Xasan Salaad Macallin Al-caadii

‫الحَمَدَ للَهَ َربَ العَالمين‬

‫َولَ إَلهَ إلَ اللَهَ مَحَمَدَ رسَولَ اللَهَ واللهَ أكبر‬

‫ولَ ح َولَ ولَ قَوةَ إلَ باللهَ العليَ العظيَمَ‬

‫َوصَلَى اللَهَ َوسَلَمَ َوبَا َركَ عَلَى سَيَدَنَا مَحَمَدَ َوعَلَى آَلَهَ َوصَحبَهَ‬

‫َوعَلَيَنَا َوعَلَى جَمَيَعَ المَسلَمَيَن أَجمَعَيَن‬

‫‪Inta qaldan anaa eedda ku leh saxana eebbaa leh‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
 SULUB SIDQAN

Tusaalooyin Qorsheyn

Daabacaadda Koowaad

Al-caadii

Muqdisho-Soomaaliya

[email protected]

Xasan Salaad Macallin Al-caadii

ii
 Mahad-naq

Waxa aan jeclahay in aan u mahad naqo saaxibbadey inj. Cabdirisaaq Sheekh
Cabdil waaxid iyo inj. Musdhafa Axmad Jimcaale oo aan kaga mahad naqayo
caawinaaddoodii inta ay socotay diyaarinta buuggan.

iii
Baahinta koowaad 2018 / 1440

iv
 Eray bixin cusub iyo hore

Concrete Sulub

Reinforcement Sidaq

Slab Koosiri

Beam Dogob/dool

Column Tiir

Retaining wall Darbi-riix

Foundation/footing Ruug

Link Shakaal

Anchor/anchorage Dhidib

Lap Udub

Hook Jillaab

Shear Jab/jare

Shear wall Darbi-jar

Support Kaal/kaale/kaaliye

Reaction Caabbin

Couple Sidig

Force Quwad/xoog

Moment Duubmi

v
Tortion Maroog

Yield Diiq-dhamaad

Tension Diiq

Stress Fiig

Strain Jiira-go’

Capacity Qaad/karti

Code Af-garad

Factor Isir

Coefficient Horgale/weheliye

Tangent Taabte

Cross-section Is-gudub

Cube Saddex jibbaar

Diagonal Xagla-gooye

Dimension Aaddimo

Thickness Qiro/dhumuc

Distance Fogaan

Plane Sallax

Plan Khariidho

Span Gudban

Efficiency Karti/iskufilnaansho

vi
Figure Muuq

Frame Idaar

Image Humaag

Interpolation Dhex-beeg

Modulus Qiimo-sugan

Parabola Laba-saab

Parallel Barbaroole/barbar-roore

Perimeter Bad-eeg

Radius Gacan

Ratio Saami

Space Dulalaati

Section Qeyb

Standard Beeg-gal

Sum Wadar

Symbol Summad

Table Jadwal

Rectangle Laydi

Neutral-axis Dhex-jiir

Cover Dalab/dabool

Flange Qar/daan/dacal

vii
Web Taf

Cross-section Is-gudub

Diameter Dhex-roor

Crack Jeexmid/jeerar/dillaac

Deflection Habac/calool

Bent-up-bar Bir-mas

Serviceability Adeegikaro

Shrinkage Iskusookogid

Negative Taban

Positive Togan

Factor of safety Isirka racdin-reebka

Nosing Riir

Effective Dhibban

Hogging Tuurta

Sagging Habaca

Solid Siman

Chart Shax/jaantus

viii
 Daliilka buugga

1. Arar 1

i.i. Dabeecadaha sulubka iyo sibirka 1

i.ii. Af-garadka 3

1. Koosiri 4

1.1. Nowcyada koosiriga 4

1.2. Koosiri culeyskiisu iskumid yahay 6

1.3. Culeyska diiradda ah ee saaran koosiriga siman ah 6

(god/tuur laheyn)

1.4. Gudbanka dhibban 6

1.5. Dalab/dabool 7

1.6. Duubmiga ugu weyn birta 7

1.7. Badadka biraha 8

1.8. Koosiriga gudban hal-daye feeroole ah 10

1.9. Culeyska qorsheynta (dajinta) 11

1.9.1. Nowcyada koosiriga marka loo eego caabbinta 11

culeyska

1.9.1.1. Koosiri hal-dayee 12

1.9.1.2. Koosiri laba-dayee 13

ix
 1.9.1.2.1. Koosiri laba-daye xiran 14

1.10. Waddada/habka qorsheynta 18

1.10.1. Qorsheynta koosiriyada 18

1.10.1.1. Koosiri siman (god/tuur laheyn) 18

1.10.1.1.1. Koosiriga afarta dhinac laga kaalay 18

1.10.1.1.2. Koosiriga hal-dayaha tixan/xiran 18

1.10.1.1.3. Koosiriga laba-dayaha tixan/xiran 19

1.10.1.2. Koosiriga feeroolaha 20

1.10.1.2.1. Dhexda gudbanka qeybta T-da 20

1.10.1.3. Badka birta 20

1.10.1.3.1. Hubinta boqolleyda sidaqa 21

1.10.1.3.2. Hubinta jaraha 21

1.10.1.3.3. Hubinta habacsanaanta 22

1.10.1.3.4. Hubinta jeerarka 23

1.11. Tusaale qorsheynta koosiri hal-dayee tixan/xiran 24

1.12. Tusaale qorsheynta koosiri laba-daye tixan/xiran 30

x
2. Dogob/dool 33

2.1. Moolka dhibban ee gudbanka dogobka 33

2.2. Nowcyada dogobka 34

2.3. Soo dhiraandhirinta isirka racdin-reebka sulubka la 35

cadaadiyay

2.4. Dabeecadaha birta 36

2.5. Dogob leydi hal-sidaq 38

2.6. Gabal leydi fiigsan 38

2.7. Qorsheynta dogob sulub-sidaq inta aanan la sidqin 39

2.7.1. Taxliilinta duubmiga badka cadaadiska 40

2.7.2. Taxliilinta duubmiga badka diiqa 41

2.7.3. Waddada/habka qorsheynta dogob leydi hal- 43

sidaq

2.7.4. Si loo helo barta ay kagoynaysa birta diiqa 45

2.7.5. Qorsheyn shaxeed dogob leydi hal-sidaq 46

2.7.6. Tusaale-qorsheyn dogob leydi hal-sidaq 47

2.7.7. Xisaabinta barta ay ka goynaysa birta diiqa 50

2.7.8. Qorsheyn-shaxeed dogob leydi hal-sidaq 51

2.8. Dogob laba-sidaq 53

xi
 2.8.1. Qaaciddada qorsheynta marka la isticmaalayo 53
gabal fiigsan oo la fududeeyay

