this platform to facilitate dialogue, enhance regional
cooperation, and address challenges like terrorism, economic barriers, and geopolitical tensions. The
potential for Pakistan to strengthen its standing within the SCO is significant, despite complications arising
from India’s bilateral conflicts and Western skepticism. For CSS/PMS aspirants, this article is crucial for
understanding Pakistan’s diplomatic efforts, its role in international relations, and the importance of
multilateralism in shaping regional stability.

Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms:

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Geopolitical Relating to politics, International, global Local, national
especially international
relations, as influenced
by geographical
factors.
Facilitator Someone who helps Mediator, enabler Obstructor, impediment
bring about an outcome
by providing indirect
assistance
Bilateral Involving two parties, Mutual, reciprocal Unilateral, one-sided
especially countries.
Counterbalance A factor that has an Offset, neutralize Reinforce, strengthen
equal but opposite
effect to offset
something.
Multilateralism The principle of Cooperation, Unilateralism,
participation by three collaboration isolationism
or more parties,
especially by the
governments of
different countries.

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Palestine & Kashmir: Struggle for Justice

Summary:
The article "Palestine & Kashmir: Struggle for Justice" by Omay Aimen brings to light the parallel struggles
of the people of Palestine and Kashmir, who have endured state-backed oppression for decades. It discusses
how the leadership of Narendra Modi in India and Benjamin Netanyahu in Israel has intensified repression
in both regions, employing similar tactics to suppress legitimate resistance. The article criticizes the global
community's silence on these human rights violations and calls for accountability from India and Israel for
their actions in Kashmir and Palestine. It also highlights India's duplicity in its foreign policy, particularly
its decision to abstain from voting on a UN resolution on Palestine, revealing its growing alignment with
Israel at the expense of its relations with Arab nations.
Overview
This article critically analyzes the political and human rights crises in Kashmir and Palestine. It focuses on
the strategic alignment between India and Israel under Modi and Netanyahu, both of whom have adopted
harsh measures to crush resistance in their respective regions. The article underscores the global
implications of this collaboration, particularly India's contradictory foreign policy moves, which jeopardize
its standing with Arab countries. The silence of the international community, despite the widespread human
rights violations, is portrayed as a significant enabler of continued oppression in both regions.
NOTES
1. International Relations: The article discusses the geopolitical alignment between India
and Israel and the global ramifications of their shared policies in suppressing resistance in
Palestine and Kashmir.
2. Pakistan Affairs: The oppression of Kashmiris and India's policies in the region are
directly linked to Pakistan’s stance on the Kashmir issue.
3. Current Affairs: The article touches upon the broader implications of India's foreign
policy moves, its ties with Israel, and the potential fallout with Arab nations.
4. Governance and Public Policy: The use of state-sponsored violence and repressive
measures in Kashmir and Palestine raises discussions on governance, human rights, and
the role of international law in conflict resolution.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Oppression in Kashmir: Like Palestinians, Kashmiris have been facing occupation for
decades. For example, India’s recent abrogation of Article 370, which removed Kashmir's
special status, further intensified the situation in the region.
2. India-Israel Alliance: India has been strengthening its ties with Israel, mirroring Israel’s
hardline tactics in Kashmir. For instance, the use of military force and surveillance in both
Kashmir and Palestine are strategies both countries have adopted.
3. Human Rights Violations: The article highlights the systemic human rights abuses in
both regions. Examples include arbitrary arrests, denial of basic freedoms, and violent
crackdowns on protestors in both Palestine and Kashmir.
Facts and Figures
- Occupied Kashmir: India’s unilateral revocation of Article 370 in 2019 escalated the
conflict in Kashmir, which remains one of the most militarized zones in the world.
- Palestine: Israel continues its illegal settlement expansion in the West Bank, with over
600,000 Israeli settlers now residing in Palestinian territories.
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- India-Israel Ties: In recent years, India has become one of the largest buyers of Israeli
arms, further deepening their defense partnership.
Final Words
This article sheds light on the ongoing struggle for justice in Kashmir and Palestine, drawing attention to
the shared strategies of repression employed by India and Israel. The silence of the global community and
the diplomatic maneuvering of powers like India highlight the challenges facing oppressed populations. For
CSS/PMS aspirants, understanding the geopolitical dynamics and human rights issues in these regions is
essential for a nuanced grasp of international relations, Pakistan Affairs, and current global trends. The
article calls for global accountability and the enforcement of international law as crucial steps toward a fair
resolution of these conflicts.

Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

Subjugation The act of bringing Oppression, domination Liberation, freedom
someone under control,
often through force.
Impunity Exemption from Immunity, exemption Accountability, liability
punishment or
consequences.
Draconian Excessively harsh or Oppressive, strict Lenient, flexible
severe laws or
measures.
Duplicity Deceitfulness or Deception, dishonesty Honesty, transparency
double-dealing in
speech or conduct.
Neutrality The state of not Impartiality, non- Partisanship, bias
supporting or helping alignment
either side in a conflict.

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Fast-tracking progress on SDGs: learning from global models

Summary:
The article "Fast-tracking progress on SDGs: learning from global models" by Dr. Shahid Hussain
Kamboyo addresses Pakistan’s slow progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
ranking 137th out of 167 countries on the SDG Index. The author highlights Pakistan's struggles in critical
areas such as poverty reduction, education, and healthcare due to limited investment capacity, political
instability, and an urban-rural divide. Drawing lessons from countries like Bangladesh and Kenya, the
article suggests that localized, community-led initiatives and decentralized governance could accelerate
Pakistan's SDG progress. It emphasizes the importance of public-private partnerships, empowering local
governments, and region-specific development strategies to bridge gaps and achieve sustainable
development by 2030.
Overview
This article critically evaluates Pakistan's performance on the SDG Index and explores how adopting
localized approaches, as seen in Bangladesh and Kenya, can fast-track progress. It emphasizes the need for
bottom-up strategies, decentralization, and innovative funding models like public-private partnerships. The
author argues that while Pakistan's economic constraints and political instability hinder progress,
empowering local institutions and tailoring development to regional needs can drive significant
improvements, particularly in rural areas.
Notes for CSS Exam Aspirants
1. International Relations & Development Studies: The article provides insights into the
global SDG framework, comparing Pakistan’s performance with other developing nations
like Bangladesh and Kenya.
2. Pakistan Affairs: It underscores Pakistan’s internal challenges, such as the urban-rural
divide and political instability, in relation to SDG progress.
3. Governance and Public Policy: The focus on decentralized governance and localized
initiatives ties directly to discussions on effective governance and policy implementation
in Pakistan.
4. Public-Private Partnerships: The article emphasizes the importance of partnerships
between the public and private sectors to address financial constraints in achieving the
SDGs.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Localized Approaches: Bangladesh’s grassroots initiatives, such as the Grameen Bank's
microfinance model, have helped lift millions out of poverty, especially in rural areas.
2. Public-Private Partnerships: Kenya’s partnerships with international organizations have
helped finance renewable energy and healthcare projects, demonstrating how collaboration
can overcome financial barriers.
3. Decentralized Governance: Kenya’s 2010 constitution devolved power to local
governments, allowing regions to focus on healthcare and infrastructure development,
which has been key to the country’s progress on the SDGs.
Facts and Figures
- Pakistan’s SDG Ranking: Ranked 137th out of 167 countries with a score of 57 on the
SDG Index.

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- Bangladesh’s Progress: Ranked 107th on the SDG Index, Bangladesh has made
significant strides in poverty reduction and gender equality through community-led
initiatives.
- Kenya’s SDG Achievements: Ranked 123rd, Kenya’s decentralized governance has
improved maternal and child healthcare (SDG 3) and infrastructure in rural areas.
Final Words
The article calls for a shift in Pakistan's approach to achieving the SDGs by 2030. It stresses the need for
localized, bottom-up initiatives and decentralized governance, as seen in Bangladesh and Kenya, to drive
sustainable progress. For CSS/PMS aspirants, understanding these development models and their relevance
to Pakistan’s SDG strategies is essential for analyzing governance, public policy, and international
development efforts. The article offers valuable insights on how Pakistan can overcome its challenges and
move toward a more inclusive, sustainable future.

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

Localization The process of adapting Regionalization, Centralization,
policies or strategies to adaptation standardization
suit local contexts.
Decentralized Distributing power Immunity, exemption Accountability, liability
away from a central
authority to local
governments.
Fiscal Deficits A situation where a Budget shortfall, Centralized,
government's overspending concentrated
expenditures exceed its
revenues.
Sustainable Capable of being Renewable, enduring Unsustainable, fleeting
maintained over the
long term without
exhausting resources.
Urban-Rural Divide The disparities in Inequality, disparity Equality, parity
development and
services between urban
and rural areas.

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Climate diplomacy
Summary:
The editorial "Climate diplomacy" discusses the urgent need for Pakistan and India to collaborate on
addressing climate change, particularly to combat air pollution and smog in the region. Both countries,
especially cities like Delhi and Lahore, face severe air quality issues during winters, leading to health crises,
slowed civic life, and increased accidents. The article emphasizes that environmental degradation
transcends political boundaries and calls for a joint, apolitical effort to mitigate the harmful effects of air
pollution. Key areas for cooperation include addressing stubble burning, vehicular emissions, and industrial
pollution. The editorial suggests that such climate diplomacy could pave the way for shared reforms, data-
sharing, and collaborative research, while also easing bilateral tensions between the two nations.
Overview
The article highlights the detrimental impact of smog on both Pakistan and India, particularly in densely
populated areas during winter. It argues that climate change offers an opportunity for the two countries to
cooperate beyond political differences. The focus is on addressing air pollution through collaborative
efforts, such as changing farming practices and introducing technological solutions to reduce emissions.
The editorial proposes climate diplomacy as a framework for engaging environmentalists, farmers, and
policymakers from both nations, suggesting that working together on this shared issue could also improve
relations between the two countries.
NOTES
1. International Relations: The concept of climate diplomacy highlights how
environmental cooperation could serve as a platform for improving Pakistan-India
relations.
2. Pakistan Affairs: The smog crisis in Lahore and Punjab highlights critical
environmental challenges that Pakistan faces, requiring cross-border solutions.
3. Governance and Public Policy: The article stresses the importance of introducing
technological advancements and policy reforms to mitigate environmental degradation.
4. Climate Change & Sustainable Development: Climate diplomacy is suggested as a
vital step toward addressing air pollution and advancing climate action in the region.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Climate Diplomacy: Pakistan and India can use environmental cooperation as a diplomatic tool to ease
tensions. For example, addressing the smog crisis together could help both nations improve air quality and
relations simultaneously.
2. Technological Solutions: Introducing technology in farming to reduce carbon emissions, such as using
machines to collect stubble instead of burning it, could reduce smog.
3. Data Sharing: By sharing research and data on air quality, both nations can develop more effective
policies to tackle pollution.
Facts and Figures
- Air Pollution in Lahore and Delhi: Both cities experience dangerously high levels of air pollution during
winters due to smog, vehicular emissions, and crop burning.
- Stubble Burning: A major contributor to smog, farmers in both countries often burn leftover crop residue,
worsening air quality.

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- Health Crisis: The smog leads to an increase in respiratory diseases, eye problems, and accidents,
affecting millions of people across the region.
Final Words
The editorial calls for Pakistan and India to engage in climate diplomacy by addressing shared
environmental challenges like smog and air pollution. For CSS/PMS aspirants, this article underscores the
importance of international cooperation on climate issues and how such initiatives can have far-reaching
benefits, including improving bilateral relations. Understanding the complexities of climate change,
sustainable development, and the role of governance in environmental protection is essential for analyzing
both domestic and international policies.
Moreover, climate diplomacy between Pakistan and India could act as a catalyst for broader regional
cooperation, benefiting not only both nations but also neighboring countries affected by similar
environmental challenges. The shared experience of tackling smog could be an entry point for further
collaboration on issues such as water conservation, biodiversity protection, and sustainable agriculture. As
the editorial suggests, these steps could ultimately lead to improved public health, reduced environmental
risks, and even a softening of political tensions in the region.

For CSS/PMS aspirants, the concept of climate diplomacy also ties into larger discussions about regional
stability, international relations, and the role of non-traditional security threats like environmental
degradation. Understanding how climate change impacts state-to-state relations provides a holistic view of
governance, diplomacy, and sustainable development, which are key themes in civil service examinations.

As Pakistan and India continue to face the growing threat of climate change, such cooperative initiatives
may prove essential in ensuring a sustainable future for both countries and their citizens.

Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms:

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Sine qua non: An essential condition Prerequisite, necessity Non-essential, optional
or element.
Ameliorate To make something Improve, alleviate Worsen, exacerbate
better or less severe.
Odious Extremely unpleasant Unbearable, loathsome Pleasant, delightful
or repulsive.
Stubble-burning The practice of setting Crop burning, field Sustainable farming,
fire to crop residue left burning eco-friendly practices
in fields after harvest.
Cajoling Persuading someone Coaxing, persuading Dissuading,
through flattery or discouraging
gentle urging.

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Dawn Article - IMF raises alarm over banks’ heavy reliance on

govt
Summary:
In the article IMF raises alarm over banks’ heavy reliance on govt, the author discusses the International
Monetary Fund's (IMF) concerns regarding Pakistan's banking sector and its deep ties to the government
and the central bank. The IMF highlights that this nexus has created regulatory challenges and can result in
conflicting policies detrimental to the economy. The article points out that Pakistani banks hold the largest
proportion of government securities relative to their total assets globally. The IMF warns that this heavy
reliance on government debt could lead to a vicious cycle of increased risk and instability in the financial
system.
Overview
The article outlines the IMF's findings on the detrimental effects of the close relationship between Pakistan's
government, the central bank, and the banking sector. With limited external funding, banks have
increasingly financed government deficits, which has led to a significant surge in their holdings of
government debt. The IMF emphasizes that this interconnectedness poses risks for monetary policy
effectiveness and public debt sustainability.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
1. Economics: The article is relevant for topics such as monetary policy, fiscal policy, and
banking operations.
2. Current Affairs: Understanding the IMF's stance on Pakistan's economic situation is
crucial for current affairs discussions.
3. International Relations: The relationship between Pakistan and international financial
institutions like the IMF is essential for the international relations syllabus.
4. Pakistan Affairs: The article discusses the relationship between the government, the
central bank, and the banking sector in Pakistan, highlighting significant economic
challenges. Understanding this nexus is important for analyzing Pakistan's financial and
political stability.
5. Essay: Topics related to economic stability, government policy, and international
financial relations can be key themes in essays. The implications of the IMF's warnings can
serve as a foundation for discussing broader economic reforms and their necessity for
sustainable development in Pakistan.
NOTES
1. Banking Sector Dynamics: Understanding the relationship between government policy
and banking operations is crucial for analyzing economic stability.
2. Fiscal Policy: The article illustrates how fiscal deficits impact banking systems and the
economy, a key topic in CSS economic papers.
3. IMF Policies: Knowledge of the IMF's role and recommendations can be essential for
questions related to international economics and development finance.
Explanations for Beginners with Examples
1. Sovereign-Bank Nexus: This term refers to the close relationship between the
government and banks, where government policies can directly impact the banking sector's
health.
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2. Fiscal Deficit: A fiscal deficit occurs when a government's total expenditures exceed the
revenue that it generates, leading to borrowing.
Facts and Figures
- Government Debt: Pakistani banks hold around 60% of their assets in domestic
government debt, significantly higher than the average in emerging markets.
- IMF EFF: The IMF has approved a $7 billion Extended Fund Facility for Pakistan,
emphasizing the need for reform in the banking sector.

To sum up, The article sheds light on critical aspects of Pakistan's banking sector and its implications for
the broader economy. CSS aspirants should grasp the concepts of fiscal policy, banking dynamics, and the
role of international financial institutions. Analyzing the interplay between government actions and
economic health can enhance their understanding of economic stability

Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Nexus A connection or series Link, connection Disconnection,
of connections linking separation
two or more things.
Entrenched Firmly established and Established, ingrained Unsettled, changeable
difficult or unlikely to
change.
Detrimental Causing harm or Harmful, damaging Beneficial,
damage. advantageous
Liquidity The availability of Cash, availability Illiquidity, scarcity
liquid assets to a
market or company.
Crowd out To force something out Eliminate, supplant Encourage, support
of a market or activity.

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Pakistan Observer Article - Baffling US Role: Middle East on Fire

Summary:
In the article Baffling US Role: Middle East on Fire, the author critiques the United States' contradictory
stance in the ongoing Middle Eastern crisis, particularly in Gaza. Despite supporting a two-state solution
for Israel and Palestine, the US consistently uses its veto power in the UN Security Council to block
resolutions aimed at ceasefire and peace. The piece traces the historical alliance between the US and Israel,
highlighting that America has long acted as Israel's protector in the region. The author calls for Middle
Eastern nations to unite and form a collective forum to negotiate a peaceful resolution to the Palestine issue
with the US, stressing the urgency of peace over prolonged conflict.
Overview
The article underscores the US's inconsistent role in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. While the US endorses
the two-state solution in theory, its actions, particularly vetoing UN resolutions, reveal a tendency to prolong
the conflict. Historically, the US has maintained a strong alliance with Israel, and the article emphasizes the
need for collective action from Arab states to directly engage with the US in seeking peace for the Middle
East.
NOTES
1. International Relations: The article provides a clear example of the US's foreign policy
in the Middle East, particularly its strategic handling of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
2. Global Affairs: Understanding the US's role in the UN Security Council is important,
especially how it uses its veto power to influence international peace efforts.
3. Middle Eastern History: The historical alliance between the US and Israel, coupled
with key events like the Arab Revolt, is essential for CSS candidates analyzing regional
dynamics and power structures.
Explanations for Beginners with Examples
1. Veto Power: The US has used its veto power multiple times in the UN Security Council,
effectively blocking any resolutions aimed at bringing peace to Gaza.
2. Two-State Solution: The proposed two-state solution suggests that both Israel and
Palestine should exist as separate, independent states, living peacefully side by side.
Facts and Figures
- UN Security Council Vetoes: The US has vetoed several resolutions that could have led
to ceasefires and peace agreements in the Gaza conflict.
- Two-State Solution: Despite international support, the two-state solution has not been
implemented due to continuous diplomatic hurdles and the US's ambiguous stance.
To sum up, the article emphasizes the need for Middle Eastern countries to unite and collectively engage
with the US in addressing the Palestine issue. For CSS aspirants, understanding the historical and diplomatic
intricacies of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is crucial for topics related to international relations and global
diplomacy. In particular, candidates must be well-versed in the US's strategic use of its influence in the UN
and its historical ties with Israel. This knowledge is essential for a nuanced understanding of foreign policy
and global conflict resolution strategies.
By analyzing such articles critically, you can deepen your grasp of international relations, enhancing your
analytical skills for CSS /PMS exams.

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Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Veto The power to stop or : Reject, block Approve, ratify
block an official
decision or resolution.
Exert To apply or bring into Apply, utilize Refrain, withhold
action.
Decimation The destruction of a Annihilation, Protection, preservation
large part of something. devastation
Diplomacy The practice of Negotiation, Conflict, aggression
conducting negotiations statesmanship
between countries
Resolution A formal decision made Verdict, declaration Indecision, uncertainty
by an authority.

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The Express Tribune Article - Balochistan cauldron: unravelling

the enigma
Summary:
The article Balochistan cauldron: unravelling the enigma by Dr. Syed Akhtar Ali Shah addresses the
persistent unrest in Balochistan, caused by militant activities and the political efforts of the Mili Yakhjahati
Council. Dr. Shah explores the historical roots of the conflict, emphasizing the sense of betrayal experienced
by the Baloch since Pakistan's creation. The article calls for an understanding of the Baloch people's
demands for cultural preservation, recognition, and self-governance. To resolve the region’s issues, the
author stresses the need for a comprehensive strategy focused on democratic processes, inclusive growth,
and respect for cultural identity.
Overview
The article provides a detailed analysis of Balochistan's conflict from a historical and cultural perspective.
It traces the long-standing Baloch struggle for self-recognition, highlighting multiple revolts since
Pakistan's formation. Despite its wealth of natural resources, Balochistan remains severely underdeveloped,
grappling with poverty, illiteracy, and inadequate infrastructure. The author highlights the importance of
addressing cultural identity, human development, and the trust deficit between the state and the Baloch
people. He advocates for a holistic solution that tackles the root causes of militancy, such as the widespread
deprivation felt by Baloch youth.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
1. Pakistan Affairs: The article provides insight into Pakistan's political history,
particularly the socio-economic and political challenges in Balochistan.
2. Current Affairs: It links directly to the contemporary security and political situation in
Balochistan.
3. Essay: The themes of regional conflict, governance issues, and ethnic struggles are
useful for essay writing.
Notes for CSS Aspirants
1. Balochistan Conflict: Grasping the historical foundations of the Baloch people’s
struggle is key to answering questions on regional autonomy, ethnic tensions, and national
unity.
2. Governance and Development: The article underscores the challenges of governing a
resource-rich yet underdeveloped region like Balochistan, a critical topic for Pakistan
Affairs and Current Affairs.
3. Cultural Identity and Conflict: The role of cultural preservation in conflict zones is
crucial for understanding questions related to ethnic nationalism and identity politics.
Explanations for Beginners with Examples
1. Baloch Struggle: The Baloch people have a long history of seeking self-rule and cultural
recognition, dating back centuries, which drives their current political efforts.
2. Development Gaps: Despite its wealth in natural resources, Balochistan remains
underdeveloped, with high poverty rates and limited infrastructure, fueling dissatisfaction
among the local population.

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Facts and Figures

- Human Development: Balochistan's literacy rates remain low, with alarmingly high
dropout rates, particularly among girls in rural areas.
- Natural Resources: Despite its natural wealth, Balochistan's residents benefit little,
which intensifies the region's economic struggles.
To wrap up, this article presents a thorough analysis of the deep-seated causes of unrest in Balochistan, a
challenge that continues to test Pakistan's governance. For aspirants, focusing on the historical grievances
of the Baloch people, their cultural aspirations, and the region’s underdevelopment is critical. These topics
frequently arise in questions related to ethnic conflict and regional instability in Pakistan.

Difficult Words and Meanings – Synonyms and Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Cauldron A situation marked by Unrest, disorder Calm, stability
instability or turmoil.
Entrenched Deeply established and Ingrained, fixed Flexible, adaptable
resistant to change.
Militancy The use of Hostility, aggression Peacefulness, passivity
confrontational
methods for a cause.
Deprivation Severe lack of basic Scarcity, destitution Affluence, abundance
needs.
Perseverance Continued effort in the Tenacity, resolve Apathy, surrender
face of challenges

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Pakistan Observer Article - "Pakistan's Strategic Importance to

the SCO"
Summary :
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), initially formed in 1996 by China, Russia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, now includes Pakistan, India, and Uzbekistan. Pakistan joined as a permanent
member in 2017, enhancing its global and regional significance. Strategically located at the crossroads of
South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, Pakistan offers vital trade and energy linkages, particularly
for landlocked Central Asian countries. This makes Pakistan a key player in the SCO's goals of Eurasian
integration, regional stability, and economic cooperation.
Pakistan’s involvement in projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and other SCO
initiatives, such as the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) and Iran-Pakistan gas pipelines,
emphasizes its role in resolving energy crises in South Asia. Additionally, the SCO provides Pakistan a
platform to combat extremism and terrorism while also fostering better trade relations and cultural
exchanges among member states.
Although Pakistan faces challenges, such as geopolitical tensions, economic disparities, and ongoing
terrorism, its geostrategic position and active participation in SCO initiatives make it crucial to the region's
future. By leveraging opportunities presented by the SCO and addressing its internal challenges, Pakistan
can contribute to greater regional stability and economic prosperity.
Overview
The article discusses Pakistan's pivotal role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and its
significance due to its location and involvement in major economic and security projects, such as CPEC
and TAPI. It highlights the country's potential to promote regional economic integration, trade, and security
cooperation, while addressing the challenges of terrorism and geopolitical tensions.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Pakistan Affairs: Role of Pakistan in regional and global organizations.
- Current Affairs: SCO’s impact on global geopolitics and Pakistan’s strategic
importance.
- International Relations: Pakistan's position in Eurasian integration through SCO.
- Essay: Topics like regional cooperation, energy security, and counterterrorism through
multilateral forums.
NOTES
- Pakistan's geostrategic importance in South Asia and Central Asia.
- Key initiatives such as CPEC, TAPI, and Iran-Pakistan gas pipelines.
- Pakistan's role in regional trade and energy corridors.
- Challenges like terrorism and geopolitical tensions with India.
- Opportunities for enhancing Pakistan’s economic and security stature through SCO
membership.
Explanations for Beginners
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an important group of countries working together for
trade, security, and cooperation. Pakistan plays a crucial role in connecting different regions and helping
solve energy and trade issues. Through projects like CPEC, Pakistan can increase its trade and improve its
economy. The SCO also helps Pakistan fight terrorism and improve relationships with other countries.

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Facts and Figures

- SCO represents over 40% of the global population.
- Pakistan hosts important meetings for SCO this month (12-16 October 2024).
- 52 potential roads and 5 seaports are identified for connecting Central Asia, Iran,
Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

To sum up, Pakistan’s strategic position and involvement in the SCO highlight its importance in regional
trade, energy security, and counterterrorism efforts. As Pakistan strengthens its ties with SCO countries, it
can play a more significant role in the economic and geopolitical future of Eurasia. For CSS aspirants,
understanding the SCO's impact on Pakistan's foreign policy and economic development is important for
CSS/PMS aspirants.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning
Geostrategic Pertaining to the geographic aspects of strategy,
especially in politics and economics.
Integration The process of combining or coordinating different
parts into a whole.
Extremism The holding of extreme political or religious views;
fanaticism
- Disparities: Differences in quantities or qualities, often
indicating inequality.
Collaboration Working together to achieve common goals.

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Dawn Article - Kashmir’s no to BJP by Maleeha Lodhi.

Summary :
The recent legislative elections in Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) delivered a clear message:
rejection of the Indian government’s actions post-August 2019, when Article 370 was abrogated, stripping
Kashmir of its special status. The National Conference (NC) emerged victorious, indicating Kashmiri
disapproval of Indian Prime Minister Modi’s policies. Despite being held under heavy military presence
and facing gerrymandering efforts by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the elections highlighted the
region’s persistent alienation and desire for autonomy.
The NC, led by Farooq Abdullah, promised to restore Article 370 and repeal all laws imposed after 2019.
The BJP's manipulations, including demographic changes and enhanced powers to the lieutenant-governor,
failed to gain popular support. The elections were seen as a referendum against Modi’s policies,
emphasizing that the people of Kashmir reject New Delhi’s rule and yearn for self-determination.
Overview
The article outlines the outcome of J&K's legislative elections as a rejection of India’s 2019 decision to
revoke the region’s special status. Despite efforts by the BJP to manipulate the elections, the National
Conference’s victory underscores the Kashmiri people's desire for autonomy and resistance to New Delhi's
policies.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Pakistan Affairs: Kashmir's political struggle and implications for Pakistan.
- Current Affairs: The impact of India's policies on regional politics.
- International Relations: Kashmir's unresolved status under international law.
- Essay: Topics such as autonomy, self-determination, and regional conflict in South Asia.
NOTE
- The abrogation of Article 370 and its political consequences in J&K.
- Role of the National Conference in advocating for Kashmir’s autonomy.
- The failure of BJP’s attempts to legitimize post-2019 changes.
- Political and electoral manipulation by redrawing constituencies and demographic
engineering.
- International implications of Kashmir’s continued rejection of Indian policies.
Explanations for Beginners
In August 2019, the Indian government removed Kashmir’s special status, causing unrest. The recent
elections showed that the people of Kashmir are not happy with this decision. They want more control over
their region and reject Indian government policies. The National Conference, a political party in Kashmir,
won the elections and has promised to fight for the region’s rights.
Facts and Figures
- Article 370 was abrogated on August 5, 2019.
- Jammu’s representation was increased to 43 seats, while Kashmir received 47 seats,
despite Kashmir’s higher population.
- Over 500,000 Indian troops were deployed across J&K during the elections.

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To sum up, Understanding the political dynamics of Kashmir and its struggle for autonomy is essential for
essays and discussions on regional politics and international relations. The election results in J&K reaffirm
the region’s rejection of India’s actions and its desire for self-determination. For CSS aspirants, this case is
significant for understanding India-Pakistan relations, human rights issues, and regional politics.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning
Abrogation The formal cancellation or annulment of a law.
Gerrymandering Manipulating electoral boundaries to favor a
particular party.
Disempowerment The process of depriving a group or individual of
power and influence.
Autonomy The right or condition of self-government
Referendum A direct vote by the electorate on a particular
proposal or issue.

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Dawn - IMF support and government reforms.

Summary:
In IMF support and government reforms, Dr. Manzoor Ahmad discusses Pakistan’s recent $7 billion loan
agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its implications for the country's economic
future. The article highlights the IMF’s recommendations for addressing structural issues in Pakistan’s
economy, such as the need for improved productivity, economic openness, and reduced debt. The author
explores various strategies for making debt sustainable, such as debt reprofiling, and underscores the
importance of enhancing skills, reducing tariffs, and promoting innovation to ensure long-term economic
stability. The article emphasizes that political stability and inclusivity will be essential for the success of
these reforms.
Overview
The article sheds light on the IMF’s recent approval of a $7 billion loan for Pakistan, emphasizing the
importance of reforms to stabilize the economy. It explains how structural reforms, such as improving the
tax-to-GDP ratio, privatizing loss-making enterprises, and boosting productivity, are necessary to reduce
Pakistan’s debt burden. The author discusses the importance of debt reprofiling instead of defaulting, with
a particular focus on China’s bilateral debt. The article concludes that economic and political stability are
essential to making this the last IMF bailout Pakistan will require.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Economics: The impact of IMF loans and economic reforms on Pakistan’s economy.
- Current Affairs: The challenges Pakistan faces in managing debt and achieving
economic stability.
- Pakistan Affairs: The role of structural reforms in improving the country’s fiscal
management.
- International Relations: Pakistan’s reliance on international financial institutions and
bilateral agreements with countries like China.
NOTES
1. IMF Loan Agreement: The significance of Pakistan’s 25th loan from the IMF and its
impact on the country’s economic reforms.
2. Debt Management: The importance of debt reprofiling, especially concerning bilateral
agreements with China, and avoiding default.
3. Structural Reforms: Emphasis on increasing productivity, reducing tariffs, and
enhancing economic openness as key measures for long-term stability.
4. Political Stability: How reducing political tensions and promoting inclusivity will help
Pakistan implement reforms more effectively..
Explanation for Beginners
The article explains how Pakistan recently got a $7 billion loan from the IMF to help its economy, but the
IMF has suggested that Pakistan needs to make changes to reduce its debt and improve its economy. These
changes include making government-owned businesses more efficient, improving skills in the workforce,
and opening up trade with other countries. The article stresses that political stability is key to ensuring these
reforms succeed.

