PROCEDURE | A. Heat Capacity of Calorimeter Construct a calorimeter similar to the one shown in Figure 28.1 by nesting theo Styrofoam cups together, Use a cork borer to make a hole in the id just big enough to admit the thermometer: then slip the thermometer into ’ split one-hole rubber stopper, which prevents you from placing the thermometer too deeply in the calorimeter. The thermometer should not touch the bottom of the cup. Rest the entire apparatus in a 400 mL. beaker to provide stability Place exactly $0.0 mL of distilled water in the calorimeter cup and repl the cover and thermometer. Allow $ to 10 miin for the system to reach ther= imal equilibrium: then record the temperature to the nearest 0.1 °C on the re- port sheet (1). Place exactly 50.0 mL. of distitled water in a elean, dry 250 mL. beaker and heat the water with a ow flame until the temperature is approximately 15° to 20°C above room temperature. Do not heat to boiling; otherwise, appreciable ‘water will be lost, leading to an erroneous result, Allow the hot water to stand fora minute or twor quickly record its temperature to the nearest 0.1 °C on the report sheet (2) and pour as much as possible into the ealorimeter. Replace the id with the thermometer and carefully stir the water with the thermometer. Observe the temperature for the next 3 min and record the temperature every 15 s on the temperature versus time data sheet at the end of the report pages. Plot the temperature as a function of time, as shown in Figure 28.2. Deter- mine AT from your curve; then do the calculations indicated on the report sheet. B. Heat of Neutralization of HCI-NaOH Dry the calorimeter and the thermometer with a towel. Carefully measure 50.0 mL of 1.0 Af NaOH and add it to the calorimeter. Place the lid on the calorimeter, but leave the thermometer out. Measure exactly 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCI into a dry beaker. Allow it to stand near the calorimeter for 3.10 4 min. Measure the temperature of the acid, rinse the thermometer with distilled water, and wipe dry. Insert the thermometer into the calorimeter and measure the temperature of the NaOH solution. Temperature of solution after mining, dereases due to heat Toss to calonmeter Temperature change AT) Temperature of solution before mixing, starting time aio} 0 30 45 60 75 OO 105 Time, see 4A FIGURE 262 Teraperature as a function of time“The temperatures of the NaOH and the HC! should not differ by more than 0,5 °C. IF the difference is greater than that, adjust the temperature of the ICI by either warming it by holding the beaker in your hands or cooling the out- side of the beaker with tap water until the temperature of the HCl is within 0.5 °C of that of the NaOH; record the temperature on the teport sheet | GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT Here yo observe a temperature inerease (AT > 0). Does this indi- cca at the reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Record the temperature of the NaOH solution, Lift the lid and carefully add the 1.0 MHC1 all at once, Be careful not to splash any on the upper sides oF the cup. Stir the solution gently with the thermometer and record the temperature as fa function of time every 15 s for the next 3 min. Construct a temperature-versus- time curve and determine AT. Calculate the heat of neutralization per mole of water formed, You may assume that the NaCl solution has the same density and specifie heal as water. GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT a, Based solely on the AT, would you predict the reaction to be endothermic of exothermi 1b. Aer you perform your calculations, does the sign of AH agree with your prediction? C. Heat of Neutral ition of CHyCOOH-NaOH Follow the same procedure as in Part B, but substitute 1.0 M/ CHCOOH for 1.0 AFHICI. Calculate the heat of neutralization per mole of water formed | — GIVE IT some THOUGHT a. Do you predict AH to be the same for the neutralizations of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid? b. Why? Waste Disposal Instructions Handle the stock solutions carefully. You may use a wet sponge or paper towel to clean up any spills. The reaction mixtures produced in the Styrofoam cups contain salts. They should be dis- posed of in the designated receptacles.Heat of Neutralization | 28 Pre-lab Questions Before beginnin; is experiment in the laboratory, you should be able to answer the Define endothermic and exothermic reactions in terms of the sign of Al ‘A 500 mL. sample of water was heated from 10 K to SO K. How much heat was gained? 