钢质油气管道凹陷评价方法

1. Scope
This standard specifies the technical requirements for dent detection and evaluation of in-service

steel oil and gas pipelines.

This standard applies to the evaluation of dents of onshore carbon steel and low alloy steel oil and

gas pipelines. The evaluation of dents of submarine oil and gas pipelines can be carried out in accordance

with this standard.

2. Normative references

The following documents are essential for the application of this document. For all references with

a date, only the version with the date of the date applies to this document. For all undated references, the

latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document.

SY/T6151 Evaluation method for corrosion damage of steel pipeline body

SY/T6597 Technical specification for inline inspection of steel pipelines

SY/T 6825 Identification of inline inspection system of pipelines

SY/T 6889 Inline inspection of pipelines

3. Terms and definitions

The following terms and definitions apply to this document.

3.1 Dent

Local elastic-plastic deformation with significant change in curvature of pipeline surface caused by

external impact or extrusion.

3.2 Smooth dent

Dent with smooth change of wall curvature.

3.3 Kinked dent

Dent with sharp change of wall curvature, with the radius of curvature of the sharpest part less than

5 times the wall thickness in any direction.

3.4 Plain dent

Smooth dent without metal loss or cracks, and without changing the curvature of the adjacent girth

weld or pipemaking weld.

3.5 Unconstrained dent

Dent with free elastic rebound and free rounding after the external constraint is removed and the

inline pressure changes.

3.6 Constrained dent

Dent that cannot rebound or round freely due to external constraints.

3.7 Spring back

The reduction of the dent depth caused by elastic unloading of the pipeline after the external

constraint is removed.

3.8 Rebounding

The reduction of the dent depth under the action of inline pressure.

3.9 Dent depth

The maximum reduction of the diameter of the pipeline at the dent compared with the original

diameter.

4. Data preparation

a) Engineering data such as pipeline steel grade, pipe diameter, wall thickness, material mechanical

properties, burial depth, elevation, etc.

b) Geological conditions along the pipeline and the surrounding environment.

c) Historical operation data such as pipeline transportation medium, pressure, temperature, etc.

d) Pipeline inline and external inspection data

e) Third-party construction related data

5. Dent Inspection

5.1 Inline Inspection

5.1.1 For pipeline dent, inline inspection method can be used. According to the provisions of SY/T

6597, SY/T 6825 and SY/T 6889

5.1.2 Deformation, magnetic flux leakage or ultrasonic inline inspection techniques should be used

to detect the position (absolute distance, relative distance, clock direction), depth, axial length

and circumferential width or the overall contour of the dent, and provide the positional

relationship between the dent and the pipe making weld, as well as other defect information
 such as corrosion, scratches, cracks, arc burns, etc. related to the dent.

5.2 Direct inspection

5.2.1 The anti-corrosion layer of the pipe section where the dent is located should be removed before

detection. If the dent is a constrained dent, the constraint of the dent should be removed first.

5.2.2 For accurate measurement of the morphology of pipeline dents, the maximum depth, axial

length, downward width, axial and circumferential section shape passing through the maximum

depth position and the overall morphology of the dent should be given. The morphology

measurement methods that can be used include but are not limited to:

a) Laser scanning measurement: This method can accurately record and describe the overall

morphology of the dent by laser scanning the dent area. Implementation method. See Appendix A.

b) Contour gauge measurement: Divide the outer surface of the dent into equal distances along the

circumferential direction, and use the wheel gauge to fit closely with the outer surface of the dent

along the axial direction at different dividing lines in turn. According to the shape of the gauge, the

contour of the dent on different sections is obtained, and the morphology of the dent is depicted.

c) Profiling ruler measurement: Divide the outer surface of the dent into equal distance grids, use the

profiling ruler to measure the deformation depth at each grid point, and describe the morphology of

the dent based on the measurement data.

Note: After the restrained dent is removed from the restraint, there will be rebound and rounding, which

will have a certain impact on the measurement results.

