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Structure of Atom - Notes 1

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Structure of Atom - Notes 1

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medhat muneer
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STRUCTURE OF ATOM

CHEMISTRY -CLASS VIII

The word "atom" comes from the Greek "atomos", meaning uncuttable or indivisible.

Q(1) What are atoms?


Ans: Atoms are the smallest units of matter which show all the properties of that matter. Thus
atoms are the building blocks of matter.
But atoms cannot exist independently except atoms of inert gases like He, Ne, Ar, etc.
.

Q(2) What are symbols of atoms?


Ans: Symbol is the short hand representation of an atom of an element by using two letters of its
name.
The first letter of a symbol is always written as a capital letter (upper case) and the second letter as
a small letter (lower case).

Q(3) What are molecules?


Ans: Since atoms cannot exist independently, atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers
to form molecules.
When atoms of the same element are combined, molecules of elements are formed.
Eg: H2, O2, P4, etc.
When atoms of different elements are combined, molecules of compounds are formed.
Eg: H2O, CO2, NH3, etc.
Q(4) What is meant by atomicity?
Ans: The number of atoms constituting a molecule of an element is known as atomicity.
SHELLS OR ENERGY
LEVELS

NUCLEUS

The particles that make up an atom are called subatomic particles.

Q(5) Name the subatomic particles of an atom?

Q(6) Define atomic number (Z).

 Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons present in the nucleus of an
atom.
 Atomic number = Number of protons
 Since an atom is electrically neutral, thus number of protons and number of electrons are equal,
therefore:
 Atomic number (z) = number of protons = number of electrons.

Example: The atomic number of an element is 12 then its atom contains 12 protons and 12
electrons.
Q(7) Define mass number (A).

 The total number of the protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is called mass
number.
 It is denoted by A.
 The protons and neutrons together are called nucleon.

Example: If atomic number of Nitrogen is 7 and mass number is 14 then it contains 7 protons
and 7 neutrons.
Mass number = Protons + Neutrons

Notation of element

Question: An atom X has mass number 40 and atomic number 18.Find out the number of protons,
number of electrons and number of neutrons present in the atom X?
Solution:
Number of protons:
Number of protons = Atomic number
= 18
Number of electrons:
In an atom number of electrons = Number of protons
= 18
Number of neutrons = Mass number – Atomic number
= 40-18 = 22

Q(8) Define electronic configuration?

The arrangement of electrons in various shells (energy levels) of an atom of the element is known as
Electronic configuration.

How electrons are arranged in the atom?

The number of electrons in every shell or energy level is given by the formula 2n2 where n is the
number of the shell.
Where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …. (for K, L, M, N…..)

 The maximum number of electrons in the outermost orbit will be 8 electrons even if it has
capacity to accommodate more electrons.

 Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell. Unless earlier shells are filled, that is stepwise
filling of shells is followed. How electrons are arranged in the atom

First shell (K-shell) 2 x 12 = 2

Second shell (L-shell) 2 x 22 = 8

Third shell (M-shell) 2 x 32 = 18

Fourth shell (N-shell) 2 x 42 = 32

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