3. Define the term hear capacity How many joules are required to change the temperature of 20.0 g of water from 33.2 K to $1.5 K? 5. Define the term enclothermic. Calculate the final temperature when 50 mL of water at 20 K are added to 50 mL of water at 60 K. Deseribe how you could determine the specific heat of a metal by using the apparatus and techniques from this experiment.406, 10. Report Sheet + Heat of Neutralization A piece of metal weighing 5.10 ¢ at a temperature of 48.6 °C was placed in a calorimeter in 20.00 mt. of water at 22,1 °C. The final equilibrium temperature was found to be 29.2 °C. What is the specific heat of the metal? If the specific heat of ethanol is 2.44 J/K-g, how many joules are necessary to raise the temperature of 40 g of ethanol from $0 K to 60 K? When a 3.25 g sample of solid sodium hydroxide was dissolved in a calorimeter in 100.0 g of water, the temperature rose from 23.9 °C to 32.0 °C. Calculate AH (in kJ/mol NaOH) for the following solution process: NaOH(s) — Nat (ag) + OH" (ag) 1a perfect calorimeter and that the specific heat of the solution is the same as that of Assume that pure water.Heat of Neutralization | 28 A. Heat Capacity of Calorimeter 1, Temp. ofealorimeter and water before mixing 3, Temp. of warm water 3 Maximum temp. determined from your eure A Heat lost by warm water (temp deerease x 50.0 gx 4.184 J/K-g) = 5, Heal gained by cooler water (temp. increase x 50.0 gx 4.184 J/K-g) 6. Heat gained by the calorimeter (4) ~(9)}= 7, Heat capacity of calorimeter: heat gained by the Temperature increase lorimeter B. Heat of Neutralization of HCI-NaOH 1, Temp. of calorimeter and NaOH ‘Temp. of HCI 2. AT determined from your curve after adding HCl to the NaOH 3. Heat gained by solution (temperature inerease x 100 g x 4.184 J/K-g) = 4. Heat gained by calorimeter (temperature increase heat capacity of calorimeter) 5. Total joules released by reaction [(3) + (4)] = 3l °c 53 _*¢ J ed6. Complete: HCL+ Nall —> 7. The number of moles of HICL in $0 mL of 1.0 Af HCI (show calculations) 8. The number of moles of 1130 produced in reaction of SO mL 1.0 Af HCI and 50 mL. 1.0.M NaOH (show calculations) 9. Joules released per mole of water formed: total joules released (5) ‘number of moles water produced (8) C. Heat of Neutralization of CHyCOOH-Ns0H acthe ae , HAC 1. Temperature of calorimeter and NaQH 2. AT determined from cooling curve after adding CH;COOH to NaOH 3. Heat gained by solution (temp. increase x 100 gx 4.184 J/K-g) = 4, Heat gained by calorimeter (temp. increase x heat capacity of calorimeter) = 5. Total joules released by reaction [(3) + (4)] = 6. Complete: CHyCOOH + NaOH — 7. The number of moles of 1,0 produced in reaction of 50 mL 1.0. CH;COOH and 50 mL. t.0 MNaOH (show calculations) 8. Joules released per mole of water formed: total joules released (5) __ ‘number of moles water produced (7) 70% Soi % mol mol kJ/mol °c £C mol ku/molTem , ‘A. Heat Capacity nperature versus Time Data of Calorimeter re = ef Neutralization C. Heat of Neutralization Time(s) Temp (°c) in sON-HCL ‘of NaOH-CH,COOH . 8) Temp (°C) Time (s) Temp (°C) 1s 5 c a 0 3 30 36 15 3. [= 30 Se = 60 3 a power Se oie 105 2g ee 3s 90 cc 120 ane) 105 36 5 — - 120 36 e es oa 135 36 30) =, Saguenay 150 i 165 3C 165 a 180 —— 180 Re 180 meee QUESTIONS 1. What is the largest source of error in the experiment? >. How should the two heats of reaction forthe neutralization of NaOH and the two acids compare? Why’? 3. The experimental procedure has you wash your thermometer and ¢ry it after you measure the temperature TERR MeOH solution and before you measure the emperature of the HC} solution, Why? 4,450.0 mL sample of a 1.00 M solution of CuSO, is mixed with $0.0 ml. of 2.00 M KOH in a calorimeter. The temperature of both solutions was 20.2 °C before mixing and 26.3 °C after mixing. The heat capacity ofthe eelorimeteris 12.1 J/K. From these data, calculate ‘AH for the process cuS04(1 Mf) + 2KOH2 M)—> CHOU) + K,80,(0.5 M) ‘Assume that the specific heat and density of the solution after mixing are the same as those of pure water and that the volumes are additive.5, “areyesnd, Time,