. -- . .

--•a

r
•--
... .
1~
..
I~
Vnau th_o.si.?:..ecLr9P.Y.LD g:..~D9. gj_s.tr.i 1):11 i.on ..9.fJ h5.tmatc.ri.al_ j~_~J r.ifi.t.l"x. vr.Qb.ibi.~5-1. Page I 188
·- -· --. - I "' I

--- ---- ---- -· ------ ----- Ci~t:ttt ~- - •• ---- I ft

t ft
[·,~ 'S D '1."JJ:l c1. •
I fl
1ft
Sound is a fonn of energy that causes th~ sensation of hearing i.e. it enables us to hear.
,.~
,.

PRODUCTION and PROPAGATION OF SOUND 1

1. ,;\II 1·ihrc1!i11g bodies produce sow:;.'. Ta!-: 1: :1 long metal rul~r and fix its one c11 cl on a table. Now hit lht! ~
other end, the ruler starts vibrating and sound can be heard. l, ~
2. Sound waves are fom1ed when a vibrating object causes the surrounding medium to vibrate. A medium 1 _ I
is a material (solid, liquid or gas) which a sound wave travels through. As sou·nd waves move through a -. ~
medium the p<1rticles vibrate forwards a1,; 1 backwards. This means, that Sound requires a m~dium for
its propagation. The medium is the matter through which sound wave is transmitted. It may be solid, :.-
liquid or gaseous. • . .
_ I
l
3.

4.
Sound travels at 330 meters per second in air or 740 miles per hqur. Sound travels the fastest throu__g~
solids and the slowest through gases. . _ _ _,: _
A sourid's: volume, how loud or soft it is, dep~nds on the sound wav~: The more energy put into making ;
:i
:i
a sowid or·a··som1d wave, the louder the volume will be. The farther a- sound wave travels, the mo~e it
spreads, -~his ma½~s it more ~if{icult ~or us to hea_r_a s~und. ~o the n~~~~-·-·y~~ a~~ t~ a soun? the louder it _' :4
'
. ·=..