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Facts and Figures

- Pakistan’s government and guaranteed debt have decreased from 81.5% to 73% of GDP.
- Interest payments consumed 68% of Pakistan’s tax revenue in the fiscal year 2023.
- Pakistan has $24.8 billion in foreign debt repayments due in the current fiscal year.
To sum up, Understanding the complexities of Pakistan’s economic situation is critical for aspirants,
especially regarding the role of the IMF and debt management. Aspirants should focus on how economic
reforms, coupled with political stability, can contribute to long-term economic growth and stability. The
article highlights important concepts such as debt reprofiling, productivity enhancement, and the
importance of political consensus.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning
Reprofiling Restructuring debt by extending repayment
deadlines.
Fiscal Responsibility A government’s obligation to manage its spending
and debt prudently.
Devolution: The transfer of power and responsibilities from
central to provincial or local governments.
Economic Openness A country’s openness to international trade and
investment

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The Nation Article - India’s Hydro-Hegemony.

Summary:
In India’s Hydro-Hegemony, Brigadier (R) Haris Nawaz sheds light on India’s strategic manipulation of
water resources, particularly focusing on its unilateral actions concerning the Indus Waters Treaty. The
article delves into India’s construction of the Baglihar dam and other hydroelectric projects that violate the
treaty’s terms, posing a direct threat to Pakistan’s water security. Nawaz argues that India’s aggressive water
management policies, particularly its diversion of river flows, are tools of coercion that threaten not only
Pakistan but also regional stability in South Asia. He emphasizes the need for international intervention and
stronger diplomatic efforts to resolve these water disputes, calling for greater cooperation and dialogue
among South Asian nations.
Overview
The article discusses India’s control over the headwaters of the Indus Basin and how it has used this
advantage to assert dominance over Pakistan, violating the principles of the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty. The
Baglihar dam, one of the key disputes, symbolizes India’s hydro-hegemonic ambitions, where it has
exceeded treaty provisions by constructing larger dams, impacting Pakistan’s water resources. Nawaz
highlights how this hydro-aggression not only undermines Pakistan’s water security but also fuels domestic
political tensions and regional instability.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Pakistan Affairs: The history and impact of the Indus Waters Treaty on Pakistan.
- International Relations: India-Pakistan relations, regional stability, and the role of
international organizations in conflict resolution.
- Current Affairs: The implications of water disputes for Pakistan’s security and economy
NOTES
1. India-Pakistan Water Disputes: A critical issue in South Asia, with the Indus Waters
Treaty playing a central role in regulating shared water resources.
2. Baglihar Dam Dispute: The dam is a violation of the treaty’s run-of-the-river project
stipulations, posing a threat to Pakistan’s water security.
3. Hydro-Hegemony: India’s use of water as a political tool can exacerbate tensions and
lead to further conflicts in the region.
4. Diplomatic Solutions: There’s a need for renewed diplomatic efforts and international
involvement to resolve water disputes.
Explanation for Beginners
The article talks about how India has built dams, such as the Baglihar dam, which violate the water-sharing
agreement between India and Pakistan. This affects Pakistan’s water supply, which is essential for
agriculture. The author argues that India is using water as a tool to control Pakistan and calls for
international organizations to step in and resolve the issue through peaceful talks.
Facts and Figures
- The Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960 and brokered by the World Bank.
- The treaty allocates the waters of the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab rivers to Pakistan, while
India controls the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers.
- India’s Kishanganga and Baglihar projects have caused significant disputes between the
two nations.

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To wrap up, Water disputes are among the most critical issues in South Asia. For CSS aspirants,
understanding the dynamics of hydro-politics is essential, particularly the Indus Waters Treaty’s
significance. Aspirants should also focus on how international diplomacy and legal mechanisms can be
employed to resolve such conflicts, emphasizing the importance of equitable resource management for
peace in the region.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning
Hydro-Hegemony Dominance over water resources.
Coercion The practice of persuading someone to do
something by using force or threats.
Unilateral: Actions performed by one country without the
consent of others.
Run-of-the-river A type of hydroelectric generation plant where
water is not stored but passed through a dam.

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DAWN - Why the SCO meeting matters

Summary:
Maria Jawad Khan discusses the significance of Pakistan hosting the upcoming Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO) Council of Head of Government meeting in her article, Why the SCO meeting matters.
This gathering represents a pivotal moment for Pakistan amidst shifting geopolitical dynamics in South
Asia. The SCO, established to promote cooperation on security, economic, and political issues among
member states, offers Pakistan a unique diplomatic opportunity at a time when regional and global alliances
are being reassessed.
Khan highlights Pakistan's strategic location as a geopolitical asset, suggesting that active participation in
multilateral forums like the SCO could enhance its influence on the world stage. With the looming economic
crisis characterized by high inflation and low foreign reserves, Pakistan’s engagement with the SCO may
pave the way for essential economic partnerships, particularly through initiatives like China’s Belt and Road
Initiative. The author also emphasizes the necessity of security cooperation within the SCO framework,
given Pakistan's ongoing internal security challenges, particularly concerning terrorism and extremism.
Furthermore, the article touches on the delicate relationship between Pakistan and India, indicating that the
SCO meeting provides an opportunity for indirect dialogue amid ongoing tensions. By emphasizing
regional cooperation, Pakistan could position itself as a responsible actor in South Asia while also benefiting
from economic integration with Central Asian nations and Russia.
Overview
The article elaborates on the significance of the SCO meeting for Pakistan, pointing out that it could be a
platform for economic and security cooperation in light of the country's pressing challenges. The SCO's
focus on trade, infrastructure development, and counterterrorism aligns with Pakistan's need to diversify its
economy and strengthen its geopolitical position. The potential for improved relations with Central Asian
countries and enhanced trade with Russia is highlighted as a critical avenue for economic recovery.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- International Relations: Analyze the role of the SCO in shaping regional dynamics and
Pakistan’s strategic interests.
- Economics: Examine the potential economic partnerships that could stem from
participation in multilateral forums.
- Pakistan Affairs: Explore the significance of Pakistan’s geopolitical location and its
implications for national security and economic development.
- Current Affairs: Discuss the impact of regional tensions on economic and diplomatic
relations, particularly with India.
NOTES
1. SCO’s Role: Understand the function of the SCO in fostering economic and security
cooperation among member states.
2. Geopolitical Dynamics: Recognize how Pakistan’s participation in the SCO reflects its
strategic positioning amidst shifting global alliances.
3. Economic Partnerships: Focus on the potential economic benefits for Pakistan through
increased trade and infrastructure investments within the SCO framework.
4. Security Cooperation: Acknowledge the importance of collaborating with regional
powers to address security challenges, especially related to terrorism.

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Explanation for Beginners

The article explains that the upcoming SCO meeting in Pakistan is crucial for the country's economic and
security future. It serves as a platform for Pakistan to collaborate with other countries, particularly China
and Russia, to strengthen its economy and tackle security issues, such as terrorism. This meeting also allows
Pakistan to engage in dialogue with India, which could help ease tensions between the two nations.
Facts and Figures
- Pakistan’s economy is currently facing challenges such as rising inflation and dwindling
foreign reserves.
- The SCO encompasses countries from Asia and promotes cooperation on various issues,
including trade and security.
- The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a key part of the Belt and Road Initiative,
facilitating trade and infrastructure development.
In conclusion, understanding the implications of the SCO meeting is vital, especially concerning Pakistan’s
economic recovery and regional security. It’s important to recognize the strategic opportunities that arise
from multilateral cooperation and how Pakistan can enhance its position through active engagement with
neighboring countries.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning
Geopolitical Relating to politics influenced by geographical
factors.
Multilateral Involving multiple countries or parties.
Belt and Road Initiative: A global development strategy adopted by China
to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a
brighter economic future.
Counterterrorism Actions taken to combat terrorism.

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The Express Tribune Article - Welcome to Pakistan Mr.

Jaishankar! Let's start talking
Summary :
In his article, Welcome to Pakistan Mr. Jaishankar! Let's start talking, Ishtiaq Ali Mehkri reflects on the
deteriorating state of India-Pakistan relations, which have reached a low point over the past decade. With
stagnant leadership on both sides and unresolved issues such as Kashmir, terrorism, and climate change,
there is little hope for progress. The appointment of Indian External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar to
attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) meeting in Islamabad has sparked fleeting optimism
for a potential thaw in relations, though Indian officials quickly clarified that his visit would focus solely
on multilateral discussions.
Pakistan has consistently sought to mend ties with India, expressing a desire for peaceful dispute resolution
and economic collaboration. However, the abrogation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status by India in
August 2019 has further strained dialogue. The author recalls past missed opportunities for reconciliation,
highlighting moments when leadership gestures aimed at dialogue were thwarted by hardline stances on
both sides.
Despite the persistent mistrust, the 1972 Simla Agreement remains a critical foundation for bilateral
relations. The author points to positive instances of diplomacy, such as the ceasefire brokered by the UAE
in 2021, which suggests that cooperation is possible if both nations abandon prejudice.
Mehkri advocates for increased cultural exchanges and people-to-people contact to build trust and facilitate
serious dialogue on contentious issues. He urges Dr. Jaishankar to seize the moment during his visit to
Islamabad to initiate conversations that could lead to a more peaceful future, emphasizing that both nations
must recognize the potential for mutual benefits through diplomacy.
Overview
The article underscores the need for renewed dialogue between India and Pakistan, particularly in light of
Dr. Jaishankar's visit to Islamabad for the SCO meeting. It highlights the historical context of strained
relations, the significance of previous diplomatic gestures, and the potential for future cooperation. The
author encourages both governments to look beyond animosity and engage in constructive discussions for
regional stability.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- International Relations: Examine the complexities of India-Pakistan relations and the
role of multilateral organizations like the SCO.
- Pakistan Affairs: Analyze the historical context of India-Pakistan ties and their impact
on Pakistan's foreign policy.
- Current Affairs: Discuss the implications of high-level diplomatic visits for bilateral
relations and regional security.
NOTES
1. Diplomatic Opportunities: Recognize the importance of high-level visits for initiating
dialogue between India and Pakistan.
2. Historical Context: Understand the evolution of bilateral relations and key agreements
that shape current dynamics.
3. Regional Stability: Explore how improved India-Pakistan relations could contribute to
overall regional security and cooperation.

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Explanation for Beginners

The article discusses how relations between India and Pakistan have been strained for many years. It
emphasizes the importance of dialogue and understanding between the two countries. The author hopes that
Dr. Jaishankar's visit can be an opportunity to start conversations that lead to peace and cooperation, despite
past conflicts.
Facts and Figures:
- India-Pakistan relations have been tense for over a decade.
- The abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019 has been a significant point of contention.
- The 1972 Simla Agreement remains a crucial part of the foundation for mutual trust and
cooperation.
Final words - As the author suggests, the upcoming visit by Mr. Jaishankar to Pakistan could be a pivotal
moment. A commitment to dialogue and cooperation can pave the way for resolving long-standing disputes
and building a peaceful future for both nations.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning
Rapprochement An establishment or resumption of harmonious
relations.
Ceasefire A temporary suspension of fighting; a truce
Exigency An urgent need or demand.

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Dawn Article - The Fight Over the Crown

Summary:
The article "The Fight Over the Crown" by Arifa Noor discusses Pakistan's political crisis centered around
a proposed constitutional amendment. The government is attempting to pass this amendment to manage the
judiciary, fearing the upcoming appointment of a new chief justice could challenge its stability. The PTI
opposes the amendment, viewing it as a threat to judicial independence. The crisis stems from the
government's fear that the judiciary will overturn key decisions, especially those linked to political
developments from February 9. The amendment aims to either create a new constitutional court or alter the
process of appointing the chief justice. Despite claims of having enough support to pass the amendment, it
is unclear whether this will resolve the political deadlock. The article highlights the broader issue of how
transitions within the judiciary, government, and military are driving instability in Pakistan. The struggle
for control over these institutions has led to overlapping crises, making the political environment
increasingly volatile.
Overview
Pakistan is facing a political standoff with the government and its allies pushing for a constitutional
amendment while opposition forces, particularly the PTI, resist. The amendment is intended to alter the
structure of the judiciary, potentially reducing the power of the Supreme Court by allowing the government
more influence in appointing the chief justice. The article outlines the consequences of such amendments
on Pakistan’s political landscape and institutional balance, emphasizing that these transitions are the root
cause of instability. It draws parallels between past transitions, including those within the judiciary and
military, and the growing intensity of political crises over time.
NOTES
- The article explores themes of governance, judicial independence, and political instability,
all of which are crucial for Political Science and Pakistan Affairs.
- The constitutional amendment under debate is a key example of how political actors
attempt to influence the judiciary to maintain control over state institutions.
- It provides insight into how transitions within Pakistan's key institutions — the judiciary,
executive, and military — create power vacuums and uncertainty, relevant for
understanding the internal dynamics of the state.
- The role of the judiciary in maintaining checks and balances is highlighted, a critical point
for discussions on constitutional law and the rule of law in governance.
Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts
- The constitutional amendment in discussion is an attempt by the government to maintain
control over the judiciary, fearing the appointment of a new chief justice could lead to
decisions that would destabilize the government.
- This political maneuvering is not new; similar situations have occurred in Pakistan’s
political history, particularly regarding military and judicial appointments.
- An example is the 2016 crisis after "Dawn Leaks" when political tension arose over the
appointment of the army chief, which later settled. However, recent transitions have led to
prolonged crises, such as the one following May 9, 2023, concerning the judiciary.
- The judiciary, being a key pillar of the state, plays an essential role in maintaining a
balance of power, ensuring that laws are upheld without political interference.

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Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
1. Political Science (Governance and Public Policies): The article provides a real-time
case study of how political maneuvering and constitutional amendments can impact the
balance of power within a state. It offers insight into governance issues and public policy-
making in Pakistan.
2. Constitutional Law: The proposed constitutional amendment discussed in the article is
directly relevant to the study of constitutional law, especially the sections covering judicial
powers, amendments, and checks and balances in governance.
3. Pakistan Affairs: The political crisis involving the judiciary and military touches upon
key aspects of Pakistan’s contemporary issues, making it an important topic for Pakistan
Affairs, particularly for questions on civil-military relations and political instability in the
country.
4. Current Affairs: The ongoing political tension and its implications for Pakistan’s
governance make this article essential reading for aspirants preparing for the Current
Affairs paper. It highlights the importance of staying updated with judicial, political, and
military transitions in the country.
5. International Relations (IR): While the article is primarily about domestic politics, it
indirectly relates to Pakistan's image and political stability, which are crucial factors in its
international standing and foreign relations.
To wrap up, this article emphasizes the fragile nature of state institutions in Pakistan and the cascading
effects of political instability on governance. For CSS/PMS aspirants, it serves as a valuable resource to
understand the dynamics between the judiciary, executive, and military, and how these power struggles
impact the country. As you prepare for your exams, this is an excellent example to cite when discussing
political instability, governance, and the importance of an independent judiciary. Understanding these
themes will help you build strong, relevant arguments in both written and oral examinations.

Difficult Words and Meaning

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Paralysis A state of inability to Stagnation, immobility Movement, progress
function; deadlock.
Defanging Reducing power or Weaken, undermine Strengthen, empower
effectiveness.
Anointment The act of officially Designation, selection Removal, dismissal
appointing someone.
Lobbying The act of attempting to Persuasion, advocacy Neglect, ignorance
influence decisions
made by officials.

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Dawn Article - World is not about Indo-Pak ties.

Summary:
The article "World is not about Indo-Pak ties" by Jawed Naqvi sheds light on the ongoing international
complexities, with the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) meeting in Islamabad. The article
highlights significant global issues, such as the Israeli conflict, growing tensions in the South China Sea,
and the war in Ukraine, while emphasizing the limited role Indo-Pak relations play on the broader
international stage. Despite this, India still managed to make headlines by stating that its foreign minister
wouldn’t engage with Pakistan during the SCO meet, even though the meeting’s primary focus wasn’t on
Indo-Pak issues.
Overview
The author argues that India’s stance on avoiding talks with Pakistan at the SCO meeting is an unnecessary
distraction from more pressing global matters. The article stresses the need for countries to prioritize their
focus on major international concerns like geopolitical conflicts, economic partnerships, and global security
challenges rather than engaging in symbolic diplomatic gestures. Additionally, it highlights the
contradictions within the SCO and BRICS, where India and Iran, both members, hold conflicting views,
especially with Iran's opposition to Israel and India's support for Israel.
NOTES
This article provides valuable insight into Pakistan's and India’s role in the broader geopolitical landscape,
particularly through their involvement in regional organizations like the SCO and BRICS. It also provides
a critical understanding of how international relations can often be shaped by broader global conflicts, such
as those involving Israel, China, Russia, and Ukraine. Aspirants can use this article to explore themes related
to international diplomacy, regional security, and the impact of foreign policy on multilateral organizations.
Relevant CSS Topics/Subjects
- International Relations (Role of SCO and BRICS in global geopolitics)
- Pakistan Affairs (Pakistan’s involvement in regional organizations like SCO)
- Current Affairs (Global conflicts such as Israel-Palestine, South China Sea tensions,
Ukraine war)
- Foreign Policy (India’s foreign policy dynamics, especially its stance on Israel and
Pakistan)
Notes for Beginners (with Examples)
For beginners, this article can be used to understand the broader concept of international organizations like
SCO and BRICS and how they play a role in global diplomacy. For instance, the SCO, which includes
countries like China, Russia, India, and Pakistan, addresses pressing issues like security, economic
cooperation, and international conflicts. This is comparable to how the United Nations addresses global
peace and security. The article also explores how national interests sometimes clash within such
organizations, as seen with India’s support for Israel and Iran’s opposition.
Facts and Figures
- The SCO meeting in Islamabad is addressing global security issues, including the conflict
in Gaza, tensions in the South China Sea, and the Ukraine war.
- An expanded BRICS meeting in Russia is set for Oct 22-24, focusing on politics, security,
and economic cooperation.
- Iran and India, both members of BRICS and SCO, hold divergent views, especially on
the Israel-Palestine issue.
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To sum up, the article underlines the complexities of international diplomacy, especially when national
interests conflict within multilateral organizations. It calls for a broader focus on global concerns over Indo-
Pak ties, suggesting that the world stage is much larger than just regional rivalries. This provides a critical
reflection on the role of countries in addressing global issues beyond their immediate borders.
Bullet Points Notes
- International Relations:
- Role of multilateral organizations like SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) and
BRICS in global diplomacy.
- India's foreign policy dynamics and its refusal to engage with Pakistan during the SCO
meeting.
- Conflicts within organizations, such as India and Iran's opposing views on Israel within
BRICS and SCO.
- Global issues overshadowing regional tensions, such as the Ukraine war, Israeli-
Palestine conflict, and South China Sea tensions.
- Pakistan Affairs:
- Pakistan’s involvement in regional organizations like the SCO.
- Diplomatic challenges between Pakistan and India, particularly in multilateral settings
like the SCO.
- Current Affairs:
- Ongoing global conflicts, including:
- The Israel-Palestine war.
- Tensions in the South China Sea.
- The war in Ukraine and its impact on global security.
- The influence of international conflicts on diplomatic and foreign policy decisions
within regional organizations.
- Foreign Policy:
- The broader context of India-Pakistan relations and how they influence participation in
regional organizations like the SCO.
- India’s support for Israel versus Iran’s opposition to Israel, highlighting divergent
foreign policy approaches within BRICS and SCO.
Difficult Words and Meaning
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Armageddon A catastrophic or Apocalypse, cataclysm Peace, calm
apocalyptic conflict or
event
Precipice A very steep cliff, or a Brink, verge Security, safety
dangerous situation.
Non-sequitur A statement that does Fallacy, illogicality Consistency, logic
not logically follow
from the previous
argument.
Sagacity The quality of being Wisdom, insight Foolishness, ignorance
wise or having good
judgment.
Acrimony Bitterness or ill-feeling. Resentment, hostility Harmony, kindness
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The Express Tribune Article - Occupied Kashmir Elections and

Legitimacy Crisis
Summary:
The article discusses the recent legislative elections held in Indian-occupied Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) in
three phases from September 18 to October 1, 2024, following an Indian Supreme Court verdict. The
National Conference (NC) and Congress alliance won 50 out of 90 seats, with BJP securing 29 seats and
the People's Democratic Party (PDP) only 3 seats. This election marks the end of over five years of governor
rule in the region. The NC-Congress government, expected to be led by Omer Abdullah, seeks to restore
statehood to J&K, which was revoked in 2019 with the abrogation of Article 370. Despite the election's
high voter turnout of 63.45%, questions remain about the legitimacy of the new government, as the region
continues to face the consequences of New Delhi's direct control and the ongoing conflict over statehood
and autonomy.
Dr. Ahmar examines the deeper legitimacy crisis in J&K, explaining how India's control over the region
remains challenged by international law and United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions that call
for a plebiscite to determine J&K's future. He points out that holding local elections, despite their turnout,
does not resolve the larger issue of occupation and repression in the region. The article concludes that unless
India restores full statehood and respects the will of J&K's people, the region will remain in Turmoil.
Overview
- Main Focus: Legislative elections in Indian-occupied Jammu & Kashmir, legitimacy of the new
government, and the ongoing conflict over statehood and autonomy.
- Key Points:
- NC-Congress alliance wins the elections, with Omer Abdullah likely to become Chief Minister.
- High voter turnout gives a semblance of legitimacy to the new government.
- The revocation of Article 370 and the control of J&K by New Delhi remain contentious issues.
- Legitimacy crisis persists as India fails to honor UNSC resolutions for a plebiscite in the region.
NOTES
1. International Relations:
- Importance of international law in conflict zones like Kashmir.
- Impact of UNSC resolutions on the Kashmir conflict.
- Role of local elections in conflict resolution versus international legal frameworks.
2. Pakistan Affairs:
- Understanding Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir issue.
- The significance of Article 370 and its impact on J&K's autonomy.
3. Current Affairs:
- Recent elections in J&K and the ongoing dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.
- Political dynamics in J&K, including the role of political parties like NC, Congress, BJP, and PDP.
4. Governance and Public Administration:
- The governance structure in Jammu & Kashmir post-abrogation of Article 370.
- Challenges of restoring statehood in conflict-ridden regions under direct central government control.
5. Foreign Policy:
- India's strategy towards J&K and its implications for regional stability.
- Pakistan’s diplomatic position on the Kashmir conflict and UNSC resolutions.

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Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus

- Pakistan Affairs: Role of Pakistan in the Kashmir conflict and the implications of Indian policies on
Pakistan's foreign and domestic politics.
- International Law: The legal aspects of Kashmir’s disputed status under UNSC resolutions.
- Current Affairs: The impact of the recent elections in J&K on the broader regional conflict.
- Political Science: Issues of legitimacy and governance in conflict zones
Explanation for Beginners
This article addresses the elections held in the Indian-occupied region of Jammu & Kashmir after years of
direct control by the Indian government. Despite high voter turnout, the region still faces challenges
regarding its political status, as it seeks to restore autonomy (statehood) which was revoked by India in
2019. The article also delves into the broader historical context of Kashmir's disputed status between India
and Pakistan, pointing out that India's actions violate international resolutions calling for a fair vote on the
region’s future.
Facts and Figures
- Voter Turnout: 63.45% in the recent J&K elections.
- Seats Secured: NC-Congress alliance: 50 seats; BJP: 29 seats; PDP: 3 seats.
- UNSC Resolutions: Passed in 1948 and 1949, calling for a plebiscite in J&K.

To sum up, This article provides a strong case study of conflict resolution, international law, and governance
in disputed territories. For competitive exams aspirants, understanding the Kashmir issue is essential not
just for Pakistan Affairs, but also for International Relations and Current Affairs. The dynamics of
legitimacy, governance, and international mediation efforts in Kashmir are key to grasping the broader
challenges of regional diplomacy and conflict resolution.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meanings
Legitimacy The right or acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a
regime.
Antagonistic Showing opposition or hostility towards something or someone.
Repression The act of subduing someone or something by force.

Plebiscite A direct vote by the electorate on a specific issue, often related to

sovereignty.

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The Express Tribune Article - SCO Moot: Boon for Pakistan.

Summary:
The article by Dr. M. Ahmad and Dr. Zoofishan Hayat explores the significant advantages of Pakistan
hosting the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) conference. The event is expected to elevate
Pakistan's diplomatic standing, stimulate economic growth, and enhance regional cooperation. It
emphasizes Pakistan's strategic importance, its potential to attract foreign direct investment (FDI), and its
role in regional security and stability. The article highlights how Pakistan can benefit from increased trade,
technology transfer, and strengthened political ties through this engagement.
Overview
This article emphasizes the strategic importance of Pakistan hosting the SCO conference. It presents the
event as a milestone that positions Pakistan favorably on the global stage. The economic benefits include
the potential to attract foreign investment, especially in sectors like energy, infrastructure, and technology.
The conference will also enhance Pakistan's regional connectivity through the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC), positioning it as a trade and logistics hub. Additionally, the article outlines how the
conference will strengthen Pakistan’s diplomatic relations and security collaboration with SCO member
states, promoting regional stability through joint efforts to combat terrorism and extremism.
Relevance to CSS Syllabus/Subjects
- International Relations: Pakistan's role in regional security, the significance of the SCO,
and cooperation with China and Central Asia.
- Pakistan Affairs: The impact of CPEC, regional trade dynamics, and the implications of
the SCO summit for Pakistan's economy.
- Current Affairs: The geopolitical significance of the SCO conference and Pakistan's
emerging role on the global stage.
- Economics: Foreign direct investment, economic potential in infrastructure, and trade
opportunities arising from regional connectivity.
NOTES
1. SCO’s Regional Importance: The SCO's significance in promoting cooperation in
security, economic, and political areas offers important points for answering questions
about regional organizations and Pakistan’s foreign policy.
2. CPEC's Role: Understanding CPEC’s impact on regional trade and Pakistan's economy
is crucial for discussions on Pakistan’s strategic geography and economic development in
exams.
3. Security Cooperation: The article outlines Pakistan's enhanced security collaboration
with SCO members, which can be useful in questions related to regional security
frameworks and Pakistan's fight against terrorism.
Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts
- Example of Regional Cooperation: The SCO summit is a prime example of how regional organizations
work together for mutual benefit. Pakistan’s hosting of the conference allows it to deepen ties with China
and Central Asia.
- Fact: CPEC is reshaping regional trade routes, enhancing Pakistan’s role as a hub for economic activity
between South Asia and Central Asia.
- Example of Economic Diplomacy: The article notes that foreign delegates and corporate leaders coming
to Pakistan will explore potential investments in energy and infrastructure, boosting FDI.
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To sum up, this article underlines how the SCO conference presents Pakistan with a remarkable opportunity
to not only enhance its economic prospects but also assert itself as a key player in regional security and
trade. By fostering diplomatic ties, attracting foreign investment, and engaging in cultural diplomacy,
Pakistan is well-positioned to take advantage of this event to secure long-term benefits for its economy and
international standing. Understanding the impact of such multilateral events is critical for aspirants
preparing for competitive exams that focus on international relations and Pakistan’s foreign policy.
Difficult Words and Meanings
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Watershed A critical turning point. Milestone, landmark Unimportant event,
insignificance
Plethora A large or excessive Abundance, excess Lack, scarcity
amount.
Catalyse To accelerate or bring Spark, stimulate Slow down, hinder
about change.
Stereotypes Widely held but fixed : Prejudices, clichés Originality,
and oversimplified individuality
ideas about a particular
group.

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Dawn Article - Strategic Trade Shift.

Summary:
The article "Strategic Trade Shift" by Aqdas Afzal discusses the evolving dynamics of global trade, focusing
on how free trade is being replaced by strategic trade due to national security concerns. The piece highlights
the impact of China’s economic rise and its influence on US policies, with the US moving away from the
Washington Consensus that once championed free trade. The US now prioritizes manufacturing and
technological innovation over free trade, a shift also mirrored by Europe. The article warns Pakistan against
engaging in free trade with India without addressing its own technological and industrial weaknesses.
Overview
This article analyzes how global trade has transitioned from the free trade era, defined by deregulation and
open borders, to a strategic trade model shaped by national security and economic competitiveness. The
US, following China’s economic ascent, abandoned the Washington Consensus and introduced protectionist
policies. Leaders like Donald Trump imposed tariffs on Chinese imports to regain manufacturing jobs,
while President Biden has continued similar measures. European countries are adopting a similar stance,
focusing on innovation and industrial policies. For Pakistan, the article cautions against free trade with
India, emphasizing the need for an industrial and innovation policy to avoid strategic disadvantages.
Relevance to CSS Syllabus/Subjects
- International Relations: Global power dynamics, US-China trade relations, and the shift
from free trade to strategic trade.
- Pakistan Affairs: Implications of free trade between Pakistan and India.
- Economics: Impact of tariffs, protectionism, and industrial policies on national
economies.
- Current Affairs: Geopolitical influence on trade policies.
NOTES
1. Trade Shift Dynamics: The shift from free trade to strategic trade reflects the growing
emphasis on national security. Understanding this transition is essential for answering
questions related to global economic policies in exams.
2. US Trade Policies: Under Trump and Biden, US trade policies focused on protecting
domestic manufacturing. Aspirants should note the impact of tariffs on global trade,
particularly US-China relations.
3. Pakistan-India Trade: While free trade is often viewed as a peace-building tool, the
article argues that it could be detrimental for Pakistan without strengthening its industrial
base, a key point for aspirants discussing Pakistan's economic policy.
Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts
- Example of Strategic Trade: The US imposing tariffs on Chinese imports illustrates how trade policies are
now intertwined with national security.
- Fact: As per Janet Yellen’s estimate, two million US manufacturing jobs were lost after China’s entry into
the WTO.
- Example of Industrial Policy: Biden’s industrial policies promote local production of electric vehicles and
semiconductors, aiming to boost economic independence.