5.2.3 The positional relationship between the dent and the weld and other defects such as corrosion,

scratches, cracks, arc burns, etc. should be visually inspected. If necessary, magnetic powder, penetration

ultrasound, X-ray and other methods should be used to further detect the dent.

6. Dent evaluation

6.1 Determination of dent type

The dent type should be determined by inline inspection or direct inspection results. Dent is divided

into bending dent and smooth dent. Smooth dent is further divided into:

a) Dent containing scratches, cracks, arc burns or weld defects.

b) Dent located on the weld.

e) Dent containing corrosion.

 d) Ordinary smooth dent.

6.2 Depth-based evaluation

6.2.1 When the dent morphology information is limited, the dent depth-based evaluation can be carried

out. The evaluation process based on the dent depth is shown in Figure 1.

6.2.2 The following dents should be repaired:

a) Bend dent.

b) Dent containing scratches, cracks, arc burns or weld defects.

e) Dent on the weld with a depth greater than 2% of the pipe diameter.

d) Dent containing corrosion with a corrosion depth greater than 40% of the pipe wall thickness.

e) Containing corrosion and the corrosion depth is 10%~40% of the pipe wall thickness, evaluate the

dents that need to be repaired according to SY/T6151.

f) Slots with a depth greater than 6% of the pipe diameter.

6.2.3 When repairing ordinary smooth dents, it is advisable to sort them according to the ratio of dent

depth to length (d/L), and give priority to repairing the larger ratio. When the d/L values are the same,

give priority to repairing the larger wall thickness.

6.3 Strain-based evaluation

6.3.1 When the dent morphology data is sufficient, it is advisable to carry out an evaluation based on the

dent strain. The evaluation process is shown in Figure 2. The calculation method of the dent strain is

shown in Appendix B.

6.3.2 The following dents should be repaired:

a) Bend dents.

b) Slots containing scratches, cracks, arc burns or weld defects

c) Slots on the weld with a strain greater than 4% of the pipe wall thickness.

d) Dents with corrosion and a depth greater than 40% of the pipe wall thickness

e) Dents with corrosion and a depth of 10% to 40% of the pipe wall thickness, evaluated according to

SY/T 6151 for dents that need to be repaired.

f) Dents with a strain greater than 6%.

7. Dent repair

Depending on the type and severity of the dent, repair solutions such as grinding, composite material
reinforcement, casing installation, and pipe replacement can be adopted. For repair solutions for different

types of dents, see Appendix C

For constrained dents caused by rocks at the bottom of the pipeline, measures should be taken during

the rock removal process to avoid secondary damage to the pipeline.

Identify dent

Bend dent? Yes

No

Contains scratches, cracks, arc

Yes
burns or weld defects?

No
On the weld?? Is the dent depth greater than

2% of the pipe diameter?

Yes Yes

Corrosion depth greater than

40% of pipe wall thickness?

Repairment
No Yes Yes

Contains corrosion greater than

According to ST/Y6151 evaluation,
10% of the pipe wall thickness?
repair is required?

Yes

Yes
Is the dent depth greater than 6% of the
No
pipe diameter?

No

monitor

Figure 1 Evaluation flow chart based on dent depth

 Identify dent

Bend dent? Yes

No
Contains scratches, cracks, arc

burns or weld defects? Yes

The dent strain is greater than

No
4%
On the weld??
Yes Yes

Corrosion depth greater than

No
40% of pipe wall thickness?
Repairment
No Yes Yes

Contains corrosion greater than

10% of the pipe wall thickness? No

According to ST/Y6151 evaluation,

repair is required?
Yes

Yes
No
No

Dent strain greater than 6%?

No

Figure 2 Evaluation flow chart based on dent strain

 Appendix A

Dent laser scanning measurement

A.1 Pipeline preparation
A.1.1 Confirm that the excavated dent is the dent to be measured.
A.1.2 If the dent is a constrained dent, the constraints of the dent should be removed first.
A.1.3 Remove the anti-corrosion layer of the pipe section where the dent is located, polish and remove
all sediment, dirt, oil and dust, so that the pipeline surface roughness reaches level 2~3.