.... •
_so~nds tQ, us.' A sound wave enters. the ear and 1s cbtµ).ged into nerve s1gn~ls;-which are interpreted by ;
th~ br?i~;-."
, . •·• : •
·~ _..,.
:'
•.t
:·.~;:,: -. • • --~- ·:-; "-~--- :---\·
• :. .•.: -~ ..
- ';:
':'.~-~-•
,.
.•l•.~. \#'•I •' • '•i. • , • '
:4
E~J}Ji~e~( to demonstr~~ thar ~i; ~~~j~~.i~j:;f
~~~uires :: ts -----:::.-:.-:..--==~:~• l :-i
p~~i~i~fi~ b!f at. g~1tit1]~ected to a
,. :,.,-;-~,,- e lfl O 1 . --~-:~;;-:-.·-..·'-'"<''-••· .1
J_,;;(;..,.. ~~~ ·.,-
~mp
·;,t::t;'•.rr:w,..

\f.il{When air_.ii.P?~ent;W5-ide the jar, w~_'~_~n h~~-"~~g}:jf the bell.

.,,;~-:-'"'t"'=·'
~:.• .;:_-..... .,.-•.; ..,: -. •. -- 'l
ric
0

;~~e}~,f ~i\fi71~'.~i~lr
, ·:,•.:::-~ • .,,{f;~-i!~';".. , ••••~En,t':.)-"'"1
.,: ~. l
->~r >\~- ~~r3!~;ey~~tia~.#.rplrough the vacu~!~ ptiili~~-~~~,Hy, the sound
·:~ 'beconiei\:veaker ·and finally when alrthfair has'lieer{evacuated, we
-------- ,:
Toe sound producedbythebell -•
·.-Mil....__ •

l.
~afuiof h~ the ;ouhd. .•• :/ .L\ cannot be heard since sound
• ,{'.ti/ :•:/'-.:~·:) · cannotmvelthroughavacuum.
Propagation of soG~cJ:through air > ~.:·;:_;_:_:/ Vibratingpr(lng

• Take a tuning fo~k-and strike it on a hard pad. ~</::

• As the fork vi~~t~! the prong m,?.i~~: i_nw~rds and outwards, ·y\f/
• When the prong _aj<?~es outwa~~/i~ _pus_hcs and compresses air close to it creating a
region of high pr,e,ssµr~_. T~_is t.~gio~- pf high pressure is called compression. 1
• This compressioi{~i:t{J6~-irl.6ye:~~-ay' frc,1n the vibrating object. Tuning Fork
• When the vibratin'g··obi''J ~ci'mo~es .i~\Vards, it cause a region of l1I UII "I 1t,.=:::::::::;;;
•-·•. •· ....::•..................
! : ! ! ; ; : : ; ;:::;::::::;:;:::::;:::::; : :
~M••·M-•"·

lo '" pressure near 1·t, ·w·

tYh.·1·_~h·_·1's···ca· lied rarer..act1·on•.·.
1~ "
,
11
', "=:::::::: :: : : : : : : : : : :::::::::::::-.::::::::::::::::
•::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : n;::;:::.:::~:::::::: ," ,
.. .. ._.................. '. ' ...... ,, ....._.. . ____
: ,· · - - -. . . . . . . . . . , • • ' t' t . . . . . . , , •••• , _. . . . ,..,_ _ ,,,,
,,,,

• As the vibrating object move and forth rapidly, it pushes the ~~tllnl HlIl t llIll tmi~~;~~m ••
outward and mwar . •..• ..••un,,,,,,,,,
d cont'
muous ly causing the
. -·--· .. ,,11,,,1111 • ...,...•••••••••11 11

atr =EE:::::::::::: : : : : :::::::::::::E::::::E:::: ,, --••tltllto II I

·····,.I I

♦
I. I. I I I ··••11•-··-··-····

.compressions and rarefactions.

I I I I I I t o 1 1 t • t • •.. •• . . . .- - • • o • I I

c ......... " •••.R° .. •........_.c___.... R

• This help in propagation of sound in air. ,

r Fig. 12.5: .A vibrating object creating a series oj

• compressiqns (C} and rarcfuctions (R} in
the medium.

\, .
i) Each day we must strive for constant and never ending, improve~.ent.
,., .' • 1
-
,. ' .
.

. .. -
•. ',
t
. .• •
\

\
'.
..
I
\ ' . /..,
-.~. •I~
'
',:)... •

'
'
 h'
l , .~

-~ gie,te ~J 11authorbt.' I .
. - -- • l copy111~ ;i1 I 1·1 .
ne~_u__of ~'" • - ., )( < 'lPh 111,nn (t f 1.l),c; n,11, t1, 1\ I'.- ~t rn I ly
•.
,,whthtted. Pagel 189
·-••U!.lllld - 1

~ I ,· Spl·l' ,,
rn ..... ·- . t l) :- 11 u11d in ;1 . .
l
"'I ., •
l.lll1)ts ,ire Its!(' I. .. 11 .it _() ( h 1,
II
~ 1 \ • t ,ls. • • ,..4 rn s H l ., .
I
,
Ji'"" ' ·. lrdit1n1·
. •
Tl , .
h.: :-pi.:l'd l,r s,
•' lll l.11~ \;1\u~ \,\ti\.':- h~\.·,m:-.1.! 1
llr \.llhllb l;1(t1 l.'I. 11..:,I.'. I
I 'I

I Sl.)lJl)t\ IS lint\ tlt1)\.'I) 1 ·

!'·1st . ·1 • .
1·
•\
II I 'I r li
'
I l ;-. \lJ)on th'
•solid..
~ ., l'S Ill I .
f,; n,~t. n11n 11, \\hi\.·\\ it \t';\\d~. (,cni.:ra y. t ,e :-pl'u ll
• • •
I
' " -· :-. t1nt k<1st in ◄.•.,.
I rmper·tt . .
l.

I
-- J ' lit(', Spl'c-d nr. ~•'Hs.
~ tn sat O'' C ,111d ~➔-+ . , snu1,~d gcnl.:rnlly incrc· . , . . . I
J. Prrssur . Cl . • ~n, s ;1t 20 <:. ,b,.;s '' 11h 111rr~;1:-.~ i11 li.:1\1\h:ralltrl.!. Sp1...\:d "'\ :;t.n11h.\ 1s 33 I
l'' 1•111°cs 111 · \
::- - p1 cssure mav ·11 · . 1·1· ·
· .1 ' :-.n ,\ Cct t\ , · ,
§ound and light k S\h l't.l <' 1 ,<.1und .

.-\ltht)ugl;iightni1111 and tl
·---.. _ _ the thundcrin11 i • I ,. · I · _:: :- llltH.kr :,re Prntlucc I· I . .
. I . . ~ S h.:llll • I he spcc-d or SOl \ · . l <ll t ,~ same time. the lbsh i..,r li~htnim!7 l:-i :;l..'.~1\
~
1m1d1 \,di.,l\'I..'.
0 \ 1<
111 ~- \\ 11ch IS mu ·I1 j • J • •
• - is 344 m\ whik the spl..'.cJ ol lll.!hl 1n• air\$
• lllt 111 air '\l "()
l 11µ 1cr than the sp,, l r
- •
, 3x l (' •

~iha_n that taken by S()tmd. nd

• l l l n Sou • Du~ 11, hi~hcr sp~\.'.tL lil.!hl takes mm:h less 1i1nl..'. to n.:a...:h lt:;
!, . -
~ Sound travels
t: -... ,\ .
in the form of w
aves
.
_
~ • wave is pro·duced by the vibrat' . . . . •.
• wave passes through a 111 . 1. h ions ot the pa111cles of the medium throuoh which it passes. \\'hen a
euum, t e med· . lf :' . \ l
......___. •
~ ~ particles move along the fi d
•
.. nnn itse does not move along the direction
l
of the wa\'~, on Y
• ~ I . air there is no a tixel position • For examp1e when sound waves produced by a rn;1gmg
l
. . bell come to us
t u-ough
~ --c ua movement of the air, from bell to our ear.
. , l

~-. .
c::-i~· • A • WAVE & WAVE MOTION
·--;-,;; motion of twh__ave ~~ Y be defined as a pe~io4~c ~isturbance produced in a material medium due to vibratory
t .. -~-~- .. -·· e part1c1es of the medium. • • •• •• ·•• ... • • .._
~ • • While wave f • the n1ovement ofdisturbance •• 4

produced in one part of the medmm to another

• ,· • •
·-

i invol • 0 ' mo ion is

~ . vino the transfe~ of e~~r~y but not the matter. . . . . • . •.
~ one Plac~nt::~~t:::~'.lOn, ~art'.cles of the mediu1~)i~rate ~b~1( teir mean positions. They do not move from
.• .. ~ ~ •
-~~· • .... . •.
. :. ·~· .i.. .

~ • _On the basis of medium required for.the~ propagatidn, waves can be classified as mechanical or non
·
mechanical waves. . .. • .

i--.:) Mechanical (Elastic) Waves: The waves which require a material medium for their Qropagation -are
~~ mechanical waves. Such waves cannot travel through vacuum. Examples include sound waves, water waves
i •., etc. · ,.

~ Non mechanical waves: The waves which do not require a 1naterial n1edium for their propagation are called
waves. Such waves can even travel through vacuun1.
~ non n1echanical
Electromagnetic· waves are nori ·mechanical waves, which are fo1n1ed due to varying electric and
~ magnetic fields in the space. Examples. include light waves, radio waves, TV waves etc.

Mechanical Waves Electromagnetic waves

1. Such wave·s require a material medium for 1. Such waves do not require a materia\ medium
their propagation. They cannot travel for their propagation and can even trave\
through vacuum. through vacuum.
'
2. Mechanical waves are due to vibrations of 2. Electromagnetic waves are produced due to
the particles of the medium. '
the varying electrical and magnetic fielrls in
space.
3. Mechanical waves may be due longitudinal or 3. Electrfmagnetic waves are transverse waves.
transverse waves.
4. Speeds of mechanical waves are generally \ow 4. Speeds of electromagnetic waves are
& depend upon the source & medium through generally high and are highest in vacuum.
which they travel.
, r •' • • 1 • ~ rr . .. _.
.,e
 .,
.. ,
•l

© &tt/e !)_[la!_.!thQiiiccl cop.y_i-ng anJ d isl r1hn1 i )Jl of l'l1 i., mat eri;1 I· js ~tT.i!.tly .proh ibitcq. PageJ~q_
-----
\,
,_
-·--·--•--·- - --·- - · - - --- ------·
-··
\ .-
On the b;1sis nl'motion of."rhc pilrticlc.:s ofrhc rncdium, rhcrc :,re t\vo types ol'wa\·cs:
(a) Lonfi!itudinal wavr: ;\ wan: in ,vhich rhc particles of the medium vibrate h<1ck and ronh in the ·s<1n11:
direction' in which wa\'C.: is moYing, is c<llkd longitudinal w~,vc. \ ft
for cg. The waves which tra\'cl :1long a spring (or slinky) when it is pushed and pulled at one end, arc

