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Mix design is defined as the art of obtaining
concrete of the required properties, at the
lowest cost possible by a suitable choice and
proportions of available ingredients.

IS CODE USED : IS 10262:2019

• To achieve a minimum compressive strength at 28 days period
to match with the specifications of structural strength.
• The concrete mix should be proper and without chances of
honeycombing and segregation
• Mix should have adequate workability.
• Concrete should be durable
• The mix should be designed to achieve the desired strength in the
hardened stage.
• The mix should be designed in such a way that minimum quantity of
cement is used.
• Mix should be designed to make it economical by controlling the
ingredients.
• To achieve satisfactory appearance.
 CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (fck)
The characteristic strength is defined as the strength
of the concrete below which not more than 5% of the
test results are expected to fall.
(Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days for M20 concrete = 20 N/mm2)

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TARGET MEAN STRENGTH (f’ck)
(IS 10262:2009 Clause 3.1)
In order that not more than specified test results fall below
the characteristic compressive strength, the concrete mix
has to be designed for a higher target mean strength f’ck.

f’ck= fck + 1.65 s

f’ck : Target mean compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2
fck : Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2
S : Standard deviation in N/mm2
1. IS (Indian Standard) Recommended Method (IS 10262-2009)
2. ACI (American Concrete Institute) Committee 211 Method
3. DOE (British) mix deign method.
4. Road Note No.4 method (Grading Curve Method)
5. IRC - 44 (Indian Road Congress) Method
6. Arbitrary proportion
7. Maximum density method
8. Fineness Modulus method
9. Surface area method
10. Mix design based on flexural strength
11. Mix design for pumpable concrete
12. Mix design for high strength concrete
 Grade Designation

Type of Cement

Maximum Nominal Size of Aggregate

Minimum/Maximum Cement Content

Maximum Water Cement Ratio

 Workability

Exposure Conditions

Maximum Temperature at Placing

Method of Transporting and Placing

Type of Aggregate

Admixtures
 1. Determination Target Strength f’ck= fck + 1.65 s

2. Selection of Water Cement Ratio from Table 5, IS456

3. Estimation of air content

4. Selection of Water Content and fine to total aggregate ratio

5. Selection of Cement Content

Cement 6. Calculation of aggregate content

…… kg

7. Mix Calculations (Volume)

8.Mix proportions for trial 1 (Weight calculations)

Destructive testing is In non-destructive testing (NDT), the
conducted by damaging the tested item does not suffer any
specimen that is being physical damage and can be used in
tested. active operation after the testing.

COMPRESSIVE ULTRA SONIC

FLEXURAL REBOUND
STRENGTH PULSE VEOCITY
STRENTH TEST HAMMER TEST
TEST TEST

TEST FOR
SPLIT TENSILE
FINDING PULL OUT RADIO ACTIVE
STRENGTH
MODULUS OF TESTS METHODS
TEST
ELASTICITY
 Resistance of concrete against failure due to applied compressive
load, generally taken as the strength of 28 days old specimen when
tested under compressive loads.

28 DAYS’
MIX COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (in MPa)

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CUBE MOULD CYLINDRICAL MOULD
150mm*150mm*150mm 150mm dia * 300mm long
COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE
 Concrete is mixed and placed in the cube mould and compacted by
hand/by vibration

When compacting by hand the concrete is placed as layers of

5cm deep with 35 strokes each while using cube mould.
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The concrete is allowed to set and the mould is removed

after 24± 0.5 hours and kept for curing @24 − 30°C.

Usually 3 cubes are prepared each for finding 7 days’, 14

days’ and 28 days’ strength.

After curing for the required period the cubes are placed
on the CTM with load applied opposite to casting direction.

Compressive Strength
𝑃 Load is applied till failure and the failure load P is noted.
fc =
𝐴
Surface Area of The strength of each specimen is found out, and average strength
a :
the Specimen of the 3 samples are taken as strength in each case.
 REPRESENTATIVE OBSERVATION TABLE

COMPRESSIVE AVERAGE
SPECIM MAXIMUM LOAD
SIZE AGE STRENGTH (P/A) COMPRESSIVE
EN (P) N
Mpa STRENGTH
1 150mmx150mmx150mm 7 123450 5.49

2 150mmx150mmx150mm 7 118900 5.28 5.39 N/mm2

3 150mmx150mmx150mm 7 121450 5.40

4 150mmx150mmx150mm 14 179000 7.96

5 150mmx150mmx150mm 14 176500 7.84 7.90 N/mm2

6 150mmx150mmx150mm 14 177590 7.89

7 150mmx150mmx150mm 28 331200 14.72

8 150mmx150mmx150mm 28 330500 14.69 14.70 N/mm2

9 150mmx150mmx150mm 28 330950 14.71

(Values shown are for representation only)
 • Concrete typically gains strength rapidly in the
early days after casting (Steep Curve)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)

• Useful for determining formwork removal and

construction schedules.

• The 28-day strength is often a Crucial reference

point for assessing concrete quality and making
design decisions. Almost 2/3rd of concrete
strength developed by this stage.
• 28-day strength is often used for structural
design and quality control purposes.
3 7 14 28
AGE IN DAYS
• The graph can also show the strength gain
beyond 28 days, which is essential for assessing
the long-term durability of concrete in
structures.
• Flat curve shows that the strength gain is slower
• STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT: NDT helps to assess the
condition of building without destroying it. It can identify hidden defects,
cracks, and deterioration in buildings.