1.8.1.1. Duubmiga la xiriira diiqa birta 54

2.8.2. Tusaale dogob sulub laba-sidaq leydi ah 55

2.9. Dogob dacalle 58

2.9.1. Gabal fiigsan ee ku jira daanta/dacasha 59

2.9.2. Gabalka fiigsan ee u gudbay tafta 60

2.9.3. Qaaciddada af-garadka 61

2.9.4. Waddada/habka xisaabinta qorsheynta sidaqa 62

dogob dacallaha

2.9.5. Tusaale qorsheynta dogob dacalle 63

2.9.6. Tusaale 2aad 64

2.9.7. Tusaale hubinta kartida duubmiga 67

3. Tiir 71

3.1. Baahiyaha shakaallada 73

3.2. Udubyada cadaadiska iyo kalasiibyada dibka 73

3.3. Xajmiga (cabbirka) iyo dulalaatiga shakaalka 73

3.4. Tiir xiran oo gaaban ee sida culeys wareeg ah 74

3.5. Tiir gaaban ee sida culeys wareeg ah (afar dhinac) 74

xii
 3.6. Tusaale mid kamid ah kuwaasi kore 76

3.7. Tiir xiran oo gaaban kaasi oo u adkeysankara culeys 77

dhinacyada kaga yimaada iyo duubmi

3.7.1. Kulminta xaaladaha 79

3.7.2. Quwadda 79

3.7.3. Tusaale tiir gaaban ee la saaray culeys wareeg 80

ah iyo duubmi hal dhinac ah

3.8. Qorsheyn shaxeedda tiirka 80

3.8.1. Tusaale qorsheyn shaxeedda tiirka 81

4. Darbi-jar 83

4.1. Nowcyada darbiyada 83

4.2. Sidaqa darbiga 84

4.3. Tusaale darbi la saaray culeys wareeg ah iyo sallax 85

leh duubmi ayada oo la adeegsanayo jadwalka qorsheynta

5. Jaranjaro 89

5.1. Nowcyada jaranjarada 89

5.2. Tusaale qorsheynta koosiri-jaranjaro 91

xiii
6. Ruug 98
6.1. Fadhiga gaarka ah ee cuban 98

6.1.1. Fadhi cuban oo culeys wareeg ah la saaray 98

6.1.2. Jaraha joogga ee dhexmara dhammaan ballaca 100

Fadhiga

6.1.3. Jeerarka 100

6.1.4. Heerka ugu yar ee sulubka 100

6.1.5. Daboolka la qaadanayo 100

6.1.6. Tusaale qorsheynta fadhi la saaray culeys 101

wareeg ah

6.2. Fadhi cuban ee la saaray culeys aanan sal fadhiya 104

laheyn

6.2.1. Cadaadiska joogga 104

6.2.2. U adkeysiga culeysyada jiifa 105

6.2.3. Ciid aanan is-qabsan 106

6.2.4. Ciidda is-qabsata 106

6.2.5. Heykalka qorsheynta 107

6.2.6. Tusaale qorsheynta sal la saaray culeys aanan 107

Fadhin

xiv
7. Darbi-riix 116

7.1. Nowcyada darbi-riixa 116

7.2. Cadaadiska dhulka ee darbi-riixa 117

7.2.1. Nowcyada cadaadiska dhulka 117

7.3. Sibqasho/simbiriraxo 117

7.4. Rogmashada 118

7.5. Cadaaadiska uu qaadikaro dhulka 119

7.6. Sidaqa qallooca 119

7.7. Tusaale qorsheynta darbi-riix lalmanaya 121

8. Xaaladaha shaqeynkara ee xaddidan 128

8.1. Habacsanaan 128

8.1.1. Saamiga gudbanka iyo moolka dhibban 129

8.1.2. Gundhigga saamiga gudbanka iyo moolka 129

dhibban

8.1.3. Sidaqa diiqa 130

8.1.4. Sidaqa cadaadiska 131

8.1.5. Hubinta habacsanaanta 132

8.1.6. Tusaale hubinta habacsanaanta dogob leydi 132

xv
 8.2. Jeerar/dillaac 134

8.2.1. Xaddiditaanka iyo hagidda jeerarka 134

8.2.2. Xakameynta dulalaatiga biraha dogobka 135

8.2.3. Waddada/habka 136

8.2.4. Sidaqa ugu yar ee dhinaca wajiyada 136

8.2.5. Tusaale hubinta jeerarka 137

8.2.6. Dulalaatiga biraha lagu xakameeyo koosiriga 138

9. Quwadaha/xoogagga jaraha 139

9.1. Jaraha caadiga ah 139

9.1.1. Fashilka jaraha 139

9.1.2. Sidaqa jaraha ee shakaalka 141

9.1.2.1. Shakaalka joogga (fiiqan) 141

9.1.3. Badka ugu yar ee shakaalka 142

9.1.4. Sidaqa jaraha ku xiran/dhaca kaalaha 143

9.1.5. Tusaale qorsheynta jaraha dogobka 143

9.1.6. Tusaale 2aad 145

9.1.7. Tusaale qorsheynta shakaalka sidaqa dogobka 147

9.1.8. Sidaqa jaraha hab bir-mas ah 148

xvi
 9.1.9. Tusaale qorsheynta sidaqa jaraha ayada oo la 150
adeegsanayo bir-mas

9.2. Iskuxiraha/qoolka, udubka, iyo xajinta fiigga ku jira 153

qallooca

9.2.1. Tusaale xisaabinta dhererka dhidibka 154

9.2.2. Jillaabyada iyo qalloocyada 155

9.2.3. Tusaale xisabinta dhererka dhidibka 158

9.2.4. Tusaale 2 158

9.2.5. Gaabbinta iyo dhidbidda biraha 159

9.2.6. Udubka iyo kalasiibyada (waa kalasiibyada 159

birta sidaqa)

9.2.7. Xajinta fiigga ku jira gudaha qallooca 160

9.2.8. Tusaale qorsheynta dhidibka kaalaha dogobka 161

Tixraac 164

Buugga faahfaahinta Warqadaha xiga

xvii
xviii
 i. ARAR

i.i. DABEECADAHA SULUBKA IYO SIBIRKA

Sulubku waa waxa ugu muhiimsan ee loo adeegsado dhismaha, waa walxa madow
oo jilicsan, waxa uu la fal-galikaraa dhammaan qalfoofyada/heykallada dhismaha,
waxa uu fariid ku yahay hadba dhexgalka heykallada, tusaale; waxa uu awood
uleeyahay in uu qaato qaabka heykalka lagu shubayo. Sidoo kale sulubku waa wax
aad u adag una adkeysankara dabka hadii si sax ah la iskugu daro saamiyada
qasitaanka.

Sibirka caadiga ah ee boortilaan (ordinary Portland cement) waa nuuca ugu

caansan ee la isticmaalo xilligan.

Waxyaabaha ceyriin ee laga sameeyay ayaa ah dhagax-nuurad, silika, alumiin iyo

dambaska birta. Waxyaabahaasi ayaa la shiidayaa kadib la iskugu darayaa si
saamiyeysan kadibna si aad ah loo gubayaa.

Sibirku waa isirka ugumuhiimsan sameynta sulubka.