Lonoitudinal
c
longitudinal waves.

waves consist of compressions and rare fact ions.

The sound waves in nir arc longitudinal waves.
'•
Comprrssion: These nrc the rcginnc; in ihe lon~ituc.linat
wa\'cs, in which density or lhc particles is higher than the normal I
dcnsily. It is a region of high pressure as more density in a region l
leads to higher pressure.
Rarefaction: These arc the regions in the li)ngitudinal
waves, in which density of the particles is lesser than the normal -- • j ,

,.
••

density. It is a region of low pressure as lesser density in the regiot~

.

leads to lower pressure.

(b) Transverse· \Vaves: A wave in which the particles of medium vibrate up and 9own 'at right angles:
to the direction in whicli' wave is moving, is called transverse w~v~.: · :
The. ~aves ·pr~uced by moving oiie end of a long spring (of~li~) up a~1 down rapidly, whose ,.
other"eitd1sfixed,aretransversewaves. : .-_
..
"<-.. ._·-_·: __ ~_ ., ,. •
. ,., .
.....
.

.,

Transverse wav_es consist of crests. and tro\ighs. ., :.:·:~- : ~~-~- • •

';- .../:-· •. • • .=. ; ' . ·: "·., ::f:?:':.... ~ ..
. .
•. -.. :" ·:;:· Gr~$t: The point of maximum positiY~~4i_spla cement oii_~- trans~~~r~~ wave is called crest. • •
.~-
•• • •.. ·: -~ ~--:· . , ~ .."';i'¾t~r\~·.: •:;,... ~. · ·;. .• •••.:,.,.::-·~.i;;'"~

'_/;::{P·-Tr<iugh: The point qf.m~ximum neg~![Y.$~¢isplacem~nf.j?~)l·t~ijierse \Vave is called trough. '-,..

• ·_ >.:: -~_\}
• . . ::,.• . . -
c.'•)~_'.·(:_: .•)
.
~~1_:};_,~~ri;i
-
. , ·~;),_ ·-·-/ :;..~J1;ft-
-...:a;..,.:,--___:.::.:....:. ..__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _......,

~'.;~{}.? Lon ~--,~~~riafivaves _1 .Kti Transverse \Vaves

-'~
,:-iJt:;~:farticles of:_ff!~m~µpi\ ,ibrate bac~~~d~i~ J ~ft!li~iJtjrticles of the medium vibrate up and down
, ..~:2'""!~:.~'~-n~ • .• -~~ • • ~
-~. .~..F);Jf.;:.:~ ~:·::i· .<'t~~~t.i: i~~':'-,. •
....
~::.:~~;~::1orth. ..~~~J:;.~?i/::--· :ti-;~.:~
:It.i::
·--~~-;_';J>.
Jt~~
~l:-~:.;.::..
/?. ,~tl~ufrechori
_. :~ ·~ij~;r~:
• ·~:::, .. r~_;..J.r.f~
of movement of part1c1es 1s . \
I~
,
~~Qf...!'.-.;..~. ~-~i~~~~~-~-

2?1~~~rAt~i)>~mot~e.fen~ of ~articles i~{R/NJ_llel ·\/;f{/perpendi_cular to the direction 5 of propagation ~

to the:d1rect1on pfpropagation of th~-=~aye: of the ,vave.
-~1:1~-~i-v f : ..;-.r-.
~
:'!'~~

3. Longitudinal ~it
consist of compt~fSi~ns
3
• !:u;:rse waves consiS! of creS s _ a <l
t n
•. ~
and rarefactio~.;-::· ~ ./':--,_. • •• 4. Transverse \vaves can travel through solids,
4. Longitudinal' -~~ves can propagate through over the surface of liquids~ but not through
~~--::, _'.:- ,~='.-' ases.
C
solids, Ii uid$:.~ ases.
~·;:{t,:{-f ':·\: ··t{-'f:~J··
Pulse: A pulse is a
resulting in fonnation 6tlfimgle _wirv~191}1y. :'.·,
wafi/~f
yery ~~O~:-~!!!:a.1!op; generally fonned by a single disturbance in a mediun1

For example, if a single"jet~)s gjyen t_1 ro·pe attached to a \Vall, a pulse is fonned. a
''
The man who said he never had a chance, never took one.

Exercise - 1
One Mark questions ,
1. What name is given to the form of energy which produces.sensation of h~aring?
2. What is speed of s~und irc9ir?
3. Does sound essentially need a material medium to travel?
4. In which of the three media air, water or iron does the sound travel fastest at a particular
temperature. [NCERT]
5. In the bell jar experiment, if whole air is pumped out, what happens? [NCERT]
6. What is a pulse?
 J,
e$
fJ&tite Dn~uthcni;,('<.] . • Pagclt91
·1 7. __A ___ .. -;--· - - ~~--~-~----~opyrng ,m(j ,J;:~tnh1111<,rr of t!}i, n::1ic~1:1( iq1r1, tl.y prnhib1rt'rl. - -- -
. stone is clropp d.111 -·-·· •. - ·- . •

•
J
filt
I
I
8. Which type of e
9. Flash and thu d
seen wh "> n er are produced
I y.
10. Define wave mot"
a loke. Which type of waves Me forrncd?

[NCERT]
.
waves are for 11)ecI w IH~n a tuning
simultaneous
fork is hit w,tll a rubber pad.
ly. But thunder is heard a few
>
seconds Jfter the flash
.
is

,J 11 W
. 10n.
~ • hat is periodic wave">
·ll],
I~ 12. Arrange the foll • •
13 Giv f
. .
owing media in increasing order of speeds of sound in them: Steel, Air, Water
.

I I~ ' H e dour examples of electromagnetic waves. [NCERT]

14• ow oes d • I
, •
~ . . ensity of air molecules vary in compre'"sions and rarefactions as compared to the norma
k I """ air density? .,
lS. What is the · · • I t O th e
d. . name given to the wave in which particles of the medium vibrate at nght ang es
irection of th e propagation of the wave">
16. Sound p d uced by a thunderstor m is heard • 10 s after the lightning is seen. Calculate the approx,ma • te
. ro
""'-., diSt ance of the thunder cloud. (Given speed of sound= 340 m s- .) ··> ~, ,-
1 l34 oo m]
I ..J~ Two Marks questions
~ 1. W~at is sound and how is it produced? [NCERT]
2
W, th ~he help of an experiment, show that sound needs a medium to travel.
N
N'
• j
3•
4
•

•
Explain how is sound produced by your scnool bell? [NCERT]
How can you say that the, S<:)Und waves are longitudinal iri nature? [NCERT]
: 5• Why are soun'd waves called mechanical waves? [NCERT]
Nt 6•
7•
What is difference between pulse and a periodic wave?
S~ppose you and your friend are on. moon. Will you be able to hear any
.
~ound produced by your •
b..,.
I " _:. .,, ,
~~.
friend?
• .:}~r·:. [NCERT]
k~ ,_· Th tee. Matks Questions - :-:~, :-:- -~ • ••

I ~ 1. E,xpJain three fa~tq,r~ gri:_~hich speed ;f th~.s~lUnd dep.ends. [NCERT]

1- ~ 2. 'write four c~~ri,~1iiiis ti0 bt
wave mo~.i~-~-~\ ,,"·f:'Jr ,,.::: •

r~
j 3. How does s~:~n·c:1--;;roduied by a vibrati'rig pbjectri~ch your ear? [NCERT]
4. Cite an
experimen(. to show that sound}H~·eds a m'ate·rial ~·edium for its propaga~ion.
5. Give reasons for the following: _-,,_; :, •
[NCERT]

: (a) When a gas°t~p is opened for tev/Seconds , the sound of esca_ping the gas is heard first but the
.., smell of gas·comes later. :., ~> :.

r-- (b) In most case~/we can't see the vibratfons of sound p_roducing objects.
(c) ::t:l:~a~~:.f:~d- from a distance, we see the flash of gun first and the sound of gunshot is heard a

~ 6. Differentiate b~~een: • ' ••,

(a) compressions'and rarefactions,· (b) crests and troughs .
• • r, • • •

7. Give differences between:

(a) mechanical and non mechanical waves.
{b) transverse and longitudinal waves.
8. Is there any physical movement of the particles of the medium through which sound is travelling? If
'
not, how does sound reaches our ears~ [NCERT]
• OR · •· r.
'I

Explain· the propagation of sound throu air. li ' 'f i

.......L-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- ~
r -_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_..:.
'
The door to success is the one marked PUSH.
 ~?t •. 1
© v-~?~ e Wn:mtlioriz_r(l r.opyi11g.MJd_di~_trib11rkn. nf -t~i,c. matc•riaJ
______ _________ -- ··--· ---·--- -
.. - ..... ···-·-- . -··
it ~,.rirt!y_p_rqh_ihl!P<l, Page I. 1~2 ~

CHARACTERISTICS OF A WAVE -· n
I. Pha~c: Any two points nn n wan~ which nrc in ~amc slate of vihrntion ;m; :-;aid tu be in s~11m: plwsc. ln
01{
2. \\'an·kngfh: The minimum disttrnce in whic:1 a sound wa\'c rl.'.pcats ilsclf is called its wnvelenglh In
The dist:incc hctwccn t,vo llCtlrcst points which arc in snrnc phase is equal to 011c \\'~l\'ckngth.
The combined length or n compression and an :1djaccnt refraction is called wan;kngth.
It is lknotcd by the Greek r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t
t"
kiter)~, (lambda). The SI unit _. 4- .-:-.?',
fknMly ,·nri.1!11111'1
+- . -:-:.". 4-- , :-:-;': -~
of measuring wavelength ts

~
111(:lr(: (rn).

3. Amplitmk: The maximum

dispbccmcnt of the particles

~~
or a medium from their mean I l'rt·~s11rt· ,·,1rr::t111m.,

!lljjII
positions during propagation --~/~/ ~, 1!. ''l' lF I 1111 i Ii? 1·1 i'!" ;I I ·!:I
'1fi ·11