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To wrap up, The article sheds light on the changing face of global trade, urging Pakistan to rethink its free
trade ambitions with India in the light of its industrial shortcomings. For competitive exam aspirants,
understanding the nuances of strategic trade, especially in the context of US-China relations and Pakistan's
economic positioning, is important for discussions on international trade policies.
MORE ABOUT FREE TRADE
Free trade is an economic policy that allows countries to exchange goods and services without restrictions
such as tariffs, quotas, or other barriers. Under free trade, governments refrain from imposing taxes on
imports or exports, and there are no limitations on the quantity of goods that can be traded between nations.
The idea behind free trade is that by removing barriers, countries can specialize in producing goods where
they have a comparative advantage, leading to more efficient production, lower prices for consumers, and
increased economic growth. It is often promoted by international organizations like the World Trade
Organization (WTO) and is a key principle of globalization.
However, free trade can also lead to job losses in certain industries, as companies may move production to
countries with lower labor costs, which is why some governments adopt protectionist measures to safeguard
their economies.
Difficult Words and Meanings
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Expeditionary Involving sending Campaigning, offensive Defensive, passive
military forces to fight
abroad.
Deficit The amount by which Shortfall, deficiency Surplus, excess
something, especially a
sum of money, is too
small.
Stagnation Lack of activity, Standstill, inactivity Growth, progress
growth, or
development.

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Dawn Article - Successful Summit

Summary:
The article Successful Summit discusses the conclusion of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
Heads of Government summit in Islamabad, highlighting its successful organization despite Pakistan’s
internal challenges. The event emphasized multilateralism and regional connectivity. Major takeaways from
the summit include discussions on commerce, environmental issues, cultural exchanges, and the proposal
for an SCO Development Bank. The summit also reinforced opposition to unilateral sanctions. Prime
Minister Shehbaz Sharif focused on climate change and the instability in Afghanistan, while also addressing
the ongoing crisis in Gaza. The summit is seen as a positive signal that Pakistan is ready to re-engage
globally.
Overview
This article focuses on the successful conclusion of the SCO summit in Islamabad, with high-level
attendance from China, Russia, and other member states. It highlights Pakistan’s efforts to host the event in
a constructive and secure environment despite recent internal security and political challenges. Key themes
of the summit included regional cooperation on economic, environmental, and cultural fronts. The proposal
for the SCO Development Bank and the emphasis on using national currencies for mutual settlements were
significant points. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif addressed critical issues like climate change and the need
for stability in Afghanistan and Gaza. The article notes that while such multilateral goals may be ambitious,
they are essential for Pakistan’s economic and diplomatic future.
Relevance to CSS Syllabus/Subjects
- International Relations: The significance of multilateralism, the SCO’s role in regional
connectivity, and Pakistan’s diplomatic efforts.
- Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s economic and geopolitical strategy, including regional trade
and cooperation via the SCO and CPEC.
- Current Affairs: The geopolitical impact of the SCO summit and Pakistan's re-
engagement with Eurasian states.
- Economics: Discussion on the SCO Development Bank, currency swaps, and economic
potential through regional partnerships.
NOTES
1. SCO’s Significance: Understanding the SCO’s efforts for regional cooperation,
particularly through proposals like the SCO Development Bank, is crucial for questions on
international organizations.
2. Pakistan’s Diplomatic Strategy: The article outlines how Pakistan is positioning itself
in multilateral forums like SCO to strengthen its diplomatic ties and economic
opportunities, which can be useful for essays on foreign policy.
3. Regional Connectivity: CPEC's role in Eurasian connectivity is emphasized, providing
key points for questions on regional trade and Pakistan’s economic development.
NOTES - FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. SCO’s Role and Pakistan’s Diplomatic Strategy:
- Importance of SCO: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an essential multilateral platform,
focusing on regional cooperation, particularly among Eurasian states. It allows member countries to work

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on shared goals related to commerce, environment, security, and culture. The platform is vital for Pakistan
as it provides opportunities to strengthen ties with countries like China, Russia, and Central Asian states.
- Diplomatic Engagement: By successfully hosting the summit, Pakistan signaled its readiness to re-enter
the global stage and play an active role in international diplomacy. The meeting emphasized Pakistan's aim
to revive economic partnerships and showcase itself as a stable partner for regional initiatives.
2. Economic Proposals and Regional Connectivity:
- SCO Development Bank: One of the major outcomes of the summit was the reaffirmation of efforts to
establish the SCO Development Bank. This proposal is vital for Pakistan as it could provide financial
support for large-scale infrastructure and development projects. Moreover, this institution could reduce
reliance on Western financial systems by promoting the use of national currencies among member states.
- Currency Swaps: The move towards increasing the share of national currencies in mutual settlements is
aimed at reducing dependence on the US dollar and creating a more stable economic environment for
member countries, especially during times of global financial sanctions. For Pakistan, this offers a way to
stabilize its economy through regional trade.
- Connectivity with Eurasia: Pakistan’s geographic location makes it a key player in connecting Eurasian
countries with South Asia. The summit stressed the importance of seamless regional connectivity, which
aligns with Pakistan’s strategic interests in promoting the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as a
major route for trade.
3. Addressing Global and Regional Challenges:
- Climate Change as an Existential Threat: Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif called climate change an
existential crisis, highlighting Pakistan’s vulnerability to environmental disasters. His speech is important
for aspirants to note, especially in relation to Pakistan’s role in global climate initiatives and its need for
international support in addressing environmental challenges.
- Security Concerns in Afghanistan: The summit discussed the ongoing instability in Afghanistan, a key
issue for Pakistan’s security and regional diplomacy. While Afghanistan did not participate, its security and
stability remain a priority for SCO members, as they directly affect the region’s connectivity and economic
progress.
- Gaza Crisis: Prime Minister Sharif also highlighted the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, calling attention to
Pakistan’s foreign policy stance on global conflicts. This reaffirms Pakistan’s position in supporting
oppressed Muslim communities, aligning with its broader foreign policy objectives.
Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts
- Example of Regional Cooperation: The SCO summit is an example of how countries from different
regions can come together to discuss common goals. Pakistan’s hosting of the event signals its intent to
strengthen ties with Eurasian nations.
- Fact: The summit emphasized using national currencies instead of relying on the dollar, which is a move
aimed at reducing dependence on Western financial systems.
- Example of Multilateralism: The SCO promotes the idea of multiple countries working together, as seen
in their efforts toward regional connectivity and economic cooperation.

To sum up, the SCO summit marked a significant achievement for Pakistan in terms of regional cooperation
and diplomatic engagement. By addressing critical issues like climate change, security, and economic
development, Pakistan aims to solidify its role in multilateral forums. While the ambitious goals of the
summit will require time and effort to implement, Pakistan's active participation in the SCO presents an
opportunity to enhance its economic growth and international standing.
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Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Multilateralism Involving multiple International Unilateralism,
countries working cooperation, alliance isolationism
together on a given
issue.
Communiqué An official Statement, declaration Silence, concealment
announcement or
statement.
Sanctions Penalties or restrictions Embargoes, Rewards, allowances
imposed on a country. punishments
Existential Relating to existence or Vital, crucial Trivial,
survival. insignificant

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Dawn Article - SCO backs China’s Belt & Road Initiative

Summary:
At the 23rd Council of Heads of Government meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO),
all member states, with the exception of India, rallied behind China’s monumental Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI). The assembly resonated with criticisms against Western-imposed sanctions and protectionist trade
policies, all while underlining the urgent need for bolstered economic cooperation, regional connectivity,
and mutual trade settlements in national currencies. In a bid to foster financial independence, the summit
set the stage for fast-tracked discussions on the establishment of the SCO Development Bank and similar
financial institutions.
Overview
Chaired by Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, the SCO summit saw the signing of eight pivotal documents
focusing on budgetary concerns, counterterrorism, and strategic cooperation. The unwavering support from
countries like Russia, China, and Pakistan for BRI underscored its potential as a linchpin for reshaping
transport infrastructure, energy corridors, and trade routes across the region. However, a discordant note
was struck by Indian External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, whose critique of cross-border
terrorism, seemingly aimed at Pakistan, brought to light the ever-present undercurrents of regional tensions.
Important points
1. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): A transformative force poised to reshape the economic landscape
of Eurasia by weaving together a web of infrastructure and trade routes.
2. Regional Cooperation: The summit emphasized the need for seamless regional connectivity, from
multimodal transportation and modern rail networks to the digital infrastructure that would knit
these nations together.
3. Financial Sovereignty: A clarion call was made for the use of national currencies, along with plans
for SCO's own financial institutions, aimed at lessening the reliance on Western monetary systems.
4. Rejection of Sanctions: In a unified voice, SCO members condemned unilateral sanctions,
especially those imposed by the West, which cast long shadows over the economic vitality of the
region.
5. Security and Stability: A shared commitment to tackling terrorism, extremism, and organized crime
remains a cornerstone of the bloc's security agenda.
Explanation for Beginners
The SCO is a regional organization composed of countries such as China, Russia, and Pakistan. Their goal
is to collaborate on boosting economic ties, improving security, and promoting mutual trade. A central part
of their discussion is the Belt and Road Initiative, a project led by China to connect countries through trade
routes and infrastructure. India, while a member of the SCO, holds differing views on this project due to its
strained relations with Pakistan.
Facts and Figures
- Eight significant documents were signed, addressing the bloc’s budget and
counterterrorism strategy.
- The BRI is linked with the Eurasian Economic Union, reflecting a broader push for
regional integration.
- Discussions about creating a SCO Development Bank to finance regional projects were
accelerated.

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To sum up, this article casts a bright light on the changing tides of global alliances and the shift towards a
more interconnected and independent regional order. For aspiring civil servants, understanding how
projects like the BRI might influence Pakistan’s foreign policy and trade landscape is paramount. The
SCO’s stand against Western sanctions and its pursuit of financial independence reflects a broader trend
that could reshape global economic dynamics—a topic of immense relevance for future decision-makers.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning
Multimodal Involving multiple methods of transportation.
Unilateral Actions taken by one party without the consent of others.
Protectionism Economic policies aimed at shielding domestic industries from
foreign competition by imposing tariffs or restrictions on imports.

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Pakistan Observer - Strategic Significance of CPEC: A Vision for a

Prosperous Future
SUMMARY -
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) represents a transformative initiative poised to reshape the
economic and geopolitical landscape of South Asia. Launched in 2013 as a central component of China's
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), CPEC aims to enhance global trade and foster international cooperation.
The ongoing discussions at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) conference in Islamabad amplify
CPEC's significance, showcasing it as more than an infrastructure project—it is a comprehensive
development strategy designed to improve connectivity, stimulate economic growth, and promote regional
integration among member states.
Overview
CPEC is strategically designed to improve connectivity between China, Pakistan, and the broader region.
It includes a vast network of highways, railways, and pipelines that significantly reduce transportation costs
and time. By linking China's Xinjiang region with Gwadar Port in Pakistan, CPEC establishes a vital trade
route that facilitates the movement of goods not only between these two nations but also to the Middle East,
Africa, and beyond. As leaders gather at the SCO summit, the route's importance in fostering economic ties
and enabling smoother trade flows is increasingly evident.
Enhancing Connectivity and Trade
The strategic location of Gwadar Port at the nexus of major international shipping lanes positions it as a
key global trade hub. The development of Gwadar into a modern port city is expected to unlock new
economic opportunities for Pakistan, transforming it into a regional logistics and trade center. This
transformation is anticipated to not only bolster Pakistan’s economic growth but also foster greater regional
integration by benefiting neighboring countries.
Economic Growth and Industrial Development:
CPEC's primary goal is to stimulate economic growth through large-scale infrastructure projects. It
encompasses a series of industrial parks and economic zones designed to attract significant foreign direct
investment (FDI). These zones will offer favorable conditions for businesses, including tax incentives and
streamlined regulatory processes, thereby creating a conducive environment for industrial development.
The establishment of these economic zones is expected to enhance Pakistan’s manufacturing sector,
diversify its economy, and create numerous job opportunities, promoting balanced regional development
and reducing economic disparities.
Energy Security and Sustainability:
A critical component of CPEC focuses on addressing Pakistan’s energy needs through a variety of projects,
including coal-fired power plants, hydropower initiatives, and renewable energy developments. These
projects aim to alleviate the longstanding energy crisis in Pakistan, which has hindered economic
development. By investing in energy infrastructure, CPEC seeks to ensure a stable and reliable electricity
supply, essential for sustaining economic activities and attracting further investments. The emphasis on
renewable energy aligns with global sustainability goals, reducing carbon emissions and promoting cleaner
energy sources.
Infrastructure Development and Regional Integration:
CPEC encompasses a wide array of infrastructure development initiatives, including the construction of
roads, bridges, and railways that enhance connectivity within Pakistan and across the region. Improved
infrastructure is set to facilitate trade, reduce transportation costs, and enhance logistical efficiency.
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Furthermore, CPEC has the potential to strengthen regional integration by promoting economic cooperation
between China, Pakistan, and neighboring countries such as Afghanistan and Iran. The discussions at the
SCO conference are pivotal in exploring cross-border trade and investment opportunities that contribute to
regional stability and economic development.
Human Development and Social Impact:
Beyond economic and infrastructure benefits, CPEC is expected to significantly impact human
development. The corridor’s projects will likely create thousands of job opportunities, improving
livelihoods across various regions. The influx of investment will support local businesses, enhance skills,
and provide better access to education and healthcare. CPEC emphasizes social development through
initiatives aimed at improving living standards, ensuring that the benefits of the corridor are widely shared
and contribute to overall human development.
Strengthening Bilateral Ties:
CPEC epitomizes the deepening strategic partnership between China and Pakistan. The close cooperation
in developing and implementing CPEC projects highlights both countries' commitment to mutual growth
and stability. This partnership enhances their strategic positioning on the global stage, especially within the
framework of the SCO. By fostering stronger bilateral ties, CPEC contributes to regional security and
cooperation, facilitating a collaborative approach to regional challenges.
Future Prospects and Opportunities:
Looking ahead, CPEC holds immense promise for shaping South Asia's future. Its ongoing evolution is
expected to yield transformative changes across various sectors. The successful implementation of CPEC
projects is likely to pave the way for further economic growth, regional integration, and improved quality
of life for millions. There are numerous opportunities for collaboration with other countries and
international organizations, as Pakistan seeks to leverage its strategic location and infrastructure to enhance
its role in global trade and economic cooperation.
Conclusion:
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a visionary initiative with the potential to drive substantial
economic and social progress in South Asia. By enhancing connectivity, promoting industrial development,
addressing energy needs, and fostering regional integration, CPEC exemplifies the transformative power of
strategic partnerships and infrastructure development. As the corridor unfolds, it promises to unlock new
opportunities for growth and prosperity, benefiting not only China and Pakistan but also the broader
region and the world.

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The Nation Article - Russian Relations

Summary:
The article examines the deepening diplomatic and military cooperation between Pakistan and Russia,
brought to the forefront during the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit in Islamabad. Prime
Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Russian Premier Mikhail Mishustin reached an agreement to expand bilateral
ties across various sectors, including trade, industry, energy, and technology. Their collaboration was further
cemented by the Druzhba-VII military drills, symbolizing the growing defense partnership between the two
nations. This strengthening bond reflects Pakistan’s pragmatic foreign policy, driven by national interests
rather than allegiance to any global power bloc. With Russia under Western sanctions, both countries find
mutual benefit in bolstering economic and strategic relations
Overview
Historically, Pakistan’s foreign policy has involved balancing relationships with major global players like
the US, Russia, and China. However, this article suggests that Pakistan is shifting gears, forging
partnerships based on pragmatic interests rather than Cold War-era loyalties. The agreements made at the
SCO Summit, combined with joint military exercises, highlight Pakistan’s intention to expand its
cooperation with Russia. Amidst global tensions and Russia’s isolation due to the Ukraine conflict, Pakistan
is navigating the geopolitical landscape with a focus on its own interests. This multi-faceted approach
emphasizes Pakistan’s pursuit of both domestic security and regional cooperation, seeking to establish
strategic alliances that serve its evolving needs.
NOTES
Critical analysis - Pakistan’s dynamic foreign policy, particularly its increasingly diversified relationships
in a challenging global environment. Important takeaways include:
- Foreign Policy Strategy: Pakistan is breaking away from its traditional alignment with
singular power blocs, opting instead for pragmatic partnerships that safeguard its national
interests. This shift is significant for understanding how countries shape foreign policy
amidst global pressure and domestic imperatives.
- Defense Diplomacy: The Druzhba-VII military exercises are emblematic of Pakistan’s
intent to strengthen defense cooperation with Russia. This is part of a broader strategy of
defense diplomacy, linking directly to Pakistan’s long-term security objectives.
- Regional Diplomacy: The SCO plays a pivotal role as a platform for fostering new
partnerships. Pakistan’s active participation in regional forums is instrumental in
developing connections with Russia and other member states, allowing it to diversify
alliances.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects
- Pakistan Affairs: Understanding Pakistan’s evolving foreign policy, defense
partnerships, and the significance of energy diplomacy.
- International Relations: Geopolitical shifts, the impact of sanctions on global alliances,
and the growing importance of regional organizations like the SCO.
- Current Affairs: Exploring the implications of the Pakistan-Russia relationship amidst
broader global tensions and how it influences Pakistan’s foreign policy.

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Notes for Beginners with Examples

- Pakistan’s Shift in Foreign Policy: Instead of aligning exclusively with one superpower,
Pakistan is balancing relationships with multiple nations according to its needs. For
instance, despite Western sanctions on Russia, Pakistan is fostering closer ties with Russia
for benefits in trade and energy.
- SCO’s Importance: The SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) is a regional forum
that allows Pakistan to engage with key players like Russia and China. This platform helps
Pakistan cooperate on security, economic, and political issues, thereby expanding its
network of alliances beyond traditional partners.
Facts and Figures
- The Druzhba-VII military drill marks the seventh such exercise between Pakistan and Russia, reflecting
long-standing defense cooperation.
- The SCO Summit provided a platform for Pakistan and Russia to forge agreements across critical sectors
such as trade, energy, and technology, underscoring the growing depth of their partnership.

To sum up, this article paints a picture of Pakistan’s evolving foreign policy, one that is guided by the winds
of pragmatism and strategic foresight. As global dynamics continue to shift, Pakistan is cementing its ties
with Russia, particularly in the spheres of defense and economic cooperation. This approach illustrates
Pakistan’s desire to pursue a more independent and diversified foreign policy, positioning itself astutely in
an increasingly complex global landscape. The allegiances of the past are giving way to new alliances,
carefully crafted to safeguard Pakistan’s national interests in the face of modern challenges.

Difficult Words and Meaning

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Pragmatic Adopting a practical Realistic, practical Idealistic, impractical
rather than theoretical
approach to decision-
making.
Allegiances Devotion or loyalty to a Loyalty, fidelity Disloyalty, betrayal
person, group, or cause.
Isolated Being separated from Secluded, segregated Integrated, connected
others, lacking external
connections.

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Dawn Article - IMF Misses the Mark Yet Again

Summary:
The 24th IMF program for Pakistan has been approved, but it falls into the same traps as its predecessors,
focusing primarily on achieving a primary surplus through superficial accounting without addressing the
country's deep-seated economic issues. The authors argue that the program neglects crucial reforms, rolling
over existing debt without solving the fundamental problems of low growth, low investment, and a distorted
tax regime. Additionally, government expenditure is mismanaged, and the economy remains heavily
regulated, which stifles competitiveness. The IMF's influence has led to artificial exchange rates, further
hurting Pakistan's exports. Despite these ongoing issues, there is little emphasis on structural change,
leaving Pakistan trapped in a cycle of fiscal instability.
Overview
This article critiques the newly approved IMF program for Pakistan, arguing that it continues to focus on
short-term financial fixes rather than long-term reforms. The authors explain how the program emphasizes
revenue generation without fixing the structural problems that plague Pakistan’s economy. The focus is on
hitting primary surplus targets, with flawed methods such as including State Bank profits, which are derived
from government borrowing, to balance the books. The article further critiques the complex and unjust tax
system, where policies like withholding taxes, presumptive taxes, and import tariffs create uncertainty and
discourage formal business practices. Government intervention in the economy, through regulations and
price controls, is another major concern, as it raises the cost of doing business and stifles competition. The
authors also emphasize the IMF’s role in perpetuating an artificially appreciated exchange rate, which harms
Pakistan’s export competitiveness.
NOTES
1. Understanding Economic Reforms: The article highlights the IMF’s failure to address
Pakistan’s structural economic issues. This is critical for understanding the larger context
of fiscal mismanagement and dependency on international financial institutions.
2. Tax System and Regulatory Framework: The discussion on Pakistan’s unjust tax
system and over-regulation provides key insights into how improper fiscal policies can
create a challenging business environment. This is highly relevant for both Pakistan Affairs
and Economics.
3. Government Expenditure: The authors discuss the inefficiencies in government
spending, especially regarding the growing Public Sector Development Programme
(PSDP) and government employment. Understanding this helps in framing arguments
around public sector reforms.
4. IMF’s Impact on Exchange Rates: The artificially appreciated exchange rate under the
IMF programs reduces export competitiveness, a concept that is significant for Current
Affairs and International Relations, especially when discussing Pakistan’s foreign
exchange management.
This article is related to the following CSS subjects
- Pakistan Affairs: It discusses Pakistan’s economic challenges and relations with
international financial institutions.
- Economics: The focus on fiscal policies, tax systems, and the government’s regulatory
footprint ties directly to economic management.

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- Current Affairs: The relationship between Pakistan and the IMF is crucial for
understanding contemporary global economic relations.
- International Relations: Pakistan’s engagement with the IMF and its economic
diplomacy fall under the scope of international economic relations.
Notes for Beginners
The article sheds light on how Pakistan’s economy is being managed under the 24th IMF program.
Essentially, the government is trying to meet certain financial targets like having more revenue than
expenditure, but the way this is done is questionable. For example, it includes money from the State Bank’s
profits, which is actually borrowed money that the government must pay interest on. Instead of fixing the
broken tax system or managing government spending wisely, the program focuses too much on quick fixes.
Farmers and exporters are now expected to have better documentation to pay taxes, but this is hard for them
because they are used to working in a cash-based system. The result is more people turning to informal
economic activities and avoiding taxes.
Moreover, the government is spending too much on unnecessary projects, expanding the public sector
without proper planning. The authors argue that these problems are worsened by excessive government
intervention, with strict regulations and price controls making it harder for businesses to operate and for
investors to have confidence in the economy. For instance, the exchange rate is kept artificially high, which
means Pakistani goods are more expensive abroad, hurting exports.
Facts and Figures
1. The State Bank of Pakistan has injected over Rs12 trillion into commercial banks to support government
borrowing.
2. Around 70% of Pakistan’s economy is influenced by government price controls or interventions, as
estimated by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE).
3. The IMF’s involvement in Pakistan’s economic programs has led to an appreciated exchange rate, which
reduces the competitiveness of Pakistan’s exports.
4. Pakistan's heavily regulated market affects over 75% of the economy due to excessive government
policies in over 50 different activities.
To wrap up, the authors conclude that the IMF program once again misses the mark by focusing on short-
term accounting fixes rather than addressing the deep-seated structural problems in Pakistan’s economy.
The emphasis on revenue generation over fiscal reform, combined with a bloated government sector and
heavy market regulations, has led to a stagnant business environment, discouraging investment and
promoting tax evasion. The authors call for a more pragmatic, phased approach to reforms, particularly in
taxation and market liberalization, to break free from this cycle of fiscal instability. Pakistan needs to focus
on sustainable reforms rather than temporary financial relief provided by programs like the IMF’s, which
only perpetuate the country’s economic woes.

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Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Primary Surplus The difference between Fiscal balance, budget Budget deficit, fiscal
a country’s revenue and surplus. shortfall.
expenditure, excluding
interest payments.
Lip Service Expressing agreement Empty words, insincere Genuine commitment,
or support without agreement. true support.
taking action.
Re-profiling Restructuring the terms Debt restructuring, Debt repayment,
of debt to extend refinancing. settlement.
repayment periods.
Fiscal Structure The framework of Economic policy Monetary policy,
government spending framework, budgetary unstructured economy.
and taxation policies. system.
Presumptive Tax A tax based on the Estimated tax, deemed Actual tax, real
presumed income of tax. income-based tax.
individuals or entities.

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The international News Article - Can COP29 break the climate

deadlock?
Summary
The upcoming COP29 climate summit, set to take place in Baku, Azerbaijan, is crucial for addressing
climate finance, adaptation efforts, and mitigation actions amidst rising geopolitical and economic crises.
Developing nations demand between $500 billion to $1 trillion in financial aid to tackle climate challenges,
replacing the failed $100 billion commitment from 2009. The summit will also discuss the establishment
and funding of the Loss and Damage Fund. While adaptation is underfunded, global efforts need to align
with the Paris Agreement's targets, including ambitious NDCs and carbon trading markets.
Overview
This article focuses on the geopolitical complexities surrounding the COP29 climate summit and the
challenges in securing global financial support for developing countries. It discusses the inadequacies of
current climate finance, ongoing debates between developed and developing nations, and the urgent need
for reforming international climate funds to meet global adaptation and mitigation needs. The summit is
critical in driving forward policies that could address global warming and climate disasters, as well as
creating a balance between the needs of rich and poor nations.
NOTES
The COP29 summit reflects the intricate balance between geopolitics, economics, and environmental
sustainability. CSS aspirants should focus on understanding the role of international organizations in global
climate governance, especially the interplay between developed and developing countries. The financial
debates, adaptation priorities, and mitigation efforts are significant themes in the global political economy
and sustainable development discourse. Aspirants should be familiar with terms like National Adaptation
Plans (NAPs), the Loss and Damage Fund, and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to
comprehend climate change's international policy framework.
Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics/Subjects
- Current Affairs: International climate summits, global diplomacy, and Pakistan's role
in climate negotiations
- Environmental Science: Mitigation, adaptation strategies, and climate finance in global
governance
- International Relations: Geopolitical implications of climate agreements, financial aid,
and cooperation among nations
- Pakistan Affairs: The impact of global climate decisions on Pakistan’s environmental
policies and financial aid programs
Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts and Figures
COP29 is an annual climate summit where nations come together to address climate change issues. This
year’s focus is on financial support for developing countries that are vulnerable to climate disasters. The
$100 billion target set in 2009 was only met once, and developing nations now demand up to $1 trillion.
For example, Pakistan, which has experienced severe flooding, needs substantial financial aid to adapt to
climate impacts. The Loss and Damage Fund, established during COP28, remains underfunded. The World
Resources Institute recommends new targets for 2035 to cut carbon emissions and build resilience against
sea-level rise and desertification.

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To sum up, the article emphasizes the pressing need for ambitious climate actions, particularly financial
support from developed nations to assist poorer countries in adapting to climate disasters. It highlights how
geopolitical struggles and financial disagreements have hindered progress, making COP29 a crucial
moment for setting global climate policies.
Difficult Words and Meaning - Synonyms - Antonyms
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Unabated Continuing Without Persistent, Abated, Reduced
Any Reduction; Uninterrupted
Constant
Quantified Expressed In Measured, Calculated Unmeasured, Uncertain
Numerical Terms
Mitigation The Action Of Alleviation, Reduction Aggravation,
Reducing The Severity Intensification
Of Something
Resilience The Ability To Recover Toughness, Durability Vulnerability, Fragility
From Difficulties
Recapitalisation Providing Fresh Capital Refinancing, Funding Depletion, Bankruptcy
To A Business Or
System

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Pakistan Observer Article - Afghan Pakistan Dilemma

Summary:
The article Afghan Pakistan Dilemma by Brig Tariq Khalil highlights the complex relationship between
Afghanistan and Pakistan, particularly focusing on terrorism and refugee issues. It outlines how Pakistan
has supported Afghanistan during times of war, such as during Soviet and U.S. invasions, but now faces
challenges due to the growing hostility from the Afghan government. The article examines various
dimensions influencing Afghan behavior toward Pakistan, including historical, political, and ethnic factors,
and discusses the implications of hosting millions of Afghan refugees in Pakistan. It emphasizes the need
for a comprehensive policy to address these challenges, as Afghan refugees continue to be a source of social
and economic pressure for Pakistan.
Overview
The writer delves into Afghanistan’s historical connection with Pakistan, noting that Pakistan has played a
key role in Afghanistan’s struggles against foreign invaders. Despite this, Afghanistan has consistently
displayed hostility toward Pakistan. The article covers the impact of Afghan refugees in Pakistan,
explaining how they have created economic burdens and security challenges for the country. Pakistan’s
attempts to mediate peace and stabilize Afghanistan, especially during and after the Soviet and U.S.
interventions, are also discussed. The article calls for a better management strategy regarding Afghan
refugees and stresses the necessity for diplomacy and firmness in handling the situation.
NOTES
- The relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan has deep historical roots and is
influenced by several factors including the Durand Line, tribal divisions, and external
pressures from global powers.
- The influx of Afghan refugees in Pakistan has led to significant economic and social
impacts, highlighting the importance of refugee management policies.
- Pakistan’s role in the Soviet-Afghan war and its continued involvement in Afghan
politics offer critical insights into Pakistan's foreign policy and regional security
concerns.
- Understanding Afghanistan’s tribal system and political behavior is essential for
students of International Relations and Pakistan Affairs.
Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus:
- Pakistan Affairs: The article discusses Pakistan's foreign policy, refugee crisis, and
historical events that have shaped Pakistan-Afghanistan relations.
- Current Affairs: The dynamics between Afghanistan and Pakistan, especially post-U.S.
withdrawal, are essential for understanding current geopolitical developments in South
Asia.
- International Relations: The discussion of multilateral meetings between Russia,
China, Iran, and Pakistan ties into international diplomacy and regional security.
Notes for Beginners (with examples and facts):
- Historical Background: Afghanistan has never had a consistent, centralized
government; it has historically been a collection of tribes and regions that often fought
among themselves. This tribal nature makes governance difficult and explains
Afghanistan's constant internal conflicts.

