Industrial Revolution in America

 1817 – Madison left office

 1817 – 1825 Monroe became the President

 After war, there was demand for development.

 Protective tariff reforms were introduced
 Banking system was established
 1820: Missouri Compromise
 1820: 1st Industrial Revolution
 1823: Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine 1823

 Presidential address of James in 1823

 Foreign policy of America
 Main points:
 American continent cannot be the subject of colonization of European powers
 American political system is different from British system hence the latter political
system cannot implemented
 America will not interfere in wars and politics and vice versa
 No danger to existing colonies (Canada. Cuba, etc.) by America
 Principles of Monroe Doctrine:
 Principle of neutrality
 Principle of non-intervention
 Principle of isolationism
 Self-Defense
 Pan-Americanism
 Reasons behind this doctrine:
 European aggression
 Russian aggression
 Westward expansion
 Civil War of America

1861 – 1865
 Declaration of Independence: main points were equality, freedom and justice.
 Slavery was the violation of declaration of Independence
 The issue of slavery was also left pending in the constitution
 Missouri Compromise: Gave a notion that it must be solved constitutionally
 3/5th Compromise: 5 slaves will be equal to 3 free men. Not even given status in population
count.
 Clash between North and South Continued

Nature of Clash:

 Philosophical Clash
 Economic Clash
 Constitutional Clash

 A philosophy emerged in America called Manifest Destiny (1840s)

Manifest Destiny:

 Divine destiny of America to expand into the world

 Westward Expansion = Philosophy of American exceptionalism.

Annexation of Texas:

 Texas → A disputed territory

 Claim Of Spain and Mexico
 Announced independence in 1845
 Annexed by America

 American — Mexican War (1846-1848)

 Some other territories Of Mexico were also occupied

Acquisition of Oregon:

 Joint occupation of England and America

 Taken over by America
Mexican Cession 1848:

 The inclusion of western territories is called Mexican cession of 1848.

Result:

 America got a vast territory in west.

 On the acquisition of new territories, an issue arises.

 Are these new states going to be Slave states or Free states?

Proposal of Wilmot Proviso:

 Elimination Of slavery from acquired territories

 California to be made a free state
 Popular voting should be carried out to decide the future of slavery in the newly acquired
territories

 Resulted in intensifying the clash

 Took America towards civil war

Gold rush of California (1848-1855):

 Gold was found by James W. Marshall

 News of Gold brought approx. 300,000 people to California from rest of the United States and
abroad

Compromise of 1850:

 California was accepted as a free state

 Fugitive slave law was passed to benefit
 Popular vote will decide the future of slavery

Uncle Tom's Cabin:

 A book written by Harriet Buchner Stowe

 Violence against slaves were narrated
 Best-selling book
 Abraham Lincoln read the book and said that the war in America is happening because of this
book
Republican Party:

 Formed in 1845
 Manifesto: Abolition of slavery
 Lincoln joined this party
 Party was famous in North

Kansas and Nebraska Act 1854:

 Popular vote of white people will decide the future of slavery

 People from North and South went to Kansas & Nebraska to vote.
 Issue couldn't be resolved – only white people were voting

American elections 1855:

 Republican Party couldn't win

 1857 Protective Tariff Act was passed to protect indigenous industry
 Grievances in South started increasing

Dread Scottish Case (1857):

 Dread Scottish was a slave living in South with his master

 Master migrated and went to North
 Dread Scottish also accompanied his master
 Dread Scottish filed a complaint that since he is in North, he must be free.
 Supreme Court: You are a slave and you will be a slave. If founding fathers of America didn't free
you, the Supreme Court cannot free you.
 South was happy. North resented.

 Lincoln: Issue has to be resolved constitutionally.

 1858: House was divided between Lincoln and Douglas
 Lincoln: Federation should decide the future of slavery
 The future of slavery must be decided through constitution.
 Douglas: Popular Sovereignty should decide the future Of slavery
 1860: Elections in America – Republican Party nominated Lincoln for President.

 Lincoln was winning.

 South infuriated.
 South decided to be separated from America
 South Carolina separated first
 Till 1861, 11 states were separated.
 These states made the American Confederation and president was Jefferson Davis.
 In 1861, Southern states attacked on Fort Sumter.
  Fort was located in South Carolina but it was a federal fort having ammunition.
 In 1861, Lincoln gave a speech on abolition of slavery and 75000 volunteers came to fight the
war.
 Lincoln announced war.
 War between North and South (1861-1865)

 1862: Home Stead Act was passed by Abraham Lincoln.

