HISTORY SCOPE WITH NOTES

GRADE 9

Scope
1. Sophiatown
2. Crime ridden
3. Apartheid Laws
4. Triomf
5. Apartheid
6. Segregation
7. 9th August 1956
8. Paragraph writing
9. Langa March
10. Sharpville Masacre
11. Opposistion Movement
12. ANC + MK and PAC + Poqo
13. Steve Biko
14. UDF
15. Essay question 2
- Introduction
- Body
- Conclusion
Woman’s March

Definitions
Myth – An untruth that has passed from generation to generation.

Segregation- Discrimination against races that once lived together.

Sabotage acts – acts of deliberate destruction, such as blowing up of power stations, electricity,
pylans and government buildings.

Apartheid- A system of legalisation that supported segregation and policies against black citizens of
South Africa.

Sanctions- When counties refuse to trade with another country for political reasons.

National Party and Apartheid

• Race segregation: Separation of people based on their race.

• After the South African war between the Boers and the British, white took complete political
control over all races in South Africa;

• Before 1948 there were many segregation laws:

• In 1913 the Natives Land Act allocated 87% of the land to white people;

• During the discovery of diamonds in Kimberly, black were not allowed to buy land or
claim diamonds;

• Black workers had to have a pass to indicate where they are staying and working

The areas where black people were segregated.

- Public Facilities
 - Public Transport
- Universities
- Toilets
- Parks
- Cinemas
- Libraries

Apartheid laws
LAW DESCRIPTION

Prohibition of Any marriages or relationship between whites and other races were illegal.
Mixed
Marriages

Act 55 of 1949

Immorality Prohibited sex between black and white people and later white people and any
Amendment other races.

Act 21 of 1950
and emended
in 1957

Population Register was set up where a person’s race was registered. A Race Classification
Registration Board took a decision on what race a person is.

Act 30 of 1950

Group areas Physical separation of people of different races. Different locations were
Act allocated.

Act 41 of 1950

Pass Laws The act forced black people to carry identification with them at all times.

Act 1952

Separate All non-whites was removed from the voters roll.

Representation
of Voters Act

Act 46 of 1951

The roles that was played by the UDF and COSATU during the mass
resistance.
1. UDF- it played organising nation wide- protest, marches, boycotts and mass meetings.
Organizing South African Council of Churches, Woman’s Groups to join UDF in their protest.
2. COSATU- It was formed by a number of small unions, to take their protest to the workplaces.
How did apartheid government react to this protest?
1. The government declared a State of Emergency, to crush any form of resistance.

The names of arms wings formed by the PAC and the ANC
- Poqo and Umkhonyo Wesizwe

The trial that convicted the movement leaders to life in prison

Rivonia Trial

Who was Steve Biko

Steve Biko was a South African anti-apartheid activist and a leader of the Black Consciousness
Movement, born on December 18, 1946. He promoted black identity and self-reliance, co-founding
the South African Students' Organization (SASO) in 1968. Biko was arrested multiple times and died
in police custody on September 12, 1977, sparking outrage and highlighting the brutality of
apartheid. He remains a symbol of the struggle for racial equality and justice in South Africa.

Study the following topics for essay questions

a) Apartheid was introduced to protect white people from mixing and
competing with black people in every area of life. Socially, economically and
politically.

In an essay discuss the main laws which were passed by the National Party to
enforce Apartheid.

b) The Bantu Education Act was aimed at giving black students an inferior
education.
In an essay discuss the role played by black students in resisting Bantu
Education Act which led to the event of 16 June 1976 the Soweto uprisings.

c) Resistance to apartheid in South Africa: 1948-1960

Discuss how people resisted the apartheid laws in South Africa as from 1948-
1960s. Your essay should focus on the following sub-topic: women’s march of
1956 and freedom charter.
GEOGRAPHY SCOPE WITH NOTES:
QUESTION 1:
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF EROSION:
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEATHERING, EROSION AND DEPOSITION:

SEA: A FEATURE OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION

FEATURES OF EROSION BY THE SEA:
• Wave action lot of energy to erode the landform along the coast;
• Waves are caused by the movement of wind over the water surface;
• Different features and landforms are formed by wave action.