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- Role of Refugees: Pakistan currently hosts over three million Afghan refugees, a legacy
of wars in Afghanistan. These refugees not only impact the economy by sending money
back to Afghanistan, but they are also a security concern because terrorist elements
might hide within these communities.
- International Diplomacy: Pakistan, alongside other global players like China and
Russia, is trying to stabilize the region by combating terrorism and managing the
refugee crisis.
Facts and Figures
- Over three million Afghan refugees are currently residing in Pakistan.
- Afghanistan is home to approximately sixty terrorist groups.
- The Soviet-Afghan war led to millions of refugees pouring into Pakistan.
- Afghan workers in Pakistan send significant amounts of foreign currency back to
Afghanistan, contributing to a drain on Pakistan's foreign exchange reserves.

Difficult Words and Meaning - Synonyms - Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Milieu Environment or setting. Surroundings, Isolation,
atmosphere. disconnection.
Sabotage Deliberate destruction Wreckage, subversion. Support, fortification.
or disruption.
Divergence The process of Division, deviation. Convergence, union.
separating or moving
apart.
Fiefdom Territory or domain Realm, dominion Democracy, equality
controlled by a feudal
lord.

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Pakistan Observer Article - How to Avoid Wars: Path to Global

Peace, Cooperation
Summary:
The article "How to Avoid Wars: Path to Global Peace, Cooperation" by Hameed Shaheen Alvi outlines
comprehensive strategies to prevent wars and foster global harmony. The author stresses that wars, which
have historically caused destruction and displacement, can be avoided through collective effort, diplomacy,
and international cooperation.
One of the key strategies is diplomacy and dialogue, where nations should establish transparent and regular
communication channels. International institutions like the United Nations need to be strengthened to play
a more active role in preventing conflicts. The author emphasizes the importance of peace-time cultural
exchanges that promote people-to-people diplomacy through education, arts, and public delegations. Early
warning systems and conflict prevention mechanisms should be in place to address potential flashpoints
before they escalate into wars. Third-party mediation and economic incentives, such as trade agreements
and joint development projects, can provide peaceful resolutions to disputes.
Alvi points to conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine as examples of where early diplomatic and economic
interventions could have prevented war. He argues that economic interdependence—through fostering
global trade and collaborative development projects—makes wars too costly and, therefore, less likely.
Poverty reduction and addressing economic disparities can also reduce instability and desperation, which
often lead to conflict.
The article also highlights the need for education and empathy in conflict prevention. By promoting global
citizenship, teaching conflict resolution, and ensuring the observance of human rights, nations can create a
more peaceful world. Media literacy is also critical in countering disinformation and propaganda that often
fuel conflicts. Empathy-building initiatives, such as sharing personal experiences and promoting cultural
exchanges, can foster mutual understanding between nations.
Another key focus is on international law, with the propagation of institutions like the International Criminal
Court (ICC) and upholding humanitarian laws, particularly the Geneva Conventions, to protect civilians
during conflicts. Alvi calls for disarmament and non-proliferation efforts to prevent arms races and the
spread of nuclear weapons.
The article stresses the importance of accountable leadership, where leaders should be held responsible for
peaceful resolutions and transparent decision-making. Civil society engagement, through NGOs and peace
groups, is crucial in spreading pacific education and training peace activists.
In conclusion, the prevention of wars requires sustained efforts in diplomacy, conflict prevention, economic
interdependence, and adherence to international law. Cooperation, respect for human rights, and collective
responsibility are essential to creating a more peaceful world. The author urges individuals, nations, and
the global community to promote empathy, understanding, and cooperation to build a future free from the
devastating effects of war.
Overview
The article presents a comprehensive approach to conflict prevention, suggesting that global peace can be
achieved through diplomacy, economic cooperation, and empathy. It calls for the strengthening of
international institutions like the United Nations and the International Criminal Court, promoting cultural
exchanges, and reducing economic disparities. It also advocates for disarmament and responsible
leadership. The article concludes that collective effort and respect for human rights are essential for global
peace.
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NOTES
- Diplomacy and international institutions play a critical role in conflict resolution. Understanding
the structure and functions of organizations like the UN, the ICC, and the Geneva Conventions is
essential for papers like International Relations, Pakistan Affairs, and Current Affairs.
- The focus on economic interdependence ties into topics related to International Political Economy,
particularly the importance of trade and cooperation in maintaining peace.
- The article discusses the role of leadership accountability and civil society, which is relevant for
Governance, Public Administration, and Political Science.
- Media literacy, empathy, and the role of education in fostering peace can be linked to the subjects
of Sociology and Education in the context of CSS.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Syllabus
- International Relations: Diplomacy, international institutions, conflict resolution.
- Current Affairs: Global issues of war prevention, role of international organizations.
- Pakistan Affairs: Understanding Pakistan’s role in global diplomacy.
- Essay.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Diplomacy: Diplomacy is the practice of managing international relations through dialogue and
negotiation. For example, the Iran Nuclear Deal (2015) is an instance where diplomacy prevented
potential conflict.
- Economic Interdependence: When countries rely on each other for trade and resources, wars
become less likely due to the mutual benefits. The European Union (EU) is a prime example of
how economic ties have maintained peace in the region since World War II.
- Empathy in Conflict Prevention: Empathy helps countries understand each other’s perspectives.
Cultural exchange programs between nations, such as student exchange programs, foster
understanding and reduce animosity.
Facts and Figures
- The United Nations has 193 member states, with its main goals being to promote peace and prevent
conflicts.
- Global military expenditure reached $2.1 trillion in 2022, a figure that highlights the importance of
disarmament efforts.
- According to the World Bank, countries with higher levels of economic interdependence experience
fewer conflicts.
To wrap up, The article serves as a reminder that avoiding wars requires not only reactive measures but also
proactive strategies that involve dialogue, education, and economic cooperation. It emphasizes the
importance of global empathy, responsible leadership, and a commitment to human rights, which are
fundamental for a peaceful and just world. By focusing on these elements, nations can avoid conflicts and
create a cooperative global community.

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Difficult Words and Meaning - Synonyms - Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Ravage Cause severe and Devastate, Ruin Build, Repair
extensive damage
(‫)تباہی مچانا‬
Interdependence Mutual reliance Reciprocity, Independence, Isolation
between two or more Cooperation
groups (‫)باہمی انحصار‬
Empathy The ability to Compassion, Apathy, Indifference
understand and share Understanding
the feelings of another
(‫)ہمدردی‬
Mediation ntervention in a dispute Arbitration,
to resolve it (‫)ثالثی‬ Conciliation

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Dawn Article - Human Rights Review

Summary:
The article "Human Rights Review" highlights Pakistan’s fragile state regarding human rights. The United
Nations Human Rights Committee, during its periodic assessment, has expressed grave concerns about
rising violations in Pakistan. Issues such as political oppression, forced conversions, restrictions on free
speech, extrajudicial killings, and violence against women and children are discussed. The article
emphasizes that these violations are often the result of weak governance, structural flaws in the justice
system, and the state’s failure to curb radical religious elements. The review serves as a reminder that
constitutional protections exist only as aspirations, urging the state to prioritize human rights alongside
economic recovery.
Overview
The article critically examines the human rights violations in Pakistan as reported by the UN Human Rights
Committee. It points to various factors such as politically motivated violence, suppression of free speech,
and crimes against vulnerable groups, like women, children, and minorities. The lack of accountability, a
corrupt justice system, and religious extremism are blamed for the deteriorating situation. The article calls
for a fresh human rights regime, better accountability of elected representatives, and alignment of state
policies with international standards.
NOTES
This article touches upon several important issues relevant to the Current Affairs and Pakistan Affairs
syllabus for CSS exams, particularly sections on human rights, governance, and social justice. Aspirants
can extract themes related to political oppression, religious extremism, women's rights, child labor, and
forced conversions to develop a nuanced understanding for essays or interviews.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Pakistan Affairs: Governance, rule of law, and constitutional protections in Pakistan.
- Current Affairs: Global human rights frameworks, UN reports, and Pakistan’s international
obligations.
- Essay: Human rights abuses in Pakistan, governance, and reform in the justice system.
- Sociology: Social injustice, crimes against women, and child labor.
- International Law: Human rights conventions and Pakistan’s compliance with global standards.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Political Oppression – The article highlights the suppression of political dissent, where people are
arrested or harassed for expressing opposing views. This is a form of political oppression seen in
autocratic regimes.
- Forced Conversions – Minorities in Pakistan are often coerced into converting to the majority
religion under threat or pressure. These violations reflect the lack of religious freedom.
- Extrajudicial Killings – Instances where people are killed without legal trial, often by state forces,
which indicates a breakdown of law and order.
Facts and Figures
- Only 42% of children under five are registered at birth in Pakistan.
- A rape takes place every two minutes in Pakistan, with a conviction rate of just 3%.
- The UN noted 74 reported cases of forced conversions, but the actual number is suspected to be
much higher.

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Final Words
The article serves as a sobering reminder of the human rights challenges Pakistan faces. The rising incidents
of political violence, religious persecution, and crimes against women demand urgent reforms in
governance, judicial accountability, and social policies. Pakistan must address these issues holistically if it
aims to meet international human rights standards and protect its citizens' fundamental rights.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning/ Synonyms
Oppression Prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control
(‫)ظلم و جبر‬.

Extrajudicial Outside the authority of the law (‫)غیر قانونی‬.

Enforced disappearances The act of making someone vanish forcibly
without acknowledgment (‫)جبری گمشدگیاں‬.
Tyranny Cruel and oppressive rule (‫)ظالمانہ حکومت‬.
Conviction A formal declaration that someone is guilty of a
criminal offense (‫)سزا دینا‬.
Oppression - Synonyms: Tyranny, persecution
- Antonyms: Freedom, liberation
Conviction - Synonyms: Sentence, judgment
- Antonyms: Acquittal, exoneration

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The Express Tribune Article - Civil Service Reforms: Breaking the

Cycle of Failure
Summary:
The article "Civil Service Reforms: Breaking the Cycle of Failure," published on October 20, 2024, by Dr.
Imtiaz Bhatti, discusses the persistent failure of civil service reforms in Pakistan. Despite numerous
attempts by various governments to overhaul the bureaucratic system, these initiatives have repeatedly
failed due to a lack of genuine commitment and the involvement of reform commissions dominated by
retired civil servants. The author argues that these insiders, who have thrived within the flawed system,
often resist transformative change. The article calls for a new approach led by external experts who can
bring innovative perspectives and challenge the entrenched culture of the bureaucracy.
Overview
The article critiques the historical attempts at civil service reform in Pakistan, highlighting the cyclical
nature of these failures. It asserts that the root cause of unsuccessful reforms lies in the dominance of retired
bureaucrats in reform commissions, who are often too entrenched in the existing system to envision radical
changes. The author emphasizes the need for fresh perspectives from academics, policy specialists, and
civil society members to address the deep-rooted structural and cultural issues within the bureaucracy.
Furthermore, it points to the colonial legacy that continues to shape the bureaucratic mindset, hindering the
development of effective governance at the provincial level.
NOTES
This article touches on critical themes relevant to the Current Affairs and Governance syllabus for CSS
exams. Aspirants can explore the following themes:
o The role of bureaucracy in governance
o Historical context of civil service in Pakistan
o Challenges to implementing reforms
o Importance of accountability and transparency in public service
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Pakistan Affairs: Understanding the bureaucratic structure and its colonial roots.
- Current Affairs: Analysis of governance challenges and reform needs.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Bureaucracy – The article explains how the bureaucratic system in Pakistan has failed to adapt to
modern governance needs, leading to inefficiency. For example, decisions often take longer due to
excessive red tape.
- Privilege – Bureaucrats in Pakistan enjoy certain privileges that can hinder reform. For instance,
they may resist changes that threaten their job security or benefits.
- Accountability – The need for accountability is emphasized, as seen in cases where bureaucrats are
not held responsible for their actions, leading to corruption and misuse of power.
Facts and Figures
- Numerous civil service reform initiatives have been launched since the 1973 Administrative
Reforms, yet none have resulted in significant, lasting change.
- The colonial legacy continues to influence the bureaucratic structure, with centralization hampering
local governance efforts.

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- Despite constitutional guarantees of provincial autonomy, central bureaucrats often dominate
provincial appointments, undermining local talent.
To sum up, The article serves as a call to action for true civil service reform in Pakistan. It argues that
without a fundamental shift in mindset and leadership, the cycle of failure will persist. By embracing
innovative approaches and involving external experts, Pakistan can work towards establishing a civil
service that prioritizes accountability, transparency, and genuine public service. This transformation is
essential for effective governance and the nation's overall progress.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Bureaucracy A system of government in Administration, Anarchy,
which most of the important management lawlessness
decisions are made by state
officials rather than by
elected representatives
(‫)بیوروکریسی‬.
Privilege A special right or advantage
(‫)خصوصیت‬.
Accountability The fact or condition of Responsibility, Impunity,
being accountable; answerability unaccountability
responsibility (‫)جوابدہی‬.
Anachronous Belonging to a period other
than that being portrayed
(‫)عہد سے باہر‬.
Transparency The quality of being open
and honest; free from
pretense or deceit (‫)شفافیت‬.
Oppression - Synonyms: Tyranny,
persecution
- Antonyms: Freedom,
liberation
Conviction - Synonyms: Sentence,
judgment
- Antonyms: Acquittal,
exoneration

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Pakistan Observer - A new dawn in Pak-China coop

Summary:
The article "A new dawn in Pak-China coop" by Gulab Umid discusses the recent visit of Chinese Premier
Li Qiang to Pakistan, marking a revitalized phase in the Pak-China partnership. This visit signifies a renewal
of diplomatic and economic ties, particularly through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).
Premier Li’s visit resulted in signing 13 MoUs across various sectors, including security, agriculture, and
technology. Despite security concerns surrounding Chinese workers, the visit underscored China’s long-
term commitment to Pakistan’s growth. Key highlights include the virtual inauguration of Gwadar
International Airport, seen as a transformative project for Pakistan’s economic development. The article
emphasizes that both nations must ensure mutual trust, secure environments, and fair distribution of
development benefits to ensure lasting success.
Overview
Premier Li’s visit to Pakistan is a major milestone in enhancing Pak-China cooperation after a period of
stagnation. His arrival renewed CPEC efforts, with agreements spanning critical sectors. Despite security
concerns, China remains committed to supporting Pakistan’s economic progress. The symbolic
inauguration of Gwadar International Airport highlights the potential for significant economic
transformation. However, security challenges, especially concerning Chinese personnel, remain critical.
The article suggests addressing socio-economic grievances to prevent extremism and ensure long-term
peace and stability in Pakistan.
NOTES
• CPEC's Strategic Importance: The article underscores the importance of CPEC in Pakistan’s
economic landscape and highlights the renewed focus on this initiative.
• Pakistan-China Relations: The visit marks a strengthening of bilateral ties, crucial for regional
diplomacy and economic growth.
• Security Challenges: The issue of protecting foreign workers, especially Chinese nationals, is
highlighted, providing insights into Pakistan’s internal security challenges.
• Socio-Economic Concerns: Understanding the roots of extremism and radicalization is important
for addressing security risks in development projects.
Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus
1. Pakistan Affairs: The article relates to Pak-China relations, CPEC, and Pakistan’s economic and
diplomatic strategies.
2. Current Affairs: Highlights the importance of international diplomacy, security, and foreign
investment.
3. Security Challenges: Provides examples of ongoing security risks and responses relevant to
internal and external security policies.
Notes for Beginners
- CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor) is a collection of infrastructure projects aimed at
improving Pakistan’s connectivity and economic development. It is crucial to understanding Pak-
China relations.
- Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) are agreements between two or more parties outlining
the details of future projects or cooperation without being legally binding.

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- The Gwadar International Airport is a key project under CPEC, intended to make the port city of
Gwadar a hub for regional trade.
Facts and Figures
1. Premier Li’s visit marked the first Chinese premier’s visit to Pakistan in over 11 years.
2. The visit resulted in the signing of 13 MoUs in various fields, including security, agriculture, and
science.
3. The Gwadar International Airport is described as a “game-changer” for Pakistan's economy.

To wrap up, This article highlights the renewed vigor in Pak-China relations, emphasizing the strategic
importance of CPEC and the challenges that remain, especially in ensuring the safety of foreign workers.
The success of this cooperation depends on addressing both security concerns and socio-economic
challenges to create a stable and prosperous future for Pakistan.

Difficult Words and MEANINGS - Synonym - Antonyms

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Vigour Physical strength or Energy, Dynamism Weakness, Lethargy
energy; enthusiasm.
Resilience The ability to recover Toughness, Flexibility Fragility, Vulnerability
quickly from
difficulties
Radicalization The process of Extremism, Moderation, Neutrality
adopting extreme Fundamentalism
political or social
beliefs.

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Dawn Article - A tired superpower?

Summary:
The article, written by Maleeha Lodhi, examines Bob Woodward's latest book War, which provides an
insider's account of American foreign policy, particularly focusing on how Presidents Biden and Trump
handled international crises like the wars in Gaza, Ukraine, and the US withdrawal from Afghanistan.
Woodward criticizes Trump for his reckless behavior and Biden for mishandling the Afghanistan exit. The
piece also highlights the tension between Biden and Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu over the Gaza
conflict, with Biden struggling to control Israeli actions despite his steadfast support for Israel. The book
portrays the US as a diminishing superpower, constrained by its eroding global influence.
Overview
Maleeha Lodhi reviews Bob Woodward's War, focusing on its revelations about the foreign policies of both
Trump and Biden. Woodward’s critical lens captures Trump’s erratic decision-making, labeling him the
most reckless president in American history. Biden, though intent on ending the Afghan war, is faulted for
the chaotic withdrawal and its global repercussions. In the context of the Gaza war, Biden’s inability to
sway Netanyahu illustrates the limits of American power. The article brings forth Woodward's portrayal of
Biden as a president frustrated by both internal and external constraints, while maintaining his nation’s
traditional support for Israel.
NOTES
- International Relations: The article explores American foreign policy, focusing on decision-
making during the Biden administration, which is essential for understanding modern global
politics.
- US History & Politics: Woodward’s comparisons between Trump and Biden offer insights into
American presidential conduct, highlighting significant moments that shaped contemporary US
political discourse.
- Foreign Policy Analysis: The book provides an insider view into how international crises like the
Gaza war and the US withdrawal from Afghanistan are handled at the highest level, revealing how
such decisions impact global geopolitics.
Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics
- International Relations: US foreign policy, withdrawal from Afghanistan, the Israel-Palestine
conflict, and US-Russia relations during the Ukraine war.
- Current Affairs: The evolving role of the US as a global power, implications of Biden's presidency,
and its influence on international crises.
- Political Science: Comparative analysis of presidential leadership between Trump and Biden.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Mission Creep: This term refers to a gradual shift in objectives during a military campaign, often
leading to an unplanned long-term commitment. Example: The US involvement in Afghanistan
expanded from eliminating Al-Qaeda to nation-building, making the mission harder to conclude.
- Eroding Leverage: This describes the diminishing influence or power of a country in international
affairs. Example: Despite being a superpower, the US could not fully control Israel’s actions in
Gaza, showing a decline in its global authority.

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Facts and Figures

- The US spent around 20 years in Afghanistan before withdrawing under the Biden administration
in 2021.
- The Gaza conflict remains one of the longest-running issues in the Middle East, with US-Israeli
relations playing a pivotal role in its dynamics.
To sum up, Bob Woodward’s book War sheds light on the internal workings of the US government during
critical international crises under both Trump and Biden. The article underscores how America’s global
power is being tested and its diplomatic influence is gradually waning, especially in complex situations like
Afghanistan and Gaza. This comprehensive review is important for understanding the challenges faced by
contemporary global superpowers.
Difficult Words and MEANINGS - Synonym - Antonyms
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Deference Polite submission or Respect, submission Disrespect, defiance
respect.
Expeditious Done with speed and Swift, prompt Slow, delayed
efficiency.
Debacle A sudden and Disaster, collapse Success, triumph
ignominious failure.
Inextricably In a way that is Indissolubly, Separably, loosely
impossible to inseparably
disentangle or separate.

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Dawn Article - 26th Amendment

Summary:
The editorial discusses the passing of the 26th Amendment by the Senate, which involves a new
constitutional package introduced by the ruling coalition. The bill, though a diluted version of earlier drafts,
has faced criticism, particularly regarding the new process for appointing judges to the Supreme Court.
While the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) boycotted the vote, they acknowledged that the final version of
the bill was better than expected. However, concerns remain that the government might misuse the
amendments to appoint favorable judges, which could lead to tension between the judiciary and the
government.
Overview
The article addresses the recent 26th Constitutional Amendment passed by the Senate, which introduces
changes in the appointment process for the Supreme Court’s chief justice and other judges. Initially met
with resistance, especially from the PTI, the final version has been described as a more acceptable, toned-
down proposal. Despite PTI's non-participation in the vote, its leaders recognized that the final bill was
improved compared to previous drafts. However, concerns are raised about the potential for political
misuse, especially in elevating judges favorable to the ruling coalition. The editorial suggests that the PTI
should have been more involved in providing constructive alternatives to ensure a fair process.
NOTES
- Pakistan Affairs: particularly in the context of constitutional changes, the balance of power
between the branches of government, and the political landscape of the country. The 26th
Constitutional Amendment involves crucial governance issues like judicial appointments, which
directly impact the functioning of the state and its institutions. Understanding these dynamics is
essential for Pakistan Affairs, as it deals with political, legal, and constitutional developments in
the country.
- Constitutional Law: The amendment touches on the judiciary's independence and the balance of
power between the executive and judicial branches.
- Current Affairs: The passage of the 26th Amendment, its political ramifications, and the ongoing
tensions between political factions, especially regarding judicial appointments.
- Political Science: The editorial highlights concerns about political influence on the judiciary and
the consequences of constitutional changes on the separation of powers.
Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics
- Constitutional Law: Amendments to the constitution, particularly judicial appointments and the
separation of powers.
- Current Affairs: Recent political developments in Pakistan, including constitutional reforms and
their implications for governance.
- Political Science: Power dynamics between the judiciary and the executive, and the impact of
political influence on the legal system.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Constitutional Amendment: A change or addition to a country's constitution. Example: The 26th
Amendment of Pakistan’s constitution deals with the process of appointing Supreme Court judges.

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- Judicial Independence: The concept that the judiciary should be independent of other branches of
government. Example: Ensuring that judges are appointed based on merit, not political influence,
helps maintain judicial independence.
Facts and Figure
- The 26th Constitutional Amendment includes 22 provisions, a significantly reduced number
compared to over 50 in earlier drafts.
- This amendment is aimed at reforming the process of appointing the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court and other senior judges in Pakistan.
TO WRAP UP, The 26th Constitutional Amendment is a significant development in Pakistan's political
landscape, potentially altering the balance of power between the executive and judiciary. While the
amendments have been accepted in a more diluted form, concerns about political misuse remain. The article
highlights the importance of political parties taking responsibility in shaping such critical reforms to ensure
a fair and transparent system, which is essential for maintaining judicial independence and public trust in
the legal system.
Difficult Words and MEANINGS - Synonym - Antonyms
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Endorsed To give support or Approved, sanctioned Rejected, opposed
approval.
Profuse Plentiful or excessive. Abundant, generous Scanty, insufficient
Contemptuous Showing disdain or Disrespectful, scornful Respectful, admiring
lack of respect.
Arbitrary Based on random Unreasonable, Rational, methodical
choice or personal whimsical
whim, rather than any
reason or system.

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Pakistan Observer Article - 26th Constitution amendment: A step

toward or away from democracy?
Summary:
The article discusses the 26th Constitutional Amendment passed by the Senate of Pakistan, marking a
significant legislative milestone. The amendment, passed by a slim margin, introduces key reforms related
to judicial appointments, regional representation, and term limits for the Chief Justice. Despite opposition,
including PTI's abstention from voting and claims of illegality, the bill aims to promote democratic
oversight and balance. It also introduces a Federal Constitutional Court to handle political disputes. The
true impact of the reforms will be determined by their implementation and adherence to democratic
principles.
Overview
Qamar Bashir’s article provides a detailed examination of the 26th Constitutional Amendment in Pakistan,
focusing on its implications for judicial independence, democratic representation, and accountability. The
amendment introduces reforms like creating a Federal Constitutional Court, limiting the Chief Justice's
term, and barring foreign nationality holders from judicial positions. These changes are compared with
practices in established democracies such as the U.S., Germany, and Canada, emphasizing that Pakistan’s
judiciary could benefit from enhanced regional representation and accountability. The article also highlights
political maneuvers, such as securing Maulana Fazlur Rehman's support, which played a critical role in the
bill’s passage.
NOTES
- Constitutional Law: The article is essential for understanding constitutional amendments in
Pakistan and their role in shaping judicial and political systems.
- Political Science: It highlights the interaction between the legislative process and political
maneuvering, which is relevant for understanding governance and institutional reforms.
- Pakistan Affairs: critical examination into Pakistan’s judiciary, constitutional history, and the
balance of power within the state.
Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics
- Constitutional Law: Amendments to the Constitution, judicial reforms, and separation of powers.
- Political Science: Democratic oversight, judicial appointments, and the balance of powers in a
political system.
- Pakistan Affairs: Political developments, constitutional reforms, and judicial independence in
Pakistan.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Judicial Independence: Refers to the separation of the judiciary from other branches of government
to ensure impartial decision-making. Example: Pakistan's reforms aim to limit political influence
over judicial appointments.
- Amendment: A change or addition to the Constitution. Example: The 26th Amendment modifies
judicial appointments and introduces a Federal Constitutional Court.
Facts and Figures:
- The 26th Constitutional Amendment passed the Senate with a margin of one vote.
- The amendment proposes establishing a Federal Constitutional Court to address political disputes.

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- Key changes include limiting the Chief Justice's term to three years while maintaining the
retirement age at 65.
- Judges from all provinces will be represented in the Constitutional Bench, promoting regional
representation.

In a nutshell, This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Pakistan’s 26th Constitutional Amendment,
exploring its potential to enhance judicial independence and democratic representation. While the
amendment introduces significant changes, its success will depend on transparent implementation and
adherence to democratic values. The comparison with established democracies sheds light on how these
reforms could shape Pakistan’s political and judicial landscape, but concerns about political interference
remain.
FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING
In Pakistan, the interplay between political developments, constitutional reforms, and judicial independence
is pivotal to the nation’s evolving democratic framework. Political shifts, such as changes in leadership,
elections, and military interventions, often prompt significant constitutional reforms aimed at recalibrating
the balance of power between the executive, legislature, and judiciary. Over time, key amendments, like
the 18th and 26th Constitutional Amendments, have sought to decentralize power, enhance democratic
accountability, and safeguard judicial independence. These reforms are not only responses to political
dynamics but also necessary steps to ensure the judiciary operates without undue influence, reinforcing the
rule of law. For instance, the 26th Amendment introduces provisions to limit the Chief Justice’s term and
establish a Federal Constitutional Court, fostering transparency and reducing political interference. Such
developments reflect Pakistan’s ongoing efforts to solidify democratic institutions, but their effectiveness
hinges on the commitment to upholding these principles in practice, ensuring the judiciary remains a pillar
of impartiality and justice amidst the country’s political transitions.

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Dawn Article - Economy'black hole

Summary:
The article discusses Pakistan’s economy and its growing debt burden, which creates a ‘ effect. Foreign
debt may temporarily stabilize the exchange rate, but without productive capacity and growth, it results in
long-term harm. Pakistan faces a significant trade deficit, with exports falling short of the required amount
to balance imports. Although remittances are helping, the country’s reliance on debt and remittances is
unsustainable. For a stable exchange rate and economy, the article emphasizes the need to boost exports
and reduce reliance on borrowing.
Overview
The article by Dr. Nadia Tahir highlights Pakistan's debt situation, likening it to a black hole that drains
resources without promoting productive growth. It critiques the overreliance on foreign debt and
remittances to stabilize the exchange rate, pointing out that these are temporary fixes rather than sustainable
solutions. The article examines recent data on imports, exports, and remittances, showing the challenges
Pakistan faces in balancing its trade. It stresses that without a focus on increasing exports, the country will
continue to struggle with debt repayment and maintaining a stable economy.
NOTES
- Economics: The article is highly relevant for understanding Pakistan’s debt crisis and its impact on
trade and economic stability.
- Current Affairs: It provides insights into Pakistan's recent economic performance, focusing on
imports, exports, and remittances.
- Pakistan Affairs: The discussion on economic policies and their long-term effects on the country’s
growth and stability is critical for CSS aspirants.
Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics
- Economics: Debt management, trade deficits, and sustainable growth.
- Pakistan Affairs: Contemporary economic issues, including debt reliance and trade imbalances.
- Current Affairs: The state of Pakistan's economy, remittances, and export strategies.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Trade Deficit: When a country imports more goods than it exports. Example: Pakistan's trade deficit
means it needs $22.1 billion to balance its trade.
- Remittances: Money sent by overseas workers to their home country. Example: Pakistan received
$5.94 billion in remittances, which helped stabilize the current account.
Facts and Figures
- Pakistan’s imports for 2023-24 stood at $53.2 billion, while exports were approximately $31.1
billion, leading to a significant trade deficit of $22.1 billion.
- In the first two months of 2024-25 (July-August), imports were recorded at $9.53 billion, while
exports amounted to $4.86 billion.
- Remittances during the same period reached $5.94 billion, helping Pakistan achieve a current
account surplus after years of deficit.
- Pakistan's external debt stock was 43% in June 2023, which declined to 34% in June 2024.
- The country requires an additional $25 billion in exports to repay its external debt obligations.
To sum up, This article presents a critical analysis of Pakistan's economic challenges, specifically focusing
on its dependency on foreign debt and remittances. While the current exchange rate and inflation levels
appear stable, the reliance on temporary solutions like borrowing is unsustainable in the long run. To ensure

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true economic stability, Pakistan must prioritize boosting its exports and productive capacity. Sustainable
growth can only be achieved through structural reforms that reduce the trade deficit and improve the
country’s self-reliance.

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The Express Tribune Article - 26th Amendment, why?

