Scribd
Upload
7 views

Control and Cordination - Notes - Part1

Uploaded by

chhavinagar.audichya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

Control and Cordination - Notes - Part1

Uploaded by

chhavinagar.audichya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Learning Outcomes:
 Acquire knowledge about the structure and function of nervous system in animals and coordination in
plants.
 Appreciate the role of feedback mechanism of endocrine system in our life.
 Define reflex action, Tropic and Nastic movements.
 Identify the different parts of the brain.
 Differentiate the different types of nerves based on structure and function.

CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN ANIMALS:


The working together of various organs in an organism to produce a proper response to a stimulus is called
coordination.
In animals control and co ordination is done by the
i) Nervous system.
ii) Endocrine system.

NERVOUS SYSTEM:
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs.
Stimulus: Any change in environment to which the organisms respond is called stimulus. Example: light, heat
and gravity.
Response : Any behavior of a living organism that results from an external or internal stimulus. (e.g. pulling
hand away from a hot plate is a response)
Receptors: are the specialized tips of nerve cells which receive the stimuli and pass the message to the brain or
spinal cord through the sensory nerves.
SL. NO. RECEPTOR STIMULUS ORGAN
1. Photoreceptor Light Eye
2. Phonoreceptor Sound Ears
3. Gustatory receptor Taste tongue
4. Olfactory receptor Smell Nose
5. Thigmoreceptor Temperature/touch/ pain Skin

Neuron: It is the structural and functional unit of nervous system.


Structural detail of neuron:
a) Dendrite: Acquire information.
b) Cell body: Acquired information travels as an electrical impulse.
c) Axon: longest fibre on the cell body is called axon. It transmits electrical impulse from cell body to dendrite
of next neuron.
Function of neuron: Formation and Conduction of Nerve impulse.
Synapse: It is the gap between nerve ending of one neuron and dendrite of the other neuron. Here electrical
signal is converted into chemical signal for onward transmission.
Neuromuscular Junction: is the site where the motor neuron connects with surface of the muscle.
Neurotransmitter: Neurotransmitters are chemical transmitters that send impulses from one neuron to another
neuron, muscle, or gland cell across a chemical synapse. Examples: Acetylcholine and GABA.
Transmission of nerve impulse:
The information acquired at the end of the dendrite tip of a neuron, sets off a chemical reaction which creates an
electrical impulse. This impulse travel from:
Types of nerves cells: nerve cells are of Three types on the basis of direction of conduction of nerve impulse:-
1. Sensory (or Afferent) Nerve: Conduct nerve impulse from organs to the CNS i.e. towards CNS.
2. Motor (or Efferent) Nerve: Conduct nerve impulse from CNS to the Organs i.e. away from CNS.
3. Mixed nerve: Conduct nerve impulse both towards & away from the CNS.

Reflex action: is a quick, sudden and immediate responses of the body against stimuli. Eg. We suddenly
withdraw our hand if we suddenly touch a hot object.
Reflex arc: represents the path through which the nerve impulse is conducted during reflex.
Types:
i) Spinal Reflex: A reflex action where the reflex arc involves the spinal cord.
Example:

ii) Cranial Reflex: A reflex action where the reflex arc involves only brain.

Significance of reflex action:


 helps us in protecting us from any sudden stimulus which may harm us
 ensuring survival of an organism.
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

Nervous
System

CNS PNS

Brain Spinal Cord Voluntary NS Involuntary NS

Cranial Spinal
Nerves Nerves

Parasympathetic
Sympathetic NS NS

The human nervous system consists of the Peripheral Nervous System and Central Nervous System
I. The peripheral nervous system: PNS consists of 3 types of nerves:
i) Cranial nerves: arising from the brain.
ii) Spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.
iii) Visceral

PNS has 2 parts:


i) Voluntary PNS: controls the actions which are in control of our will i.e. these actions need thinking and
are preformed knowingly. E.g. - Speaking to a friend, writing a letter etc.
ii) Involuntary PNS/ Autonomic NS: control actions which are not under the control of the will of an
individual and are automatic response to a stimulus. E.g. - Touching of a hot plate unknowingly.

Autonomic NS has 2 parts:


i) Sympathetic NS: The primary function is to stimulate a fight-to-fight response. The heart rate,
respiratory system, pupil response are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
ii) Parasympathetic NS: control the body’s feed and breeds and then rest and digest response.

II. The central nervous system: consists of the brain, and spinal cord.
Brain:
Protection of spinal cord and brain:
The brain and spinal cord are protected by the Skeleton- Brain by the CRANIUM/BRAIN BOX and Spinal cord
by the VERTIBRAL COLUMN. They're both cushioned by layers of membranes (called meninges) and
cerebrospinal fluid.

You might also like