No.

of Experiment: 01
Name of the Experiment: Study the different types of measuring devices/instruments with their
function and application.
Objectives:
i. To study the various types of measuring devices and instruments used in engineering and
science.
ii. To understand the working principles of different measuring instruments.
iii. To measure physical quantities such as length, temperature, pressure, and electrical
parameters using appropriate devices.
Types of Measuring Devices:
i. Vernier Caliper.
ii. Micrometer Screw Gauge.
iii. Pressure Gauge.
iv. Digital Multimeter.
v. Oscilloscope.
vi. Weighing Balance.
vii. Surface Plate.
viii. Vernier Height gauge.
ix. Bevel Protractor.
x. Sine Bar.
xi. Vernier Depth Gauge.
xii. Slip gauge set.
xiii. Dial Gauge with Magnetic Stand.
xiv. Tool Makers Microscope.
xv. Snap Gauge.
xvi. Dial Bore Gauge.
xvii. Feeler Gauge.
xviii. Thread Gauge.
xix. Ring Gauge.
xx. Plug Gauge.
xxi. Taper Gauge.
1. Vernier Caliper
 Function: A Vernier Caliper is used to measure the length, depth, and internal and
external diameters of objects with high accuracy.
 Application: Commonly used in manufacturing and mechanical engineering to measure
the dimensions of small parts, shafts, and bolts.
 Principle of Operation: It has a main scale and a sliding Vernier scale that provides
precise measurements.

Figure 1.1: Vernier Caliper.

2. Micrometer Screw Gauge
 Function: A micrometer screw gauge measures small dimensions such as the thickness
or diameter of an object with great precision.
 Application: Used in mechanical and precision engineering to measure the diameter of
thin wires, sheets, or small cylindrical objects.
 Principle of Operation: It uses a calibrated screw to measure minute lengths.

Figure 1.2: Micrometer Screw Gauge

3. Thermocouple
 Function: A thermocouple is used to measure temperature by producing a voltage based
on the temperature difference between two metal junctions.
 Application: Widely used in industrial settings to measure temperatures in furnaces,
engines, and other thermal processes.
 Principle of Operation: Works on the principle of the Seebeck effect, where a voltage is
generated across two different metals when they are subjected to a temperature
difference.

Figure 1.3: Thermocouple.

4. Pressure Gauge
 Function: Measures the pressure of fluids (liquids and gases) within a closed system.
 Application: Used in hydraulic systems, compressors, and boilers to monitor pressure
levels.
 Principle of Operation: Based on the deformation of a Bourdon tube or a diaphragm due
to the pressure applied.
 Figure 1.4: Pressure Gauge.
5. Digital Multimeter
 Function: A digital multimeter measures electrical quantities such as voltage, current,
and resistance.
 Application: Used in electronics, electrical engineering, and circuit analysis to
troubleshoot and test electrical circuits.
 Principle of Operation: It uses analog-to-digital conversion to provide readings of
electrical quantities.

Figure 1.5: Digital Multimeter.

6. Oscilloscope
 Function: An oscilloscope is used to measure and visualize varying electrical signals
over time.
 Application: Commonly used in electronics, telecommunications, and research to
observe waveforms of electrical signals.
 Principle of Operation: It displays the voltage as a function of time on a screen,
allowing for analysis of signal behavior.
 Figure 1.6: Oscilloscope.
7. Weighing Balance (Electronic Balance)
 Function: Measures the weight or mass of an object accurately.
 Application: Used in laboratories, industries, and retail sectors for weighing chemicals,
food items, and materials.
 Principle of Operation: It measures weight based on the force exerted by the object due
to gravity and converts it into a readable electronic output.

Figure 1.7: Weighing Balance.

8. Surface Plate
 Function: A surface plate is a solid, flat reference plane used for precision inspection,
layout, and tooling setup. The surface plate serves as the baseline for all measurements of
a workpiece.
 Application: Commonly used in precision measurement settings such as workshops,
inspection departments, and metrology labs. Plates are typically finished with accuracy
up to 0.00001 inches for a grade AA or AAA plate.
 Principle of Operation: Provides a stable, extremely flat surface for high-precision
measurements.
 Figure 1.8: Surface Plate.
9. Vernier Height Gauge
 Function: A height-measuring instrument equipped with a special base block for stability
and precision.
 Application: Used for inspecting parts, layout work, and precise height measurements in
industries like machining and fabrication. The vernier height gauge is used in conjunction
with surface plates as a datum surface.
 Principle of Operation: Functions similarly to a vernier caliper, but with added
precision for vertical measurements.

Figure 1.9: Vernier Height Gauge.