Summary:
The editorial discusses the 26th Constitutional Amendment in Pakistan, highlighting its impact on the
judiciary and governance. The amendment, introduced through a manipulated two-thirds majority, curtails
the powers of the judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court. Key changes include the reduction of the Chief
Justice's tenure to three years and the Prime Minister's power to appoint the next Chief Justice. The editorial
critiques the rushed process behind the amendment and raises concerns about its implications for
democracy, judicial independence, and fairness in governance.
Overview
The article sheds light on the controversial passage of the 26th Amendment, which alters Pakistan’s judicial
system. The amendment has stripped the judiciary of certain powers, such as suo motu authority, and
granted the Prime Minister the right to select the Chief Justice from the top three judges. Additionally, it
replaces the proposed Federal Constitutional Court with a constitutional bench and limits the amendment
to 22 clauses out of the initial 56. The article questions the need for such hurried changes and suggests that
political motives may be at play, undermining judicial independence and the spirit of the Constitution.
NOTES
- Constitutional Law: The 26th Amendment directly relates to the functioning of Pakistan’s judiciary
and the balance of power between government branches.
- Pakistan Affairs: The political dynamics behind the amendment and its implications on governance
are crucial to understanding contemporary political affairs in Pakistan.
- Current Affairs: This amendment is a key event in Pakistan’s ongoing struggle between the
judiciary and executive, with significant implications for democratic processes.
Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics
- Constitutional Law: Changes to judicial powers and the appointment of judges.
- Pakistan Affairs: Contemporary political events, constitutional amendments, and their effects on
governance.
- Current Affairs: Recent developments in the judiciary-executive relationship.
- Political Science: The amendment’s impact on democracy, judicial independence, and governance.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Judicial Power: Refers to the authority of courts to interpret and apply laws. Example: The Supreme
Court had suo motu power, meaning it could take up cases on its own without any party requesting
it.
- Amendment: A change or addition to a legal document, like the constitution. Example: The 26th
Amendment changed how the Chief Justice is appointed in Pakistan.
Facts and Figures
- The 26th Amendment limited itself to 22 clauses out of the initial 56 proposals.
- The tenure of the Chief Justice of Pakistan has been fixed at three years.
- The Prime Minister has gained the authority to appoint the Chief Justice from the top three senior
judges.

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To wrap up, The 26th Amendment is a landmark in Pakistan’s constitutional history, significantly impacting
the country’s judiciary and governance. While it has been passed into law, the amendment has raised serious
concerns about political overreach and the erosion of judicial independence. The rushed nature of its
introduction and the secrecy surrounding its provisions call into question the future of democracy and
fairness in Pakistan’s judicial system.

Difficult Words and Meaning

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Vibrancy Full of energy or Liveliness, dynamism Dullness, lethargy
enthusiasm.
Suo Motu A Latin term meaning Self-initiated, proactive Reactive, passive
"on its own motion,"
referring to when a
court takes action
without a formal
request.
Capitulation The act of surrendering Surrender, yielding Resistance, defiance
or giving in.
Veracity Conformity to facts; Truthfulness, Falseness, inaccuracy
accuracy. authenticity

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Dawn Article - From Conflict to Cooperation

Summary:
The article "From Conflict to Cooperation" provides a comprehensive analysis of the 29th Conference of
Parties (COP29), a pivotal moment in global climate diplomacy. As the world grapples with the intensifying
climate crisis, the article emphasizes the importance of enhancing Nationally Determined Contributions
(NDCs) and aligning them with the Global Stocktake (GST) from COP28 to accelerate climate action. It
highlights the urgent need for a transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy and stresses the importance
of international cooperation to mitigate the devastating effects of climate change.
The article points out that the upcoming COP29 serves as a critical juncture for world leaders to step up
their commitments towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While there has been progress in adopting
renewable energy, the global consumption of fossil fuels remains alarmingly high. The writer notes that
unless substantial and immediate actions are taken to reduce emissions, the world risks failing to meet the
targets set by the Paris Agreement, leading to severe environmental, social, and economic consequences.
A significant part of the article focuses on the challenges faced by developing nations, particularly Pakistan,
which remains vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Pakistan’s water availability has drastically
declined, and the country is grappling with food insecurity and climate-induced disasters, including floods
and droughts. These challenges, the article argues, are exacerbated by insufficient financial and
technological support from developed nations, which have a greater responsibility in addressing climate
change due to their historical emissions.
The writer underscores the critical role of developed countries in driving climate action. Aisha Khan argues
that wealthier nations must not only enhance their NDCs but also assist developing countries in managing
the effects of climate change through financial aid, technology transfer, and capacity-building initiatives.
Multilateral frameworks, such as the Global Stocktake, need to enforce transparency and accountability to
ensure that countries are meeting their climate targets.
The article strongly advocates for the rapid transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources,
emphasizing that this shift is not only a technical requirement but also a moral obligation. The continued
reliance on fossil fuels, the article explains, is a major contributor to climate change, responsible for 90%
of global emissions. The writer highlights the urgent need for investments in clean energy technologies and
energy efficiency measures to ensure a sustainable future.
At the heart of the article is the message of global cooperation. The writer stresses that climate change is a
collective problem that requires collective solutions. The transition to renewable energy, improved climate
policies, and enhanced cooperation between developed and developing nations are essential to mitigate the
global crisis. COP29, therefore, presents an opportunity for the global community to move from conflict
over responsibilities to cooperation for a sustainable future.
For CSS aspirants, this article provides critical evaluation into many important topics across the CSS
syllabus, including Environmental Science, International Relations, Pakistan Affairs, and Current Affairs.
The article is relevant to discussions on global governance, sustainable development, climate change
diplomacy, and Pakistan’s environmental challenges. Aspirants should focus on the implications of
international climate negotiations and the role of global conferences like COP29 in shaping future climate
policy. The article also touches upon key issues such as geopolitical tensions over climate action, equity in
climate finance, and the impacts of climate change on food and water security in Pakistan.

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The article "From Conflict to Cooperation" is a compelling call to action for world leaders ahead of COP29.
It urges political and economic powers to move beyond their differences and work towards shared solutions
that prioritize climate justice, sustainability, and global well-being. For Pakistan and other developing
countries, the conference represents a crucial opportunity to secure the support needed to adapt to and
mitigate the severe impacts of climate change. In the end, the success of COP29 will depend on the
willingness of nations to turn ambitious promises into concrete actions.
Overview
As the world heads towards COP29, discussions are centered on increasing commitments to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, improving energy efficiency, and phasing out fossil fuels. The article
underscores that despite progress in renewable energy, fossil fuel consumption remains dangerously high.
It also highlights the challenges faced by developing countries, including Pakistan, in managing water
scarcity, food insecurity, and climate-induced disasters. Aisha Khan stresses that meaningful action is
required from developed nations to lead the way, while multilateral frameworks must enforce transparency
and accountability.
Relevance to CSS Syllabus/Subjects
- Pakistan Affairs: Water scarcity, food insecurity, and climate challenges in Pakistan.
- Environmental Science: Transition from fossil fuels, global climate policies, and sustainable energy
solutions.
- International Relations: Multilateral negotiations and climate diplomacy.
- Current Affairs: Global governance and the role of international conferences in addressing climate
change.
Notes for Beginners
The article discusses the importance of international climate summits like COP29 in driving global efforts
to address climate change. The key takeaway is the need for countries, especially developed ones, to
transition away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy sources. The Global Stocktake (GST) is a
process that evaluates collective progress toward achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. The article
also touches on how climate change exacerbates issues like water scarcity and food insecurity in developing
nations, particularly Pakistan.
Facts and Figures
- 90% of global emissions come from fossil fuels.
- Pakistan’s water availability has decreased from 5,000m³ per capita to 906m³.
- Global water demand is projected to increase by 20-25% by 2050.
- Pakistan’s food insecurity is expected to rise from 40% to 60% by 2050.
To wrap up, The article provides a detailed analysis of the challenges and opportunities presented by
COP29. The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy is not just a technical necessity but a moral
imperative for global survival. The article urges political leaders to move from conflict to cooperation,
focusing on solutions that promote equity, justice, and environmental sustainability. The success of COP29
will depend on the commitment of nations to implement meaningful reforms and investments in
sustainable energy.

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Difficult Words and Meaning

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Quantified Goal A specific, measurable
target.
Troika A group of three
leading nations or
entities.
Cryosphere The frozen water part
of the Earth system.
Hydrometeorological Related to weather and
water, particularly
regarding disasters.
Watershed An area of land where
water collects and
drains into a common
outlet.
Transition Shift Stagnation
Scarcity Shortage Abundance
Integrity Honesty Corruption
Ambition Aspiration Apathy

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Pakistan Observer Article - CPEC Phase 2 and Befitting

Cultivation of Mushrooms: A Way Forward.
Summary:
The article "CPEC Phase 2 and Befitting Cultivation of Mushrooms: A Way Forward" discusses the
significant role of mushroom cultivation in Pakistan's agricultural growth under the second phase of the
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). As CPEC Phase-II begins, it presents immense potential for
hybrid agriculture and the cultivation of high-value crops like mushrooms. The article highlights the
economic benefits, including job creation, export opportunities, and poverty reduction. The writer
emphasizes the need for government support, training, and infrastructure to make mushroom cultivation a
key player in Pakistan's agricultural sector.
Overview
The author explains how Pakistan’s agriculture, employing over 60% of its population, can benefit from
focusing on crops like mushrooms, which have growing demand due to their nutritional value and culinary
use. CPEC Phase-II is expected to double productivity, opening new opportunities for cash crops like
mushrooms. Sun-Gold Farms, the country’s largest mushroom farm, showcases the potential of this crop.
However, challenges such as limited awareness, lack of training, and inadequate facilities still exist. The
article urges the government to promote local mushroom farming, facilitate loans, and collaborate with
Chinese agricultural technologies to boost the sector.
NOTES
This article provides detailed piece of information into many important topics from the CSS syllabus,
including Pakistan Affairs, Economics, and Agriculture. Aspirants can focus on how CPEC Phase-II is
linked to Pakistan’s economic growth through agricultural diversification and the importance of
international cooperation in improving local agriculture. It also covers the role of technological innovations
and strategic planning in enhancing Pakistan’s food security, making it relevant to International Relations
and Current Affairs.
Relevant CSS Subjects
- Pakistan Affairs (Economic growth, CPEC)
- Economics (Agricultural economy)
- Current Affairs (CPEC developments)
- Environmental Science (Hybrid agriculture, food security)
Notes for Beginners:
Mushroom cultivation refers to the growing of mushrooms, which are in high demand due to their health
benefits. CPEC Phase-II is an initiative between China and Pakistan that focuses on infrastructure and
agricultural development. Hybrid agriculture combines modern farming techniques with traditional
practices to improve efficiency and production. The article highlights how Pakistan’s agriculture sector can
benefit from focusing on cash crops like mushrooms, which can be exported and contribute to economic
growth.
Facts and Figures:
- Pakistan’s agricultural sector employs 62-64% of the population.
- The agricultural sector contributes 18.5% to 22.35% of the GDP.
- Sun-Gold Farms produces 3-4 tons of mushrooms daily, with an annual capacity of 2000-2500 tons.

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To sum up, The article underscores the potential of mushroom farming as a key contributor to Pakistan's
economy under CPEC Phase-II. It emphasizes the need for governmental support in training and
infrastructure to help local farmers tap into the growing global market for mushrooms. With collaboration
between Pakistan and China, especially through the use of advanced agricultural technologies, mushroom
cultivation could become a significant player in achieving food security and economic diversity.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Hybrid Agriculture A combination of
traditional and modern
agricultural practices.
Cashable Crops Crops that are
commercially valuable
and can generate profit.
Spawn Production The process of
producing material for
growing mushrooms.
Incentives Financial or other
motivations provided to
encourage a certain
activity.
Diversification Variety, Expansion Uniformity,
Specialization.
Eradication Elimination, Removal Persistence, Retention.
Culinary – Gastronomic, Non-food related
Cooking
Subsidize Honesty Penalize, Tax.

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Pakistan Observer - The Inauguration of New Gwadar

International Airport
Summary:
The article titled The Inauguration of New Gwadar International Airport highlights the symbolic and
strategic importance of the newly inaugurated airport in Gwadar under the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC). The event marks a new chapter in the deepening China-Pakistan relationship, reinforcing
both nations' long-term economic and geopolitical goals. The airport is set to play a critical role in boosting
trade, tourism, and connectivity, while transforming Gwadar into a major trade hub for the region. The
article emphasizes the mutual commitment of both countries to the success of CPEC, fostering regional
integration and long-term economic development.
Overview
The author outlines the strategic significance of the New Gwadar International Airport, inaugurated by
Chinese Premier Li Qiang and Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif. The airport serves as a key piece
of infrastructure within CPEC’s broader goals, which include regional connectivity, trade enhancement, and
economic growth. Positioned at the crossroads of the Middle East, South Asia, and Central Asia, the airport
is expected to play a pivotal role in global trade routes, linking China’s Xinjiang region to the Arabian Sea.
The article underscores the importance of CPEC as a lifeline for Pakistan’s economic ambitions, with
projects like the Gwadar airport showcasing the deep-rooted partnership between China and Pakistan.
NOTES
This article touches upon various CSS syllabus topics, particularly within Pakistan Affairs, International
Relations, Current Affairs, and Economics. For aspirants, the focus on CPEC’s role in fostering Pakistan’s
economic development and regional connectivity can be key points for essay writing. The mutual
cooperation between China and Pakistan under the Belt and Road Initiative also ties into the broader themes
of economic diplomacy and regional integration. Additionally, the article reflects on the significance of
infrastructure development for boosting trade and tourism, making it relevant for discussions on Economic
Development and International Trade.
Relevant CSS Subjects
1. Pakistan Affairs (Economic growth, CPEC’s role)
2. International Relations (China-Pakistan ties, BRI)
3. Current Affairs (Inauguration of Gwadar Airport)
4. Economics (Infrastructure, regional trade)
Notes for Beginners:
The inauguration of the New Gwadar International Airport represents a significant step in enhancing
Pakistan’s infrastructure under CPEC, an economic project involving China and Pakistan. The airport is
expected to boost trade and tourism in Gwadar, turning the region into a major commercial hub. CPEC is
part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, aimed at building infrastructure to connect different parts of the
world for trade and economic cooperation. The project will help reduce transport costs and open up new
opportunities for investment, making Gwadar and Pakistan vital to global trade routes.
Examples:
- The airport will enable larger cargo and passenger volumes to be handled in Gwadar.
- The relationship between China and Pakistan is often referred to as “higher than mountains and deeper
than the sea,” symbolizing their close ties.

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Facts and Figures:

- CPEC is a multi-billion-dollar infrastructure project launched in 2013.
- Pakistan’s economic growth is expected to benefit from reduced transportation costs due to CPEC’s
infrastructure projects.
- The New Gwadar International Airport will handle larger volumes of cargo, facilitating trade
between China, Pakistan, and the broader region.
To wrap up, The New Gwadar International Airport is more than a transportation hub; it stands as a symbol
of the deep-rooted friendship and strategic partnership between China and Pakistan. With its strategic
location and advanced infrastructure, the airport is expected to transform Gwadar into a key player in
regional trade and development. This project is a milestone in the ongoing CPEC initiative, reflecting both
nations' commitment to mutual growth and prosperity. As Pakistan and China continue to collaborate on
ambitious projects, the future holds vast potential for economic growth, regional integration, and enhanced
connectivity. The airport's inauguration marks the beginning of a new chapter in CPEC's story, promising a
brighter and more interconnected future for both countries and the region.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Strategic Partnership A long-term alliance Tactical, Calculated; Random, Unplanned.
between countries to
achieve economic or
political goals.
Inauguration The formal opening or Opening, Closure, Termination.
introduction of a Commencement
significant event or
project.
Belt and Road Initiative A global development
(BRI) strategy initiated by
China to enhance trade
and economic growth
through infrastructure
investments.
Regional Connectivity The linking of different
regions for improved
transportation, trade,
and communication.
All-weather Strategic A term used to describe
Cooperative the enduring, strong
Partnership relationship between
China and Pakistan.
Collaboration Cooperation, Competition, Rivalry.
Partnership
Prosperity Growth, Success Decline, Poverty.
Enduring Lasting, Persistent Temporary, Fleeting.

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The Express Tribune Article - Working towards a better future

Summary :
The article "Working towards a better future," explores the pressing need for policy changes in Pakistan to
ensure political stability and institutional cooperation. He emphasizes that while the solutions to the nation's
challenges are widely known, implementation remains the core issue. Masood advocates for adherence to
democratic norms, particularly in the selection of political leaders, urging parties to ensure genuine electoral
processes. He draws parallels with mature democracies, underscoring the importance of fostering a political
culture that values transparency and accountability, which are crucial for national stability and growth.
The article also highlights the pivotal role of women in politics and society, noting their contributions to
leadership and advocacy, while simultaneously stressing the need for enhanced safety and equality for
women in public life. Masood calls for a unified approach among political parties to address pressing issues
such as security threats from militant groups and the socioeconomic challenges faced by marginalized
regions like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. The writer concludes with an optimistic view that the
current political climate presents an opportunity for leaders to serve the nation effectively, thereby paving
the way for a brighter future.
Overview
Talat Masood’s article emphasizes the necessity for Pakistan's political parties to adhere to democratic
principles and improve governance through genuine elections and institutional cooperation. He discusses
the historical context of political dynasties and calls for a fresh perspective on leadership to address current
socio-political challenges. The article further highlights the significant contributions of women in politics
and the urgent need for gender equality. Lastly, Masood advocates for a collective political effort to enhance
national security and address regional disparities, urging leaders to capitalize on the current opportunities
for reform.
NOTES
- Importance of democratic norms in political leadership.
- Role of women in politics and their contributions to governance.
- The relationship between political stability and economic development.
- Current security challenges in Pakistan and their implications for governance.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Governance and Public Administration
- Political Science and International Relations
- Gender Studies
- Security
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Democracy: A system where leaders are elected by the people, as seen in Pakistan's electoral
processes.
- Gender Equality: The state of equal access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender,
illustrated by the increase in female parliamentarians in Pakistan.
- Security Threats: Issues such as terrorism that jeopardize a nation's safety; for instance, the
resurgence of groups like the TTP in Pakistan highlights ongoing security challenges.
Facts and Figures
- Over 20% of Pakistani parliamentarians are women, mostly occupying reserved seats.

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- Historical political families in Pakistan, such as the Bhuttos and Sharifs, mirror similar patterns
seen in countries like the US and India, showcasing the global trend of political dynasties.
To wrap up, article provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural and cultural shifts required for
Pakistan to navigate its complex political landscape. By emphasizing the importance of democratic integrity
and inclusive governance, he articulates a hopeful vision for the country's future, urging leaders and citizens
alike to actively participate in the pursuit of a more equitable and prosperous society. The themes of political
accountability and women's empowerment are particularly relevant as Pakistan strives for progress amidst
various challenges.
Difficult Words and Meanings
words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Abide to accept or act in comply Disobey
accordance with (a rule,
decision, or
recommendation).
Dynasty a line of hereditary lineage Individualism
rulers of a country.
Pragmatic dealing with things practical Idealistic
sensibly and
realistically.
Arm-twisting persuading someone to coercion Persuasion
do something by using
threats or pressure.

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The Express Tribune Article - BRICS Moment

The article BRICS Moment articulates the profound implications of the recent BRICS Summit held in
Kazan, Russia, heralded as a transformative juncture in global power dynamics. The summit is positioned
as a concerted effort to foster multilateralism and carve an alternative trajectory for emerging economies,
directly countering the hegemonic tendencies of the West. With Russian President Vladimir Putin at the
helm, flanked by influential leaders such as Xi Jinping, Narendra Modi, and Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the
assembly aims to dismantle the existing Western-dominated global order. Central to the agenda is the
establishment of a BRICS-led payment system intended to rival SWIFT, alongside addressing escalating
geopolitical tensions, particularly in the Middle East. This gathering is a significant challenge to the
prevailing financial structures, as it seeks to empower the Global South and reshape international economic
relations.
The article underscores the potential of BRICS to redefine global trade, given that the bloc comprises nearly
half of the world’s population and accounts for 42% of global GDP. As emerging economies unite to assert
their influence, the summit represents a pivotal step towards diminishing the West's control over
international finance and politics. However, the editorial warns against allowing China and Russia to
monopolize the narrative within the bloc, urging member states to strive for consensus on pressing issues
such as climate change and poverty alleviation. The successful navigation of these challenges could not
only elevate BRICS as a formidable player on the world stage but also signal a broader shift towards a
multipolar world order, where the dominance of Western powers is increasingly contested.
Overview
The article emphasizes the importance of the BRICS Summit in reshaping the global order. Russian
President Vladimir Putin, alongside leaders such as Xi Jinping, Narendra Modi, Recep Tayyip Erdogan,
and Cyril Ramaphosa, seeks to challenge the dominance of Western powers. The summit aims to address
the current geopolitical tensions and offer solutions for economic growth in the Global South. A key agenda
item is the creation of a BRICS-led payment system to counter Western financial dominance, particularly
the SWIFT system. With BRICS representing half of the world’s population and a significant share of global
GDP, the article suggests that the bloc has the potential to reshape international trade and financial systems.
However, it also cautions BRICS members against the perception that China and Russia dominate the bloc’s
agenda.
NOTES
This article is relevant for many CSS subjects, especially International Relations, Current Affairs, and
Political Science. It provides critical evaluation of shifting global power dynamics, the confrontation
between Western powers and emerging economies, and the role of multilateral institutions like BRICS. For
CSS aspirants, the discussion around BRICS' efforts to counter Western financial hegemony and promote
multilateralism can be key points in essays on global governance, economic diplomacy, and geopolitical
alliances. The role of emerging economies, the Global South, and the impact of regional conflicts such as
those in the Middle East can also be incorporated into discussions on International Political Economy and
Global Politics.
Relevant CSS Subjects
- International Relations (Global power dynamics, BRICS vs. Western powers)
- Current Affairs (BRICS Summit, geopolitical shifts)
- Political Science (Multilateralism, economic diplomacy)
- International Political Economy (BRICS-led financial systems)

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- Geopolitics (Middle East conflicts, global economic challenges)
Notes for Beginners:
The BRICS Summit, held in Russia, is seen as an important moment for countries like China, Russia, and
India as they come together to challenge the dominance of Western countries, particularly in terms of
economic policies. The BRICS countries want to create their own financial systems to reduce their
dependence on the West. The article mentions that the summit is also focused on finding ways to address
the conflicts happening in the Middle East. BRICS countries represent nearly half of the world's population
and have the potential to become major players in global trade and politics.
Examples:
- The creation of a BRICS payment system would allow member countries to trade without using Western
financial systems like SWIFT.
- Leaders from China, India, and Russia are working together to promote their interests and reduce the
influence of Western countries.
Facts and Figures:
- BRICS represents about half of the world’s population and holds a 42% share of the global GDP.
- The BRICS bloc includes countries like China, Russia, India, Brazil, and South Africa, and is
expanding its influence in global politics and economics.
- The BRICS Summit focused on creating a payment system to rival SWIFT, which is a financial
system controlled by Western countries.
To wrap up, The BRICS Summit marks a significant moment in global politics, as emerging economies
come together to challenge the dominance of the West. With leaders from powerful countries like China,
Russia, and India taking part, the summit is an important step towards creating a new global financial system
and addressing key geopolitical issues. As the bloc continues to grow in strength, its success will depend
on its ability to cooperate and avoid being dominated by any single country. This summit shows that BRICS
is serious about becoming a major force in world politics, with the potential to reshape
international relations and the global economy.
Difficult Words and Meanings
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Realpolitik A system of politics Pragmatism, Idealism, Romanticism.
based on practical and Practicality
material factors rather
than moral or
ideological
considerations.
Multilateralism The principle of Cooperation, Unilateralism,
participation by three or Collaboration Isolationism.
more parties, especially in
international relations.
Hegemony Dominance or control by one Dominance, Equality,
state or social group over Supremacy; Subordination.
others.
Revulsions A strong feeling of Disgust, Repugnance Approval.
repugnance or disgust.
Moot A meeting or assembly where Debate, Discussion Decision, Conclusion.
important discussions take
place, often used to describe a
debate or conference

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Dawn Article - IMF's estimate

Summary :
Discusses the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) economic growth projection of 3.2% for Pakistan,
which falls short of the government's 3.5% target for the current fiscal year. This projection is viewed as
optimistic against the backdrop of balance-of-payments constraints and contrasts with the World Bank and
Asian Development Bank's lower forecasts. While the economy shows signs of improvement—moderate
growth, declining inflation, and stabilizing exchange rates—these developments are attributed to cuts in
public spending and restrictive policies. The editorial emphasizes that without addressing structural
reforms, the temporary stabilization may not yield long-term benefits for the populace.
Overview
The article critiques the IMF's growth projections for Pakistan, labeling them overly optimistic given the
current economic challenges. It highlights the temporary improvements in the economy due to stringent
measures and cautions that such gains do not necessarily translate into benefits for the average citizen. The
piece underscores the need for Pakistan to focus on structural reforms to attract foreign investment and
improve productivity in agriculture and industry. Ultimately, the editorial stresses the importance of
addressing balance-of-payments issues before aiming for significant economic growth.
NOTES
- Understanding of IMF's role in Pakistan's economy and its projections.
- The relationship between economic growth forecasts and actual economic performance.
- Importance of structural reforms in achieving sustainable economic growth.
- Impact of government policies on economic indicators like inflation and exchange rates.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Economics
- Public Administration
- Governance
- International Relations
- Current Affairs
- Pakistan Affairs
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Economic Growth: An increase in the production of goods and services in a country over time, such
as Pakistan's expected growth rate of 3.2%.
- Inflation: A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money; for example,
Pakistan’s inflation rate is projected to decline to 9.5%.
- Balance of Payments: A statement that summarizes all economic transactions between residents of
a country and the rest of the world; essential for understanding a country's economic position.
Facts and Figures
- The IMF has projected Pakistan's growth rate to gradually improve to 4.5% by 2029.
- The World Bank and Asian Development Bank forecast a growth rate of 2.8%.
- Headline inflation is expected to decrease from 23.5% to 9.5% this year.
To wrap up, The editorial provides a critical analysis of the IMF's economic projections for Pakistan,
highlighting the complexities of the nation’s economic landscape. It serves as a reminder that while signs
of improvement are evident, they are fragile and dependent on sustainable reforms rather than temporary

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measures. The need for a comprehensive strategy to boost productivity and attract investment is crucial for
Pakistan's long-term economic health and the well-being of its citizens.
Difficult Words and Meanings
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Projection An estimate or forecast forecast hindsight
of a future situation
based on a study of
present trends.
Stabilizing To make or become steadying destabilizing
steady or constant.
Burden A heavy load or load relief
responsibility.
Adjustment A change made to modification stagnation
improve a situation or
to conform to new
conditions.

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The Express Tribune - India joins the murder club

Summary :
The article discusses serious allegations against India regarding extraterritorial violence, particularly in the
context of its diplomatic relations with Canada and the US. Following the assassination of Sikh activist
Hardeep Singh Nijjar in Canada, Indian diplomats are accused of orchestrating targeted killings and
intimidation against the Sikh diaspora. The claims are bolstered by statements from Canadian police
officials and further complicated by US allegations linking Indian officials to plots against Sikh separatists.
The article highlights a troubling trend of transnational repression and questions the implications of India's
aggressive foreign policy under Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Overview
The article critiques India's evolving foreign policy, especially under Prime Minister Modi, in light of grave
accusations of extraterritorial violence against the Sikh community abroad. It provides an analysis of the
diplomatic tensions between India and Canada, the implications of US investigations into Indian
intelligence operations, and the potential consequences of these actions on international relations. The
narrative underscores the ethical concerns surrounding state-sponsored violence and the risks posed to
global diplomatic norms.
NOTES

- Understanding the implications of extraterritorial violence on international relations.

- The role of state-sponsored actions in shaping foreign policy.
- The significance of human rights and international law in diplomatic practices.
- The impact of transnational repression on global stability and security.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- International Relations: The article discusses diplomatic tensions, which are crucial for
understanding international relations, particularly how nations interact based on legal and ethical
standards.
- Political Science: The allegations against India reflect the political strategies used by states to
suppress dissent and the implications for domestic and foreign policy.
- Human Rights: The article highlights serious human rights violations, making it relevant to studies
focusing on the protection of individual rights in international law.
- Current Affairs: This situation is a significant contemporary issue, reflecting ongoing global
dynamics and challenges that influence current events.
- Pakistan Affairs: India's alleged actions in Pakistan regarding targeted killings and influence
operations make this article relevant to understanding regional security dynamics.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Extraterritorial: Actions taken by a government that impact individuals or groups outside its
borders, such as India allegedly targeting Sikh activists in Canada.
- Repression: When a government suppresses dissent or opposition, as suggested by India’s alleged
actions against the Sikh diaspora.
- Allegation: A statement claiming wrongdoing, like the allegations made against Indian diplomats
regarding Nijjar's assassination.
- Coercion: Forcing someone to act against their will; for example, intimidation tactics used against
the Sikh community.
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Facts and Figures

- Hardeep Singh Nijjar was assassinated outside a gurdwara in Vancouver, Canada.
- Canadian police have accused Indian diplomats of involvement in multiple targeted killings and
coercive activities.
- Vikash Yadav, a former Indian intelligence official, was indicted for plotting to assassinate US
citizen Gurpatwant Singh Pannun.
- Indian intelligence officials have reportedly been involved in up to 20 targeted killings in Pakistan
since 2020.
To sum up, Article presents a critical examination of India's alleged extraterritorial actions, raising concerns
about the implications for international law and human rights. It highlights a disturbing trend in which a
democratic nation adopts tactics typically associated with authoritarian regimes, posing significant
challenges to global diplomacy. As allegations continue to unfold, the international community faces a
pivotal moment in addressing the ethics of state-sponsored violence and the importance of upholding
diplomatic norms. The evolving situation demands vigilance and a robust response to prevent the
normalization of such practices in international relations.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

Extraterritorial Outside the jurisdiction foreign domestic
of a particular nation;
occurring beyond a
state's borders.
Repression The act of subduing suppression liberation
someone or something
by force.
Allegation A claim or assertion accusation vindication
that someone has done
something illegal or
wrong, typically
without proof.
Coercion The practice of intimidation persuasion
persuading someone to
do something by using
force or threats

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The Nation Article - Obscure Criticism

Summary :
The article discusses the implications of the 26th Constitutional Amendment in Pakistan, highlighting
international criticisms regarding the judiciary's independence. It notes that while Pakistan's political parties
have historically lobbied international organizations for their agendas, foreign criticisms may not always
reflect objective analysis. The piece emphasizes that decisions about the judiciary are internal matters, and
compares Pakistan's judicial selection process to those in other countries. The author argues that external
critiques lacking recognition of Pakistan's sovereign rights to reform its governance should be deemed
irrelevant.
Overview
This article critiques international commentary on Pakistan's 26th Constitutional Amendment, asserting that
such criticisms often ignore the country's right to self-govern. It contextualizes the criticism within a
historical framework of political lobbying by Pakistani parties and underscores the uniqueness of each
country's judicial processes. The discussion highlights the importance of understanding sovereignty in
governance reforms and challenges the validity of external critiques regarding domestic legal matters.
NOTES
- Analyze the role of international organizations in domestic governance debates.
- Understand the significance of sovereignty in judicial reforms.
- Examine the relationship between political lobbying and international relations.
- Discuss the impact of international criticism on national governance
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Political Science: It addresses lobbying and its impact on governance, pertinent for studies on
political processes and power dynamics.
- Constitutional Law: The focus on the judiciary's structure and independence relates directly to
constitutional law studies and reforms.
- Current Affairs: The ongoing debates around the amendment are significant in the context of
Pakistan's political landscape.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Amendment: Refers to changes in laws, like how Pakistan is modifying its judiciary rules.
- Sovereignty: Represents a country's right to govern itself, as Pakistan asserts its independence in
judicial reforms.
- Critique: A review or assessment, such as international bodies evaluating Pakistan’s legal changes.
- Jurisdiction: The legal authority to govern, important for understanding how countries manage their
legal systems.
Facts and Figures
- The 26th Constitutional Amendment introduces changes to how judges are appointed in Pakistan.
- Previous instances of political lobbying by parties in Pakistan have involved international bodies
like the IMF and human rights organizations.
- International reactions often reflect varied judicial processes in different countries, such as lifetime
appointments in the U.S. and direct elections in Mexico.