of a wave is called amplitude Spralu:r .! f '., I ! j ''j ,1 I

of the wave. It is denoted as
A. The S.I. unit of amplitude
~~ C I~, I i I~ -R
I !
t
111
R
111! -1~ 111
C

~"1
R C
of is metre_ (m)_.. , . i. (h)
............ •-----··Crest
• ,,. . ' ••' : \' ~.!

4. Freguencv •of a·: wave: The Drnsity Average density

pressure
or l-"T--+--4---1--4---1-- . or
number 'of co~plete waves Pressure
• produced • in· one second is ··--·-·····-·;····-········-··Trough
called its' frequ~ncy. The' unit 7-
·. •• Qf.freq~ency is Hertz (Hz).
OISlancc

2.8: Sound propngnt!'s as density or pressure i;arioriorts as s/tow11 in (a) ancl tbJ.
(c) represents
'1
~ ·-, -,,,.,- ,_-.. ~-
s.-:tTiriic-
~-.-~·..:,
• d f
:-.:.,-,·. ~.-,,.. ,-.' p..
erio o a wave:--~
Th
,:':.!'·.'~
e _. , _ ., _ gmJ)ltically t;wc/e11sit!) and pressure varimio11s.
b.!.. ~-•... ., __.,._
_
....
·t•.·"'"-~·-c,.,,r~.
. .
to
'1
5.f.:Junfrequired to proq4c~."o~ complete.~ave. is time p?119cl'ofawaye OR The time taken by a wave '1
Its SJ. unit is second (s). -1
{} traV~i through a di,st~~~~Jqq,al to .its wa~~i~½gtp is calle(ii.s time period.
~
• .-t.:~}t~~~t-w! -~~~~'~.(~-1L. {;?;\t; · ·
--~i=~it{~I metre/second (mis).
6~;:~·\Vave velocity:Jt):~fe~~HY<listance tra~~!led:b~!-~i\yav§~p ,§~ unit time. Its S.I. unit is

·~~7;;1ahip\,,slt~;tt""it llrt ·'~t~.o::,~>tf1 • ~

between:Time period and frequency-
Relatiorf
We know that_ }rpquency(/) refers t~tn¼rober of complete waves produced in one second and Time ~
period (T) is time take[ik\omplete one wa_y,~~}-~ 1·.
Now, Time.period (TJ~~umber of waves c?mpl~!ed in one second ·~
So, No. of waves pro9tjeed in T seconds= 1 ··, ·'
:. No. of waves prog~~ in I second~}, ~?~~P. i_; same as frequency (f)
l
;i

f:\flf
li

Hence f =} l!l~>,;,-rd/ff
-· ---iIITTJJ _ /Jf¼1th·:~-.~-, •·, •-t~e· uenc and w~vei~n: th ot a •~i<>ctic w~~~
'·· -..- ', -/ •.· ; · • distance travelled by wave
We know that Wave V~locity·.-.,, -
= . k
time ta en

If we take the distance travelled to be one wavelength ("-), then as per definition, the time taken will be Time
period (T). •
. Wavelength
So we get, Wave veolcity = - ---
Time Period

{}j i.e. '

.
1
,l
v=-:;: .... (1)
·i.e. f = .!.
We also kn<(w that frequency= Time .
Period T
,

Replacing ~ by f in equation (1 ), we get fv = I A~ where v = \Vave velocity, f == frequency of

waYe,).. = wavelength
 ·- f --------
~
,:1 \, ©_&
_____e_,_•re____-·---·--
l_J_nat_1_1horiz<'
- ,.J.I ~~Yf
____• 11
~ an~.1qt~rribm1011_0(Jhis_1h,1t1:ri,1l
.l. • • •
1'> !>trt<.t
• , ·t ·r
I'l prg,iJ H / ~ t
I• • •
p_age I 193

n- . . .-\, iolin '·m 1. ll

, l ,1
CHARACTEFflSTICS_.9F so..__u_N_·_o__- - - - - - - - ~
both be plavcd at the same time
ttll.: 111;1y
1~
I 111,111 \1il: 11cstra. Both . 1. .. . , . 11.,.

~(l
. ·iir·iii! . .- :-uumsti,1,1.:lthrnughthc:--a111cmcd1u111.th:1t ,,,:-,1-. ••
I~-.' ' l a111,·c ·1t our ,... t I
, .. ' c,11 ,l l 1c same t •
1111c. Bnth sounds tra, cl at
l1ll: ~,ime speed irrespective of the source. But the st1unds we \ ·r•:r,·
r1 ri:i.:c1,·c arc diffcrc t ·1·1. . I ... • • 1-,L-+-+-~--,f--li;:---
.~~......_ . . .· . 11 •11s ts t ue to the d11lcrrnt charactrristics
;1~~l1l:1atcd with tl1e so llll(.I Somc ol•t IlCSC arc:
/
...,•.'<•/I .<,>ltlld
\.
I~~ ..,..,
1. Loudness: L~t0ness denotes the intensity of a sound.
I Ji Loudness of the sound depends upon the 'amplitude' or th~
K~ S\>Ltnd wave. Greater the amplitude is, louder is the sound.
I I- Loudness of smmd is measured in decibel (dl~)
~,- units.
Loud sounds can travel lon!.!cr distances because
~I, they are associated with higher cne;gy. The: amplitud.:: of
~ such sounds decreases with distance 1ravelled.
'I The amount of 'sound energy passing each sc:cond
[,n11r/1'J' .~Ot mr/

I");)I; through .unit area is called the intensity of sound. We

sometimes use the.,.. tenns "loudness" and •'inteusity" ·g. 12.1 O: Safe so1111 c1 iws smnu wnpu rn cte cui<l

,j,
r
, ... '<\:
interchangeably, but they arc not the saine. Loudness is a loucli•r SO!Ul(l/t((S wrge nrnplirucle.

measure of the response of the ear to the sound. Even when two sounds· are of eqt~al intensity, we may
l 1-
' ~~ar one a·s· foud.er than the other,'simply because our ear detects it be_tter:--·•·--·- -- '
r"N 2.. ,Pfrfh:·The shrillness or sharpn~~~..9f.a is pi.tch. It i~I,M.a_~!J..rnbl.~CU.l(l!ill,ty. Pitch of asound -
I~ . . :;d~pends upon the frequency of the sound..wave:. Higher the·frequency, higher is the pitch.
S.QUlld,

I'...~ . ·:<)~': . -Thev,·oice'oD(chlid or 're~;le ~s s~iller. .h~n,ce.i~-- . Wal>!!

I ""r ·:~- ·t?,:,_high pitcheq.1 This is'.'hecause the '•sounds. produced by them:.\ dtsrwoonct!
.;:~ _· :}fh~ve hi'gheffiequ~~i(\:\ ' '': ,. _:·,. • /·~ '· •• •• ·~A C\ l'(r,~

r .., ',::\<~:-·-~{~~- ~~}?f'erpr~ts the frequ,e~~Y. of ~~~~l!lltted - , / V.

-~! ~/;]~·~ound is called'-":itsipJ~~h· );he faster thtjfyibration·\of the '--./
Ir:·~ ·-;,/Jou~er":'~]Ifo freq~ency aiid_the higher.Is the' pitch.
··"\:thus,.- a\lugh pttc~/~ound corresponds·: t? more·_~u~ber of
Wnvc shope Jor a low pitched s<>trr'\f!

Ie c·ompress-ions an.cfpirefactions passing a'.fixed point per· unit

r~
,-~
\\'ewe
time. -:· ~- . d:..'-IUrt>«.r.te
Objects of different sizes and conditions vibrate at
different freql!ende"s' to produce sounc!s _ofdifferent pit~h. r {\ {\ {\ {\ {\ r.,. r\ (\
r~ 3. Oualitv: Quality of a sound is that characteristic which enables
us to differentiate between the sou~ds produced by different
\f\fV \fUlJ V\
sources. Two sounds having .sartie.· loudness and same pitch Wcm? .~hCJpejor a high pircherl ~ouncl

1-' .. V :~.

<
may differ in quaµty; :: :, ,,,., ;\:<}; ' . ·.. •
, ',_.l:~,:,;, ••. -·

Noise is 'unpleasant::[email protected] '. music is pleasant. The Fig. l 2.9: l.ou· pi:fll souncl lt.:t:, loll' Jr.·quency c111!1 •
,~-

,~
difference is of quaJity,,j\'pleasa_nt sound is said to be of rich
rw
lligltpitrlt of sowKI ho~ ltig!tfrequency.
quality. •• - • '
Tone: A sound of single frequency is called a tone. ~~' , , ,r''
~ : Series of mixed frequencies produced is called a note. -t\{:; • ',_,/\: \.',

r-
e:---;,J
,____ ,. 1_,.-~":-,--,-~:j-
Exercise - 2
.....--~---- - - . - - - -

• \/: i
J~- •r(., : ;'
, .' _.·
t'
' One ";'ark questions
I .. ' .:- •

~~ ¥What do you meaiftiy frequency of a sound wave? What is its SI unit?

I 1..J.• "'What is amplitude·of a sound?
'-.J y Define time period of a wave. ••
I
7· - J
~
\.~/What is the relationship between frequency and time period of a wave?
5. Which will have higher pitch - the sound of a whistle or a drum? p
6. Which wave property determines (i) loudness, (ii) pitch of sound? [NCERT]
'f T • 1 • I r ., • . • 1 •
 ?
', ~
l
I

I ., I
~.J,-.-s? d I .
©
c ~~~Y,!.. v Unauthorizcg__copyjng,ll_mL.i~U:L~mt1.01.g_f_t.bis mat1!rial is strictly__prohibitcd. p_ag~_1Q.1
rt,1
of a wave. [Ncimf
7. Write the mathem atical relationship betV:;er~ velocity, frequency and wavelength j~
the voice of a girl and that of a boy? •
8. Which characteristic of sound help us to distinguish between
18')
9. Which characteristic of the sound ~lps you to identify your friend by his ·voice
others in a dark room? [NCERT]
while sitting with
,,,,
10. Which characteristic of sound makes good music listenable to ears?
11. Which sound has higher pitch: guitar or car horn? [NCERT].
1 ft

Two J\\a~ks questions

t
-
.. ~
1 I ~
• / y • 'oerive the relationship between time peri?d an~ frequency of a
·wave. {MC'EITT]
2. What is difference between loudness and mt;.~ns1ty of sound? [NCERT] I --,
~I
3. What is the difference between a tone and note?
4. Why do we hear the sound produced by the hummin g bees while the sound of vibration
s of pendulum I JI
-
is not heard? (Exemplar) (Hint: Frequency under 20 Hz)
s. What is loudness of sound? What factors does it a b '-1
