The Technical University of Kenya

Heat Transfer
EMCQ 3144

B.Eng. Chemical Engineering

Year 3 Sem. 1

Department of Chemical and Process Engineering

 The Technical University of Kenya

➢ Course Unit:
➢ Heat Transfer
➢ Course Code:
➢ EMCQ 3144
➢ Target Group:
➢ Chemical Engineering Year 4
➢ Lecturer :
➢ Dr. Moses Kagumba
➢ Office Hours:
➢ Tue: 0900 – 1300
➢ Else by appointment
➢ Office: Q18 Suite
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Course Outline
➢ Basic concepts of heat transfer:

➢ Individual and Overall Coefficients of Heat Transfer,

➢ Mean Temperature Difference.

➢ Heat Transfer Methods/Modes:

➢ Conduction,

➢ Convection

➢ Radiation.

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Course Outline
➢Heat transfer by Conduction:
➢ Conduction through a Plane Wall,

➢ Conduction through a Thick Walled Tube,

➢ Conduction with Internal Heat Source.

➢Heat transfer by Convection:

➢ Natural and

➢ Forced Convection.

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Course Outline
➢ Heat Transfer by Radiation:
➢ Radiation from a Black Body,

➢ Radiation from Real Surfaces,

➢ Between black surfaces,

➢ between grey surfaces, Between parallel surfaces

➢ Radiation from gases.

➢ Radiation laws like Stefan Boltzman's law,

➢ Kirchoff's law, Wien’s law, Plank's law etc.

➢ Black body, Grey body.

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Course Outline
➢ Heat transfer with phase change:

➢ Boiling of liquids,

➢ Conditions for boiling,

➢ Types of boiling,

➢ Sub-cooled boiling.

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Course Outline
➢ Heat Exchange Equipment:

➢ Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers:

➢ Basic components,

➢ Mean temperature difference in multipass exchangers,

➢ Film coefficients,

➢ Pressure drop in heat exchangers,

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Course Outline
➢ Heat exchanger design, performance.

➢ Plate Type Exchangers,

➢ Spiral heat exchangers,

➢ Compact heat exchangers.

➢ Condensers: shell- and- tube,

➢ Direct Contact,

➢ Dehumidifying, vaporisers.

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Course Outline
➢ Heat transfer in reaction vessels:

➢ Helical cooling coils and jacketed vessels.

➢ Minimising Heat Losses:

➢ Lagging Materials,

➢ Economic Thickness of Lagging,

➢ Critical thickness of lagging.

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Course Outline
➢ Radiation heat transfer;
➢ Definition, law and surfaces, black body radiation,
➢ Stefan, Boltzman and Lambert’s laws, shape and
geometric factors, radiation exchanger between grey
bodies, heat transfer coefficient for radiation, gas
radiation :
➢ Heat pump and Refrigeration cycles;
➢ Reversed Carnot Cycle and performance criteria,
practical refrigeration cycles, gas cycles, Coefficient of
Performance (COP).

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Course Outline
➢ Convection heat transfer:
➢ Boundary layers (laminar and turbulent);
➢ Heat transfer coefficients;
➢ Nusselt, Prandtl, Stanton and Grashoff’s numbers;
➢ One dimensional steady flow;,
➢ Natural convective heat transfer (horizontal and vertical
layers, Grashoff’s and Rayleigh numbers);
➢ Combined modes of heat transfer: types of heat
exchangers; LMTD and NTU analysis and designs for
different exchangers flow configurations;

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Course References
➢ Kreith, F., Manglik, R.M., and Bohn, M. S.,
“Principles of Heat Transfer Brooks/Cole, 7th Edition,
(2011)”
➢ Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E.N
“Transport Phenomena”
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 2002
➢ R.K. Rajput
“Heat and Mass transfer”
S. Chand and Company limited., New Delhi 2013
➢ Olson A.T., Shelstad A.K.
“Introduction to Fluid Flow and the Transfer of Heat and Mass
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 The Technical University of Kenya

Course References
➢ Kreith, F., Manglik, R.M., and Bohn, M. S.,
“Principles of Heat Transfer Brooks/Cole, 7th Edition,
(2011)”
➢ Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E.N
“Transport Phenomena”
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 2002
➢ R.K. Rajput
“Heat and Mass transfer”
S. Chand and Company limited., New Delhi 2013
➢ Olson A.T., Shelstad A.K.
“Introduction to Fluid Flow and the Transfer of Heat and Mass
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Heat Transfer
Lecture One (1)

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➢ Modes of Heat Transfer:

➢ Conduction
➢ Convection
➢ Natural Convection
➢ Forced Convection
➢ Radiation
➢ Heat
➢ Energy in transit between the system and the
surroundings due to a temperature difference
➢ System boundary is a surface
➢ Heat transfer is through a surface
➢ Laws of thermodynamics
➢ First Law ➔ Energy is conserved
➢ Second Law ➔ In the absence of work, heat flows from high
temperature to low temperature

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➢ Absolute Temperature:
➢Measure of the average microscopic kinetic
energy of the molecules

➢ The Rate Form of the First Law of

Thermodynamics:

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➢ Terms of the Rate Form of the First Law of

Thermodynamics:

➢ Total energy contained within a system

➢Internal energy
➢Macroscopic potential energy
➢ Gravitational, magnetic, electrical

➢Macroscopic kinetic energy

➢Surface energy

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Terms of the Rate Form of the First Law of

Thermodynamics:

➢ Rate of accumulation of energy in system

➢ Positive if energy of system is increasing (accumulation)
➢ Negative if energy of system is decreasing (negative
accumulation or depletion)

➢ Rate of heat flow through the system boundary (a

surface)
➢ Positive for heat transfer into the system (energy of system is
increasing)
➢ Negative for heat transfer from the system
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Terms of the Rate Form of the First Law of

Thermodynamics:

➢Shaft power
➢ Positive for work done on system (energy of system is
increasing)
➢ Negative for work done by system

➢Energy change for system due to mass flow across

boundary
➢ Positive for mass flow into system (energy of system is
increasing)
➢ Negative for mass flow out
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Terms of the Rate Form of the First Law of

Thermodynamics:

➢ Enthalpy of mass
➢Internal energy of mass
➢Flow work of the mass
➢ Potential energy of mass
➢ Kinetic energy of mass
➢ Surface energy of mass

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Conduction
➢ Heat transfer through a surface in a material in the absence of
macroscopic motion of the material.

➢ Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction

➢ Sign convention
➢ Heat flow is in direction of decreasing temperature gradient (2nd
Law of Thermo)
➢ Thermal conductivity
➢ Property of material k {T,P,composition}
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Illustration
✓ Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit area through a
copper plate 45mm thick, whose one face is maintained at 350 oC
and the other face at 50 oC. Take thermal conductivity of copper
as 370 W/moC.
T = 350 C
o

Solution: 1

Temperature difference dT = T2-T1

(50-350) = -300 oC T = 50
2
oC

Thickness of copper plate dl = T2-T1 =45mm

= 0.045m
Rate of heat transfer coefficient per unit area =

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Illustration
From Fourier’s
T1= 350 oC

T2= 50 oC

Rate of Heat Transfer

per unit Area = Heat Flux 2.466 x 106 W/m2

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Illustration 2.
➢ A plane wall is 150 mm thick and its wall area is 4.5
m2. If it’s thermal conductivity is 9.35 W/m oC and
surface temperatures are steady at 150 oC and 45 oC,
determine
i. Heat flow across the plane wall
ii. Temperature gradient in the flow direction

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Solution 2.
➢ Thickness of plane wall,
L = 150 mm = 0.15 m
➢ Area of the wall, Ac = 4.5 m2
➢ Temperature difference, dT = T2-T1 = 45-150 = -105 oC
➢ Thermal conductivity of the wall material, K= 9.35 W/m oC
i. Heat flow across the plane wall, Q
➢ From Fourier’s law.

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Solution 2.
➢ Thickness of plane wall,
L = 150 mm = 0.15 m
➢ Area of the wall, Ac = 4.5 m2
➢ Temperature difference, dT = T2-T1 = 45-150 = -105 oC
➢ Thermal conductivity of the wall material, K= 9.35W/m oC
ii. Temperature gradient,

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Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction.

➢ Thermal conductivity

➢Energy transfer would be due to

➢ Translation
➢ Rotation
➢ Vibration
➢ Electronic

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Convection
➢ Simultaneous heat transfer and flow (macroscopic motion) through a surface in
a fluid.
Forced Convection
➢ Convective heat transfer in which the flow is due to fluid mechanical gradients.

l= 0

Heat Flux:
The rate of heat transfer
through a surface per unit of
surface area.
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Free or Natural Convection

➢ Convective heat transfer in which the flow is due to density

gradients (buoyancy) that are the result of the temperature
gradients that produce the heat transfer

➢ Flow is the result of buoyancy produced by heat transfer

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Radiation

➢ Heat transfer from one surface to another by electromagnetic

radiation.

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Recap
➢ Heat transfer ➔ Application of laws of
thermodynamics and heat transfer to specific
geometries
➢ Three modes of heat transfer
➢Conduction,
➢Convection,
➢Forced convection
➢Free convection
➢Radiation heat transfer

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End of Lecture 1/2

Thanks

?
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