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To wrap up, The article offers a critical perspective on international critiques of Pakistan's 26th
Constitutional Amendment, stressing the importance of acknowledging a nation's sovereign right to reform
its judiciary. It argues that foreign commentary should consider the unique context of each country's
governance and judicial processes. As Pakistan navigates its internal challenges, understanding the balance
between external opinions and sovereign decision-making becomes crucial for maintaining effective
governance and diplomacy.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

Amendment A change or addition to revision stagnation
a legal document, such
as a constitution.
Sovereignty The authority of a state autonomy subjugation
to govern itself without
external interference.
Critique A detailed analysis and evaluation praise
assessment of
something, often
involving criticism.
Jurisdiction The official power to authority powerlessness
make legal decisions
and judgments.

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Pakistan Observer Article - BRICS: A challenge to western global

hegemonism
Summary :
The article "BRICS: A challenge to western global hegemonism" critically examines into the pivotal
developments at the 16th BRICS summit, held in Kazan, Russia, from October 22, 2024. This summit,
attended by key leaders such as Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping, marks
a significant moment for the BRICS coalition, originally composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and
South Africa. With the recent inclusion of nations like Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE, and Pakistan
aspiring for membership, the BRICS alliance is evolving into a formidable bloc that seeks to counterbalance
the hegemonic tendencies of Western powers, particularly in light of the ongoing geopolitical tensions
fueled by the conflict in Ukraine.
At the heart of the discussions in Kazan is the urgent need for an alternative economic framework that
diminishes reliance on the US dollar. The article highlights the potential for a BRICS currency and a
dedollarization initiative, reflecting a collective desire among member states to reclaim economic
sovereignty. This ambition is not merely theoretical; it resonates deeply within the context of current global
dynamics, where Western unilateralism has often dictated terms that marginalize the interests of non-
Western nations. By proposing mechanisms such as BRICS Pay, an alternative to the Western SWIFT
system, the summit signifies a strategic pivot towards creating resilient economic structures that prioritize
cooperation over competition, thus fostering a sense of collective agency among emerging economies.
The implications of BRICS' evolving role extend beyond mere economic interests; they underscore a
broader geopolitical shift towards multipolarity. As the article notes, the failure of Western powers to
establish lasting peace in regions like the Middle East serves as a catalyst for countries to forge alliances
that offer greater security and cooperation. In this light, BRICS emerges not just as an economic consortium
but as a transformative force in international relations, capable of shaping global governance and fostering
a more equitable world order. The Kazan summit thus represents a clarion call for nations disenchanted
with Western dominance to unite and pursue a shared vision of stability and progress, positioning BRICS
as a beacon of hope for a more balanced and just global landscape.
Overview:
The article highlights the increasing relevance of BRICS as a collective force against Western unilateralism.
It outlines the discussions surrounding a potential BRICS currency and the dedollarization initiative,
indicating a growing desire among member states to reduce reliance on the US dollar in international
transactions. Furthermore, the summit brings together influential leaders from across the globe,
emphasizing the coalition's intent to create alternative global structures that address shared challenges. The
piece suggests that the failure of Western powers to foster peace in the Middle East has catalyzed the
necessity for BRICS to emerge as a stabilizing global actor.
NOTES
- BRICS Formation: Understanding the origins and expansion of BRICS is essential for grasping
contemporary international relations.
- Geopolitical Implications: Analyze how BRICS serves as a counterweight to Western dominance,
particularly in economic matters.
- Currency and Economic Strategies: Awareness of discussions around a BRICS currency and
dedollarization can inform students about global economic shifts.

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- Global Leadership Dynamics: Recognize the roles of key leaders, such as Putin and Xi Jinping, in
shaping BRICS’ agenda and influence.
This article relates to the following CSS syllabus topics:
- International Relations: The dynamics of global governance and emerging powers.
- Current Affairs: Ongoing geopolitical developments and their implications for global stability.
- Political Science: The influence of multilateral organizations in shaping international policy.
Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- BRICS: An economic bloc formed to promote cooperation among emerging economies. For
instance, the inclusion of new members like Iran and Egypt reflects its expanding influence.
- Dedollarization: Countries may seek alternatives to the dollar to safeguard their economies from
US sanctions. An example would be discussions on a shared BRICS currency.
- Unilateralism: Refers to actions taken by a country without consulting allies, which can lead to
global tensions. For example, the US’s decision to withdraw from international agreements can be
seen as unilateral.
Facts and Figures:
- BRICS Founding Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
- New Entrants: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE have recently joined, with Pakistan as a
candidate.
- Summit Attendance: The summit features 19 world leaders, highlighting its global significance.
To sum up, the article illustrates BRICS' emergence as a formidable player in global politics, countering
the prevailing Western hegemony. By advocating for a unified front among emerging economies, BRICS is
positioning itself as a key player in redefining international relations and economic systems. The summit
represents not only a platform for dialogue but also a strategic move towards creating a more balanced
global order that prioritizes collective interests over unilateral actions.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Hegemonism The political, dominance, supremacy. subordination, equality.
economic, or military
predominance of one
nation or group over
others.
Unilateralism The process of acting independent action, multilateralism,
independently without solo approach. collaborative action.
regard to the interests
or opinions of other
parties.
Dedollarization The process of currency dollarization, US dollar
reducing reliance on diversification, non- reliance.
the US dollar in dollar transactions.
international trade and
finance

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Pakistan Observer Article - Evolving democracy through

constitutional reforms
Summary :
The article Evolving Democracy through Constitutional Reforms provides a comprehensive exploration of
how Pakistan’s democratic evolution has been deeply intertwined with the amendments to its 1973
Constitution. The author traces the history of these amendments, starting with the First Amendment in 1974
during Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's tenure, which aimed to stabilize the country after the secession of East Pakistan.
Each amendment, whether enacted during democratic or authoritarian regimes, reflects the political
tensions and power dynamics of its time. Amendments in democratic periods often focused on
strengthening institutions, decentralizing power, and improving governance, while those introduced during
military rule concentrated power in the hands of the executive, often undermining the parliamentary system.
One of the central themes of the article is the constant tug of war between democracy and authoritarianism,
as illustrated by key amendments such as the Eighth Amendment in 1985 under General Zia-ul-Haq, which
shifted power to the presidency, and the Eighteenth Amendment in 2010, which restored much of the
original parliamentary structure and devolved power to the provinces. The author argues that these
constitutional changes have shaped Pakistan’s political landscape and continue to influence the country's
governance. Reforms introduced during democratic regimes aimed to bring accountability and reduce
executive overreach, while those introduced during military rule largely served to consolidate power within
the executive branch.
The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of future constitutional reforms that prioritize public
welfare, transparency, and democratic accountability. As Pakistan continues to face challenges of
governance, each constitutional amendment will play a crucial role in either strengthening or weakening
the fabric of its democracy. The most recent Twenty-sixth Amendment in 2024, which seeks to enhance
governance and provincial autonomy, is seen as a step in the right direction. However, the challenge lies in
ensuring that these reforms are sustained, equitable, and truly reflective of the people's aspirations. The
article calls for a continued commitment to constitutional evolution that fosters democratic growth and
national stability.
Overview:
This article provides a historical overview of important amendments to Pakistan's 1973 Constitution,
discussing how they have influenced the balance of power and governance. It explains the motivations
behind these amendments, particularly during democratic and authoritarian regimes. The article stresses the
need for future amendments to prioritize democratic strengthening and governance improvements.
NOTES :
- Constitutional Amendments: Understanding the 26 amendments to Pakistan’s 1973 Constitution is
important for both Pakistan Affairs and Constitutional Law.
- Democratic vs Authoritarian Reforms: Key distinction between amendments passed during
democratic versus military rule.
- Institutional Power Dynamics: How amendments have affected the judiciary, executive, and
legislative branches.
- Key Figures and Political Context: Importance of figures like Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, General Zia-ul-
Haq, Nawaz Sharif, and Musharraf in shaping these reforms.
- Recent Amendments: The significance of the Twenty-sixth Amendment in enhancing governance
and accountability in 2024.
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This article relates to the following CSS syllabus topics:

- Pakistan Affairs: Evolution of democracy in Pakistan and constitutional history.
- Constitutional Law: Amendments and their impact on the state structure, checks and balances.
- Political Science: Power dynamics in a parliamentary system, comparison of democratic and
authoritarian reforms.
- Current Affairs: Ongoing political reforms and their implications for governance in Pakistan.
Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Constitutional Amendment: A change or addition to the constitution. For example, the Eighth
Amendment in 1985 gave the president the power to dissolve the National Assembly.
- Balance of Power: The distribution of authority among the executive, judiciary, and legislative
branches. The Eighteenth Amendment in 2010 shifted power back to the parliament and provinces,
enhancing democratic governance.
- Authoritarian Regimes: Military or dictatorial rule that centralizes power. For instance, General
Zia-ul-Haq’s amendments strengthened presidential authority at the expense of parliament.
Facts and Figures:
- 1973 Constitution: A landmark legal document for Pakistan, outlining the structure of the state and
governance.
- 26 Amendments: Reflect the country's political evolution, including the Twenty-sixth Amendment
in 2024.
- Democratic Amendments: Focus on decentralization and enhancing public services, such as the
Eighteenth Amendment.
To wrap up, This article highlights the crucial role of constitutional reforms in shaping the democratic future
of Pakistan. The 26 amendments to the 1973 Constitution show a clear divide between efforts to empower
the people and attempts to centralize power in the executive branch. Going forward, amendments that
prioritize transparency, accountability, and provincial autonomy will be essential for Pakistan's progress
towards stable democratic governance.
Difficult Words and Meanings:
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Devolution The transfer of power decentralization, centralization,
to a lower level, delegation. concentration.
especially from central
government to local or
provincial government.
Consolidate To strengthen or fortify, secure. weaken, diminish.
reinforce (especially
power or position).
Equitable Fair and just, unbiased. unfair, biased.
impartial.

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Arab news article - Beyond the Headlines: Pakistan’s Economic

Realities
Summary:
In his piece, Vaqar Ahmed brings to life the depth of Pakistan’s economic challenges. juxtaposing short-
term achievements with deep-rooted, persistent challenges. Despite a favorable recent IMF assessment
indicating lower inflation and a modest uptick in growth, Pakistan’s economy remains trapped in a web of
structural obstacles. Growth, projected at just above 3% for the 2024-25 fiscal year, reflects the nation's
struggle to keep pace with its regional counterparts. While foreign exchange reserves may be increasing,
the country’s reliance on IMF bailouts to sustain basic economic functions hints at an underlying fragility.
The article underscores how government efforts towards stabilization are repeatedly undermined by an
absence of cohesion in policymaking, where departments lack a unified vision, creating fractured strategies
that work against each other.
In his analysis, Ahmed examines the subtleties of the barriers hindering Pakistan’s reforms. bringing forth
energy and tax as classic examples of bureaucratic discord. The energy sector is depicted as a theater of
misalignment, where various government agencies prescribe solutions in isolation, breeding inefficiency
instead of synergy. The tax system is portrayed as a formidable labyrinth, marked by opacity and a narrow
base that burdens compliant taxpayers. This complex tax structure not only limits revenue but also
encourages evasion and corruption, stifling business growth. The writer aptly compares Pakistan’s reform
efforts to a house of cards, vulnerable to collapse without solid foundations of institutional harmony and
robust technical capacity. Political interference, a recurrent theme, casts a shadow over evidence-based
policy, promoting short-term gains while jeopardizing sustainable economic progress
The article closes on a cautionary note, warning that Pakistan’s investment climate is an unforgiving terrain
for foreign investors. Unlike other economies actively fostering investor confidence, Pakistan’s approach
remains marred by policy inconsistency and a revolving door of officials, creating an unpredictable
environment. Such unpredictability forces potential investors to meet with multiple authorities, sometimes
even involving military officials, to gain assurances. Furthermore, Pakistan’s limited integration in global
trade and strained ties with neighbors, particularly India, compound its isolation from lucrative
opportunities. Without sweeping reforms to simplify tax and investment structures and bolster
interdepartmental collaboration, Ahmed warns, Pakistan risks missing the rare opportunity to capitalize on
its strategic location and large population, which could otherwise draw substantial foreign interest.
Overview:
Dr. Vaqar Ahmed examines Pakistan's economic struggles and the inefficacy of reforms despite repeated
IMF guidance. The challenges include political reluctance, technical shortcomings, and uncoordinated
policies, particularly in energy and tax management. He emphasizes the need for coherent policymaking
that transcends political cycles. The article suggests that, unless Pakistan adopts systematic reforms and
overhauls its tax and investment systems, its long-term growth prospects and international investment
climate will remain weak.
NOTES :
-
- Important Points:
- Pakistan’s recurring structural challenges in tax, energy, and trade sectors hinder growth.
- The article critiques government inefficiency and political barriers to reform implementation.
- Emphasizes the importance of a cohesive policy structure for sustainable economic growth.
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- Relevance to CSS Subjects/Topics:

- Pakistan Affairs: Insight into Pakistan's internal economic challenges.
- Current Affairs: Understanding IMF influence and regional investment.
- Economics: Analysis of structural reforms, fiscal policy, and investment climate.
Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Structural Challenges: Pakistan's economic issues are deeply ingrained, making them challenging
to fix. For instance, the tax system's complexity discourages new businesses, as it becomes costly
and time-consuming to comply.
- Investment Constraints: For foreign investors, Pakistan’s inconsistent tax policies and changing
civil servants create uncertainty. This can deter long-term investments, similar to how businesses
avoid high-risk ventures.
Facts and Figures:
- Growth is expected to be slightly above 3% in 2024-25, which is low compared to other nations.
- Pakistan has one of the narrowest tax bases in South Asia, increasing the burden on limited
taxpayers.
- Frequent changes in civil service hinder consistent policy implementation, affecting reforms.
To wrap up, The article emphasizes the urgent need for Pakistan to align its policymaking with economic
stability goals to attract foreign investment and build confidence among investors. Long-term growth will
only be achievable if reforms in taxation, energy, and trade sectors are systematically pursued, backed by
cohesive and transparent government policies.
Difficult Words and Meanings:
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Macroeconomic Overall steadiness of a Broad-based, overall Microeconomic
Stability country’s economy,
often with respect to
inflation, employment,
and growth.

Opaque Not transparent; Unclear, obscure Transparent

difficult to understand.
Repudiate To reject or refuse to Reject, renounce Accept, endorse
accept
Institutional Established processes
Mechanisms or systems within
organizations to guide
actions

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Pakistan Observer - SCO Summit: Key outcomes and future

prospects
Summary:
The recent Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit in Pakistan underscored the increasing
significance of the organization in promoting multilateral cooperation in Eurasia. The summit focused on
crucial areas such as regional security, economic collaboration, and energy partnerships, reflecting the need
to address shared challenges in a complex geopolitical environment. A key outcome of the summit was the
commitment to enhance cooperation in counterterrorism and regional security through the Regional Anti-
Terrorist Structure (RATS). Member states acknowledged the importance of stabilizing Afghanistan for
broader regional security and prioritized initiatives aimed at economic integration and infrastructure
development, particularly through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
In addition to security concerns, the summit emphasized the necessity of fostering economic resilience
among member states. Leaders discussed ways to improve intra-regional trade by reducing bureaucratic
and logistical barriers. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was highlighted as a flagship
project that demonstrates the benefits of large-scale infrastructure investments, potentially serving as a
model for other member countries. Energy security was another focal point, with discussions on enhancing
cooperation in energy trade and transitioning to renewable energy sources. The summit showcased
Pakistan's investments in solar and wind energy, emphasizing the need for a regional framework that
balances energy security with environmental sustainability.
The summit also addressed environmental challenges, particularly climate change, which poses significant
risks to member states. Pakistan advocated for cooperation in climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction,
focusing on initiatives such as reforestation and water management. By promoting a collective approach to
environmental issues, the SCO can develop climate-resilient infrastructure and address water scarcity
concerns. Overall, the summit reaffirmed the SCO's role as a platform for addressing diverse regional issues,
highlighting the commitment of member states to collaborate on security, economic development, and
environmental protection in the evolving global context.
Overview:
SCO summit articulates the organization's expanding role in fostering regional cooperation across security,
economic, and environmental dimensions. The emphasis on counterterrorism, economic integration through
the BRI, and collaboration in renewable energy showcases the multifaceted approach member states are
adopting to address current challenges. The discussions on climate change and environmental sustainability
further illustrate the SCO's commitment to creating a resilient future for its members amidst global
volatility.
NOTES
- The SCO summit reinforced the importance of regional cooperation in addressing security
challenges, economic resilience, and environmental sustainability.
- Important topics include counterterrorism, the Belt and Road Initiative, energy security, and climate
change adaptation.
- Understanding the dynamics of the SCO can enhance knowledge of international relations, regional
security frameworks, and economic development strategies relevant to CSS exams.
Relevance to CSS Subjects/Topics:
- International Relations: Analysis of the SCO's role in geopolitics and multilateralism.
- Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan's strategic initiatives within the SCO framework.
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- Current Affairs: Awareness of recent developments affecting regional stability and cooperation.

Notes for Beginners with Examples:

- Multilateral Cooperation: The SCO serves as a platform where multiple countries collaborate to
tackle shared security challenges, akin to a team working together to solve a problem.
- Climate Adaptation: Just as communities implement measures to prepare for natural disasters, SCO
countries can develop strategies to address the impacts of climate change collaboratively.
Facts and Figures:
- The SCO includes eight member states, focusing on regional security and economic collaboration.
- The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a significant project aimed at enhancing regional
connectivity.
- Recent discussions on energy cooperation emphasize the need for diversified energy sources and
the transition to renewable energy.
To wrap up, article emphasizes the SCO's vital role in addressing contemporary challenges faced by
member states, including security threats, economic vulnerabilities, and environmental issues. The
outcomes of the summit reflect a commitment to multilateral cooperation and regional resilience. As the
SCO continues to evolve, its potential to foster dialogue and collaboration among diverse nations will be
crucial in navigating the complexities of the modern geopolitical landscape.

Difficult Words and Meanings:

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Multilateral Involving multiple Cooperative Unilateral
countries or parties.
Resilience The ability to recover Toughness Fragility
quickly from
difficulties or adapt to
change.
Counterterrorism Activities aimed at Anti-terrorism Terrorism
preventing and
responding to
terrorism.
Adaptation The process of Adjustment Resistance
adjusting to new
conditions or
challenges.

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PAKISTAN Observer - China, Pakistan & Russia alliances and

India
Summary:
In the article "China, Pakistan & Russia alliances and India" by Dr. Akram Zaheer, the strategic significance
of the evolving relationship between Pakistan, China, and Russia is discussed. The author highlights how
South Asia's geopolitical landscape is shifting due to Pakistan's strategic location and its partnerships with
these major powers. Despite historical animosities, particularly between Pakistan and Russia, the current
dynamics favor collaboration in areas like defense, energy, and regional stability, particularly through
initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). This collaboration poses challenges for
India, which is wary of the strengthening ties among these nations.
The article further explains how the region's infrastructure development, including transportation and
renewable energy, is vital for economic growth and addressing socio-economic challenges. The integration
of modern infrastructure is deemed essential for enhancing trade and improving living standards. Moreover,
the importance of good governance and addressing issues like poverty, inequality, and political stability is
emphasized as critical for the region's sustainable development. The author suggests that cooperation
among regional countries and engagement with the international community is necessary to achieve these
goals.
Overall, Dr. Zaheer illustrates a complex interplay of historical alliances and contemporary interests,
emphasizing the need for collaboration in South Asia. The article touches upon sensitive issues like
Kashmir, the Pulwama crisis, and differing perspectives on international conflicts, underscoring the delicate
nature of Pakistan-Russia relations amid changing geopolitical realities.
Overview
Dr. Zaheer analyzes the strategic alliances forming between Pakistan, China, and Russia, contextualizing
their importance within South Asia's geopolitical landscape. The shifting dynamics signal a departure from
historical animosities toward cooperation in various sectors. He highlights infrastructure development as a
cornerstone for economic growth while advocating for improved governance and socio-economic equality.
NOTES :
- Geopolitical Alliances: Understand the strategic interests of Pakistan, China, and Russia, and how
they shape regional stability.
- Economic Infrastructure: Recognize the role of infrastructure in trade and economic development.
- Governance Issues: Be aware of the importance of governance, political stability, and socio-
economic issues in South Asia.
Relevance to CSS Syllabus
- Internatinal Relations
- Pakistan Affairs
- Current Affairs
- Economic Development
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Geopolitical Alliances: For instance, the partnership between Pakistan and China is exemplified by
the CPEC project, enhancing trade and economic ties.
- Economic Infrastructure: The construction of highways and railways is crucial for increasing trade
efficiency and supporting economic growth.

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- Good Governance: A government that effectively manages resources can lead to improved public
services, enhancing citizens' quality of life.
Facts and Figures
- Pakistan, China, and Russia are all nuclear-armed nations.
- The CPEC project is a significant part of China's Belt and Road Initiative, indicating substantial
investments in regional infrastructure.
To sum up, article provides a comprehensive view of the changing geopolitical landscape in South Asia,
focusing on the growing alliances among Pakistan, China, and Russia. It underscores the importance of
infrastructure development and good governance in achieving sustainable economic growth and regional
stability. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for CSS aspirants, especially in the context of
contemporary international relations and regional affairs.
Difficult Words and Meanings
Words Meaning Words Synonyms / Antonyms
Geopolitics The study of the effects Strategic Synonyms: tactical,
of geography on calculated;
international politics Antonyms: unplanned,
and international reckless.
relations.
Amicable Characterized by Cooperation Synonyms:
friendly goodwill; collaboration,
peaceful. partnership;
Antonyms: opposition,
conflict.

Divergence The process of Infrastructure Synonyms: framework,

developing differing system;
opinions or actions. Antonyms:
disorganization, chaos

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The Express Tribune - Israel’s Attack on Iran: What Next?

Summary :
The article "Israel’s Attack on Iran: What Next?" examines the recent Israeli military strikes against Iranian
targets, which marked a significant escalation in the ongoing tensions between Israel and Iran. These
targeted strikes, launched on October 25-26, avoided critical nuclear and oil facilities, reflecting a U.S.-
advised restraint. This conflict reflects Israel's objective to reassert its defense capabilities while curbing
Iranian influence in the region, which has strengthened through proxies like Hezbollah and Hamas. The
article further explains how this indirect approach, known as asymmetric warfare, potentially benefits Iran
in the long run due to its unconventional strategies, contrasting with Israel’s direct approach.
Overview
The Israeli assault on Iran avoided direct engagement with crucial infrastructure to prevent regional
destabilization. Israel, under Prime Minister Netanyahu, acted partly to address domestic pressures and
partly to deter Iran’s “Axis of Resistance.” Iran’s tactics include indirect asymmetric warfare through
regional allies, contrasting with Israel’s conventional military strategies. Drawing on theories by Ivan
Arreguin Toft and Clausewitz, the article suggests that weaker entities often prevail when using indirect
strategies. The analysis extends to Israeli defense systems, highlighting the challenges Iran would face in
direct conflict due to Israel’s advanced defense shield.
NOTES :
Article underscores the complexities of Middle Eastern geopolitics, highlighting theories such as
asymmetric warfare and strategic deterrence. It’s relevant for topics within International Relations, Defense
and Strategic Studies, and Political Science. The role of proxy wars and the concept of indirect strategic
engagement are essential themes here, useful for understanding modern conflict dynamics. Analyzing this
article can aid in grasping global power interplay, the impact of regional alliances, and the influence of
nuclear and military capabilities on diplomacy and warfare.
Relevance to CSS Subjects
- International Relations: Power dynamics, proxy wars, and U.S.-Israel-Iran relations.
- Current Affairs: Middle Eastern conflicts and geopolitical strategies.
- Strategic Studies: Asymmetric warfare and defense systems.
- Political Science: Theory of Strategic Interaction and Clausewitz’s "instrumental rationality."
Notes for Beginners with Examples :
Asymmetric warfare is like an underdog team using unexpected tactics against a stronger team. For
example, Iran's reliance on regional groups like Hezbollah to challenge Israel’s military power allows it to
exert pressure without direct engagement, avoiding Israel's strong defenses.
Facts and Figures
Israel’s defense includes a multi-tiered system with Iron Dome, Arrow 2, and Arrow 3, capable of
intercepting missiles up to 2,400 kilometers. Iran’s missile arsenal reportedly includes 3,000 missiles, but
sanctions have limited its conventional military strength, reinforcing its reliance on indirect strategies.

To wrap up, This analysis provides insight into Israel and Iran’s conflict through the lens of strategic theory,
revealing the effectiveness of indirect warfare. As Israel seeks to mitigate threats from Iranian proxies, the
tension showcases the fragile balance in Middle Eastern power dynamics, with significant implications for
global security.

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Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Asymmetric Warfare Warfare where a Guerrilla warfare, Symmetrical warfare
weaker opponent uses irregular warfare.
unconventional tactics
against a stronger
opponent.
Escalation An increase in the Intensification, De-escalation.
intensity or seriousness heightening.
of a situation.
Deterrence The act of preventing Prevention, Encouragement.
an action through fear discouragement.
of consequences.

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The Express Tribune - Indo-Pak ties: the illusion of diplomacy at

SCO Summit
Summary:
The article Indo-Pak ties: the illusion of diplomacy at SCO Summit by Gulab Umid discusses how recent
diplomatic interactions between India and Pakistan, particularly Indian Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar's
presence at the SCO summit in Pakistan, are not a sign of improved relations. Instead, the visit is portrayed
as a diplomatic formality, with India and Pakistan still maintaining fundamentally opposing stances on key
issues like Kashmir and strategic dominance in Central Asia.
Overview
India’s attendance at the SCO Summit is strategic, driven by its goals for Central Asian trade and countering
China’s influence. The article highlights that Pakistan’s refusal to allow India transit trade rights is
influenced by the unresolved Kashmir dispute and Pakistan’s ambitions in Central Asia. Additionally, India
leveraged the summit to challenge China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), reinforcing its stance on
Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Despite the absence of direct conflicts at the summit, both countries remain
entrenched in their positions, with limited prospects for genuine diplomatic progress.
NOTES :
- Strategic Relations: The article covers the tactical maneuvers in Indo-Pak relations, particularly at
international forums like the SCO, illustrating how both nations use diplomacy to assert
geopolitical influence rather than seeking resolution.
- Economic Influence: It emphasizes how economic ambitions (India’s Central Asia focus and
opposition to BRI) shape foreign policy, providing insights relevant to Pakistan’s economic strategy
and its foreign relations.
- Security Concerns: India’s non-compromising stance on Kashmir and Pakistan’s support for
Kashmir reflect core security interests, with regional stability implications relevant for Current
Affairs.
Relevant CSS Topics:
- Pakistan-India Relations: Key issues in bilateral relations and impacts on regional security.
- Foreign Policy: Understanding diplomacy and economic strategies within regional frameworks like
the SCO.
- Central Asia and Geopolitics: Trade routes and influence over Central Asia’s markets, relevant to
Pakistan Affairs.
- Belt and Road Initiative: Implications for regional trade and territorial claims, especially in Current
Affairs and International Relations.
Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Diplomatic Formalities: Diplomatic visits may seem productive, but they’re often symbolic without
leading to tangible changes. For example, India’s participation in SCO was obligatory rather than
indicative of any policy shift toward Pakistan.
- Economic Interests in Diplomacy: Countries use trade and economic policies to gain regional
influence. India’s interest in Central Asia and its stance against BRI showcase this.
Facts and Figures
- SCO Members: Includes Pakistan, India, China, and Central Asian states.

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- Belt and Road Initiative: A $1 trillion infrastructure project, with key routes passing through
contested areas.

In a nutshell, The article underscores that while diplomatic interactions like Jaishankar’s visit to Pakistan
may provide a momentary sense of engagement, the deep-seated issues between India and Pakistan are far
from resolved. With economic and strategic interests dictating both countries' actions, genuine dialogue
remains elusive, making events like the SCO summit more of a diplomatic façade than a stepping
stone for peace.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Thaw Reduction in tension or relaxation, easing tension, strain
improvement in
relations.
Entrenched Firmly established and ingrained, fixed; flexible, alterable.
unlikely to change.
Obligations Duties required by law
or tradition.
Concessions Compromises or
allowances made to
resolve disputes.