deperrd on? [~CERT] cu ,{ v.-<..., ,.. r-, ,.. ~
6. Which of the above two graphs (a) and (b) QJ § _('\ /\ / \\ .-' / v· '.
representing ~he human voice is likely to-be the male ~ i f .~ ) j \\ ;{ ;\ \ ~
\' i j' t ! \ l
voice? Give reason for your answer.. (Exemplar) . .. . 1i
7) (a) Wh~t·,~ the sp~ed of sound in air\1t 0° C? ~ • . -o ' ,\ 1 • 1 f \ \

' - / / (b) Wh~~ is s~ unit of frequency? _. .

.
\./·· \j; \j \\/
.::-~ :·~ ~~·

• ·,· · • ·, Time (m) ~

-;
..... ~-. ·.•.it,. . :' .. _ -~- .'r'., .,,. . ......:;;-·.,~ -~ . .
Th tee Ma tks question s •
:·
i :,J_,,,. ' -~.·
-

¥-Defin e.the terms wavelength, time ·p_~_ri,09, _frequency and ~fllPl!J~p~}>f wave~-'"[N
CERT]
•✓.;: Exp·"":J~i~
r•=' -• ' ._:
three important_~~aracte
.'
rist:i~°s}bf s:Ound wa_vi;,I~}:l
•i"'- •.• :-.,- -
{:·,s:~{~{}}W
~~
tl~
~-- ~• "",..• ...
.
>T" .Z~~;.,.,~•,,

praw
~?

(esentati on'bf~}«~ve. Showt,p~e' f<}Ui\}'~~jjjh it: (a) Amplitude (b) Distance

I ..,3~? a diagrammat~s.J~P
i. • f?,-~,q~al to one wa~~,~~g~tr)~) Distance ·e~-11l~.[
h~lf wa:~e{eng~h. ·~:.'·'
.' ~
4/: R~j:fresent graph$~1_1y~~Y; .\WO separate d1a&rawi:,,,t!!_~~SJ\_,q1se . (Exemplar) . - 'I
,v::_;,f~ (i)0Two so~s,lf_w)v~{f(aving the sam~\~ni"pllt°Pr:!f ~·ufcl~fferent frequencies?
I~
\?Y(ii) "f.~~~~; ijt~~~~{ having the sarrf{f~: ~quJn~] yi~}ffere nt amplitudes. ~
ths.
• •• -(iil} !~-6,...se°fmd ~~v~s_having differe:~_r~tplitudes·ancf"also different waveleng
• • ·• ;;_ .. ~- :;· :r.:
Numericals . _·;,fr~} .>_;>:.< ~
!s ~ j
U/ Find frequenq,_of~-Wa~e whose ti~fp~ri_{JCJ 0.025 s.
. -..,
\:i. Find time period of a wave whose frequency Is 200 Hz.
!
r-3': The frequency of~ source of sou~d)s··~o~ 1-iz. How many times do.es it vibrate in a minute? [NCERT] ~-J
I 4. A person is list~ntng to a tone.of ~00 Hz
sitting at a distance of 450 m from the source of the sound.
I
[NCERT] ~
I What is the time)11t~cyal between··$·u~t·~·~sive compressions from the source?
y of the wave and ~
1 s. A sound wave pr~duces)b ~rests: ~nd 30 tr_oughs in 0.3 secon·d. Find the frequenc
i
the time taken to.c6mpJ~te one· wave.
f of the wave. ~
6. A source produces soo·wa~es in 2 seconds. Find the frequency and the time period
7. Calculate the wavelength of a sound wave whose frequenc y i~ 272 Hz and speed
is 340 m/s. • ~ __/
m/s. [NCERT] ~--
8. Calculate the wavelength of a sound wave whose frequenc y is i20 Hz and speed is 440
'· _1--,~l\i
9. Calculate the frequency of a wave travelling at speed of 125 m/s and whose wave.len
gth is SO cm. . e-. I
frequency of the ~
~\
1
10. A sound wave travels at a speed of 339 ms- . If its wavelength is 1.5 cm, what js the
wave? [NQRT] , •.. ~
11. A sound wave has a frequency of 1000 Hz and wavelength of 3~ cm. Ho~ _long will it take
to travel 1 km? C' ... l
r 1.5 km? [NCERT] ~
12. A sound wave has a fr~q of 2 kHz and wave length 35 ~m. How long will It take to·travel
Find the time _
13. A sound wave causes the density of air at a place to oscillate 1200 times in 2 minutes.
period and the frequency of the wave. •
its frequency. Will it be in ~
14. A sound wave travels at speed of 340 m/s and its wavelength is S cm. Calculate
~

~
audible range?
A -
.:

TT... ,.,.,.,1,,..,. ..:,..,..,1 """'.,:,...,.. ,...r.,1-.:,, ...,...'l.,,.....;,.,1 ;,, ,...., ,..f:'f,..,...,..,..

u
~ @&ttte
__ __ UnamhoriZfQ copyjJl_g and disqjpurjQn cf thi.-. mat.cri:Jl. i~.~_tr
.j_c1l.x.urgbjl2it~- _ ~g~_L J9.§
l
0
~
firS t
~o~-:1~~hen-the seco~d-~re5 is pr~du ced, the
lS. \~ur cep· r~d~ ~lS c~sts ~~dlS troug h~-i·;13-~~- ·
rr-, is 2 cm away f
Ab
I
rom t 1e source. Calculate the (a) wavelength,
(b) frequency, (c) v~ave speed.
16 mine the wave lengt h of sound in a-ir at this
• f at can hear sounds at frequencies upto 120 kHz. Deter ..
requency. (Use speed of sound in air= 344 m/s)
17 so waves in 5 seconds. Calcul·ate: •
• Oce~n waves movi ng ~t the speed of 15 m/s complete • ·
(a) Ti~e riod of the wave
ing wave troug h (c) Frequency of the wave.
(b) H~ri~?ntal_distance bet~ een a wave crest and adjoin late the
18 The audible range of frequ encie s of average human ear is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Calcu
• RT]
in air is c1ssumed as 344 -m/s. (MC'E
corresponding wavelengths, if speed of sound
ds. If the total distan ce cover ed by a compression and
l9. A source is producing 1500 sound waves in 3 secon wave.
ency, (b) wavelength and (c) veloc ity the soundof
an adjacent rarefaction be 68 cm, find (a) frequ a stone.
inium rod. One strikes the end of the rod with
20. Two children are at oppo site ends of an alum (Use
in air c1nd in alum inium to reach the second child.
Find the ratio of times taken by the sound wave •
and 6420 m/s respectively) [NCERT]
speed of sound in air and alum inium as 346 m/s
s ti,:ne
21. The given graph show s the displacement versu
ity of
relati on for a distu rbanc e trave lling with veloc . - .
of the
1500 m s-1. Calculate the wavelength
'aisturbance. • . (Exemplar) Time (in i1sJ~

. '

Answers to Numericals 5.100 Hz,0.01s 6. 250 Hz, 0.004 s .

1. 40 Hz 2. 0.005 s 3. 6000 • .-:· 4. 0.002 $ ,
.11. 2.94 s 12;'2 .14s 13.' 0.ls,.
7. 1.25 m . 8. 2 m 9. 250 Hi . ·.,.: 10. 22600 Hz'·
'..
.... '
•
•.

~ ~•· ~-, ~~1 ·~

10Hz: •
. __ 15. 2cm;~·sHi }i~mfs- ·._ ·i//16.:2.87·-mm 17. 10.s,_75 m, 0.1 Hz
14. 6800 Ht, Yes ._;.·.. _,, •~- :' --~"::". . 1. .. •. .-. ~··. ·... .1. . 5
10 m
19. S00Hz, -0:68"f n," 340m /s ::' 2<t. . 18-.55 .- 21. 5 X
18. ~7.-i'm, 0.0172 m '::- ·--"
• ~"_---•.1·--;." : • ~
;
. . .. .

:- ::_ ;_'·? .. \ .,./i1~1tf\ ;~\) REFLEC

\¼tr:;~~-
ffoN
,: ~-;'.r,
··o·F ;,souNo ; . ;
:( ·<'·/'.-: :' - ;·.~,--,:-:;•· .:::f.· ~ ~ •

as light w~ves do. During reflection,

-..- • t"c-<•· •••

and.
... • , ..
'· : • . •• .. ... -t..,-,$.
•
~p~er ical surfaces
·;_. =~· ._. .• So~d : wave~~hls~_
g~fre flecte d frorri fpl~e
•'-:✓ ,~\-~~ .
sound waves alio-ooey $.b]a ws of reflection)J~i{
s eq~a!; {q ~t~e angle of reflection.
i. The· angle of ~p# nce is alway
all lie in the same plane.
2. The incident ray;-t~1e normal and the j~tJ~~ ~ed ray
~?:·;::-~ .:·•· ..
;/·::,~•··~-; sound
is needed for the reflection of sound waves. Since,
•
Note: An obstacle of)ar ger size, polished.or·ro~gh, ted even by the rough
waves, they can be easily reflec
waves have much longer :wavelengths thaii tlia(·,· of light .•
.
:
surfaces. ;·--.·-~ .
larger wave lengt h becau se to have an appreciable
Smaller objec ~(~H not refl~ct th~.s~uil'd waves of length of
:ftqp l any, ~a6~~..'_it_· _should have dimensions equal to or larger than the wave
.
. way~
reflection of sound . ..~•~;.,,;,-,.... •· ·~, ..,.,_ '.... ';. ....,.,,. ....-.
•
sound waves fallmg on·1t'.i :.~.J-!:
~:;½:?_ :· t ·,,: :··.:i:~:\~
. ..., _ :·~;, .. .,·•;'•,<,::;
~- .~
,~_.. , .. i". ··;·,' .

Experiment to show reflection of sound

a tube T 1,
As per the diagram, if a clock is kept at one end of
of tube T 2. This
its ticking sound can be heard on the other end
g~ the tube T I gets reflected
·happens because the sound travels throu
other tube T2.
on the drawing board and is heard on the end of the
,
ECHO
t hear hi.s own word~ after a gap of time.
r
If a person shouts on a hill top or' in a large hall, he migh
unding objects is called an echo.
The sound which is heard after its reflection from surro
cles, more than one echo is heard. These
If the sound is reflected repeatedly from a number of obsta
are called mu//iple echoes.

1
 ...

I '

~
© &ft(e, u naµ th<;>_rizrcd q.1nyin g.<l!!!l 9i~trJhll1LQ!! ..oJ.I!i ipp ~ ti:,.ri aUutrl<;l! y...moh ibi ted - P a11e l 196
- --- - - -------- - ----· ------------------ ~I
Minimum distance between the observer and the obstacle for echo to be heard
Let the distance between the C1bscrvcr and the obstack be cl 1nctrcs. •