10. Bevel Protractor

 Function: A precision instrument used to establish and test angles.
 Application: Used in machining and fabrication to measure angles up to a close
tolerance of 5 minutes or 1/20°.
 Principle of Operation: It consists of a beam, graduated dial, and blade, which measures
angles through 360°.
 Figure 1.10: Bevel Protractor.
11. Sine Bar
 Function: Used for precise angular measurement in conjunction with slip gauges.
 Application: Used to measure angles or to locate workpieces at a specific angle in
precision machining and metrology.
 Principle of Operation: It uses trigonometry and two cylindrical rollers of equal
diameter positioned at the ends of a bar to set or measure angles.

Figure 1.11: Sine Bar.

12. Vernier Depth Gauge
 Function: Measures the depths of holes, slots, and recesses.
 Application: Used for measuring depths and inspecting jigs, fixtures, and die work.
 Principle of Operation: Works similarly to a vernier caliper but is designed for depth
measurement.

Figure 1.12: Vernier Depth Gauge.

13. Slip Gauge Set
 Function: Precision gauge blocks stacked to achieve a specific length or dimension.
 Application: Used in inspection rooms, machine shops, and metrology labs to set
comparators and check the accuracy of measuring instruments.
 Principle of Operation: Gauges are "wrung" together using ultra-flat surfaces to achieve
accurate lengths.

Figure 1.13: Slip Gauge Set.

14. Dial Gauge with Magnetic Stand
 Function: Measures small displacements or changes in a surface with high precision.
 Application: Commonly used in mechanical and automotive industries for precision
alignment and inspection.
 Principle of Operation: A dial indicator measures movement, and a magnetic stand
provides stability.

Figure 1.14: Dial Gauge with Magnetic stand.

15. Tool Makers Microscope
 Function: Optical measurement tool for delicate and small parts.
 Application: Used in precision machining, tool manufacturing, and research labs to
measure parts without physical contact.
 Principle of Operation: Uses optical magnification for precise measurement without
applying force on the object.

Figure 1.15: Tool Makers Microscope.

16. Snap Gauge
 Function: A Go/no-go gauge used to verify outside dimensions of a part.
 Application: Used in mass production to quickly determine if a part falls within
specified tolerance limits.
 Principle of Operation: Checks dimensions by comparing them to fixed measurement
apertures.

Figure 1.16: Snap Gauge.

17. Dial Bore Gauge
 Function: Measures the internal diameter of bores.
 Application: Used in machining, automotive, and hydraulic industries to check bore
dimensions.
 Principle of Operation: Uses three anvils connected to a dial mechanism to measure
bore diameters.

Figure 1.17: Dial Bore Gauge.

18. Feeler Gauge
 Function: Measures gap widths or clearance between two parts.
 Application: Commonly used in automotive and mechanical settings for checking engine
valve clearances.
 Principle of Operation: Consists of thin metal strips of varying thicknesses.

Figure 1.18: Feeler Gauge.

19. Thread Gauge
 Function: Measures the pitch and diameter of screw threads.
 Application: Used in quality control and production environments to check the accuracy
of screw threads.
 Principle of Operation: A series of calibrated profiles that match with the threads being
measured.

Figure 1.19: Thread Gauge.

20. Ring Gauge
 Function: Measures external diameters of cylindrical parts.
 Application: Used in manufacturing for fast and accurate checking of part diameters.
 Principle of Operation: Works by comparing the part to a calibrated internal diameter.

Figure 1.20: Ring Gauge.

21. Plug Gauge
 Function: Measures internal diameters of holes.
 Application: Used in production environments to ensure parts meet diameter
specifications.
 Principle of Operation: A calibrated plug fits into the hole to check if it matches the
specified dimensions.

Figure 1.21: Plug Gauge.

22. Taper Gauge
 Function: Measures the degree of taper in cylindrical parts.
 Application: Used to verify the angle of tapered bores or shafts.
 Principle of Operation: Works by comparing the taper to a standard.

Figure 1.22: Taper Gauge.

Discussion:
In this experiment, we learned how different tools are used to measure things accurately. The
surface plate is a flat surface used as a base to get correct measurements. Tools like the vernier
caliper and micrometer help measure lengths and small objects. The bevel protractor and sine bar
are used to check angles carefully. The vernier depth gauge helps measure how deep a hole or
gap is, and slip gauges are used to make very precise lengths. Tools like the snap gauge and ring
gauge quickly check if parts are the right size, while the dial bore gauge measures inside
diameters.
Overall, using the right tool for the specific job ensures accurate measurements, which is
important for making sure parts fit together properly and products are high quality.