Dabeecadaha sulubka

 Sulubku waa wax u habboon bii’ada marka loo eego awoodaha uu u

leeyahay la fa-lgalka xaaladaha badan.
 Sulubku waxa uu ka koobanyahay (biyo, jaay iyo sibir) waa wax la helikaro.
 Sulubku waa hab tusaale u ah dib u warshadeynta qashinka ama qashinka
warshadaha. Walxa badan oo god-qashinka u dhamaado ayaa loo
adeegsankaraa in laga sameeyo sulubka.

1
 Sulubku tamarta uu u baahanyahay ayaa yar ayada oo ay badantahay
xajintiisu. Kaliya waxa uu u baahanyahay ayaa ah in lagu sameeyo sibirka
caadiga ah ee boortilaan oo inta badan ka ah 10 – 15% sulubka.
 Sulubku waxa uu soo bandhigaa tamar inta uu jiro dhismaha. Waxa uu la
jaan-qaadayaa hadba is badbaddalka heer-kulka caadiga ah asaga oo
keydsanaya ama soodaynaya hadba inta ku habboon kulka ama qabowga
jira. Sulubku waxa uu ilaashadaa awoodahiisa xilliga dayaca ama marka dib
loo isticmaalo.
 Wax soosaarka lagu kalsoonyahay haddana tayada leh ee dhowr qarni ayaa
waddada uxaaraya sulubku in uu u lahaado badbaado deegaaneed jiilalka
isdabahayo (Env)

2
 i.i.i Af-garadka

BS 8110: Part 1-1997-structural-use-of-concrete-design-construction

BS 6399: Part 2-1997 code of practice for wind load

BS 8110: Part 3-1985 design charts for singly & doubly reinforced

Buuggan waxaa kuyar tix-raaca taasi oo ay ugu wacantahay buugaagta aan kasoo
qaatay ilaha intooda badan waxa aan ka helay macluumaad goos-goos ah, tan kale
waxaa jira nuqullo aan sidooda u soo qaatay balse aan ku sameeyay faahfaahin iyo
caddeyn, xalka qaaciddooyinka iyo waddada loo maray xisaabinta.

3
 CUTUB 1

1. KOOSIRI SULUB-SIDQAN
1.1. Nowcyada koosiriga

Koosiri waa sallax kaasi oo qaada culeys iskumid ah oo qeybsan. Koosirigu waxaa
laga soo qaataa ama la furfuraa culeyska saaran hal bad kaliya. Koosirigu waxa uu
leeyahay ooga jiifta oo inta badan lagu kaalay tiir, dool iyo darbi. Koosiri waxa
lagu tilmaamikaraa wax kasarreeya kaalayaal.

Koosiri la sulub-sidqay ayaa la adeegsanayaa si loo helo oogo fidsan oo loo

isticmaalikaro adeegyada loo baahanyahay. Koosirigu waa dabaqad weyn oo
fidsan waxa uuna leeyahay oogo hoose iyo mid sare oo is-barbarsocda ama isku
dhaw. Waxaa lagu kaalikaraa dool la sulub-sidqay.

Koosirigu waxaa laga kaalikarayaa kaliya laba dhinac oo iska soo horjeedda waa
marka uu culeysku u shubayo hal jiha oo kaliya. Koosirigu kolkaasi waxa uu u
sidaa culeyska dhanka dogobyada kujiifa kaalayaasha. Taasi waa marka saamiga
jiifka iyo ballaca uu ka weynyahay 2. Waxaa jirikara dogobyo afarta dhinac ah waa
marka koosirigu uu culeysku u shubayo laba jiha. Taasi waa marka saamiga jiifka
iyo ballaca uu ka yaryahay ama la egyahay 2.

Koosirigu waxa uu noqonkaraa sahal-kaal ama taxana leh hal kaale ama wax
kabadan waxaana lagu kala saarayaa ayada oo loo eegayo habka kaalaha sida soo
socota:

1. Gudban hal-daye una dhaxeeya doolal ama darbiyo

2. Gudban laba-daye una dhaxeeya doolal ama darbiyo la kaalay
3. Koosiri ku kor fidsan tiirar iyo doolal geesaha ah ama darbiyo anan lahey
doolal dhexda ah.

4
5
1.2. Koosiri culeyskiisu isku mid yahay

Koosiri halka-daye oo inta badan sida culeyska isku midka ah ayaa loo qorsheeyaa
ayada oo loo qaadanayo in uu leeyahay tix doolal laydi ah kuwaasi oo leh 1m oo
ballac ah una dhaxeeya kaalayaal doolal ama darbiyo ah.

1.3. Culeyska diiradda ah ee saaran koosiriga siman (god/tuur laheyn)

Koosiri sahal-kaal ah, labada geesna ku sida culeys diirad ah, ballaciisa dhibban ee
u istaaga inuu caabbiyo culeyska waxa uu noqonayaa:-

w = ballaca culeyska + 2.4(1-x/l), halka ay x tahay fogaanta inta uu culeysku

saaranyahay laga soo billaabo kaalaha ugu dhaw, l waa jiifka gudbanka koosiriga.

Hadii culeysku uu u dhawyahay gees aanan kaaliye laheyn, ballaca dhibban waa in
uusan kabadneyn:-

1. w, ee aan kor ku soo sheegnay

2. 0.5w, + fogaanta bartamaha culeyska laga soo billaabo geeska aan kaaliyaha
laheyn.

1.4. Gudbanka dhibban

Gudbanka dhibban ee lagu sahal-kaalay dogob waa in uu qaataa kan uguyar:-

1. Fogaanta u dhaxeysa bartamayaasha adkeysankaro ama

2. Fogaanta maran/caadiga ah ee udhaxeysa wajiyada kaalayaasha lagu daray
moolka dhibban

6
Gudbanka dhibban marka la joogo:-

1. Koosiri sahal-kaal

Gudbanka dhibban = kan uguyar bartamayaasha adkeysankara ama jiifka

maran/caadiga ah ee gudbanka + d

2. Koosiri tixan/xiriirsan

Gudbanka dhibban = fogaanta u dhaxeysa bartamayaasha kaaliyayaasha

1.5. Dalab/dabool

Qaddarka daboolka looga baahanyahan siijiritaanka iyo dab u adkeysiga waxaa

laga soo qaadanayaa jadwalka 3.3 iyo 3.4 ee af-garadka biritan.

1.6. Duubmiga ugu weyn birta

Qeybaha koosiriga waxaa loo qorsheeyaa sida dogob leydi ah balse leh 1m oo
ballac ah. Badka ugu yar sidaqa ugu weyn waxaa laga soo qaadanayaa jadwalka
3.25 ee af-garadka biritan. Qeybaha leydiga iyo koosiriga siman waa tani

Bir jilicsan: fy = 250 N/mm2, 100As/Ac = 0.24

Bir diiq-dhamaatay: fy = 460 N/mm2, 100As/Ac = 0.13 halka As tahay badka ugu
yar sidaqa iyo Ac tahay wadarta guud ee badka sulubka.