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Pakistan Observer - Geopolitics & geo-economics of BRICS: An

expert opinion
Summary
The 16th BRICS Summit, held in Kazan, Russia, brought together leaders, including Chinese President Xi
Jinping, amidst criticism from Western media. The article discusses the geopolitical and geo-economic
challenges faced by BRICS and emphasizes Xi's keynote speech, which highlighted cooperation, peace,
and sustainable development. It stresses the importance of solidarity among emerging economies and the
Global South while addressing the ongoing issues in Ukraine and Gaza. Xi proposed five goals for BRICS,
aimed at fostering innovation, green development, and people-to-people exchanges, which the article argues
will enhance BRICS' global influence.
Overview:
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the recent BRICS Summit and its implications for global
geopolitics and economics. It highlights the challenges posed by Western protectionism, the humanitarian
crises in Gaza, and the strategic vision outlined by Xi Jinping for BRICS' future. The author emphasizes
the need for equitable global governance and collaboration among member states to address pressing issues
and promote development.
NOTES
• Understand the role and significance of BRICS in the global political and economic landscape.
• Familiarize yourself with key concepts discussed in the summit, such as geo-economics, global
governance, and multilateralism.
• Analyze the impact of Xi Jinping's proposals on international relations and emerging economies.
• Explore the historical context of BRICS and its evolution as a collective force in international
politics.
Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus:
- International Relations
- Pakistan Affairs
- Current Affairs
- Global Governance
Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Hyping: Companies often hype their products to increase sales. For example, tech companies may
exaggerate the capabilities of their latest gadgets.
- Decoupling: In trade, countries may decouple their economies to reduce reliance on one another.
The U.S. and China have been seen to engage in decoupling recently.
- Civilizational: Civilizational dialogue promotes understanding among different cultures. An
example would be international conferences celebrating cultural diversity.
- Multilateralism: Multilateralism allows countries to collaborate on global issues like climate
change, as seen in international treaties.
Facts and Figures:
- BRICS countries collectively cover 31% of the global land area and 46% of the world's population.
- They account for 20% of global trade and approximately 40% of global energy reserves.
To wrap up, The article sheds light on the significance of the BRICS Summit in shaping global cooperation
and addressing pressing challenges. It reflects on the broader implications for emerging economies and the

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importance of a united front in tackling geopolitical issues. Xi Jinping's proposals for a collaborative future
could lead to meaningful changes in international relations, emphasizing justice, equity, and mutual
benefits among nations.

Difficult Words and Meanings:

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Hyping Exaggerating or Exaggerating, Downplaying,
promoting something, promoting minimizing
often in a misleading
way.
Decoupling The process of Disengagement, Integration, connection
separating or separation
disengaging, often in
an economic context.
Civilizational Pertaining to the Cultural, societal Primitive, uncivilized
culture and
development of a
society or civilization.
Multilateralism T he practice of Cooperative, collective Unilateralism,
multiple countries isolationism
working together on a
given issue.

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Dawn Article - Climate investment

Summary :
The article "Climate investment" discusses the urgent need for Pakistan to invest in climate change
adaptation and resilience in light of increasing extreme weather events. The author emphasizes that these
events threaten livelihoods, human lives, and economic progress, particularly in resource-scarce countries
like Pakistan. Investing in climate resilience is crucial for protecting vulnerable communities, maintaining
economic activity, and facilitating a transition to a low-carbon economy. The article presents evidence of
the profitability of climate adaptation investments, highlighting successful examples from low-income
countries.
Overview
Ajaz Ahmed outlines the detrimental impact of extreme weather events on economic output and the efforts
to eliminate poverty. He stresses that adaptation to climate change is not just a necessity but a priority for
governments globally. The article cites studies indicating a high return on investment for climate adaptation,
illustrating that every dollar spent can yield substantial savings in avoided losses and damages. Additionally,
it emphasizes the need for a climate-informed approach to investment decisions to enhance infrastructure
resilience and overall economic stability.
Relevance to CSS Exams Syllabus/Topics
- This article is relevant to several CSS subjects, including:
- Environmental Studies: Understanding the impact of climate change on ecosystems and economies.
- Current Affairs: Addressing contemporary global issues related to climate change and its socio-
economic effects.
- International Relations: Exploring the role of climate change in geopolitical stability and
development.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- The article highlights the importance of investing in climate resilience to protect both lives and
livelihoods.
- Example: By enhancing agricultural resilience, Pakistan can improve food security and economic
performance in the agriculture sector.
- It underscores that climate adaptation investments can be beneficial even in the absence of extreme
weather events, leading to better infrastructure and services for the population.
Facts and Figures
- The article cites a World Resources Institute study showing that for every dollar invested in climate
adaptation, the returns can range from $2 to $10.
- According to the 2024 Climate Resiliency Report, for every $1 invested, $6 is saved in avoided
losses and $7 in averted loss to the local economy, totaling a return of $13.
To sum up, Article emphasizes the critical need for Pakistan to invest in climate change adaptation and
resilience. The clear business case for such investments reflects not only a commitment to safeguarding
vulnerable communities but also a pathway toward sustainable economic development.
Difficult Words and Meanings
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Resilience The capacity to recover adaptability vulnerability
quickly from
difficulties
Averted Prevented or avoided prevented allowed
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Dawn Article - Internal politics, external global conflicts may put

economy in dire straits unless country focuses on foreign
investment
Summary:
In the first quarter of FY25, Pakistan saw improvement in its external sector, including goods exports and
remittances, resulting in a current account surplus and relative stability of the rupee. However, sustainability
of these gains remains uncertain, depending largely on achieving political stability and continuing support
from China, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. Pakistan has secured initial financial backing from the IMF and is
seeking additional funding from its climate resilience fund. With heavy external debt obligations, the
country relies on foreign support, while political and regional tensions, like the Middle East conflicts, could
disrupt trade and remittances. Finance Minister Aurangzeb outlined priorities of tax base expansion, energy
sector reform, and privatisation but cautioned that political polarisation may hinder progress.
Overview:
This article provides a detailed account of Pakistan's economic situation, examining recent achievements
in export and remittance growth while also addressing the substantial challenges the country faces in
sustaining these gains. Political instability, external debts, and global conflicts may impact Pakistan’s
progress, making foreign investments and political stability crucial for economic resilience. It discusses
Finance Minister Aurangzeb's approach to tackling the fiscal deficit through tax reform, energy reforms,
and attracting foreign investments.
NOTES
• Understand the impact of Pakistan’s current account status on its economic stability.
• Explore the significance of remittances and exports in balancing the economy.
• Familiarise yourself with Pakistan’s reliance on IMF loans and foreign assistance from nations like
China and Saudi Arabia.
• Evaluate the implications of political instability and global conflicts on Pakistan’s economic
progress.
• Learn about the challenges in expanding Pakistan’s tax base and the ongoing efforts to reform
energy and privatise state-owned enterprises.
Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus
- Current Affairs
- Pakistan Affairs
- International Relations
- Economic Development
- Public Administration (focus on tax reforms and privatisation)
Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Hyping: Companies often hype their products to create demand. For example, tech companies
sometimes exaggerate features to attract buyers.
- Decoupling: The U.S. and China have shown signs of economic decoupling in recent years, with
both reducing trade dependencies.
- Portfolio Investment: Investors diversify their funds globally through portfolio investments in
stocks, as seen when Pakistani investors purchase U.S. tech stocks.

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- Hybrid Government: Hybrid governments, combining civil and military leadership, are common in
transitional democracies.

Facts and Figures:

- Pakistan’s total external debt is approximately $90 billion, with $14-$15 billion in payments
required over three quarters of FY25.
- The IMF projected a growth rate of 3.2% for Pakistan's economy in FY25, while the SBP estimated
it between 2.5% and 3.5%.
- Pakistan has received $1.1 billion from the IMF and may receive up to $9 billion total over three
years if climate resilience funding is approved.

To wrap up, The article highlights Pakistan's efforts and challenges in stabilising its economy amid
significant internal and external pressures. Pakistan's fiscal strategy hinges on sustaining export growth,
securing foreign investment, and reforming sectors like tax and energy. The ongoing geopolitical tensions
and domestic political instability add complexity to achieving these economic goals.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Hyping Promoting or Exaggerating, Downplaying,
exaggerating promoting minimizing
something, often
misleadingly.
Decoupling Economic separation or Disengagement, Integration, linkage
disengagement between separation
two entities.
Portfolio Investment Investments in foreign Equity investment, Direct investment,
stocks, bonds, or assets, asset allocation operational investment
typically without
significant control.
Hybrid Government A government formed Mixed, combined Pure, singular
by both civilian and
military elements.

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Dawn Article - Gwadar Development

Summary :
The inauguration of the Gwadar International Airport, celebrated recently by Pakistani and Chinese
officials, symbolizes a key infrastructure advancement for the Gwadar port city. Expected to enhance
connectivity, this airport should facilitate domestic and international travel and improve disaster response
capabilities. Despite such developments, the residents of Gwadar struggle with social and economic
hardships due to lacking essential services and infrastructure. Many locals view these development projects
as superficial gestures, pointing out that, while facilities like the port and airport are built, the benefits have
yet to trickle down to the common people.
Overview
Gwadar, once envisioned as a central player in CPEC, is far behind on crucial social indicators. The article
discusses poor living conditions and lacking facilities: low immunization rates, limited school attendance,
poor housing, and restricted access to clean water and gas. The fishing community, representing the
backbone of Gwadar’s economy, lives at a subsistence level, with no pathways for substantial financial
improvement. Social issues like land monopolization, inadequate law enforcement, political alienation, and
external threats further undermine local confidence in the state. To truly benefit Gwadar, the writer suggests
a development approach aligned with the people’s needs, such as improving fishing infrastructure and
prioritizing local voices in governance.
NOTES
This article covers significant areas relevant to Pakistan’s economic development, social issues, and
governance. Key takeaways for CSS exams include:
- Understanding the development challenges in Gwadar under CPEC.
- Analyzing the socio-economic impact of inadequate infrastructure on the region.
- Recognizing the need for sustainable development that considers local preferences.
- Examining the interplay between external influences and local governance issues.
Relevance to CSS Subjects
- Pakistan Affairs: Gwadar’s development, CPEC’s role, and local socio-economic issues.
- Governance and Public Administration: Issues in local governance and administrative challenges.
- Current Affairs: Socio-political dynamics within Balochistan and the Gwadar development.
- International Relations: Pakistan-China collaboration in development projects under CPEC.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Development Stymied: Despite substantial investments in infrastructure, like the Gwadar port and
airport, basic living standards have not improved for the local population. For instance, essential
services, such as education and healthcare, remain inadequate.
- Subsistence Economy: Most Gwadar residents rely on fishing for survival, barely managing beyond
basic needs, with no savings or assets for economic growth.
- Monopolization of Land: Wealthy investors control large areas of land, sidelining locals who lack
financial resources.
Facts and Figures
- Only 21% of Gwadar’s children receive immunizations.
- Nearly half of the schools lack functional toilets.

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- Over 80% of Gwadar’s residents depend on alternative fuel sources, like firewood, due to limited
gas availability.

To wrap up, This article highlights the irony between Gwadar’s development and the well-being of its
residents. Gwadar’s people face unmet needs and social challenges despite extensive infrastructure
initiatives. True progress for Gwadar will require genuine local engagement, focusing on sustainable
livelihood improvements and addressing the socio-political concerns of its residents.
Difficult Words and Meanings
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Stymied Hindered or obstructed blocked, thwarted enabled, facilitated.
progress.
Subsistence Minimal resources sustenance, survival abundance, affluence.
needed for survival.
Monopolize To dominate or control estrangement, connection, unity.
exclusively. separation
Alienation Feeling of being
isolated or estranged.
Discord Conflict or
disagreement.

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Dawn Article - Illusion of Power

Summary :
The article "Illusion of Power" by Maleeha Lodhi critically examines the recent 26th Constitutional
Amendment in Pakistan, which grants the government authority to appoint the Chief Justice and establish
judicial benches, reducing the independence of the judiciary. Lodhi argues that this move undermines the
separation of powers, as well as the judiciary's role as an independent entity, and may have severe
repercussions on the rule of law and democratic institutions. Legal experts, civil society, and international
bodies have condemned the amendment for its haste, secrecy, and potential to curb judicial autonomy.
Overview
The government, led by PML-N, quickly passed the 26th Amendment under the claim of “parliamentary
supremacy,” aiming to exert control over the judiciary. This amendment allows a parliamentary committee
with government majority to appoint the Chief Justice and form judicial benches, compromising judicial
independence. Legal communities and international organizations, including the UN and the International
Commission of Jurists, criticized the amendment for enabling excessive political influence over judicial
appointments. Lodhi suggests that undermining democratic institutions in this manner could weaken the
government in the long term rather than securing it.
NOTES
This article highlights the importance of checks and balances, judicial independence, and the risks
associated with political interference in state institutions. For CSS aspirants, it reinforces the understanding
of separation of powers, the role of judiciary in democracy, and constitutional amendments' implications.
Lodhi’s analysis provides insights relevant for Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, and Law.
Relevance to CSS Syllabus/Subjects
- Current Affairs: Governance, judiciary reforms, and constitutional amendments.
- Pakistan Affairs: Role of judiciary, democracy, and political developments.
- Constitutional Law: Impact of constitutional amendments on judicial independence.
Notes for Beginners
The article explores how the 26th Amendment, granting the government power over judicial appointments,
limits judicial independence. This can weaken the judiciary’s ability to check the government’s power,
which is essential in a democracy. Lodhi’s article is a reminder of the historical and ongoing struggles in
Pakistan’s political landscape regarding the balance of power between institutions.
Facts and Figures
- The amendment passed with the required two-thirds majority in a few hours without prior debate.
- Legal organizations such as the Karachi Bar Association condemned the move as unconstitutional.
- International reactions included statements from the UN and the International Commission of
Jurists, highlighting global concerns over the judiciary's autonomy.
To sum up, The amendment has raised concerns about the future of judicial independence and democratic
processes in Pakistan. Lodhi’s perspective reflects the critical need for strong institutions that can operate
independently, free from political pressures. The article serves as a significant analysis for those studying
governance, legal systems, and political stability, emphasizing that genuine power and governance rely on
performance and legitimacy rather than control over institutions.

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Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Arrogate to claim or seize usurp, claim renounce, abdicate.
without justification.
Supersede to replace or set aside replace, overrule maintain, preserve.
as inferior
Strangled to hinder or obstruct – suppressed, hindered enabled, facilitated.
forcefully.
Machinations secret schemes or scheming, plotting sincerity, openness
cunning plans
Deliberations long and careful contemplation, impulse, rashness.
considerations or discussion
discussions.

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Pakistan Observer - Pakistan: National Interest and US Relations

Summary:
The article Pakistan: National Interest and US Relations" examines into Pakistan’s position in global
politics, especially concerning its relationships with major powers like the United States and China. Shauket
suggests that Pakistan should avoid aligning itself solely with either superpower, urging a foreign policy
grounded in Pakistan's national interest. He criticizes past approaches where Pakistan prioritized short-term
gains over long-term stability, often compromising sovereignty and becoming a "proxy" in others’ wars.
Now, he advocates for a balanced, self-respecting foreign policy with a focus on building economic strength
to establish Pakistan as a formidable, independent entity in international relations.
Overview
During a visit to Washington, Shauket was questioned about Pakistan's alignment with either the US or
China. Instead of choosing sides, he proposes that Pakistan should aspire to be an influential power in its
own right. While acknowledging Pakistan’s historical inclination towards the US, largely transactional due
to aid and alliances in proxy wars, he critiques this as short-sighted and damaging. With Pakistan’s growing
alliance with China through projects like CPEC, he warns against dependency on external powers, whether
they be the US or China. Shauket believes Pakistan's future lies in developing its economy and prioritizing
national interests to reset international relationships. He stresses that economic growth is the cornerstone
of a respected and balanced foreign policy.
NOTES
This article provides critically analysis into Pakistan’s foreign policy challenges, especially its strategic
relationships with global powers. It underscores themes of sovereignty, self-reliance, and economic
development as pivotal to foreign policy. For CSS/PMS aspirants, this article is relevant for understanding
Pakistan’s shifting foreign policy priorities and the need for economic independence. It is particularly useful
for Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, and International Relations, as it explores the dynamics between
Pakistan, the US, and China in the context of global power politics.
Relevance to CSS Syllabus/Subjects
- Current Affairs: Pakistan’s foreign policy, strategic partnerships, and economic diplomacy.
- Pakistan Affairs: National interest, sovereignty, and the impact of foreign relations on Pakistan’s
stability.
- International Relations: Balance of power, regional security dynamics, and dependency theories.
Notes for Beginners
This article critiques Pakistan’s historical approach to foreign alliances, describing how the country has
frequently “sold” its national interests in exchange for foreign aid. It emphasizes that Pakistan has often
acted as a “proxy” for larger powers, particularly the US, during conflicts. The author suggests a shift
toward economic independence and self-reliance, advocating that Pakistan establish relations based on its
long-term national interest rather than temporary financial aid.
Facts and Figures
- Pakistan is the world’s 5th largest country by population.
- The 23rd largest economy by GDP-PPP.
- Holds the 6th largest military.
- Is one of nine nuclear powers.
- The automotive sector in Pakistan ranks as the 15th largest globally and is rapidly expanding.

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To sum up, The article by Imran Shauket emphasizes the importance of Pakistan re-evaluating its
relationships with global powers, particularly the US and China, through a lens of national interest and
economic strength. He believes that Pakistan should move away from reliance on foreign aid and focus on
building internal capabilities to ensure long-term stability and influence. Shauket’s insights offer valuable
lessons in foreign policy strategy, advocating for a self-respecting, economically driven approach that can
establish Pakistan as a regional power capable of shaping global alliances rather than
merely following them.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Transactional based on exchanges or – exchange-based, unconditional, selfless.
agreements. reciprocal
Mercenary working for personal – self-serving, profit- loyal, altruistic.
profit without oriented
consideration of
loyalty.
Proxy a representative or substitute, principal, direct.
agent for another, representative
especially in conflict.
Tranche a portion or slice of portion, installment whole, entirety.
funds, particularly in
finance.

Humbug deceptive or insincere – deception, fraud truth, sincerity.

behavior.

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Dawn Article - Is Middle Eastern escalation inevitable?

Summary
The article "Is Middle Eastern escalation inevitable?" analyzes the recent Israeli military strikes on Iran,
emphasizing the limited scale of the attacks and the potential for significant retaliation from Iran. Following
a series of retaliatory measures taken by Iran in response to prior Israeli actions, the situation has escalated
to a point where the writer warns of a looming disaster. The U.S. is also mentioned as a player in this
dynamic, as it bolsters its military presence in the region while claiming to not have directly participated in
the Israeli strikes.
In the context of the ongoing violence in Gaza, the article critiques the inaction of influential global powers
that could intervene to de-escalate the situation. It highlights the growing humanitarian crisis in Gaza, where
civilian casualties are mounting, and calls into question the moral authority of a military claiming to be "the
most moral" amidst such devastation. The author stresses that if Iran's threats materialize, the conflict could
have severe consequences not only for the Middle East but for global stability and the world economy.
This article is relevant to topics in International Relations and Current Affairs. It sheds light on the intricate
dynamics of military conflicts and the geopolitical landscape, illustrating how regional tensions can escalate
into broader crises with far-reaching implications. Understanding the strategic motivations of countries
involved provides essential context for analysis of international conflicts.
Overview
Abbas Nasir outlines the complex geopolitical dynamics at play in the Middle East, particularly focusing
on the ongoing tensions between Israel and Iran. He emphasizes the potential consequences of an expanded
conflict, including threats to US interests in the region and a devastating impact on oil infrastructure, which
could reverberate across the global economy. The article calls for a more active role from international
powers to prevent further escalation and address the humanitarian crisis facing Palestinians.
Relevance to CSS Exams Syllabus/Topics
- This article is pertinent to several CSS subjects, including:
- International Relations: Understanding the geopolitical implications of military conflicts.
- Current Affairs: Analyzing contemporary global issues, particularly those involving conflict and
humanitarian crises.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- The article underscores the necessity of understanding the causes and consequences of military
actions in global affairs.
- Example: The tension between Iran and Israel showcases how actions by one state can provoke a
series of retaliatory measures from another.
- It illustrates the humanitarian impact of military conflicts, as seen in Gaza, where civilian lives are
at stake.
Facts and Figures
- The article notes the mounting civilian casualties in Gaza, highlighting the urgent need for conflict
resolution.
- It references the scale of military capabilities of Israel and Iran, indicating the potential for a large-
scale conflict.

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In conclusion, Article provides a critical examination of the escalating violence in the Middle East, urging
the need for diplomatic efforts to address the humanitarian crisis while navigating the complexities of
regional power dynamics. The piece is a reminder of how closely intertwined military actions and global
stability are, and the importance of proactive engagement by the international community.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Acolyte Follower or assistant disciple Adversary
Retaliation The act of responding revenge Forgiveness
to an attack
Pogrom An organized massacre massacre Protection

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Dawn Article - Remaking of the Middle East

Summary
In "Remaking of the Middle East," discusses the plight of Palestinians, emphasizing their lack of a sovereign
state and the dire conditions they face under Israeli control. The article explores the historical context of
Palestinian statehood, including international recognition and the ongoing conflict. Aqil highlights the
international community's inability to effect change, critiquing Western support for Israel amid widespread
violence against Palestinians. He argues that the ongoing crisis is a product of systemic power imbalances
and calls for a reevaluation of international responses to the conflict.
Overview
The article presents a detailed account of the Palestinian situation, tracing its historical roots from the
establishment of Israel in 1948 to recent escalations in violence. Aqil outlines the failure of peace processes
and the impact of Israeli settlements on Palestinian territories. He notes the significant international support
for Palestinian statehood but emphasizes the gap between recognition and actual sovereignty. The piece
concludes with a stark warning about the consequences of ignoring the realities on the ground, invoking a
sense of urgency for change.
NOTES
1. Key Themes: Palestinian statehood, international law, Middle Eastern politics, humanitarian crises,
global diplomacy.
2. Arguments:
a. The ongoing power imbalance contributes to humanitarian crises in Palestine.
b. International support for Israel undermines Palestinian aspirations for statehood.
c. Historical grievances and recent conflicts must be addressed to move towards peace.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- International Relations: Analysis of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and its global
implications.
- Current Affairs: Examination of recent developments in the Middle East and international
responses.
- Political Science: Study of power dynamics and statehood issues in conflict zones.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Palestinian Statehood: The concept refers to the recognition and establishment of Palestine
as an independent nation. For example, despite recognition by many countries, Palestine
lacks full UN membership and sovereignty.
- Humanitarian Crises: Situations where human well-being is threatened, such as the
ongoing violence in Gaza leading to severe living conditions for its residents.
Facts and Figures
- As of June 2024, 146 of 193 UN member states recognize Palestine as a sovereign state.
- The article references over 50,000 Palestinian deaths due to recent conflicts, emphasizing
the severity of the humanitarian crisis.
To wrap up, Tariq Aqil’s article sheds light on the tragic reality of the Palestinian struggle for statehood
amid international indifference and systemic oppression. It serves as a call to action for the global
community to recognize and address the injustices faced by Palestinians. The historical context and ongoing
violence highlight the urgent need for a renewed commitment to peace and justice in the region.

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Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Sovereign Having supreme power independent, dependent, subordinate
or authority; autonomous
independent.
Ghetto A part of a city where slum, enclave affluent area, suburb
members of a minority
group live, often in
poor conditions.
Humiliating Causing someone to blatant, conspicuous subtle, inconspicuous
feel ashamed or
embarrassed.
Flagrant Shockingly noticeable
or evident; obvious.

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Dawn Article - Imbalance of Power

Summary
In "Imbalance of Power," discusses the essential nature of power in political systems, emphasizing the need
for a balanced distribution to prevent chaos and ensure stability. He critiques the concentration of power in
Pakistan, particularly during the last two years under the PML-N and PPP governments, arguing that this
has led to a loss of local governance and autonomy for provinces. Murtaza highlights the importance of a
free judiciary and the dangers of power being concentrated in an omnipotent executive, warning that such
imbalances can lead to social unrest and violence.
Overview
Dr. Murtaza elaborates on the historical context of power dynamics in Pakistan, noting the regressions from
the advancements made between 2008 and 2018. He asserts that the current centralization of power
undermines democratic institutions and local governance, leading to discontent and potential upheaval. The
article advocates for a merit-based judicial system free from executive interference, emphasizing the need
for checks and balances to maintain legitimacy in governance.
NOTES
1. Key Themes: Power dynamics, governance, judicial independence, local governance, political
legitimacy.
2. Arguments:
a. The centralization of power is detrimental to democracy and social stability.
b. A free judiciary is crucial for protecting democratic rights and ensuring fair trials.
c. The current political climate in Pakistan risks escalating social unrest due to power
imbalances.
Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus
- Political Science: Understanding power dynamics and their implications for governance.
- Current Affairs: Analysis of Pakistan's political landscape and recent developments in
governance.
- Constitutional Law: Examination of the role of the judiciary and the impact of political
decisions on legal independence.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Power Dynamics: The way power is distributed and exercised in a society. For example, in
a democratic setup, power should ideally be shared among various branches of
government.
- Judicial Independence: The concept that the judiciary should be independent from the other
branches of government. For instance, judges should make decisions based solely on law,
free from executive influence.
Facts and Figures
- The article references the political landscape changes in Pakistan from 2008 to 2018,
highlighting the progress made and subsequent regression.
- The discussion includes the impact of the 18th Amendment, which aimed to devolve power
to provinces but has seen setbacks.
Final words - Important reminder of the importance of maintaining a balanced power structure in Pakistan
to foster democracy and social stability. The current concentration of power presents significant risks that

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could lead to civil unrest if not addressed through reforms that promote legitimacy, transparency, and
judicial independence.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Illegitimate Not authorized by law unlawful, illegal legitimate, lawful
or rules; unlawful.
Omnipotent Having unlimited all-powerful, supreme powerless, weak
power; able to do
anything.
Autarkic Self-sufficient; not self-sufficient, dependent, reliant
reliant on others. independent
Dissension Disagreement that leads
to discord.

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Dawn Article - Regional trade

Summary
The editorial "Regional trade" emphasizes the importance of enhancing trade relations in South Asia,
particularly between Pakistan and its neighboring countries. Finance Minister Muhammad Aurangzeb
highlights that neglecting trade with neighbors is illogical, citing the minimal regional commerce and the
strained relationship with India as significant obstacles. He advocates for improved trade ties, which could
lead to better bilateral relations and economic growth. The editorial calls for a collective effort from various
stakeholders in Pakistan to normalize trade relations, particularly with India, while underscoring the
potential benefits of economic interdependence.
Overview
The article discusses Finance Minister Muhammad Aurangzeb's comments on the need for Pakistan to
engage more actively in regional trade, especially with India, Afghanistan, and Iran. While acknowledging
the political complexities, he points out that trade can bridge gaps and foster better relationships among
countries. The editorial reflects on the historical context of Pakistan's trade relations, particularly with India,
which have been adversely affected by political tensions. The minister's statements align with the ruling
PML-N's pro-business stance, advocating for a normalization of trade ties as a means to enhance economic
prospects for Pakistan.
NOTES
Critical analysis of Pakistan's trade policies and the geopolitical factors influencing them. For CSS/PMS
aspirants, it provides insights into the economic dimensions of foreign policy and the importance of regional
cooperation. The editorial is relevant for topics such as Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, and International
Relations, as it examines trade as a tool for diplomacy and conflict resolution.
Relevance to CSS Syllabus/Subjects
- Current Affairs: Regional trade dynamics, economic policies, and international relations.
- Pakistan Affairs: Trade relations with neighboring countries, economic growth strategies,
and political influences on trade.
- International Relations: Economic diplomacy, bilateral trade agreements, and the impact
of political relations on commerce.
Notes for Beginners
The article highlights that Pakistan has historically struggled with establishing effective trade relations with
neighboring countries, particularly India. Despite the government's willingness to enhance trade, historical
and political tensions have often hindered progress. The author suggests that by prioritizing trade, Pakistan
could not only boost its economy but also foster better political relationships. For instance, resuming trade
with India could provide Pakistani businesses with access to a larger market, while India could use Pakistan
as a transit route to Central Asian markets.
Facts and Figures
- South Asia is one of the least integrated regions globally regarding trade.
- Pakistan's trade relations with India were significantly affected after 2019 due to political
conflicts.
- The current cross-border trade between Pakistan and India is limited but includes some
smuggling and indirect trade through third countries.

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In a nutshell, The editorial underscores the need for Pakistan to prioritize regional trade as a means to
enhance economic stability and improve bilateral relations with neighboring countries, especially India. It
advocates for the involvement of all stakeholders to work towards normalizing trade ties, highlighting that
successful economic partnerships can lead to reduced tensions and greater cooperation. The insights
presented in this article serve as a reminder of the potential benefits of prioritizing economic
interdependence and collaboration in South Asia.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Negligible so small or unimportant insignificant significant
as to be not worth
considering.

Geopolitical relating to politics, international local

especially international
relations, as influenced
by geographical
factors.
Commerce the activity of buying trade barter
and selling, especially
on a large scale.
Stakeholders individuals or groups participants outsiders
that have an interest in
a particular issue or
organization.
Interdependence the dependence of two mutual reliance independence
or more people or
things on each other.

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Pakistan Observer Article - China, Pakistan & Russia alliances

and India
Summary:
The article explores the evolving alliances between China, Pakistan, and Russia within the context of South
Asian geopolitics. It highlights Pakistan's strategic location and its historical relationship with Russia,
which has shifted towards collaboration amid changing global dynamics. The piece emphasizes the
significance of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and how it positions Russia as a key player
in the region, especially in light of India's concerns about these alliances. The author underscores the need
for infrastructure development, renewable energy, and poverty alleviation in South Asia, concluding with
the complex interplay of regional dynamics and historical relations influencing current geopolitics.
Overview
Dr. Akram Zaheer discusses how Asia's strategic landscape offers opportunities for global powers,
particularly focusing on the China-Pakistan-Russia alliance. The article delves into historical enmities and
current strategic partnerships, illustrating how these nations can leverage their strengths for mutual benefit.
The author examines the implications of these relationships for India and the broader geopolitical landscape
of South Asia.
NOTES
1. Understand the historical context of Pakistan-Russia relations and how geopolitical shifts have
influenced current dynamics.
2. Analyze the role of CPEC in enhancing economic ties and regional cooperation.
3. Evaluate India's position in response to these alliances and its strategies for strengthening its own
geopolitical influence.
4. Recognize the importance of infrastructure development in driving economic growth in South Asia.
5. Explore the implications of renewable energy initiatives and water management in addressing
regional challenges.
Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus
- International Relations
- Pakistan Affairs
- Current Affairs
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Geopolitics is crucial in understanding how countries interact based on their geographical locations.
For instance, Pakistan's location makes it a strategic partner for both China and Russia.
2. The term "amicable" describes a friendly relationship, as seen in the developing ties between
Pakistan and Russia, which were historically distant.
3. Strategic alliances, like those formed between China, Pakistan, and Russia, illustrate how nations
cooperate for mutual benefit, especially in terms of security and economic interests.
Facts and Figures:
- China, Pakistan, and Russia are all nuclear-armed nations.
- The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has attracted significant investment aimed
at enhancing trade routes and economic growth.

