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Half Range Sine and Cosine Series

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183 views

Half Range Sine and Cosine Series

Uploaded by

durgesh351287
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier Half-Range Sine

and Cosine Series


Prerequisite knowledge for the lecture: Periodic functions-sine and cosine functions;
Even and odd functions; Integration by parts; Fourier series.

07-11-2024 School of Basic Sciences 1


Revision
Trigonometry: Understanding sine and cosine functions, their properties, and identities. These functions
oscillate between -1 and 1 and are periodic with a period of 2π.

Calculus: Familiarity with integration, especially of trigonometric functions. These integrations often
require the use of basic integral identities and sometimes more advanced techniques like integration by
parts.

Even and Odd Functions: Recognizing function symmetry and how it relates to Fourier series. A
function is called even if 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(−𝒙). Examples include cos(𝒙) and 𝒙𝟐 . Even functions are symmetric
about the 𝑦-axis. A function is called odd if

𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒇 −𝒙 . Examples include sin(𝒙) and 𝒙. Odd functions have rotational symmetry around the
origin.
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Revision
Integrals of Even and Odd Functions:

Note that any function can be expressed as a sum of an even part and an odd
part.

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Revision
Fourier Series (Full Range): Basic knowledge of representing periodic functions using sines and cosines. Full-
range series represents a function over the interval [−𝑳, 𝑳]. The general form of the Fourier series for a function
𝒇(𝒙) defined on −𝑳 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝑳 is given by

where 𝑎0 is the average (or DC component) of the function.

𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are the Fourier coefficients corresponding to the cosine and sine terms of the series, respectively.

n is an integer representing the harmonic (or frequency multiple) of the fundamental frequency.

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Activity 1

Prove the following for


𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, …

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Question time

Contrast the symmetry or otherwise of the functions in both the


figures. Also, name them.

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Learning outcomes (2-3)

Understand the Concept of Fourier Series


Differentiate Between Even and Odd Function Extensions

Understand the Applications of Half-Range Fourier


Series

Extend Functions Periodically on a Finite Interval

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The Fourier half-range sine and cosine series are special forms of the Fourier series used when
a function is defined on a finite interval, rather than an infinite one, and we are interested in
representing it either as a sine series or a cosine series over that interval.

The main motivation is to handle cases where a function is only defined over a part of the
domain (e.g., [0, 𝐿] ), and you want to extend it periodically using sine or cosine functions.

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1. Fourier Half-Range Cosine Series:
In this series, the function is approximated using only cosine terms, which means it is effectively treated
as an even function. Cosines are even functions, so if we expand a function 𝒇(𝒙) on the interval [𝟎, 𝑳]
using only cosine terms, we are implicitly assuming that the function is symmetric (even) about the origin.
The Fourier cosine series of a function 𝒇(𝒙) defined on [𝟎, 𝑳] is given by

Formula:

where the coefficients 𝒂𝟎 and 𝒂𝒏 are calculated by

This series works well if the function 𝒇(𝒙) is defined on [𝟎, 𝑳] and we wish to extend it as an even
periodic function over the interval [−𝑳, 𝑳].

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2. Fourier Half-Range Sine Series:
In this series, the function is approximated using only sine terms, which means it is treated as an
odd function. Sines are odd functions, so by using a sine series, we are assuming that the
function is odd around 𝒙 = 𝟎. The Fourier sine series of a function 𝒇(𝒙) defined on [𝟎, 𝑳] is
given by

Formula:

where the coefficients 𝑏𝑛 are calculated by

This series is useful when 𝒇(𝒙) is defined on [𝟎, 𝑳] and we want to extend it as an odd periodic
function over [−𝑳, 𝑳].

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Steps to compute the Half-range Sine or Cosine Series
•Identify the interval: The function is usually given on 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿.
•Extend the function:
For the sine series: Extend the function as an odd function.
For the cosine series: Extend the function as an even function.
•Compute the Fourier coefficients using the appropriate formulas.
•Write the series as a sum of sine or cosine terms depending on the
extension.

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Example: Find the Fourier cosine and sine series of f(x)=k in the interval
(0,5).
2 𝐿 2 5 2 5
Sol: Here L=5, 𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0
𝑘𝑑𝑥
𝐿 5 5
2𝑘
⇒ (5-0)=2k
5
𝐿 5
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = න 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = න 𝑘 cos 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿 5 5
0 0
5
2𝑘 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑘 5 𝑛𝜋5 𝑛𝜋0
⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = න cos 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = × sin − sin
5 5 5 𝑛𝜋 5 5
0

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𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑘
Fourier cosine series is + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos = -0=k
2 𝐿 2
2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 5 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑏𝑛 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 0 𝐿 5 0 𝐿
5
2𝑘 𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒ 𝑏𝑛 = න sin 𝑑𝑥
5 5
0
2𝑘 5 2𝑘 𝑛
⇒ × 1 − cos𝑛𝜋 = 1 − −1
5 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑘 ∞ 1− −1 𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Fourier sine series is σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin = σ𝑛=1 sin
𝐿 𝜋 𝑛 5

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Activity 2

For each of the following functions


deduce whether the corresponding
Fourier series contains
(a) sine terms only or cosine terms only or
both,
(b) a constant term only.

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Applications

Partial Differential Equations: These half-range series are commonly used in problems like the heat
equation, wave equation, and Laplace’s equation, where boundary conditions restrict the domain to a half-range.

Signal Processing: Half-range expansions allow for efficient representation of signals that are naturally
either even or odd, saving computation by using only sine or cosine terms.

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Summary of key concept

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Some practice questions:
Q1. Obtain the half-range Fourier series specified for each of the following functions:
1. 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟏, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅 (sine series)
2. 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟏 (sine series)
3. (a) 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟏 (cosine series)
(b) 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅 (sine series)
4. (a) 𝒇(𝒕) = sin 𝒕, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅 (cosine series)
(b) 𝒇(𝒕) = sin 𝒕, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅 (sine series)
Q2. Find half range sine and cosine series of the function:

Q3. Deduce the half-range cosine series for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙 when 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍/𝟐 and
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌(𝒍 – 𝒙) when 𝒍/𝟐 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍.

Q4. Find the Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| where – 𝜋 < 𝒙 < 𝜋.

07-11-2024 School of Basic Sciences 18

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