7
 1.7. BADADKA BIRAHA
Jadwalka A: Badad qeybeedka kooxa bira ah (mm2)

Cabbirka Tirada
birta biraha
(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6 28.3 56.6 84.8 113 141 170 198 226 255 283
8 50.3 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 78.6 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 786

12 113 226 339 452 566 679 792 905 1018 1131
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1207 1408 1609 1810 2011
20 314 628 943 1257 1571 1885 2199 2514 2828 3142

25 491 982 1473 1964 2455 2946 3437 3928 4418 4909
32 804 1609 2413 3217 4022 4826 5630 6435 7239 8044
40 1257 2514 3770 5027 6284 7541 8798 10054 11311 12568

Jadwalka B: Bad qeybeedka ballac 1m ee dulalaatiga bira kala duduwan (mm2/m)

Cabbirka Dulalaatiga
birta biraha
(mm) 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300

6 566 377 283 226 189 162 141 126 113 94

8 1005 670 503 402 335 287 251 223 201 168
10 1571 1047 786 628 524 449 393 349 314 262

12 2262 1508 1131 905 754 646 566 503 452 377
16 4022 2681 2011 1609 1341 1149 1005 894 804 670
20 6284 4189 3142 2514 2095 1795 1571 1396 1257 1047

25 9819 6549 4909 3928 3273 2805 2455 2182 1964 1636
32 16087 10725 8044 6435 5362 4596 4022 3575 3217 2681
40 25136 16757 12568 10054 8379 7182 6284 5586 5027 4189

(Des)

8
 Duubmiga iyo jaraha ugu fog/weyn ee kudhaca koosiriga gudban hal-daye ah

Tilmaan Kaaliyaha Gudbanka Kaaliyayaas Gudbanka u Kaaliyayaasha

dibadda dhexe ee u ha dhexe dhaxeeya dhexe
dhaw kaaliyha kan u kaaliyayaasha
dibadda horreeya dhexe

Duubmi 0 0.086 Fl −0.086 Fl 0.063 Fl −0.063 Fl

(−0.04Fl*) (0.075 Fl*)

Jare 0.4 F (0.46 F*) – 0.6 F – 0.5F

Si kale

F = culeyska idil ee qorsheynta ee saaran gudbanka, l = gudbanka, * waxa ay tilmaameysaa

xaaladda haddii uu kaaliyaha ugu danbeeya yahay mid dhaggan (sugan).

9
 1.8. Koosiri gudban hal-daye feeroole ah

Laba hab oo waaweyn ee loo dhiso ayaa ah

1. Koosiri feeroole ah oo aanan laheyn buruqyo joogta ah

2. Koosiri feeroole ah lehna godad joogta ah ama buruqyo siman

Waxyaabaha dheeriga ah ama looxaanta sulubka ah ee udhaxeysa feeraha waa la

tixgalinkaraa ama waa la iska daayikaraa si uu uga qeybqaato awoodda (adkeynta)
koosiriga. Sidoo kale daloollada ama buruqyada siman waxaa lagu tirinkaraa wax
xaddida awoodda ayada oo la isticmaalayo shuruucda af-gradka.

Waxyaabaha ugu waaweyn ee loogaga baahanyahay koosiriga feeroolaha ah ayaa

ah sidan:-

1. Bartamayaasha feeraha waa in aysan kabadan 1.5m

2. Moolka feeraha oo ay ka mid yihiin waxyaabaha dheeriga ah
(qurxiyayaasha) waa in aysan ka badan afar jeer iskucel-celiska ballaciisa
3. Ballaca feeraha ugu yar waa in lagu xaddidaa (qorsheeyaa) ayada oo la
tixgalinayo dalabka/daboolka, dulalaatiga biraha iyo u adkeysiga dabka.
4. Dhumucda heykalka qurxiyayaasha ama qarka (daanta) waa in aysan ka
yareyn 50mm ama cushurka fogaanta bannaan/caadiga ah ee udhaxeysa
feeraha ( jadwalka 3.17 ee af-garadka)

Dulalaatiga siligga waa in uusan kabadneyn nuska fogaanta bartame-ka-bartame ee

feeraha.

10
1.9. Culeyska qorsheynta (dajinta)

Culeyska qorsheynta waxaa loo qeybiyaa saddex qeybood:-

i. Culeys manoole (Gk) wax badan iskama baddalo qiimaha lagu qiyaasay.
Waxaa kamid ah culeyska koosiriga naftiisa iyo dhameystirka.
ii. Culeys u qaadasho (noole/guure) (Qk) culeys aanan sugneyn/taagneyn kaasi
oo is-baddalikara kuna tiirsan haykalka la adeegsanayo
iii. Culeys dabeyl (Wk) kaasi oo ku tiirsan goobta, muuqa (qaabka), aaddimada
dhismaha iyo xawaaraha dabeesha gobolka.

1.9.1. Nowcyada koosiriga marka loo eego caabbinta culeyska

Koosirigu waxa uu ka koobanyahay laba nowc oo kala ah koosiri hal-daye iyo

laba-daye. Hal dayaha waxa uu leeyahay laba nowc oo kala ah koosiri hal-daye
sahal-kaal iyo hal-daye xiriirsan. Halka laba dayaha uu ka koobanyahay laba nowc
oo kala ah koosiri laba-daye sahal-kaal iyo laba-daye xiran (xiriirsan)

Nowca koosiriga waxaa lagu kalasaarikarayaa ayada oo loo eegayo:-

Ly
≤ 2.0 (laba-daye)
Lx

Ly
> 2.0 (hal-daye)
Lx

Ly waa dhinaca dheer, halka Lx yahay dhinaca gaaban.

11
1.9.1.1. Koosiri hal-daye

Koosirigu waxaa lagu magacaabayaa hal-daye hadii qorsheynta sidaqa ugu weyn
uu hal jiha kaliya ku jiro.

Xaaladdaasi ayaa dhacda hadii koosiriga laga kaalo laba dhinac kaliya. Haddiise
laga kaalo dhammaan afarta dhinac, koosirigu waxa uu noqonayaa hal-jidaye
haddii saamiga gudbanka dheer (Ly) iyo gudbanka gaaban (Lx) uu ka badanyahay
2. Sababta oo ah marka loo eego jiritaanka tixa koosiriga hal-dayaha ah, sidaqa
gudbanka halka jiha waa kan ugu weyn halka sidaqa ku jira jihada ku aaddan
dhinaca gudbanka loo yaqaanno sidaqa labaad, kaasi oo u shaqeeya sida awood
xiran/sugan oo weyn waxa uuna kaalmeeyaa qeybinta cadaadiska taasi oo ay sabab
u tahay is-baddalka heer-kulka iyo is-kusookogidda sulubka.

Taxliilka iyo qorsheynta koosiri hal-dayaha sahal-kaal ah waxa uu lamid yahay

taxliilka iyo qorsheynta doolka sahal-kaalka ah.

Koosiriga hal-dayaha xiriirsan, duubmiga iyo jaraha waxaa laga xisaabinkaraa

jadwalka 3.13: BS 8110, haddii uu dhameystiro shuruudahan soosocda:-

i. Badka garab waliba in uu ka badanyahay 30m2

ii. Culeyska guurguura in uu ka yaryahay 1.25 jeer culeyska manoolaha.
iii. Culeyska guurguura in uusan ka badneyn 5kN/m2

12
1.9.1.2. Koosiri laba-daye

Sidaqa ugu weyn ee koosiriga laba-dayaha ah waxaa loo qorsheeyaa laba jiho.