• _."14
. air=
Speed cit- sound 111 \ ,lt ?O(}
, ➔.t 1n/'s I. -
Let the time alter echo is heard be I seconds.
C) •
•
Now t = 2 ct (distance is taken 2d because sound travels fro111 source to obstacle and return)
I •
•
, V

Now, we also know that for echo to be heard distinctly, t > 0.1 s I •

• 2cl >
I.e.·-_ 0. 1 S .
t
'JI

~
V

~ Zd
3·11
> 0.1 So, d > 17•. 2 7!I.
~
So , the miniinu1n distance fro1n a sound rc11ecting surface to hear an echo at 20°C should be at least 17 .2 m.
~I

It refers to persistence sound in a

REVERBERATION
large h:lll, which is caused due to repeated reflection of sound. It
t)f
~l
is not a desirable phenomenon as it e2uses distortions in sound. ~l
To avoid reverberation, follo\".'ing 1netp.ods-can be used:
1. Sound absorbing n1aterials like fibre board, rough plaster, draperies, perforated cardboard sheets are
used on walls. •
J
2. Carpets.~~n p~·used ori. floor.·-=.·
on doors or windows to absorb can
sound--and reduce
.
reverberatio n. -5
~
3. Heavy ·curtains. be put . .

.: •.:; ·,.

APPLICATl'ONS'OF REF(~:btlON !OF SOUND ·.i,..... • ·- ~ ·-:; .... .;.~ . : - ~ - - ~ - - . . .,.<.• , - • -

~
1.\tlegaphones or loudhailers, horns~. _rill;l~i9~} instrumeijt'#:,~ll~h as.Jnirnpets and shehnais are all designed
,
• ••

~&-
• I
. : to· s~nd sound in a partic:q}ar dir~~i~r()y_itgqut spreadi~~ijf)P:: ~11 g~~ections.-
• •• __:• . • In these instr\µp,etits, a tube fol19i'!Y~~ by a corl,i~~lf6pe1Jihg reflects sound successively to guide
••. _: .• ~ost of the sound_.,~~y~(f[oµi the sourc~~tp;Jh~ forwar4_girect1chftowards the audience.
~
..... ,._--;;.t: <'-, • ----: ,-.~t..,!;__~.,fJf..?'--~__;l'f.-~- • t1rf--;f•· ...-:... _ :;.:;.-t_:;~ •
f;l
~_;;~~ Stethoscope i~_)iJi!~cJlclt~mstrument \lSed~t§~p~~~ n tQ:.~!lj.g sounds produced within the body, mainly in
-..-~il"\,y~••d> .,.__,,,,...,, ,,
f;l
o
- • • • . --="•~:--•• V
~-• •• •••• • , ••

\\/fu.~ihea~ ~~,j!;\Jtyjgs1~e sounds pro<fU.,~ed - -- ;..,.~l.;.-\..

-:,¥
ii~.,!Ji~~l1fil~
~--,~-iu~<.r~-.~.. ,. • ~-
~~ s body are transmitted to the doctor's ear by
•
I

·;1
•., .• --~~- ·'- -c .... ;.,, ""··

~,.- ~m.tiltipl~··retlectron oliiound through th~:'t).l)g -i . .--:1,.

tub-£}:f1f:.;_,::..
•• , ... ~,:.·~ .)._..
/f
.. --· z-'· ...':.,... - : •'!~::,:'I"'.-- ..;- .,..~~.J; •.'t, .. ~·-·

I '

·c3rvi&~~itfngs iiftf!sound boards: :~~~~~ally th~~2eilings of

,I
I' ,, ' ,,, '
3. t• ' ,,I
I ',
" ,, ' ).'
I,; '

✓v, , ,, \. \
concert halls, co~ence halls and ci~em~; halls are curved so
I I'

that sound.
aftecretlecti
:·.. ·::,;'.:-,..-:
on reaches all c·orners·'of
Sometip,:i~ a curved soundboardj_~-' placed behind the
.. ": .
the hall.
I
I
I·

I
I
I ' '
}
,,
/ '- ',.._ ,, _;~~--"""·
'-.
,,i;:-..· :, J \.
• . /·],..- __;-... "\. \
;, ~, ,.z~~f;, ~- 0~ ~7
stage so that the -~und, after reflecting from the sound board ., ., cl
spreads evenly acr:vss the width ~f the h~!l. The soundboard
prevents the s ~ g out ,,::·'::: of.,···sounct-·
~ -~ ,.
waves in different cl
cl
. . -~:-.... 11·-~.. ,,..~.~-~-<-o!,,.,J:.,;
~~\ ~
directions ,,, :-= ; . ='. : ·: ··. . • '#·.~ \ ~ : . } : ~..~ .

• SJi;ft\:
1:·:--•; .,-. :~~ ;:~/:;; •••
RANGE OF HEARING ••• ~~:-:{: ·:~-~~~ . -·- -- ... . 12.14:Curt'ecl ceiling ofa conference hcdt c: I
The audible range of sound. ii{ humaii beings is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
Children under the age of 5 arid some animals· like dogs can hear sounds up to 25 kHz (25000 Hz).
i; I
Sonic Boom cl
An object travelling with a speed higher than that of sound is said to have supersonic speed. Such
objects (say aircrafts) produce shock waves in the air, which carry large amount of energy. Such waves are
~I
~ .I
associa.ted with large i" ..:essure variations. These pressure variations may cause a burst or cracking sound called
sonic bJom.

lnfrasound and Ultrasound

~,~,
Soun~s of f~equencies lower thai,1 20 Hz _are known as infrasonic sounds or infrasounds. Earthquakes
and some an11nal.s. h~e whales, elephants: and rh1 noccr~ses also produce infrasonic sounds. Rhinoceros 111ay ~1
communicate usmg mfrasounds as low. as 5 Hz. It 1s observed that so111e animals get disturbed before
~ .. ~'
~~
 s1riq_ly prohihj_t<='d. Page I 19 7"
l~l!7m.b0_ri:?~!·l_qlpyi11g ~nd dis_1rilrnJic,n of tli(s m;itc· ia_l is •
---·· --- - ·- .. •
--~ · ·-
r\-·111l 1q1•··~: -.- ,-. - -- - - ·- · · 1hc 111;1i11 sl1th:~ 1.,:i',1.'S bc_!.!i11 ,,·Ji,1.·li
1.· l\)\\·-1·r1.·t1u1..·11c, i11(r;1~;,~;11d l·•1..·l~1r1.·
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,,k1.'s prt,dth.:
·
1' ' •' ' ,. ·ti · ·1 I
• ' l l l 11.' ;1111111;11:-.,
11 ;1s ultr;1so11ic stiu11ds t 1r ul1r:lst1t111tb.
()_ Th_c snund:-- or frcquc11cic:-- hi!.!hcr 1h;111 .20.(J()O I I; ;m: km,,, I I·
1ls li1., I I ~ls. dulpl1111:--. b;1h. llll'llKl') :-. :111d sPrnc rntiths etc. 1.·;111 I11.·:1r u (r;1suu m :-. .
·
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. . · . 1-.1,.; l llg:--. c:1ts, cl,p,m
•,,lh .ibo play using ultrnsounds.

~Vhy_ is ultra~ound useful?

~ , - I" ...Ultrast'll'.~d~ :•111 l)rdinar~ ::-l1und ,,·_,n:cs ,~nd ~,m t:n~ducc ct:lwcs. but unlike
l_1c rcllcct~d just iik~
its high lrcqucm:y.
Ii··-~ ~l 111d1 > Sl)Und ",l\ cs. thcll' pcndr:1t1ng pn\\'cr ts much higher dut:: tod p,1ths c,·c11 i1l'thc pn.:scn cc of l'h:--t:1cks.
~ ltr;isl,unds ~m: highly directional and can tr;1\'d ak,11g ,,·1.,II c.k:li11c

~ • Applications of Ultrasound
,ire madt: to rclkcl from various p:irts or the heart and !'tlrIH
the
~ 1. Fchocanliography: Llllrasonic \\';1vcs

~ image l)f the hcnrt. This tcdmi quc is called echucardiogrllJJhy.

l organs of human body say liver, uterus, kidney
~ ., Oltrasonic wav~s are used for getting images of interna
or tumor s in internal organs. In_ this
I - etc. It helps the doctor to detect abnormalities, such as stones
the body and get reflected from a region
technique the ultrasonic waves travel" through the tissues of
converted to electrical signals that an~
~ '':here there is chang e in tissue den~ity. These ,vaves arc then·
displayed on a monitor, this technique is
~ used to generate images of the organ. \Vhen these images are
nation of foetus during pregna ncy to
f ~- called ultrasonography. This technique is also used for. exami
' -
~ detect congenital defects and growt h abnom1alities.
to reach places . For examp le, spiral tube, odd shaped
I - 3. • Ultras ound is generally used to clean parts in hard
in a cleani ng solution and ultrasonic
~ parts, electronic compo nents etc: Objects -to be cleaned are placed
particl es of dust, grease and dirt get
~ • waves are sent into the solution. Due to high frequency1 the ~CJ:c, ~r 1~.~
I -- detach ed and drop out. , The · objects thus ·get ..1horo.1;1ghly : I
·i

~ cleane d.
metal -c-r+ --_;_ _----: ----1- 1-4-~ I
I 4. Ultrasounds can be used ·to detect cracks and flaws in· C
blocks . Metalli~ compo nents arc generally used in constr u~tion :,-+-<H --+---+ ---t
~
_s~H- -+---+ ---f
of· big structures.. like • buildi ngs,· bridges, machi nes and 5 . - + - - + - - - - - - - - - - - ~ . . r - - ,
sc{entific equipment. The cracks or holes inside the n~etal
of
blocks , which are invisib le from outsid e reduces the streng th Mcl:il Jill'><"k

structure. Ultrasonic waves are allowed to pass throug h the

•
Fig 12 _1 6 : t'lrt-cl::ow 1,, is r-'ficcct.--cl bw.-;. Ji·om ,:i~-
metal block and detectors are used to detect the transmitted cu1ccti1•t~ !tX(ltion s i,1s iclc cunt.'WUl:ock:.
waves . If there i~ even a small defect, the ultrasound gets
reflected back indicating the presen ce of the flaw or defecL
, which are
s. Ultrasound may be employed to break small stones formed in the kidneys into fine grains
~~~:a~:~~;~:~!1~:~: employed for monitoring a nuclear reactor.
I~
, • 6.