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2. FORMING A LANDSCAPE:

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ANOTHER FORM OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING IS WHEN ACID RAIN DISSOLVES
CERTAIN SOFTER SUBSTANCES IN ROCKS.

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3. GLACIER SHAPED LANDSCAPE:
MOVING ICE: A FEATURE OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION
Moving ice is called glaciers;
Erosion by moving ice is caused by 2 processes:
Abrasion: Process where rocks in ice scrap against rock on the bedrock.
Plucking: Process where blocks or pieces of bedrock under the moving ice are
pulled from the surface as the glacier moves.

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4. RIVER MEANDER, WIND EROSION, OXBOW LAKES MUSHROOM ROCKS:
MEANDERS AND OX-BOW LAKES: A FEATURE OF EROSION AND
DEPOSITION
Huge bends in a river is called meanders;
They develop where water flow over flat land;
Water flows fastest on the outer bend of a river and erosion occur here;
Water flows slow on the inner bend of the river and deposition occur here;
The deposited material later forms part of the floodplain of the river;

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 • As the outer bank of a meander continues to erode, the neck becomes
narrower;
• Later the two outer bends meet and the river cuts through the neck;
• The water takes the shorter route rather than flowing around the bend;
• Deposition seals off the old meander bend and a new straighter river channel
is formed;
• Due to deposition the old meander bend is left isolated from the main channel
and a ox-bow lake is formed;
• When a ox-bow lake dries up it is called a meander scar.

WIND: A FEATURE OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION

Two processes responsible for wind erosion:
Abrasion: The wearing off of rocks by sand particles carried by wind.
Deflation: The removal of loose particles from the ground to produce lowered
surface level.
When rock is made of hard and soft rock, the soft layers of rock are eroded faster
than the hard layers that creates unusual shaped rocks.

WIND EROSION ALSO CAUSES A MUSHROOM ROCK TO FORM:

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They are usually found in desert areas or on sandy beaches.
They are formed over thousands of years when wind erosion of an isolated rocky
outcrop progresses at a different rate at its bottom due to SOFTER rock to that at its
top.

5. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING.

GO BACK TO PAGE 6 AND 7 FOR CHEMICAL WEATHERING.
BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING:
DEFINITION: Breaking down of rocks into smaller particles by living things.

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QUESTION 2:
1. DIFFERENT STAGES OF A RIVER:
RIVERS: A FEATURE OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION ALONG A RIVER
COURSE:
The path that a river follows as it flows is called the course;
River has a source (starting point) and a mouth (where it ends);

A RIVER HAS 3 COURSES:

UPPER COURSE: IN THE UPPER COURSE THE WATER FLOWS FAST =MORE
ENERGY = MORE VERTICAL (DOWNWARD) EROSION
MIDDLE COURSE: IN THE MIDDLE COURSE THE WATER STARTS TO SLOW
DOWN = IT HAS ENERGY BUT LESS THAN I THE UPPER COURSE. =
VERTICAL AND LATERAL(SIDEWAYS) EROSION.
LOWER COURSE: WATERIS FLOWING VERY SLOW, RIVER HAS NO MORE
ENERGY. THERE WILL BE LATERAL EROSION AND DEPOSITION TAKES
PLACE.

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2. DEPOSITION:
Deposition takes place in the lower course of a river.
In the lower course of a river the slope is gentle, which means water will flow slower.
When water moves slower it can not erode the soil anymore so DEPOSITION starts
to take place, where all the sediments, clay, pebbles falls down onto the river bed.

3. EROSION:
Erosion is the wearing away of the earth’s surface by the movement of the
weathered material

In the upper course of a river there will

be VERTICAL erosion.

In the middle course of a river there will

be LATERAL AND VERTICAL
EROSION
In the lower course of a river there will
only be a little bit of LATERAL erosion
but mostly DEPOSITION due to the
river not having energy.