Xaaladdaasi waxa ay dhacdaa marka koosiriga laga kaalo dhammaan afarta dhinac
ee gudbanka iyo marka saamiga jiifka gudbanka dheer iyo jiifka gudbanka gaaban
uu ka yaryahay ama la egyaha 2. Duubmiga iyo jaraha koosiriga laba-dayaha ah
Ly
waxa uu ku xiranyahay saamiga iyo fogaanta u dhaxeeya koosirigiisa iyo
Lx

kaaliyahiisa haddii uu yahay sahal-kaal ama mid xiran/dhaggan.

Koosiri laba-daye sahal-kaal leh loox iyo gees sahal-kaal ah, looxu kor ayuu u
kicikaraa marka uu duubmigu kudhaco, koosiriga waxaa lagu kaalayaa dogob bira
leh, duubmi kaliya ayaa ka jirayo bartamaha gudbanka.

Koosiri laba-daye sahal-kaal

Koosiriga si sahal ah looga kaalay afarta dhinac ee aan loo sameynin wax shardhi
ah oo ka hor istaagaya kor u kaca ama maroogga, sidaasi darteed horgalaha
duubmiga waxaa laga soo qaadanayaa jadwalka 3.13. duubmiga ugu weyn ayaa
noqonaya:-

Msx = αsxn𝑙𝑥2

Msy = αsyn𝑙𝑥2

Halka n uu yahay culeyka guud ahaaneed ee badka

lx waa jiifka dhinaca gaaban ly waa jiifka dhinaca dheer

αsx iyo αsy waa horgalayaasha duubmiga, lagana helayo jadwalka 3.13

13
Jadwalka 3.13: horgalaha jalleeca duubmiga koosiri laba-daye sahal-kaal ah (tixraac. BS 8110: Part 1:
1997)

ly/lx 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0

αsx 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118
αsy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029

1.9.1.2.1. Koosiri laba-daye xiran/sugan

Koosiri laba-daye xiran waxa uu leeyahay wax ka badan hal loox ama qeyb geeska
koosiriga ah ee ka hortagikarta kor u kaca. Taasi waxa ay dhacdaa marka koosiriga
uu ku xiranyahay kaaliye ama loox ku dhaggan qaar kale, kolkaasi duubmigu waxa
uu dhacayaa geeska koosiriga. Koosirigaasi oo kale waxa uu leeyahay afar duubmi
hal loox kasta, laba waxaa lagu magacaabaa duubmiga gudbanka dhexe, labada
kalena waa duubmiga jihooyinka x iyo y.

Marka uu koosirigu leeyahay xaalada kala duwan oo geesaha ah sida in uu

leeyahay geeso sugan ama xiran (xiriirsan), duubmiga ugu weyn ee loo qeybiyay
halbeegga ballaca waxa uu noqonayaa

Msx = βsxn𝑙𝑥2

Msy = βsyn𝑙𝑥2

Halka n uu yahay culeyska guud ahaaneed ee badka

lx waa jiifka dhinaca gaaban ly waa jiifka dhinaca dheer

βsx iyo βsy waa horgalayaasha duubmiga, lagana helayo jadwalka 3.14

14
 Jadwalka 3.14: horgalaha jalleeca duubmiga koosiriga laba-dayaha xiran (xiriirsan) (tixraac. BS
8110: Part 1: 1997)

Nowca looxa iyo duubmiyada Horgalayaasha gudbanka gaaban, βsx Horgalaha gudbanka
la tixgalinayo qiimaha ly/lx dheer, βsy dhammaan
qiimayaasha ly/lx

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0

Looxyada dhexe
Duubmiga taban ee geeska xiran
0.031 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032

Duubmiga togan ee dhexda 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024
gudbanka
Hal gees gaaban ka furan
Duubmiga taban ee geeska xiran
0.039 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.037
Duubmiga togan ee dhexda 0.029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.028
gudbanka
Hal gees dheer ka furan
Duubmiga taban ee geeska xiran
0.039 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.037
Duubmiga togan ee dhexda 0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.028
gudbanka
Laba gees daris ah ka furan

Duubmiga taban ee geeska xiran

0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.045
Duubmiga togan ee dhexda 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.065 0.070 0.034
gudbanka
Laba gees gaagaaban ka furan

Duubmiga taban ee geeska xiran

0.046 0.050 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.067 0.070 –
Duubmiga togan ee dhexda 0.034 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.034
gudbanka
Laba gees dhaadheer ka furan
Duubmiga taban ee geeska xiran
– – – – – – – – 0.045

Duubmiga togan ee dhexda 0.034 0.046 0.056 0.065 0.072 0.078 0.091 0.100 0.034
gudbanka
Saddex gees ka furan (hal gees
dheer ka xiran)
Duubmiga taban ee geeska xiran
0.057 0.065 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.084 0.092 0.098 –
Duubmiga togan ee dhexda 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.060 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.044
gudbanka
Saddex gees ka furan (hal gees
gaaban ka xiran)
Duubmiga taban ee geeska xiran
– – – – – – – – 0.058
Duubmiga togan ee dhexda 0.042 0.054 0.063 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.044
gudbanka
Afar gees ka furan
Duubmiga togan ee dhexda 0.055 0.065 0.074 0.081 0.087 0.092 0.103 0.111 0.056
gudbanka

15
 Jadwalka 3.15: horgalaha jaraha koosiri laba-daye xiran (xiriirsan) (tixraac. BS 8110: Part 1:
1997)

Nowca looxa iyo goobta βvx marka loo eega qiimayaasha βvy
ly/lx
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Afar gees ka xiran
Geeska xiran 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33
Hal gees gaaban ka furan
Geeska xiran 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.36
Geeska furan – – – – – – – – 0.24
Hal gees dheer ka furan
Geeska xiran 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.36
Geeska furan 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 –
Laba gees daris ah ka furan

Geeska xiran 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.40
Geeska furan 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.26
Laba gees gaagaaban ka furan

Geeska xiran 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.54 –
Geeska furan – – – – – – – – 0.26
Laba gees dhaadheer ka furan
Geeska xiran – – – – – – – – 0.40
Geeska furan 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.44 0.47 –
Saddex gees ka furan (hal gees
dheer ka furan)

Geeska xiran 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.60 0.63 –
Geeska furan 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.29
Saddex gees ka furan
(hal gees gaaban ka furan)

Geeska xiran – – – – – – – – 0.45

Geeska furan 0.29 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.30
Afar gees ka furan
Geeska furan 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33

16
Xuduudaha xiriirsan
Msx = - βsx nlx2

Msy = - βsy nlx2

Bartamaha gudbanka

Msx = βsx nlx2

Msy = βsy nlx2

βsx waa horgalaha gudbanka gaaban, βsy waa horgalaha gudbanka dheer, waxaa
laga helikarayaa jadwalka 3.14 BS 8110: Part 1:1997. Halka n uu yahay culeyska
loogu qorsheeyay halbeegga 1m2 (KAM)