out. prey and fly in dark night by emitti ng and

Ultra sonic waves by bats: A_• mentio ned earlier, bats search
nic squea ks of the bat are reflected from the
detecting reflections of ultrasonic waves. The h1gh-p1tched ultraso
ions tells the bat where the obstac le or prey is
-• obstacles or prey and returned to bat's ear. The nature of reflect
and locatio n of food in the dark.
and what it is like. Porpoises also use ultrasound for naviga tion

SONAR
SONA R stands for Sound Navig ation And Ranging.
direct ion and
Sonar is a device that is used to estimate the distan ces, qepth,
.. .
speed of underwater objects.
ed on a ship or
It consists of a transmitter and a detector, which are install ,I
I
boat. I
waves travel
The transmitter produces and transmits ultrn$onic wnv~s. These
•• , , through water ~ml after striking the object on seabed
, get i"dlccted back and are lI'
~ _s_c_ns_c_~_b_y_t:1_e_c_lc_tc_c_to_r_.___ ___ ___ ___ _•_ __
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1"1 i~ "'" nF'fonr A. 1
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© Unauthorized CQ}r)dng_;n1ci_distrilrnuo I S)r 1J.1i$_JJ}~!~rj_~_Li-'~-str1qlX-P-roJ,jbitfQ.

Z~):~ vcrt~ th~ uIt r;l~l)~{i~-\\~~;,c~--- JJ:'. o- ~l~~~~T~:.~ -~i gn;~ ls w h ich~1rc tl1c11 i 11t crprctcd. •
•
----Th~-t\=tcctor -
The time interval between trnnsmissinn and reception of ultrasound is 1wtcd ~111d distance can- he
calculated by using sp~cd of sound in w_at~r: , . .
This technique is also called eclzo ra11g111g. I his can also be used to dctennmc the depth ot
_
•
sea and to locate undenvater hills, valleys etc.
.,.1 •
•
The human ear is extremely senisitive device used for hearing the sounds around us. It allows us to
THE HU~AAf\J EAR
~ :7
~
convert pressure variations in the air with audible frequencies into . e_le_"c_t_ri_c_a_l
.. _s1_·g_n_a_Is_.________--,
The Human Ear is divided into three pa11s:
I. Outer car (Pinna): It is the visible outer pa11 of the ear
and help in collecting sound from the surroundings. The
. . . . . . - - - - j l:111111:rt

~--Slurup
- - ()•;,;} w1:1clc,•.o:
~
broad part of the outer ear is called Pinna.
The sound -collected through outer ear passes through the •
~I
1)mpan1c mc:mhrnnc: - I
or cardn1m
auditqry canal. , C.,:I
It the~ _- reaches a thin. membrane called tyrppanic
membrane.cfr-ear dnim~ , • ."_.:· - 1-:m;tachtan tubr. ~
~
<· :~ - _::·- •."· • -: • --: • .::; ~ - . ;.•.. • .'~~< ,',i, ••

' 2. lVUd-clll t·ar. With the compression rea~hing ear drilm;