A.2 Installation and calibration of laser scanner

A.2.1 Confirm the cleanliness of the pipe wall in the target area
A.2.2 Arrange the positioning patches at a certain distance in the pipeline area to be scanned. When
arranging patches near the dent, ensure that the distance between the patches and the axial ends of the
dent is not less than 10mm.
A.2.3 Use the gauge plate to calibrate the portable laser scanner.
A.2.4 Scan the positioning patches

A.3 Scan
A.3.1 Keep the portable laser scanner perpendicular to the pipeline surface and perform a 360° scan.
A.3.2 The area with imaging holes should be rescanned until it is fully displayed in the imaging software.
A.3.3 Set the coordinate origin and coordinate axis, save the settings and scanning results.
A.3.4 Close the software and disassemble the device after the scan is completed.

A.4 Data extraction

A.4.1 Open the scan file through the processing software, input a reference cylinder slightly larger than
the pipe, and align the reference cylinder with the pipe.
A.4.2 Run the dent detection software to determine the axial and circumferential data processing
accuracy based on the severity and geometry of the dent.

A.5 Report
The laser scanning report should include an isometric view of the entire surface of the measured pipe, an
isometric view of the dent, and the length, width and maximum depth dimensions of the dent.
 Appendix B

Dent strain calculation method

B.1 Strain

B.1.1 The dent strain is calculated based on the indentation profile information obtained by deformation
in-situ detection or direct measurement.
B.1.2 When the profile information obtained is relatively rough, a more refined indentation profile can
be constructed by interpolation or other mathematical methods

B.2 Strain calculation

B.2.1 The strain calculation diagram is shown in Figure B1. On the cross section through the indentation,
determine the curvature radius R1 of the indentation on the outer surface of the pipe. When the curvature
direction of the pipe is the same as the curvature direction of the initial surface, R1 is a positive number;
when the curvature direction of the pipe is opposite to the curvature direction of the initial surface, R1 is
a negative number.
B.2.2 On the axial section through the indentation, determine the curvature radius R1 of the indentation,
R1 is usually negative.
B.2.3 The circumferential bending strain ε1 is calculated according to formula (B1):

Where:
t---wall thickness, the unit is millimeter (mm)
R0--- Initial radius of the pipe, the unit is millimeter (mm)
R1--- Radius of curvature of the concave section of the pipe, the unit is millimeter (mm)
B.2.4 The axial bending strain ε2 is calculated according to formula (B.3):

Where:
t--- wall thickness, the unit is millimeter (mm)
R2--- The curvature radius of the axial concave of the pipe, the unit is millimeter (mm)
B.2.5 The axial membrane strain ε3 is calculated according to formula (B.3):

Where:
d---depth of dent, the unit is millimeter (mm)
L--- Axial length of the dent, the unit is millimeter (mm)
B.2.6 The composite strain εi on the inner surface of the dent is calculated according to formula (B.4):

B.2.7 The composite strain ε0 of the outer surface of the dent is calculated according to formula (B.5):

B.2.8 After multi-point strain calculation, the larger value of ε0 and εi is taken as the strain of the dent.

Figure B.1 Schematic diagram of dent strain calculation

 Appendix C

Suggested repair plan for dents

The recommended repair plan for the dent is shown in Table C.1.

Table C.1 Suggested repair solutions for dents

Dent type Suggested repair solutions
Bending dent B-type casing: Replacement
Plain Dent with scratches and cracks Grinding: (after grinding) A-type casing, epoxy casing, composite
dent reinforcement; (after grinding) B-type casing: Replacement
Dent with arc burns A-type casing, epoxy casing, composite reinforcement: B-type casing:
Replacement
Dent with weld defects B-type casing: Replacement
Dent located on the weld Epoxy casing, composite reinforcement: B-type casing: Replacement
Dent with internal corrosion B-type casing: Replacement
Dent with external corrosion Grinding: (after grinding) A-type casing, epoxy casing, composite
reinforcement; (after grinding) B-type casing: Replacement
Ordinary plain dent Grinding: (after grinding) A-type casing, epoxy casing, composite
reinforcement; (after grinding) B-type casing: Replacement
References