17
 1.10. WADDADA/HABKA QORSHEYNTA

1.10.1. Qorsheynta koosiriga

1.10.1.1. Koosiriga siman (god/tuur laheyn)

Culeyska ugu fog/weyn qorsheynta = (1.4Gk)+(1.6Qk)

Horgalayaasha duubmiga iyo jaraha waxaa laga soo qaadanayaa jadwalka 3.15

Vsv = svn.lx

1.10.1.1.1. Koosiriga sahal-kaalka afarta dhinac ah

Duubmiyada

Msx = αsx nlx2

Msy = αsy nlx2

Horgalaha duubmiga waxaa laga helayaa jadwalka 3.13 ama qaacidada:-

sx = (ly / lx)4 / (8  (1+(ly / lx)4))

sy = (ly / lx)2 / (8  (1+(ly / lx)4))

Moolalkiisa dhibban:-

dx = h- c - 0.5 waxa uu la shaqeeyaa Msx

dy = h- c -  - 0.5 waxa uu la shaqeeyaa Msy

1.10.1.1.2. Koosiriga hal-dayahaa tixan/xiran

Duubmiga iyo jaraha waxaa laga xisaabayaa jadwalka 3.12.

Moolkiisa dhibban d = h – c − /2

18
1.10.1.1.3. Koosiriga laba-dayaha taxan/xiran:-

Msx = βsx nlx2

Msy = βsy nlx2

Horgalaha duubmiga waxaa laga helayaa jadwalka 3.14 ama qaaciddada:-

Xaaladda geeska dhinaca ugu gaaban (1); geeska 1 = "C"

Xaaladda geeska dhinaca kale ee ugu gaaban (2); geeska 2 = "C"

Xaaladda geeska dhinaca ugu dheer (3); geeska 3 = "C"

Xaaladda geeska dhinaca kale ee ugu dheer (4); geeska 4 = "C"

βsy2 = (24 + 2Nd + 1.5Nd2) / 1000.

βsy11 = haddii(geeska1 = "C", 4/3sy2,0).
βsy12 = haddii(geeska2 = "C", 4/3sy2,0).

 = 2/9  [3 - (18)  lx/ly  ((sy2+ sy11) + (βsy2+ βsy12))]

3x = haddii(geeska3 = "C", 4/3,0).
4x = haddii(geeska4 = "C", 4/3,0).
βsx2=  / [(1+3x)0.5 + (1+4x)0.5]2.
βsx11 = 3xsx2.
βsx12 = 4xsx2.

Nd waa tirada/inta gees ee furan.

Moolalkiisa dhibban

dx = h- c - 0.5 waxa uu la shaqeeyaa Msx

dy = h- c -  - 0.5 waxa uu la shaqeeyaa Msy

19
1.10.1.2. Koosiriga feeroolaha
0.9
Culeyska ugu fog qorsheynta = (1.4Gk) + (1.6Qk)
2

Horgalayaasha duubmiga iyo jaraha waxa uu kala mid yahay koosiriga siman.

1.10.1.2.1. Dhexda gudbanka qeybta T-da

Ballaciisa dhibban b = bw + (0.7×7)/5 < 450

Hubi haddii gabalka cadaadisan uu ku jiro ama ka baxsanyahay qarka/dacalka

adiga oo isticmaalayo qaaciddada duubmiga dacalka (Mdacal)

Kaddib dogobka u xalli sida dogob-dacal ama dogob-leydi.

1.10.1.3. BADKA BIRTA

𝑀
 xisaabi k =
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

 haddii K < K', looma baahno sidaq goobta cadaadiska

 (K' = 0.156 fidinta < 10%)
 Xisaabi addinka taagan z
𝑘
z = d (0.5+√0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95d
0.9

Ogow z/d ≤ 0.95 haddii k ≥ 0.0428

 Xisaabi birta loo baahanyahay As
𝑀
As=
0.9524𝑓𝑦 𝑧

 Haddii K > K', waxaa loo baahanyahay sidaq goobta cadaadiska

i. xisaabi z = d{0.5 + √(0.25 - K'/0.9)}
ii. xisaabi moolka dhex-jiirka x = (d-z)/0.45
 Hubi d'/x halka d' = moolka sidaqa cadaadiska

20
  Xisaabi As' = (K-K') fcubd2/0.95fy(d-d'), haddii d'/x < 0.43
As' = (K-K') fcubd2/700 (1-d/x'), haddii d'/x > 0.43
As' (K'- fcubd2/0.95fz) + As

1.10.1.3.1. Hubinta boqolleyda sidaqa

Haddii Fy la isticmaalo 460 N/mm2. Ayada oo gundhig loogaga dhigayo jadwalka

3.25 ee BS8110: Part 1:1997. Boqolleyda ugu yar sidaqa (As.yar) ee la oggolyahay
waa 0.13%bh. Halka boqolleyda ugu badan sidaqa (As.weyn) la oggolyahay
noqoneyso 4%bh.

Haddii Fy la isticmaalo 250 N/mm2 birta weyn iyo shakaalkaba. Ayada oo gundhig
loogaga dhigayo jadwalka 3.25 ee BS8110: Part 1:1997. Boqolleyda ugu yar
sidaqa (As.yar) ee la oggolyahay waa 0.24%bh. Halka boqolleyda ugu badan sidaqa
(As.weyn) la oggolyahay noqoneyso 4%bh.

1.10.1.3.2. Hubinta jaraha

𝑉
Xisaabi v = ( ) hubi v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 or 5 N/mm2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑

Haddii v > 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 or 5 N/mm2 baddal xajmiga(cabbirka) dogobka

Hadii v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 or 5 N/mm2 sii wad siina

0.79 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3 400 1/4

Xisaabi Vc = [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
𝑦𝑚 𝑏𝑣 𝑑 25 𝑑

100𝐴𝑠 400
𝛶𝑚 = 1.25, ( ) ≤ 3, ( ) > 1, fcu≤ 40 N/mm2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 𝑑

Hubi v < vc iyo 0.5vc < v < (vc + 0.4) iyo (vc + 0.4) < v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢

21
Haddii v < vc, looma baahno shakaalka jaraha. Inta badan, koosirigu uma baahno
shakaal.

Haddii v <v < (v + 0.4), shakaalka ugu yar ayaa loogaga baahanyahay badka
halka v > v. Qaaciddada la adeegsanayo si loo xisaabiyo badka sidaqa ay tahay
Asv ≥ 0.4bsv/0.9524fy

Haddii (v + 0.4) <v < 0.8√fcu (ama 5 N / mm2), shakaal ama bir-mus ayaa loo
baahanyahay. Qaaciddada la adeegsanayana waa Asv ≥ bsv(v - v)/0.95fy haddii
shakaal kaliya la isticmaalayo.

