MIDTERMS - ACI: American Concrete Institute

- NCSP: National Structural Code of

STEEL DESIGN INTRODUCTION the Philippines
- ASCE: American Society of Civil
STRUCTURAL DESIGN Engineers
- Determining and selecting the - ASME: American Society of
overall dimensions of supporting Mechanical Engineers
frameworks or members in a - ASTM: American Society for Testing
structure. and Materials International
- Determine the required - AWS: American Welding Society
cross-sectional area for a certain - RCSC: Research Council on
structural member and select the Structural Connection
safest dimension.
- Determine the required number of CONSTRUCTION MANUAL
steel bars to be used on a member - AISC (American Institute of Steel
just to carry the effects caused by Construction): Steel construction
loadings. manual
- ASEP (Association of Structural
LOADINGS Engineers of the Philippines): Steel
- Forces acting on a structure. Handbook
- Static Loading - Live load
being applied slowly and STRUCTURAL STEEL
stayed on the structure, and
then reapplied Steel- primarily iron and carbon
- Impact Loading - Live load
applied suddenly CHARACTERISTICS OF STEEL
- Fatigue Loading - Live load
was being applied, then - Stress and strain are linear up to the
removed many times. proportional limit.
- Upper yield point is quickly reached,
BUILDING CODES: P.D. 1096 - National then level off at the lower yield point.
Building Code of the Philippines - The stress remains constant but strain
continues to increase.
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS: - Load can still be applied in the
- AISC: American Institute of Steel specimen, causing rise in the curve.
Construction - The specimen reaches its ultimate
- AASHTO: American Association of capacity, then necks down.
State Highway and Transportation - Cross sectional is reduced in the
Officials failed area.
 HP - A572 Grade 50
CROSS SECTIONAL SHAPES W - A992
- Select an appropriate and safe cross Pipe - A53 Grade B
section of the member. HSS - A500 Grade B (round) or C
Hot-Rolled (rectangular)
- Steel enters a continuous
casting system where it STEEL DESIGN
solidifies and passes through - known as structural steel design,
a series of rollers. whose primary concern is to design
- Requires heating. steel structures.
- E.g. rebars, W–shape, - The primary structure involves the
american standard S, designing and construction of
equal-leg, L, unequal-leg frames using structural steel as the
angle, american standard material.
channel, C
Cold-Formed IMPORTANCE OF STEEL DESIGN
- Bending thin material such as - Steel has an excellent modulus of
sheet steel or plate into elasticity.
desired shape without - Offers good resistance to loads and
heating. moments.
- E.g. c-channel Built-up - Minimizes foundation preparation
Sections and offers larger floor area.
- Material properties are well known
BUILT UP SHAPES and precise.
- must be used when a large - Allows accurate analysis and
cross-sectional area or moment of predictions.
inertia is required for a design.
- Standard rolled shapes are not large STEEL STRUCTURES
enough. - Have specific cross-sectional areas,
- Also used to strengthen an existing chemical compositions, and
structure for rehabilitation or mechanical properties.
modification. - Determined by performing structural
- E.g. W-shape with cover plates, analysis.
plate girders. Double angle, double - Structural Steel is the main load
channel carrying material to transfer load
within them and to transfer load to
Angles - A36 the ground.
Plates - A36 - Commonly used as roof truss, in
S, M, C, MC - A36 cinema halls, railways, crane girders,
 columns, beams, plate girders, LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN
bridges, water tank, chimney, (LRFD)
transmission tower, etc. - Material’s ultimate strength is
considered.
Steel Members can be readily used as - Covers the material’s elastic limit,
beams and columns. It requires accurate plastic deformation, and strain
structural analysis. hardening characteristics.
- Provides safe and accurate results.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED - The strength or resistance
- Cost and construction speed. parameters of the materials are
- Structural strength, longevity, and scaled down to certain values, while
durability. load parameters are scaled up to
- Building height certain values.
- Flexibility in future expansion and - Strength reduction factors -
alterations. considered based on the level of
- Resistance to critical parameters, confidence and probability of
such as corrosion, fire, earthquake, predictions of the strength of the
wind forces, and other material.
environmental influences.
- Economy and need of special Sections used for members predominantly
structural arrangements for steel loaded with tensile forces may be round
frame construction like brackets, bars, wires, plates and rolled sections.
joists, etc.
2 LIMIT STATES
ALLOWABLE DESIGN STRENGTH (ASD) - Limit state of yielding - applies to
- Also known as Working Stress Design failure on the gross cross-section
(WSD). area of the member that may result
- Considers that the stresses that in excessive elongation and lead to
developed in the structural members instability of the whole structure
do not exceed the elastic limit of the - Limit state of rupture - applies to
member. failure on the net cross-sectional
- Only considers the elastic strength of area of the member that may result
the material. in sudden and catastrophic failure
- Does not consider the plastic and
strain hardening conditions. NSCP 2015 recommends KL/r < 300. This
- The safety factor is not implemented does not apply to rods or hangers.
in the design.
The design tensile strength, Ф.Pn, and the
allowable tensile strength, Pn/St, of the
tension member shall be the lower value to the centroid of the member
obtained according to the limit states of resisting the connection force);
tensile yielding in the gross section and the
tensile rupture in the net section. - L = length of the connection
(distance, parallel to the line of
For tensile yielding in the gross section: force, between the centers of the
Pn = FyAg first and last fasteners in a line)
Ф, = 0.90 (LRFD)
S2 = 1.67 (ASD) = 1.0 all tension members where the
tension is transmitted directly to
- Net Area, An - Defined as the sum of each cross-sectional element by
the products of the thickness and fasteners or welds.
the net width of each element.
AE - Effective net area, mm2
- An (shear and tension) - width of the Ag - Gross area of member, mm2
bolt hole shall be taken 2mm greater Fy - specified minimum yield stress, MPa
than the nominal dimension of the Fu - specified minimum tensile strength, MPa
hole
SHEAR LAG CONNECTORS FOR CONNECTION
For a chain of holes = considering diagonal TO TENSION MEMBERS
or zigzag line, subtract from the gross width
the sum of the diameters or slot dimensions
of all holes in the chain and add, for each Case 1: For all tension members where the

gage space in the chain, the quantity, s2, tension load is directly transmitted to each

4g of the cross-sectional elements by fasteners

or welds (excluding Cases 4, 5, and 6).

Ae = AnU
Case 2: For all tension members, except
Hollow Structural Sections (HSS), where the
- U = shear lag factor (allows for the
tension load is transmitted to some, but not
effects of eccentricity and shear lag
all, of the cross-sectional elements by
at the ends of the member); shear
fasteners or by longitudinal welds in
lag is a concept used to account for
combination with transverse welds,
uneven stress distribution in
Alternatively, Case 7 can be applied for W,
connected members where some
M, S, and HP shapes, and for angles, Case 8
but not all of their elements are
is permitted.
connected
Case 3: For all tension members where the
- x = eccentricity of connection entire tension load is transmitted only by
(distance from the connection plane
transverse welds to some, but not all, of the
cross-sectional elements.

Case 4: For plates, angles, and channels

with welds at heels, tees, and W-shapes with
connected elements where the tension
load is transmitted by longitudinal welds
only.