4. OX BOW LAKES (DESCRIBE)

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- Oxbow lakes are formed when a river creates a meander, due to the eroding
bank
As the outer bank of a meander continues to erode, the neck becomes narrower;
- Later the two outer bends meet and the river cuts through the neck;
- The water takes the shorter route rather than flowing around the bend;
- Deposition seals off the old meander bend and a new straighter river channel is
formed;
- Due to deposition the old meander bend is left isolated from the main channel
and a ox-bow lake is formed;
- When a ox-bow lake dries up it is called a meander scar.

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QUESTION 3:
1. SOIL EROSION:
Soil erosion is the removal of soil faster than natural processes can form a new soil.

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QUESTION 4:
CONCEPTS:
CONCEPT DEFINITION
Sustainable Use of natural resources in a way and at a rate that does not lead
resource use to the long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining
its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and
future generations.
Resource Any physical material constituting part of Earth that people need
and value.
Renewable A natural resource which will replenish to replace the portion
resource depleted. E.g. wood, oxygen, leather, and fish.
Nonrenewable Are resources that are not easily replenished by the environment.
resource E.g. fossil fuel.

Over-fishing Is the removal of a species of fish from a body of water at a rate

that the species cannot replenish in time, resulting in those
species either becoming depleted or very under-populated in that
given area.
Over-grazing Occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended
periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods.
Food security Food security is when all people have access to enough safe
nutritious food to keep them healthy and active

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 1. RESOURCE:
A resource is anything that can be used by people and organization. We need
resources to stay alive. However, the length of time we can survive on Earth will
depend on how we use and manage these resources
2. RENEWABLE AND NON- RENEWABLE RESOURCES:
Earth has a wide range of renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable
resources such as sunlight, water, air, wind and solar energy cannot be used up, as
they are continually being replaced by natural cycles.
Non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels are used every day to generate electricity
and to drive cars. People use them faster than they can form, and they cannot be
replaced when they have been used.
3. OVERGRAZING:
WHAT IS OVERGRAZING?
Overgrazing is when livestock eat too much plant cover on rangelands, impeding plant
regrowth (concept). It happens when grazing too many livestock for a long period on
land unable to recover its vegetation.
- The first symptom of overgrazing is the loss of species of herbs and grasses.
- Compacting soil thus preventing seeds from germinating and water from seeping
into soil.
HOW CAN OVERGRAZING BE PREVENTED:
• Rotational grazing – the animals spend a period on one piece of land, then they move
onto another piece of land to graze. This allows the vegetation to be replenished.
• Strip grazing – a moveable electric fence is used as a boundary where the animals
can feed in a field. All the vegetation is eaten by the animals, and then they move onto
another strip of the field.
• Providing fodder – the animals can be fed fodder during the winter or dry moths, as the
vegetation grows more slowly during this time.
4. DESERTIFICATION:
Desertification is when the quality of soil in dry places is worsened due to human
activities and climate factors.

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QUESTION 5:
1. FOOD SECURITY:
Food security is when all people have access to enough safe nutritious food to
keep them healthy and active.

Food security is a state when all the people are having reliable access to a
sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. Or, an access to food by all
members of a household at all times, to enough food for an active and healthy
life, (World Health Organization/WHO).

2. FOOD SECURITY ELEMENTS:

THREE ELEMENTS OF FOOD SECURITY:
- Food availability
- Food access
- Food use

3. SUSTAINABLE FARMING METHODS:

Sustainable farming uses methods and farming technologies that suits the local
context.
HOW TO PRACTICE SUSTAINABLE FARMING METHODS:
Crop rotation keeps the soil healthy.
Mixed farms allow the uses of livestock manure.
Conserving natural areas protects our environment.
Science can determine the right amount of fertilizers and pesticides.
Farming removes nutrients and fertilizers or manures replace them.
4. MONOCULTURE
What Is Monoculture Farming?
Monoculture farming is a form of agriculture that is based on growing only one type of a
crop at one time on a specific field. In contrast, a polyculture system assumes that a
field is sown with two or more crops at a time.
Monoculture crops are more likely to be affected by blight or pests, as these threats
can move faster through the area due to its reduced biodiversity. In response,
farmers apply greater amounts of pesticides and herbicides to protect the crop

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