1.10.1.3.3. Hubinta habacsanaanta

477−𝑓𝑠
Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa i.a.s.d. = 0.55+ 𝑚 ≤ 2.
120(0.9+
𝑏𝑑2

𝑚
waa qaddarta/inta sidaq ee diiqa ku jirta
𝑏𝑑2

2 𝐴𝑠.𝑟𝑒𝑞 1
Fiigga fs waxaa laga qiyaasaa qaaciddadan fs = fy .
3 𝐴𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽

β =1.0 dogobyada sugan ee aanan xadidneyn.

100𝐴′𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣

Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa cadaadiska i.a.s.c. = 1+ 𝑏𝑑

100𝐴′𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
≤ 1.5.
3+
𝑏𝑑

halka A′s.helay waa badka sidaqa laga helay goobta cadaadisan

Hubi
𝐿 𝐿
( )la ogolyahay > ( )xaqiiqi
𝑑 𝑑

𝐿 𝐿
( )la ogolyahay = ( )gundhig × i.a.s.d. × i.a.s.c
𝑑 𝑑

𝐿
( )gundhig waxaa laga helayaa jadwalka 3.9 ee af-garadka biritan
𝑑

22
1.10.1.3.4. Hubinta jeerarka

Hubinta jeerarka koosiriga waa mid ku filan haddii uu fuliyo mid kamid ah
xaaladahan hoos ku xusan sida ay sheegeyso faqrada 3.12.11.2.7 ee BS 8110: Part
1:1997:

a) fogaanta maran/caadiga ah ee u dhaxeyso sidaqa goobta diiqa waa in aysan ka

badneyn ugu yaraan 3d ama 750mm.

b) haddii xaaladda (a) soo aqbalay, kolka uma baahno wax kale oo lagu xaddido
jeerarka haddii uu buuxiyo waxyaabahan:-

i. fy = 250N/mm2,h < 250mm

ii. fy = 460N/mm2, h < 200mm
iii. saamiga badka sidaqa iyo sulubka (l00As/bd) < 0.3%

c) haddii xataa uusan buuxin mid kamid ah xaaladaha (b), kolka fogaanta
bannaan ee sidaqa weyn ayaa u baahan in lagu xaddido sidan:-

i. haddii (100As/bd) > 1.0%, kolka fogaanta bannaan ee u dhaxeysa sidaqa

waa in aysan ka badneyn qiimaha ugu weyn marka loo eego jadwalka 3.28,
BS8 110: Part 1: 1997
ii. haddii (l00As/bd) < 1.0%, kolka fogaanta bannaan ee u dhaxeysa sidaqa
waa in aysan ka badneyn qiimaha laga helayo jadwalka 3.28, BS8110: Part
1: 1997 looqeybiyay (100As/bd) (KAM1)

23
 1.11. TUSAALE QORSHEYNTA KOOSIRI HAL-DAYE TIXAN/XIRAN

Lex koosir hal-daye tixan ayaa waxa uu leeyahay gudbanyo isla eg oo kala ah 4m
dhinaca gaaban iyo 8.2m dhinaca dheer koosiri kasta. Moolka/qirada koosiriga
waxaa loo qaatay in uu yahay 150mm. dabeecadda/culeyska sulubka waa 25kN/m2

fcu = 30 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2, fyv = 250 N/mm2

Qirada koosiriga = 150 mm

Xajmiga(cabbirka) doolka 300 x 400 mm

Daboolka waa 25 mm.

Birta waa 10mm

Ugu horreyn

Ly/Lx = 8.2/4 = 2.05 (koosiri hal-daye)

Moolka dhibban, d = 150 – 25 - 10/2 = 120mm

Culeyska uu sido koosirigu

Koosiriga culeyskiisa = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m

Dhammeystir = 1 kN/m

Wadarta Gk = 4.75 kN/mm2

Wadarta Qk = 3.0 kN/m

Wadarta guud ee culeyska qorsheynta ee saaran koosiriga = 1.4 (4.75) + 1.6 (3.0)
= 11.45 kN/m.

f = 11.45×4 = 45.8KN

24
Duubmiga

Dogobku (koosirigu) meesha danbe waa uu ka xiranyahay/suganyahay

Kaaliyaha dibadda

M = -0.04FL = -0.04×45.8×4 = -7.328 kNm (Tuurta)

Gudbanka dhexe ee u dhaw kaaliyaha dibadda

M = 0.075 FL = 0.075×45.8×4 = 13.74 kNm (Habaca)

Kaaliyayaasha dhexe kan u horreeya

M = -0.086 FL = -0.086×45.8×4 = -15.76 kNm (Tuurta)

Gudbanka u dhaxeeya kaaliyayaasha dhexe

M = 0.063 FL = 0.063×45.8×4 = 11.54 kNm (Habaca)

Kaaliyayaasha dhexe

M = -0.063 FL = -0.063×45.8×4 = -11.54 kNm (Tuurta)

Gudbanka u dhaxeeya kaaliyayaasha dhexe

M = 0.063 FL = 0.063×45.8×4 = 11.54 kNm (Habaca)

Kaaliyayaasha dhexe

M = -0.063 FL = -0.063×45.8×4 = -11.54 kNm (Tuurta)

25
Jaraha

Dogobku (koosirigu) meesha danbe waa uu ka xiranyahay/suganyahay

Kaaliyaha dibadda

V = -0.46F = 0.46×45.8 = 21.068 kN

Kaaliyayaasha dhexe kan uhorreeya

V = 0.6 F = 0.6×45.8 = 27.48 kN

Kaaliyayaasha dhexe

V = 0.5 F = 0.5×45.8 = 22.9 kN

Kaliya waxa aan xisaabinnay saddex kaaliye xigeen iyo laba gudban, inta kale
waxa ay la mid noqonayaan kaaliye xigeenka iyo gudbanka ugu danbeeya (dhexda
ku jiro).

Qorsheynta

Waxa aan qaadaneynaa qeybta ugu weyn tusaale ahaan, inta kalena waa la mid.

Sidaqa weyn

Kaaliyayaasha dhexe kan u horreeya

M = 15.76 kNm (Tuurta)

V = 27.48KN

M 15.76×106
K= = = 0.0365
bd2 fcu 1000×1202 ×30

k 0.0365
z = d(0.5+√0.25 − = 120(0.5+√0.25 − 115 > 0.95d
0.9 0.9

Adeegso 0.95×120 = 114mm

26
As = M/ 0.9524fyz

As = 15.76 ×106/ 0.9524×460×114 = 316 mm2

As.yar = 0.13%bh = (0.13/100)(1000) (150) = 195 mm2 < 316 mm2

Ayada oo gundhig loogaga dhigayo badka boqolleyda ugu yar

Waxaa la qaatay 5T10 leh bad 393 mm2 jadwalka A ee buugga

Gudbanka dhexe ee u dhaw kaaliyaha dibadda

M = 0.075 FL = 0.075×45.8×4 = 13.74 kNm

M 13.74×106
K= = = 0.0318
bd2 fcu 1000×1202 ×30

k 0.0318
z = d(0.5+√0.25 − = 120(0.5+√0.25 − 116 > 0.95d
0.9 0.9

Adeegso 0.95×120 = 114mm

As = M/ 0.9524fyz

As = 13.74×106/ 0.9524×460×114 = 275 mm2

As.yar = 0.13%bh = (0.13/100)(1000) (150) = 195 mm2 < 275 mm2

Ayada oo gundhig loogaga dhigayo badka boqolleyda ugu yar

Waxaa la qaatay 4T10 leh bad 314 mm2

27
Hubinta duubmiga iyo jaraha ugu weyn xubinka

Hubinta jaraha

Vmax = 27.48 kN

d = 120mm.