I the pre~sure on~e outside of the rp.,em~~ne i~cre~~l~~\ :; .____ _ __. L.J L-1
Oulu car Middle h:.ner
. -I
.an·~ the;'eardruntis forced inward.. Si_mil#ly, the eattffl ear ear ~
I •is -forted"°outward, when a rarefaction re~thes it. The~~<;~i,\
c..
l /.J:;.:&Ji~~nes pre~ent in the middle ei.}h~ttlfue'r, anvd«w?~;; ....__.....,Fi .....'_g._1_2_.1_9_:_
••~_ua_i_to_,y_p_a_rr_s_of_h_u_m_an_ec_u-._ ___,
I. - . ..: ..· .... · ·- _.....i
/~~~::S.fiif.nip amplify these vibM1tions.
..... ,~,-;-
'v ,~_,. -"~ ' -• ~ -,.~
~ ~ :,._-"-·s. • ..,;;:--·, .... .,,- ·--,,
,-t
Ca.
I ';t~~~~'hf$i} . --~,i~~:-~. . • "~~ ~ .
}?:'Inner Ear: The ampljg~~filgnals are "-~,..Il~nt to the • e pressure variations are converted ,.,;.o. __ ,:-:.;.,,""~

))f~~g electr~cal si~l~i)~ coiled tube~{~1~~1-,eochlea r~:· 1 ese e1tcJrical signals are then sent to the brain ~
1
ft}l:ilfriu h audito ."':~}Jf,&":~~the brain inte ··1t~t~r: und.
'~t~r:~itil. g ~~~ts~;y ~ rp "?J . '•
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.. ,y;;;-_ ... - ~..~-- !Ef~-: "e rr:;~;;~~) ~~~:r~~r

~y;~ we must striyfJfg,r corislanf and never ending improvement.

;'.~;,-I":~~'(?

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-_~:, i_:_~.~~_.-r._..~_: --~:;~~-/~i})':'~

-~~.../ ~,I-~;..:.- ...,
:-· ;!'"_ .{...-:/;.~...--t!~;.

1ffl!i .;}imtercise - a
One
_ Mark
- r1uestiorls:~
, - __·i·; :~tf-Y:i;'.'~,
~·:t f':'·/'.
1

1. Give two exampl~~;,:ea~h, of animal~·wtji~.n. _¢an hear infrasound and ultrasound.

2. Why is soft furij~fi\ng avoided iri C9.J.lf~rtl)a·11s?
~1¥~ ,;: -i~.::-Jr;!t~.~: 4t--~~
3. In a small room~ij~j9. is genet~l!'{IT[J;b~Jird. Why?
4. What is the prirf~JpJ~_J?,~pl,qgf.Wr~r~tlfg;g,fstethoscope?
5. What !s the technf9ijf\~f~~i;?Y ~~tit<f move around at night?
6. What 1s the normaf'aud1p_!~J~_nge.1h an adult human?
7. Why are the c·emngs of concert halls curve.d?.. [NCERT]
8. What is the. use of ultrasonography in medical sciences?
9. What is sonic boom?
10. What is the role of soundboard in a large h9.U?
11. What does SONAR stands for? •
12. (a) Name the visible part of the outer ear. (~) What is the other name of the ear drum?
13. Name the.t_hree interconnected bones prese11t in the middle ear of the human ear.
14. What is the· function of the auditory nerve?

Two Marks qu~stions

1. What is ari echo? How it differs from reverberation?
2. Does sound follow the same laws of reflection as light does? Explain. [NCERT]
TT . 1 ~ . 1 • 1 • rr

I '(
 "lI
I
-- 1 I

~
li
i @&lite
_______ .lJ_n;ni1borizr~Lrnr.y_iJJi~n.<J·.di~trrbi1t_r.QrtgfJ~j~ pi; 1r,:'Jj,1tj:; sJ1icrly: prnh_ibit'r<t. ~g~ 1..1 ~~ .,'·.~..l
~ -- . ,. ~
3
• \Nhat 5~~~-be ti~~ mini~1~;~ dis~ance betw;en th·;·;·;~;ce pr;duci~g sound and the reflecting surfac.! }
() f~r echo to be heard? Why can't echo be hetird at lesser this distance? f
4
• ~ive two practical applications of reflection of sound waves. [NCERT] 1
I
5 I

• xplain how bats use ultrasound to catch a prey. [NCERT]

6. How is ultrasound used for cleaning? [NCERT] .
7• Explain how defects in a metal block can be detected using ultrasound. [NCERT] .
8• What-is difference between supersonic speed and ultrasonic waves?
9. How can small and interior parts of machinery be cleaned using sound?
......,
10. How can reverberations be avoided? Give some measures. •
11. What is sonar? For what purpose, sonar is used by marine geologists?
( .!
( l
' l
Th1·ce Marks questions - I
I
I
i
1. A child shouts in a valley and is able to hear repeatedly whatever he said. What is this phenomenon I
called? Why does this happen? How is it different from echo?
2. What is reverberation? How can it be reduced? [NCER":f]
l
3. Explain the wo!~ing and application of SONAR. [NCERT]
~
Five Marks questions
~ 1. What is echo? How can some animals like bats use echo for movements or catching prey?
What is the essential condition for ee;ho to be heard? ,
Show by calculations the minimum distance requireQ for echo to be heard. .
~ • •2. With the help of a neat and labelle'd diagram, explain the stq.JCture of working of human ear. [NCERT]
3~ What are ultrasonic waves? Wri~e.• two important •pfoperties pf ultrasonic waves. Explain three
~ . i~p_ortant applications of, uJtrasonit\~;v~{ • •• ~ :.

~ NVM~R!CALS . ,,;{i,:lt • '.t::~t ' - -' : • -

~ 1~·::: AsgNAR picks ~rJtt!~tnjignal after 3 se'~?=~?!:~~?w f~r ~-Y!ay is the object? (Sp. of sound == 1440 m/s)
' 2.'-::·- 1\"'sonar device· altifr:he.d/to a ship sends ult.rascfnlc:.waves in the sea. These waves take 4 seconds to.
~ .: _=:_ t;~·vel from...fti~-shi(il~f the bottom ~t5~~ ~€i)~~-_b1h:to the ship. Find depth of the sea. (Speed of
•l 1.• \ou.nd :in water= 1440 m/s) •.·t'.t\ "-:,:tJ? :<.:
~ 3·. A sonar-device att;ched to a ship sends: uit,rasonic wa1.1es in the sea. These waves take 3 seconds to
~ travel from the ship ·to the bottom of th·e··sea and back to the ship. Find depth of the sea. (Speed of
sound in water= isoo m/s) • •':.-__.:.-::. •
~ •4. A man claps his ha~ds near a mount~in'~nd hears the €!Cho after 4 seconds. If the speed ·of the sound
~ under these conditions be 330 m/s, calc.ulate the distance of the mountain from the man.
s. On ~ cloudy day,}~e sound of a thynder was heard 4.5 sec after the flash of light was seen. How far
~ was the cloud? (GiJ~n, the speed of sou·nd-340 m/s). '
6. A person clappe~ft(h~ptj·i' O~~f"
~};liff and heard the echo after 5 s. What is the distance of the cliff
~ from the person ifthe spe.efqf the' sound, vis taken as 346 m s-17 [NCERT]
'
I

~ 7. An echo returned in 3 s. Wh~t 1

is the distance of the reflecting surface from the source, given that the
speed of sound is 342 m s- 7 [~~ERT] .
~ 8. A submarine emits a sonar pulse, which returns from an underwater cliff in 1.02 s. If the speed of

~
sound in salt water is 1531 m/s, how far away is the cliff? [NCERT]
9. A sonar device on a submarine sends out a signal and receives an echo s slater. Calculate the speed of
~ sound in water if the distance of the object from the_ submarine is 3625 m. [NCERT]
10. A stone is dropped from the top of a·tower 500 m h··1gh into a pond of water at the base of the tower.
~, When is the splash heard·a.t the top? Given, g = 10 m/s2 and speed of sound= 340 m/s. [NCERT]
I ,

~ Answers to Numericals
,fl 1. 2160 m 2. 2880.m 3. 2250 m . • 4. 660 m • 5. 1530 m
L~~ :~ ~~: -~ ......9~ ;~;? r:_(5. ..}~~ :;~4:.s......... ~ ...... ~ ................................ .
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