• SAFETY ASSURANCE: By detecting structural issues and weaknesses in

concrete, NDT ensures the safety of buildings, bridges, and other
infrastructure.

• STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING : Through NDT the structure can be

verified at different timespans and the condition can be assessed. If any
problem exists repairs can be done.

• EASY AND FAST:` NDT methods are easier and faster as they require less
experiment time, calculations and analysis compared to destructive tests.
• QUALITY CONTROL: During construction, NDT is used to assess the quality
of concrete, ensuring it meets design and construction specifications. This
helps avoid construction defects and ensures the longevity of the structure.

• COST SAVINGS: NDT can lead to cost savings by finding exact areas that
require repair or rehabilitation, reducing the need for costly and extensive
repairs.

• ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY: As there is no demolition of specimens or

building elements waste will be less.

• EXTENDED LIFESPAN: Through regular NDT, the lifespan of concrete

structures can be extended by addressing issues early and implementing
preventive maintenance measures. This contributes to the long-term
sustainability of infrastructure.
Schimidt’s Rebound Hammer test is a Non-destructive testing
method of concrete which provide a convenient and rapid indication
of the compressive strength of the concrete.

Rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the concrete

surface against which the mass strikes. More the rebound, more the
hardness of the surface and more the compressive strength.
 Select the points on the surface where test is to be done.

Position the rebound hammer perpendicular to the concrete surface

at the selected test point.

Apply gentle pressure to compress the spring, locking the plunger

in place. This primes the hammer for the test.

Release the plunger by pressing the release trigger or button. The

mass will impact the concrete surface and rebound back.

Observe and note the rebound value indicated on the hammer's scale.

Compare the rebound value with the reference chart to find compressive
strength
• Higher-strength concrete typically results in higher
rebound values, while lower-strength concrete yields lower values.
• Wet or saturated surfaces may lead to lower rebound
values.
• A rough or uneven surface can cause energy loss
upon impact, resulting in lower rebound values.
• Paints, sealants, or surface coatings
These materials may reduce the impact and lead to lower readings.
• Younger concrete may have lower rebound values, while older, well-
cured concrete often yields higher values
• Localized defects like cracks, voids, or air pockets near the
test point can impact rebound values.
• A well-maintained and properly calibrated hammer will provide
more accurate and consistent results.
• The angle at which the rebound hammer is held, the pressure
applied, and the consistency of testing techniques among operators can affect the
results.
The ultrasonic pulse velocity test is a non-destructive test used to
determine the quality of concrete on site.

Measures the time it takes for an ultrasonic pulse to travel through

the material and return and pulse velocity is calculated. Higher the
velocity of pulse better the concrete.
TEST SET UP
• Irregularities in amplitude and travel time of the pulses can
indicate the presence of flaws or cracks in concrete.
Clean the surface to be tested and mark the test location

Apply thin layer of couplant (water or gel) to the

transducers surface and press against the surface.

The transducer emits ultra sonic pulse waves which

travel through concrete to the receiver.

Record the time taken by pulse to reach receiver. Pulse

velocity = Distance between transducers/Time

Analyse the signal at receiver to find any flaws

 WATER PROOFING
waterproofing is the formation of an impervious barrier over surfaces of
foundations, roofs, walls, and other structural members. the function of the
impermeable barrier is to prevent water penetrations.
 Waterproofing Methods
• Cementitious waterproofing
• Liquid waterproofing membrane
• Bituminous membrane
• Bituminous coating
• Polyurethane liquid membrane
 1. Cementitious waterproofing
• Cemented waterproofing is the simplest method of waterproofing, materials
required are freely available, easy to mix and apply.
• It is usually rigid or semi-flexible waterproofings hence used at interior places
such as toilets & areas not exposed to sunlight and weathering.
2.Liquid waterproofing membrane
A liquid membrane is a thin coating that contains a primer coat and topcoat used by a
spray, roller, or trowel which gives extra flexibility as compare to the cementitious
waterproofing.
 3.bituminous coating
waterproofing
• Bituminous coating waterproofing are flexibility and protectiveness against water
that can be affected by polymer grades and reinforcement of fibers also called asphalt
coating.
• These waterproofings is made up of bitumen fabricated material as it becomes very
brittle when exposed to sunlight with flexible materials such as polyurethane or
acrylic-based polymers.
 4.bituminous membrane
waterproofing
• Bituminous waterproofing is a popular technique used for the low sloping
roofs due to their low efficiency, it consists of a flashlight and a self-
adhesive membrane on the layer.
• Self-adhesive compounds include asphalt, polymers, and filler, while
some resins and oils are added to improve the adhesion characteristics.
• This method is the coating of a flexible asphalt layer with two methods:
one is the torch seal and the other is a self-adhesive waterproofing
membrane.
 5.Polyurethane liquid membrane
• This polyurethane liquid membrane is used for flat roofs, which is exposed to
weathering and has high ductility.
 Advantages of water proofing
• Water absorption can be decreased.
• Prevents the formation of cracks on the concrete floor.
• It will increase the lifetime of a solid construction.
• It prevents corrosion of reinforcement.
• Also, prevents dampness inside the building.
• It prevents seepages from the ceiling and walls.
• This reduces the maintenance cost of the building.
• It supplies a healthy environment, good waterproofing system helps in making a
clear living workspace.
• It protects the property as well as the people present therein.
 Materials for water proofing
1. Cementitious coating
2. EPDM rubber
3. Fiberglass
4. High-density polyethylene
5. Liquid roofing
6. Polyurethane waterproof coating
7. PVC
8. Rubberized asphalt