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To sum up, The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the strategic alliances forming in South Asia,
particularly the emerging partnership between China, Pakistan, and Russia. It highlights the historical
context and contemporary implications of these relationships while addressing the potential challenges
posed by India. The emphasis on infrastructure development and renewable energy illustrates the region's
need for sustainable growth and regional cooperation in an increasingly multipolar world. Understanding
these dynamics is essential for aspirants, as it covers important aspects of international relations and
Pakistan affairs.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Geopolitics The study of the effects political geography isolationism
of geography on
international politics
and international
relations.
Amicable Characterized by friendly hostile
friendliness and
absence of discord.
Eurasian Economic A political and
Union (EEU) economic union of
states located in central
and northern Asia and
Eastern Europe.
Multilateral Involving more than
two nations or parties.

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The Express Tribune Article - Towards a multi-polar world: can

BRICS, SCO serve as catalyst?
Summary:
This article discusses the recent BRICS and SCO summits in October 2024, where both organizations
highlighted the pursuit of a multipolar world order as a counterbalance to the US-led global structure. With
leaders like Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasizing their vision of
a multipolar world, the article examines how the combined influence of BRICS and SCO could reshape
international power dynamics. The inclusion of new BRICS members such as Iran, UAE, and Saudi Arabia
strengthens this alliance, showcasing the potential of the Global South to redefine global leadership away
from Western dominance. The article further explores the strategic importance of these alliances, including
their economic, security, and connectivity goals.
Overview
Dr. Moonis Ahmar provides insight into the strategic motivations behind BRICS and SCO's pursuit of a
multipolar world order. The summits revealed a collective intent among member nations to challenge
Western dominance, particularly in the economic and geopolitical spheres. The article highlights that, while
Russia and China spearhead this movement, other BRICS and SCO members also hold ambitions to
counterbalance Western influence. Additionally, it discusses how ongoing global conflicts, such as the war
in Ukraine, amplify the urgency for these countries to collaborate toward a more balanced world order.
NOTES
1. Analyze the historical context and purpose of BRICS and SCO as platforms for international
cooperation.
2. Understand the concept of multipolarity and how BRICS and SCO aim to counteract the US-led
order.
3. Examine the strategic goals of BRICS and SCO in promoting regional security, economic
development, and connectivity.
4. Recognize the potential implications of expanding BRICS to include countries from the Global
South.
5. Explore the economic and geopolitical impact of BRICS and SCO’s challenges to Western
hegemony.
Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus
- International Relations
- Pakistan Affairs
- Current Affairs
- Global Politics
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Multipolarity means multiple powers share influence in the global order, like how BRICS and
SCO are expanding their roles to balance US influence.
2. Hegemony refers to a nation’s dominance over others. The US, for instance, has held significant
hegemonic influence globally.
3. Connectivity in global politics involves linking economies and people, like the infrastructure
projects promoted by BRICS to improve trade routes.

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4. A strategic move is one planned to achieve a long-term goal. For example, the alliance between
China and Russia in SCO reflects their strategic interests in challenging Western influence.
Facts and Figures:
- BRICS now represents over 40% of the world’s population and nearly 40% of global GDP.
- The 2024 BRICS Summit saw the expansion of its membership, welcoming nations from
the Middle East and Africa.
To sum up, The article presents an in-depth look at how BRICS and SCO are positioning themselves as
platforms for a multipolar world. By challenging the long-standing dominance of the West, these alliances
underscore a shift in global power toward inclusivity and collective growth, led primarily by Russia and
China. For CSS aspirants, understanding the dynamics of these alliances is essential for grasping important
trends in international relations and analyzing the shifting landscape of global power.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Multipolarity A global structure diversity unipolarity
where power is
distributed among
multiple nations rather
than dominated by one.
Hegemony Dominant influence or dominance equality
leadership, especially of
one state over others.
Monopoly Complete control over a
particular field or
industry by a single
entity.
Bloc A group of countries
with common interests
that act together in
international affairs.

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Dawn Article - Take School to the Child

Summary
The article "Take School to the Child" by Gulmina Bilal Ahmad addresses Pakistan’s severe education
crisis, with over 22.8 million children aged five to 16 years out of school. Particularly troubling is the gap
in female education, as 53% of girls are out of school compared to 43% of boys. The writer argues that
innovative, community-oriented solutions like hybrid technical and vocational education and training
(TVET) and mobile training units are essential. These solutions bring education and practical skills directly
to children, especially in rural and conflict-prone areas. By connecting education with employable skills,
hybrid TVET seeks to make education relevant and accessible to marginalized populations.
Overview
Gulmina Bilal Ahmad proposes a shift in educational strategies to cater to Pakistan’s underserved
communities. The article emphasizes that instead of focusing solely on bringing children to school, Pakistan
should consider bringing school directly to children, especially those in remote or conflict-ridden areas.
Hybrid TVET, a blend of technical and vocational training with academic education, is recommended as a
means to equip children with practical skills. The article highlights mobile vocational units and community-
based learning centers as solutions to reach children, particularly girls, and enable them to learn in culturally
suitable environments. It also suggests leveraging internet connectivity and conditional cash incentives to
encourage school attendance.
NOTES
1. Understand the extent of Pakistan’s educational challenges and the barriers that keep children
out of school.
2. Study hybrid TVET as an innovative solution to link education with employable skills.
3. Recognize the importance of mobile training units and community-based learning in conflict
zones and rural areas.
4. Examine the impact of economic incentives, such as stipends, on reducing child labor and
promoting school attendance.
5. Evaluate the potential benefits of community-driven education, particularly for girls in rural
Pakistan.
Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus
- Pakistan Affairs
- Current Affairs
- Social Issues in Pakistan
- Education Policy
- Essay
Notes for Beginners with Examples
1. Vocational skills focus on practical trades like carpentry, tailoring, or IT. For instance, hybrid TVET
programs teach children carpentry skills along with reading and math.
2. Stipends are regular payments given to students, like providing allowances to children to reduce
the economic pressure of attending school.
3. Culturally appropriate programs are designed to fit the customs of local communities. For example,
community-based centers may offer girls safe learning spaces with female educators.
4. Resilience is the ability to bounce back from tough situations. In this context, hybrid TVET offers
children the resilience to build skills and eventually support themselves.
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Facts and Figures

- Pakistan has over 22.8 million out-of-school children, with a higher rate among girls (53%)
compared to boys (43%).
- There are 116 million mobile broadband users in Pakistan, which can support online education
initiatives.
- Conditional cash transfers, like the Benazir Income Support Programme, can reduce child labor by
easing financial pressures on families.

To wrap up, The article sheds light on the urgent need for a more inclusive approach to education in
Pakistan, one that adapts to the needs of its most disadvantaged children. Through hybrid TVET, mobile
units, and community learning centers, education can be tailored to offer both literacy and vocational skills,
thereby becoming relevant to students’ lives. These measures, especially when supported by economic
incentives, could empower millions of children to pursue an education and develop lifelong skills,
ultimately contributing to a brighter and more self-sufficient future for Pakistan.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Vocational Related to skills and occupational academic
training for a specific
trade or occupation.
Stipends Fixed regular payments allowance salary
given as an allowance,
often for education or
training.
Culturally appropriate Suitable or acceptable acceptable inappropriate
within the cultural
norms of a particular
community.
Resilience The capacity to recover toughness fragility
quickly from challenges
or difficult conditions.

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Pakistan Observer - Climate unity: Azerbaijan’s COP29

leadership
Summary:
Azerbaijan's role as the COP29 host and President, under the leadership of President Ilham Aliyev,
showcases its commitment to climate action, especially for the Global South. Positioned strategically
between Asia and Europe, Azerbaijan acts as a diplomatic bridge, leading efforts in climate finance,
biodiversity protection, and international cooperation. This COP, coordinated within the COP Presidencies
Troika, aims to achieve the 1.5°C Paris Agreement target, ensuring continuity from COP28 in the UAE and
setting the stage for COP30 in Brazil.
Overview
This article highlights Azerbaijan’s upcoming role in COP29, which emphasizes cooperation among COP
Presidencies through the Troika, consisting of the UAE, Azerbaijan, and Brazil. The main agenda is focused
on climate mitigation, adaptation, and sustainable development, with Azerbaijan advocating for equity and
global support in achieving climate targets. Through the Troika’s "Roadmap to Mission 1.5," Azerbaijan
prioritizes financial support for developing nations, preparing them for a low-carbon economy. Under
Aliyev’s leadership, Azerbaijan also emphasizes climate and biodiversity conservation as interconnected
issues, aiming to unify global efforts.
NOTES
- Azerbaijan’s COP29 Presidency highlights global diplomacy and climate advocacy, aligning with
Pakistan’s foreign policy on climate change.
- The Troika framework reflects international cooperation, relevant for Pakistan Affairs and
International Relations.
- The article provides insight into climate finance, adaptation policies, and sustainable development
efforts—key for Current Affairs.
- Azerbaijan’s focus on biodiversity and climate convergence relates to environmental science
concepts in CSS General Science.
Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus
- Pakistan Affairs: Focus on climate diplomacy and partnerships relevant to Pakistan.
- International Relations: Azerbaijan’s role in the Troika reflects themes of international
collaboration.
- Current Affairs: Discussion on climate adaptation finance and sustainable development.
- Essay.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
Azerbaijan’s role in COP29 as a diplomatic bridge means they are using their influence to bring countries
together to combat climate issues. By focusing on both climate change and protecting nature (like forests
and wildlife), Azerbaijan sets an example of how two issues can be tackled together for greater impact.
Facts and Figures
- The 1.5°C target aims to limit global warming and prevent severe climate events.
- COP Presidencies Troika includes UAE (COP28), Azerbaijan (COP29), and Brazil (COP30).
- Azerbaijan is working on innovative climate finance solutions to help developing nations.
To sum up, This article underscores Azerbaijan’s ambition to drive global unity in climate efforts, bridging
past, present, and future climate agendas. As a nation from the Global South, Azerbaijan’s leadership offers
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a model of inclusive and impactful climate diplomacy. Through the Troika framework, Azerbaijan sets a
precedent for COP Presidencies, amplifying voices from developing countries and addressing critical issues
like climate finance and biodiversity, ensuring a cohesive global response to climate change.
Difficult Words and Meanings
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Troika a group of three entities
working together
Mitigation efforts to reduce the Alleviation intensification
severity of climate
change.
Adaptation adjustments in practices adjustment maladaptation
to cope with climate
effects.

NDCs (Nationally climate action plans by

Determined each country under the
Contributions) Paris Agreement.

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Pakistan Observer Article - Parliamentary diplomacy reinforces

Pakistan, Russia bilateral ties : Ayaz
Summary:
Parliamentary diplomacy is enhancing the relationship between Pakistan and Russia, with Speaker Sardar
Ayaz Sadiq emphasizing its role in fostering mutual respect and trust. During his meeting with Valentina
Matvienko, Speaker of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation, Sadiq advocated for ongoing
parliamentary engagement. The meeting focused on strengthening ties through parliamentary friendship
groups and high-level exchanges. Both leaders underscored the importance of collaboration on international
issues and discussed Russia’s support for Pakistan’s BRICS membership bid.
Overview
This article discusses Pakistan and Russia’s efforts to reinforce bilateral ties through parliamentary
diplomacy, led by National Assembly Speaker Sardar Ayaz Sadiq and Russian Speaker Valentina
Matvienko. Both speakers emphasized a commitment to cooperation, international peace, and shared
development. Sadiq highlighted past initiatives, such as the Six-Country Speakers' Conference,
demonstrating Pakistan's approach to regional collaboration. Matvienko praised Pakistan's role on the
global stage and extended support for Pakistan’s bid to join BRICS, stressing the mutual benefits of strong
diplomatic relationships.
NOTES
- The article highlights Pakistan-Russia relations, which are essential for Pakistan Affairs and
International Relations.
- Parliamentary diplomacy is relevant for understanding diplomacy themes within Current Affairs.
- The article’s emphasis on bilateral diplomacy aligns with the CSS syllabus topics on foreign policy
and regional cooperation.
- Russia’s support for Pakistan’s BRICS membership also provides insights into Pakistan’s
diplomatic alliances.
Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus
- Pakistan Affairs: Focus on diplomatic efforts and bilateral ties between Pakistan and Russia.
- International Relations: Themes of parliamentary diplomacy and multilateral support, including
BRICS.
- Current Affairs: Russia’s endorsement of Pakistan’s international ambitions aligns with global
alliance-building strategies.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
Parliamentary diplomacy means that leaders from Pakistan and Russia are working together to strengthen
relations. For example, by meeting with the Russian speaker and establishing friendship groups, Pakistani
officials are creating ways for the two countries to share ideas and support each other’s goals. This is a
diplomatic approach that helps countries work together for shared benefits.
Facts and Figures
- The Six-Country Speakers' Conference held in Pakistan included representatives from Afghanistan,
Iran, China, Turkiye, and Russia.
- Pakistan’s relationship with Russia has grown in recent years, particularly in areas of mutual
international interest.

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- Russia’s support for Pakistan’s BRICS membership is a significant step toward broader multilateral
engagement.
To wrap up, This article illustrates Pakistan’s diplomatic commitment to enhancing relations with
Russia, with a focus on parliamentary diplomacy as a bridge for mutual understanding and
collaboration. The partnership aims to support regional peace and aligns with Pakistan's long-term
foreign policy objectives. Through initiatives like the Six-Country Speakers' Conference and ongoing
engagement with Russian officials, Pakistan positions itself as an active player in international
cooperation, strengthening its role within alliances such as BRICS.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Bilateral involving two sides, mutual unilateral
typically two countries.
Diplomacy the management of negotiation hostility
relationships between
countries.
Troika a coalition or group of cooperation opposition
three entities, often used
in diplomatic contexts.
Inaugural marking the beginning plan stagnation
of a significant event or
initiative.

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Dawn Article - Legal Games.

SUMMARY:
The Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) is facing criticism for its reluctance to implement a decisive
Supreme Court ruling concerning the allocation of reserved seats for PTI. Despite the court's clear directive,
the ECP has delayed taking action, now hiding behind a recently passed law — the Elections (Second)
Amendment Act of 2024. The ECP argues that if it follows the court's verdict, it may violate this new law,
thus requesting further clarification from the Supreme Court. Additionally, the ECP is relying on a letter
from National Assembly Speaker Ayaz Sadiq, who claims that the court ruling is based on outdated legal
frameworks, making it inapplicable.
Many observers see this as a blatant attempt by the ECP to buy time, allowing the government to pass laws
that weaken the impact of the court's ruling. Critics point to the ECP's initial hesitation to enforce the
verdict, which gave the government the opportunity to introduce new legislation. Now, with a 'constitutional
package' aimed at reducing the judiciary's powers on the horizon, the ECP's delays are seen as politically
motivated. This is raising concerns about the ECP's impartiality and its role in upholding democratic
principles. At this point, the courts are unlikely to sympathize with the ECP's maneuvers, and many are
calling for the commission to take a definitive stand rather than play games with the law.
- Notes from the article:
1. Supreme Court's Verdict:
a. The Supreme Court issued a ruling about PTI’s reserved seats, but the ECP is delaying its
implementation.
2. New Amendment (Second Amendment Act 2024):
a. The ECP claims this new law, passed in August 2024, conflicts with the court ruling and
must be clarified before any action is taken.
3. Speaker's Letter:
a. The ECP is relying on a letter from National Assembly Speaker Ayaz Sadiq, arguing that
the Supreme Court's decision is based on outdated laws.
4. Criticism of ECP:
a. The ECP is accused of stalling, allowing the government time to pass laws that undermine
the court’s decision. Critics argue this is a politically motivated tactic.
5. Implications:
a. Concerns are mounting over the future of Pakistan’s judiciary and democracy if the ECP
continues to delay action, especially as parliament considers new legislation to weaken
judicial authority.
Notes (For Beginners)
1. ECP's Indecision:
a. The ECP is hesitant to implement the Supreme Court’s decision on reserved seats.
b. It argues that a new law passed in August 2024 invalidates the earlier court ruling.
Example:
Imagine you are given clear instructions to do a task, but before you can complete it, new
rules are introduced. The ECP is in a similar position where it's unsure whether to follow
the old or new instructions.
2. Speaker's Letter:
a. The National Assembly Speaker sent a letter claiming that the Supreme Court ruling is
outdated.
b. The ECP is using this letter to delay action.
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Example:
It’s like your teacher telling you to ignore the principal's instructions because they believe
those instructions don’t apply anymore. But in reality, only the principal (Supreme Court)
has the authority to make that decision.
3. Criticism of ECP:
a. Observers believe the ECP’s hesitation is part of a larger plan to delay justice.
b. Delaying the decision gave the government time to pass laws that weaken the Supreme
Court's ruling.
Example:
Think of it like a game of football. The referee (ECP) is stalling the game by not making a
decision on a penalty kick, allowing one team (government) to change the rules during the
delay to gain an advantage.
4. Impact on Democracy:
a. The article argues that if the ECP continues to delay, it will harm public trust in democratic
processes.
Relevant CSS Syllabus Subject/Topics:
b. Current Affairs: The political tug-of-war between institutions and its impact on democracy
in Pakistan.
c. Constitutional Law: The relationship between judiciary rulings, legislative power, and
electoral bodies.
d. Pakistan Affairs: Examination of the role of state institutions in democratic governance.

- Facts and Figures

- Supreme Court Ruling Date: The court issued a clarification order on September 14, 2023.
- Second Amendment Act 2024: Passed in August 2024, this law is being used as a reason to
delay the implementation of the ruling.
- Number of PTI Lawmakers: 39 PTI members were initially notified by the ECP following the
court ruling, but their status is now uncertain.

This article is relevant to Current Affairs as it deals with ongoing political developments and institutional
challenges in Pakistan. It also touches on Constitutional Law and Pakistan Affairs, especially the interplay
between the judiciary, parliament, and election bodies. The ECP’s hesitation and the evolving legal
framework directly impact the functioning of democracy in the country.

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Difficult Words with Meanings, Synonyms, and Antonyms

S/No Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

1 Dither Indecision or hesitation Waver, Decide, resolve
‫ دیر کرنا‬in taking action. vacillate. - ‫ حل‬،‫فیصلہ کرنا‬
- ‫کسی کام کو کرنے میں‬ ‫ پس و‬،‫ جھجکنا‬: ‫کرنا۔‬
‫ہچکچاہٹ یا فیصلہ نہ کر پانا۔‬ ‫پیش کر‬

2 Rebuke Strong disapproval or Reprimand, Praise, commend.

‫مالمت‬ criticism. chastise. - ‫ تحسین۔‬،‫تعریف‬
-‫ ڈانٹنا۔ سخت ناپسندیدگی یا تنقید۔‬،‫سرزنش‬

3 Bulldozed Forcefully pushing Pushed Hindered, blocked.

‫زبردستی کرنا‬: something through through, - ‫ روکاوٹ‬،‫روکنا‬
despite opposition. forced. ‫ڈالنا۔‬
- ‫مخالفت کے باوجود کسی‬ ،‫مسلط کرنا‬
‫چیز کو زبردستی نافذ کرنا۔‬ ‫زبردستی نافذ‬
‫کرنا۔‬
4 Clarification The act of making Explanation, Confusion,
‫وضاحت‬ something clear or elucidation obscurity.
understandable - ،‫وضاحت‬ - ‫ پیچیدگی۔‬،‫الجھن‬
- ‫کسی چیز کو واضح یا‬ ‫تشریح۔‬
‫قابل فہم بنانا۔‬
5 Ploy A clever plan or strategy to Scheme, tactic. Restricting,
‫چال‬ gain an advantage ،‫منصوبہ‬ regulating.
‫ایک ہوشیار منصوبہ یا حکمت‬ ‫حکمت عملی۔‬ ‫ سیدھا پن۔‬،‫ایمانداری‬
‫عملی فائدہ حاصل کرنے کے‬
‫لئے۔‬
6 Debilitating Making someone or Weakening, Strengthening,
‫کمزور کرنا‬ something weaker draining. invigorating.
‫کسی کو یا کسی چیز کو کمزور‬ - ‫ ختم‬،‫کمزور کرنا‬ - ‫ توانائی‬،‫مضبوط کرنا‬
‫کرنا۔‬ ‫کرنا۔‬ ‫بخشنا۔‬

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The Express Tribune - Afghanistan's internal fault Lines

Summary
Afghanistan faces significant internal divisions within the Taliban leadership, impacting governance and
stability. Despite official claims of unity, ideological differences over governance, resource allocation, and
international relations are prominent among Taliban leaders. Supreme Leader Haibatullah Akhundzada’s
hardline stance on strict Islamic principles is contrasted by leaders like Sirajuddin Haqqani and Mullah
Mohammad Yaqoob, who advocate for pragmatic governance to address Afghanistan’s economic crisis.
The recent opium cultivation ban has intensified economic challenges, deepening public discontent and
internal rifts. These divisions also extend to foreign policy, especially concerning Pakistan and the Tehrik-
e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). The Taliban's narrative of external threats, rather than addressing internal issues,
poses risks of instability and repeating Afghanistan's history of fragmentation.
Overview
This article explores the Taliban’s internal challenges, highlighting leadership conflicts and governance
issues affecting Afghanistan’s stability. Differences in economic strategies, particularly with the opium ban,
have strained relations within the leadership and among citizens. The article underscores the broader
struggle between ideological purity and the need for practical solutions to Afghanistan's pressing issues. A
sustainable governance approach, the article suggests, requires the Taliban to set aside differences for
national unity and address the Afghan people's needs effectively.
NOTES
- Taliban Governance and Internal Divisions: Relevant for topics in International Relations and
Governance to understand challenges in war-torn states.
- Afghanistan’s Economic Policies: Studying Afghanistan's economic decisions, like the opium ban,
relates to Economics and Sociology.
- Foreign Relations and TTP Dynamics: This is valuable for Current Affairs and International
Relations, illustrating Afghanistan-Pakistan relations.
- Historical Parallels in Afghan Governance: Useful for History of South Asia and Political Science,
showing Afghanistan’s recurring internal conflicts.
Relevant CSS Topics
- International Relations (Afghanistan-Pakistan relations, regional stability)
- Governance (ideological conflicts, governance strategies)
- Economics (opium cultivation ban, economic impact)
- Sociology (societal impact of Taliban policies)
Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts
The Taliban's opium ban demonstrates an economic decision that has caused widespread hardship. Many
rural Afghan families rely on opium cultivation for income; the ban has led to increased poverty and food
insecurity. For example, thousands are facing starvation due to lack of income alternatives. The leadership’s
refusal to implement moderate policies proposed by figures like Haqqani and Yaqoob underscores the rigid
governance approach by Akhundzada, which continues to stir discontent among citizens and within Taliban
ranks.
To wrap up, Afghanistan's stability hinges on the Taliban leadership’s willingness to embrace a cohesive
governance model that considers the economic and social needs of the Afghan people. Historical patterns
suggest that internal divisions, if left unaddressed, could result in further instability. An inclusive, reform-

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oriented approach is critical to preventing the repetition of Afghanistan's past struggles and
securing its future.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Ideological relating to a system of doctrinal, belief-based pragmatic, practical
ideas, particularly about
politics or society.
Faction a small, organized subgroup, sect whole, unity
group within a larger
one, often in
opposition.
Pragmatic dealing with things practical, realistic idealistic, theoretical
practically rather than
theoretically.
Legitimacy the lawfulness or validity, credibility illegitimacy,
authenticity of unlawfulness
something.

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Dawn Article - Reforming the Civil Service

Summary
The article "Reforming the Civil Service" addresses the pressing need for civil service reforms in Pakistan.
It highlights how the current bureaucracy, though claiming neutrality, operates as a self-serving oligarchy
that maintains structures more focused on internal benefit than public service. Kardar suggests that to make
the civil service effective, reforms must modernize its structure, focusing on skill specialization,
accountability, and a shift towards a merit-based and performance-driven culture.
Overview
Kardar critiques the inherited bureaucratic systems that persist in Pakistan, asserting that they have not
evolved to meet the demands of a specialized and technologically driven society. He argues that the absence
of technical skills among generalist officers hampers policy execution and efficient governance. Proposals
include restructuring roles, adopting market-based salaries, reducing layers in the administrative hierarchy,
and enabling lateral entry for skilled professionals. A major recommendation is to shift towards a
contributory pension system and a transparent compensation package to make civil service jobs more
aligned with public expectations and socio-economic realities.
NOTES
1. Understand the historic evolution of Pakistan’s bureaucracy.
2. Study Kardar’s recommendations as a case for contemporary governance and administrative
efficiency.
3. Focus on the reasons for inefficiencies in the civil service, including issues related to discretionary
power, lack of accountability, and outdated job roles.
4. Highlight the importance of specialization in administrative roles for improved service delivery.
Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus
- Pakistan Affairs: Insight into administrative challenges in Pakistan and the historical context of
civil service structures.
- Public Administration: Study of civil service reform, accountability mechanisms, and the role of
bureaucratic structures.
- Governance and Public Policy: Understanding reforms to enhance public sector efficiency.
- Current Affairs: Relevant for discussions on policy reforms and governance challenges.
Notes for Beginners with Examples
- Oligarchy: The bureaucracy operates like an oligarchy where only a few senior civil servants hold
most of the control, prioritizing their interests over public service.
- Monetisation: Shifting from housing perks to a monetary compensation allows civil servants to
decide how they want to use their benefits.
- Accountability: Regular assessments of performance, akin to accountability in private companies,
can help improve efficiency.
Facts and Figures
- Pakistan has established more than two dozen committees over time to address civil service reform
but with limited success.
- Kardar highlights the need to evaluate civil servants based on performance metrics, which is largely
absent in the current system.

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To wrap up, The article underscores the urgent need for Pakistan’s civil service to adapt to a rapidly evolving
governance landscape by emphasizing skill specialization, digitalization, and accountability. Such reforms
can streamline administrative processes, making the civil service more responsive to public needs while
also reducing the cost of government. Embracing Kardar’s proposals could mark a transformative shift in
Pakistan’s bureaucracy, potentially creating a more efficient and transparent system that better
serves the nation.
Difficult Words and Meanings
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Oligarchy A small group of people hierarchy, elite democracy, equality.
having control over a
country or organization.
Discretionary Left to one's own - optional, flexible mandatory, compulsory.
judgment; often in
decision-making.
Contributory Something that supportive, aiding opposing, obstructive.
contributes or helps in
achieving an outcome.
Bureaucracy A system of
government where state
officials make decisions
rather than elected
representatives.
Monetisation Conversion of assets
into money, here
referring to non-cash
benefits like housing
and transport.

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Pakistan Observer - BRI and Geo-economics of Uzbekistan: A Way

Forward
Summary
Uzbekistan’s integration with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has significantly boosted its economic
ties, evolving into a comprehensive strategic partnership. Since joining BRI in 2015, Uzbekistan has signed
over 100 agreements with China, leading to exponential growth in trade, reaching nearly $13.93 billion in
2023. Key collaborative areas include the energy sector, digital innovation, and electric vehicle production.
Uzbekistan's role in the BRI is strategic, providing essential routes in the China-Central Asia-West Asia
corridor. With World Bank, ADB, and IMF projecting a 6% GDP growth in 2024, Uzbekistan's economy is
rapidly advancing, thanks to foreign investments, diversification, and an improved business environment.
The government's reforms, including tax reduction and streamlined business processes, have drawn
substantial investment, fueling growth across sectors like energy, mining, and technology. Over 2,400
Chinese enterprises are now operating in Uzbekistan, and plans for projects like the China-Kyrgyzstan-
Uzbekistan railway further emphasize the country’s position as a pivotal hub in Central Asia. Uzbekistan is
shifting from a landlocked to a land-linked nation, reinforcing its global economic presence through
increased exports and infrastructure development.
Overview
Uzbekistan’s involvement in BRI has reshaped its economy and positioned it as a key Central Asian player.
With major projects underway, Uzbekistan is enhancing infrastructure, self-reliance, and trade capacities.
Policy reforms, industrial diversification, and initiatives for economic growth are creating a stable,
attractive business environment. The government’s focus on local production and reduced dependency on
imports reflects a vision for sustainable growth.
NOTES
- Belt and Road Initiative: Understanding BRI's geo-economic impact, especially Uzbekistan’s
strategic corridors, is crucial for topics in International Relations and Geography.
- Economic Reforms: Uzbekistan’s reforms can be linked to Economics and Governance, illustrating
practical economic strategies.
- Energy and Infrastructure: Topics in Environmental Science and Energy can relate to Uzbekistan’s
energy projects and the shift to renewable resources.
Relevant CSS Topics
- International Relations (Belt and Road Initiative)
- Governance (economic reforms, infrastructure)
- Economics (foreign investment, diversification)
- Environmental Science (energy diversification)
Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts
Uzbekistan's integration with BRI has resulted in rapid development. For example, trade with China rose
by 53.2% in 2023, showing the significance of strategic partnerships. The country's GDP is projected to
grow by 6% in 2024, a testament to the positive impact of foreign investment and industrial projects.

To sum up, Uzbekistan’s involvement in BRI is a remarkable example of economic diplomacy and strategic
alignment, showcasing how regional cooperation and policy reforms can drive national development. Its

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position as a transport hub and its sustainable economic policies underscore the role of BRI in global
economic integration.

Difficult Words and Meanings

Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Bilateral involving two parties or mutual, reciprocal unilateral, independent
countries.
Diversification the process of varying variety, variation uniformity, sameness
products or
investments.
Macroeconomy A branch of economics economic system, big microeconomy, specific
focusing on large-scale picture sector
economic factors.

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