 Those who will not fight against federation will be awarded lands.
 1863: Emancipation Proclamation
 Gathered all slaves
 An executive order issued by Lincoln regarding freeing of slaves in all portions of US
 Slave supported Lincoln.
 Promised people that an amendment will be passed to abolish slavery constitutionally

 Stronger North:
 Manufacturing of ammunition
 Transcontinental rail-road majorly in North
 Population — 70%
 Weaker South:
 9 million population 89% slaves
 Involved in export of cotton only

 1865: South surrendered.

 America was reunited.
 13th amendment was passed
 It is read as,
 "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party
shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subject to their
jurisdiction."
 Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while watching comedy show named, "Our
American Cousin" at Washington DC.

Results of Civil War

  Abolition of Slavery constitutionally
 National Integration
 Need for construction of South
 Need for construction of rail roads
 Need for Infrastructural Development
 Coordination between agriculture and Industry
 Economic Development
 American Imperialism
 Industrial Revolution

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Industrialization:

 When capital and labor combine lowering the production cost, output of worker increases
providing large amounts of benefit
 Output Oriented System

First Industrial Revolution

 1794 → Cotton ginning industry in America

 South Slavery increased
 Invention of Spinning and weaving machines
 Textile Sector flourished
 Boot Cotton Mill was established in Massachusetts (1820-1870)
 Reaper, Plough → further agriculture mechanization
 Communication System also flourished
 Invention of Telegraph
 Revolution in transport sector
 Steam Engine by James Watt
 Steamboat was invented
 Roads were developed
 First road → Cumberland road
 Railway network developed
 Invention of light bulb
 Two types of and Inventions
 Discovery of oil, iron ore, important minerals, coal mines
 Invention Of industrial machinery
 Policy of govt. was also industrial
 Policy Of Laissez Faire
 Protective Tariff Policy
 International Trade
 Bilateral Agreements
  Freedom of Seas

Second Industrial Revolution 1870 – 1910

 Revolution in steel Industry — Carnegie Andrew

 Revolution in production of oil — Rockefeller
 Transportation of coal and mineral resources — Fridge trains
 Linkage Of rail and telegraph
 Cigarette making machines
 Motion pictures invented
 Modern weapons like Gatling gun was invented
 Special advertisement techniques
 Patent department for copy rights
 From 1790 – 1860 → 36000 patents were issued
 From 1861 — 1930→ 1.5 million patents were issued
 Evolution of new techniques of public administration
 Emergence of labor unions
 Business pacts (inter and intra state)
 Corporate culture developed
 Co-ordination among various businesses

Factors Responsible for Industrialization

Vast Natural Resources

 Huge reserves Of coal under mountains Of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Colorado and Texas
 New Mexico alone had enough coal to keep the US industries running
 By 1910, US was mining 500 million tons of coal
 Rich in oil → Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Illinois and California
 Iron ore was abundant → rims Of Lake Superior
 Copper → Utah, Montana, Arizona and Michigan
 Silver → Colorado
 Lead → Missouri
 Gold → California

Scientific Inventions and Techniques

 Eli Whitney → Cotton Ginn

 Robert Fulton → Steamboat
  Elias Howe → Sewing machine
 Charles Goodyear → Vulcanized Rubber
 Graham Bell → telephone, electric telegraph
 Wright Brothers → Flying Machine
 Henry Ford → Gasoline Motorcar

Good Transport System

 Mississippi river and its tributaries raved one third Of the continental area
 Well established and expanded network of railroads
 35000 miles in 1865
 70000 miles in 1873
 Railroads connected major centers of raw materials, manufacture and distribution
 Invention of flying machine and gasoline car further enhanced the transport system

Domestic and Foreign Market

 Increasing population, growing cities, increasing domestic market

 International demand for primary industry products also enhanced industrial growth

Constant Labor Supply

 Mechanization of farms rendered many jobless

 These jobless people headed to cities and industrial centers
 Immigrants from Europe also provided labor
 Percentage of women and children also increased

Absence of Tariff Barriers between States

 No tariff between states Of US

 Free flow of goods
 Protection against foreign goods
 Absence of hostile neighbor

Support of Government

 Subsidies granted to rail roads and other industries

 Complacent attitude of govt. towards land grabbing, timber cutting and cattle grazing on public
property lead to the further use of nation's property.

