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Presupposition

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Đỗ Khánh Ly 나리
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11 views12 pages

Presupposition

Uploaded by

Đỗ Khánh Ly 나리
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Presupposition

(Tiền Giả định)


I. Definition
_ st that a person believes to be true and he uses as the beginning of an
argument even though it has not been proved (Tiền giả định là thông tin
trước luôn đúng khi tạo ra phát ngôn ngay cả khi có phủ định )
EX: _ Jane no longer writes fiction
+) Jane exits
+) Jane once wtore fiction
_ Have you stopped eating meat
+) You had once eaten meat
II. Types of presupposition
1. Existential (tiền giả định tồn tại)
_ They are presupposition of existence. Either present in possessive
constructions (là những giả định về sự tồn tại hoặc hiện diện trong cấu
trúc sở hữu)
EX: _ Your car (You have a car)
Or Noun phrases: The Queen of England
2. Factive (Tiền giả định thực)
_ They are assumption that somthing is true because of the presence of
some verbs. Factive means that information given is true or fact
Factive verbs: Know, Realize, Regret, Aware
EX: _ I know he has a car
_ She didn’t realize she was ill
3. Non-Factive (Tiền giả định phi thực)
_ They are assumptions, not to be because of the presence of some verbs
Non-factive: Dream, Image, Pretend
EX: _ I dreamed that I was in America
_ He pretends to be ill
4. Couter-factual (Tiền giả định phản thực)
Contrafactual is the asumption that what is presupposed is not only untrue
but is the opposite of what is true
EX: If I were rich I would buy a car
_ They wish they could go on vacation
5. Lexical ( Tiền giả định từ vựng)
It is the assumption that in using one word the speaker can act as another
meaning is understood
EX:
_ He stopped smoking >> He used to smoke.
_ They started complaining >> They weren’t complaining before.
6. Structural ( Tiền giả định cấu trúc)
_ Wh- question
EX: _ When did she travel to the USA? >> She travelled
_ Where did you buy the book? >> You bought the book

IMPLICATURE (Hàm Ý)
I. Definition
_ An utterance which conveys meaning beyond its proposition (Một
câu nói truyền tải ý nghĩa vượt ra ngoài mệnh đề của nó)
 4 Maxims:
 Maxim of Quantity (Châm ngôn về lượng)
_ All relevant information according to the question is given not too
much but just right amount of information
 Maxim of Quality (Châm ngôn về chất lượng)
_ Make the answer honest and truthful
 Maxim of Relation ( Châm ngôn Quan hệ)
_ Be relevant
 Maxim of Manner (Châm ngôn về cách thức)
_ Right situation, brief (ngắn gọn) and orderly (có trật tự)
_ Avoid obscurity of expressions (tránh sự diễn đạt mơ hồ)
 Hedges (Lối nói rào đón):
 Maxim of Quantity (Châm ngôn về lượng)
_ As you probably know;
_ So to cut a long story short;
_ I won’t bore you with all the details
 Maxim of Quality (Châm ngôn về chất lượng)
_ As far as I know;
_ I may be mistake;
_ I’m not sure if this is right
_ …, I guess,…
 Maxim of Relation ( Châm ngôn Quan hệ)
_ Oh, by the way
_ Well, anyway
_ I don’t kwo if this is important
_ This may sound like a dumb question
_ Not to change the subject, but
 Maxim of Manner (Châm ngôn về cách thức)
_ This may be a bit confused
_ I’m not sure if this make sense
_ I don’t know if this is clear at all
II. Types of Implicature
1. Conversational (Hàm ý hội thoại)
a) Generalized
_ This type of inference does not depend on particular features of the
context, but is instead typically associated with the kind of proposition being
expressed. (Kiểu suy luận này không phụ thuộc vào những đặc điểm cụ
thể của ngữ cảnh mà thay vào đó thường gắn liền với loại mệnh đề
được thể hiện.)

EX: a. She gave him the key and he opened the door.
Implicature: She gave him the key and then he opened the
door.

b. The water is warm.


Implicature: The water is not hot.

c. It is possible that we are related.


Implicature: It is not necessarily true that we are related.

d. Some of the boys went to the rugby match.


Implicature: Not all of the boys went to the rugby match.

e. John has most of the documents.


Implicature: John does not have all of the documents.

f. That man is either Martha’s brother or her boyfriend.


Implicature: The speaker does not know whether the man is
Martha’s brother or boyfriend.
SPEECH ACT (Hành động nói)
I. Definition
_ When people produce utterances, they perform actions via those
utterances
_ Labeled as Apology, Compliment, Invitation, Promise, Notification,
Greeting, Refusal, Praise (lời khen ngợi)
_ Might contain just one word, as in “Sorry” to perform apology, or
several words or sentences

a) Locutionary Act (Hành động diễn thuyết)


_ when the spealer perform an utterance (locution), which has a meaning
in the traditional sense
EX: I warm you to stop smoking >> Warming
b) Illocutionary Act (Hành động tại vị)
_ The performance of the act of saying st with spedific intention.(chủ
đích)
EX: Watch out, the ground is slippery
 Warming
c) Perlocutionary Act (Kết quả)
_ When what the speaker says has an effect on the listener.
EX: And that is enough for today
_ Locutionary act: And that is enough for today
_ Illocutionary act (hành động ảo tưởng): Students make preparations to
quit the room
_ Perioctionary act: You realise that a change has occurred
II. Classification
1. Declarations ( Hành động tuyên bố)
_ change the world
_special institutional role in a specific situation
EX: _ Priest (linh mục): I now pronounce you husband and wife
_ Referee (trọng tài): you’re out
2. Representative (Biểu hiện)
_ Nêu rõ những j người nói tin là đúng hay không (tuyên bố thực tế,
khẳng định, kết luận và mô tả)
EX: +)The earth is flat (phẳng) (I here by offirm (khẳng định) that)
+) It was a warm sunny day, I think
_ The speaker is committed in varying degrees to the truth of a proposition:
e.g. ‘affirm', ‘believe,' ‘conclude', ‘report';
3. Directives (Điều khiển)
_ The speakers tries to get the hearer to do st (commands, order,
requests, suggestions,…)
EX:
_ Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black
_ Could u lend me a pen, please?
_ Don’t touch that
4. Commissives (Kết ước)
_ The speakers use to commit (cam kết) themselves to some future
action (promises, threats, refusals, pledges)
EX:
_ I’ll be back
_ I’m going to get it right next time
_ We will not do that
5. Expressives (Biểu cảm)
_ The speaker express an attitude about a state of affairs (eg:
apologies, deplore, thank, welcome)
EX: Well done, Elisabeth

III. Explict & Implicit Performatives (Ngôn hành tường minh và ngôn
hành hàm ẩn)
a) Explict
_ Contain a peformative verb that explicit what kind of act is being
performed
EX: I promise to come to your talk tmr.
b) Implict
_ No such verb
_ Real intention behind that utterance
EX: I’ll come to your talk tmr afternoon (A promise? A threat)
POLITENESS STRATEGIES

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