GILDED AGE (1870 – 1910)

 Industrial boom in America but common man was not

 Top industrial nation but internally, America was weak
  Industrial revolution increased GDP also created problems
 Progress is not always progressivism
 Monopoly of middle class
 Protective tariff policies to protect business class
 Social inequality
 Housing problems
 Strikes of unions
 Urbanization
 No proper facilities of sanitation
 Lawlessness
 Issues of women empowerment

PROGRESSIVISM (1890 – 1917)

 Movement of Middle Class Americans

 Purpose: To make America a progressive and prosperous nation (politically, economically and
socially)
 Progressive leaders advocated regulation of big businesses by the govt. to prevent exploitation
of weaker sections of society.
 Progressive leaders:
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)
William Harvard Taft (1909-1913)
Woodrow Wilson (1913-onwards during progressivism

Progressive Reforms

 Laws against Corruption (Passed by Roosevelt)

 Sherman Anti-Trust Act (Lawsuit against Northern Securities Companies)
 Alkins Act 1903 → strengthened govt. control on railroads
 Hepburn Act 1906 →Powers of ICC (Inter-State Commerce Commission) were further
increased
 Took action against business class as they created monopoly and created anti-competitive
environment.
 Lawsuit filed against hundreds of trusts
 Many trusts were sealed

Equalization of Taxes

 Business class was out of tax net

 Govt. passed Federal Income Tax Act
  Supreme court declared this act null and void
 Govt. said we would do amendment in constitution (16th amendment was passed under the
supervision of William Harvard Taft)
 Concept of Federal Income Tax arrived working on equalization of taxes.

Democratic Development (William Harvard Taft)

 Journalists highlighted that is a rich man's club

 Constitutional amendment – 17th Amendment
 17th Amendment – Govt. decided to directly elect Senate members
 System Of direct election Of was introduced
 Two Senators from every state was elected
 Check on corruption during Elections
 Public access to campaign expenditure and contribution to party funds

System of Local Government

 Municipal administration first attracted the attention of progressive reformers.

 City Manager Scheme → City governed by a manager with the same freedom as was normally
accorded to a business executive

Purification of Food and Drugs

 Mixing of food was done

 Food was inspected
 Act was passed called 'Pure food and drug Act' in 1906 (Passed by Theodore Roosevelt) → to
save people from harmful effects of adulteration.

Temperance Movement

 People protested that Alcohol must be banned

 18th Amendment – Banned alcohol (Woodrow Wilson) → ban on manufacture, sale and
transportation of intoxicating liquors
 Smuggling of alcohol started
 21st Amendment – Alcohol was allowed (During Franklin Roosevelt's tenure)
 America is a secular state where religion is a personal matter

Protection of Consumers (Woodrow Wilson)

 Underwood Tariff Act 1913

 Tariff policy was changed
 Essential items especially food items were removed from tariff list
  100 items were in zero tariff list and reduced duties on 958 items
 Burden Of tax was shifted to those who could afford it
 Federal Reserve Act 1913
 Divided country into 12 districts each having a Federal Reserve Bank (FRB)
 Provision of efficient Banking System
 Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914
 Act forbade variation of prices intended to reduce competition
 Promoted interests of labors
 Exempted labor unions from anti-trust laws
 Federal Trade Commission → to check unfair practices
 Workmen's Compensation Act 1916 → to fix working hours at 8 hours for employees of
interstate railroads
 Federal Aid Road Act (1917) → provided money from Federal funds for roads

Women Suffrage

 No voting rights to women

 National American women suffrage association
 Lead to many feminist movements
 19th Amendment → gave voting rights to women (Woodrow Wilson)

Educational Development

 William James and John Dewey did many educational work

 Government passed primary school laws

Agricultural Development

 Federal Farm Loan Act 1916 was passed (By Woodrow Wilson) → Mortgage loans were
provided to farmers at low interest rates
 Endman Act of 1902 (Passed by Theodore Roosevelt) Govt. entered into business of building
dams, tunnels and ditches necessary for irrigation.

Wisconsin Idea

 Given by Robert M. La Follette

 Created bureau of experts to advise administration