V 27.48 ×103
V=( ) =( ) = 0.229N/mm2
bd 1000×120

0.79 100As 1/3 fcu 1/3 400 1/4

Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
Υ𝑚 bd 25 d

0.79 100×393 1/3 30 1/3 400 1/4

Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
Υ𝑚 1000×120 25 120

(0.3275)1/3 ≤ 3 (1.2)1/3 > 1. Fcu = 30 < 40.

0.79
Vc = (0.3275)1/3 ≤ 3 (1.2)1/3 > 1. (3.333)1/4 = 0.6255N/mm2
1.25

Vc > v hagaag.

Habacsanaanta

477−fs
Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa i.a.s.d. = 0.55+ m ≤ 2.
120(0.9+
bd2

Mmax = 15.76 kNm, d = 120mm,

As.rabo = 316mm2/m, As.helay = 393mm2/m,

𝑚 15.76×106 2 𝐴𝑠.𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2×316 1

2
= = 1.0944, fs = fy = 460× = 246.6
𝑏𝑑 1000×1202 3 𝐴𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽 3×393 1

477−246.6
i.a.s.d. = 0.55+ = 1.513 ≤ 2.
120(0.9+1.09444)

(L/d)gundhig = 26 table 3.9

28
(L/d)oggolyahay = (L/d)gundhig × i.a.s.d. = 26×1.513 = 39.34

(L/d)xaqiiqi = 4000/120 = 33.333

(L/d)oggolyahay > (L/d) xaqiiqi Hagaag

Hubinta jeerarka

Sidaqa

fy = 460N/mm2, h < 200mm (150 < 200)

3d = 3(120) = 360 mm

Fogaanta bannaan ee u dhaxeysa biraha = 150 -10 = 140 < 3d = (360mm).

Hagaag

29
1.12. TUSAALE QORSHEYNTA KOOSIRI LABA-DAYE TIXAN/XIRAN

Koosiri laba-daye tixan ayaa waxa uu leeyahay gudbanyo isla eg oo dhinac waliba
ka ah 4m

Moolka/qirada koosiriga waxaa loo qaatay in uu yahay 150mm.

Dabeecadda/culeyska sulubka waa 25kN/m2

fcu = 30 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2, fyv = 250 N/mm2

Qirada koosiriga = 150 mm

Daboolka waa 25 mm.

Birta waa 10mm

Ugu horreyn

Culeyska koosiriga = 0.15×25 = 3.75 KN/m2.

Dhammeystir = 1 KN/m2

GK = 4.75 KN/m2

Qk = 3 KN/m2

Culeyska qorsheynta (n) = 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk = 1.4(4.73) + 1.6(3) = 11.45 KN/m2

Moolka dhibban:

dx = h- c -0.5 = 150 – 25 - 0.5(10) = 120mm

dy = h- c -1.5 = 150 – 25 - 1.5(10) = 110mm

Ly/Lx = 4/4 = 1 < 2, koosirigu waa laba-daye, u qaado in uu ka xiranyahay afarta

dhinac (xaaladda koowaad)

Horgalaha duubmiga waxaa laga helayaa jadwalka 3.14 ama qaaciddada:-

30
Tirada/inta gees ee furan Nd = 0

sy2 = (24 + 2Nd + 1.5Nd2) / 1000 = (24 + 20 + 1.50) / 1000 = 0.024
sy11 = haddii(geeska1 = "C", 4/3sy2,0) = haddii (geeska1 = "C", 4/30.024) =
0.032
sy12 = haddii(geeska2 = "C", 4/3sy2,0) = haddii(geeska1 = "C", 4/30.024) =
0.032
 = 2/9  [3 - (18)  lx/ly  ((sy2+ sy11) + (sy2+ sy12))]

= 2/9  [3 - (18)  4/4  ((0.024+ 0.032) + (0.024+ 0.032))] = 0.22

3x = haddii(geeska3 = "C", 4/3,0) = haddii(geeska3 = "C", 4/3) = 4/3
4x = haddii(geeska4 = "C", 4/3,0) = haddii(geeska3 = "C", 4/3) = 4/3
sx2 =  / [(1+3x)0.5 + (1+4x)0.5]2 = 0.22/ [(1+4/3)0.5 + (1+4/3)0.5]2 = 0.024
sx11 = 3xsx2 = 4/30.024 = 0.031
sx12 = 4xsx2 = 4/30.024 = 0.031

Duubmiga iyo jaraha

Duubmiga

(-) Mx = sx1n.lx2= (0.031) (11.45) (4)2 = 5.68 kN.m (Tuurta)

(+) Mx= sx2n.lx2= (0.024) (11.45) (4)2 = 4.4 kN.m (Habaca)

(-) My= sy1n.lx2= (0.032) (11.45) (4)2 = 5.9 kN.m (Tuurta)

(+) My= sy2n.lx2= (0.024) (11.45) (4)2 = 4.4 kN.m (Habaca)

31
Jaraha

Horgalaha jaraha waxaa laga soo qaatay jadwalka 3.15 ayada oo loo eegayo
saamiga

Ly/Lx = 4/4 = 1

sv = 0.33

Vsv = svn.lx = 0.33×11.45× 4 = 15.114kN

Qorsheynta dhinac waliba waxaa loo marayaa sida aan horay ku soo xusnay oo
kale marka aan joogna koosiriga laba-dayaha ah. Lakin duubmiga iyo jaraha ugu
weyn ee ku dhacaya dogobka waxaa lagu helayaa jaantuska duubmiga/jaraha kaasi
oo ka yimaada qaabka qeybinta duubmiga, waxaan kaga falanqoondoonnaa
warqadaha danbe ee buugga hadduu alle idma.

32
 CUTUB 2

2. DOGOB/DOOL

Dogob waa heykal xubin jiifa kaasi oo sida culeys dhinac ka yimaada.

2.1. Moolka dhibban ee gudbanka dogobka

Sahal-kaal; le = (l+d) or lo

Xiran/tixan; le = lo

33
 𝑑
Lalmade; le = (l+ )
2

Halka lo = bartame-ka-bartame fogaanta u dhaxeysa kaaliyayaasha

le = gudbanka dhibban

l = fogaanta gudbanka ama gudbanka ilaa wajiyada kaaliyayaasha

d = moolka dhibban ee sidaqa diiqa

2.2. NOWCYADA DOGOBKA

34
 2.3. Soo dhiraandhirinta isirka racdin-reebka sulubka la
cadaadiyay

Adkeysiga loo tixgalinayo qorsheynta = (adkeysiga sulubka la cadaadiyay)/1.5.

Si kastaba, sulubku waa walxa kala tagtagsan, sidaasi darteed lamahayo waddo sax
ah oo lagu xisaabinkaro u adkeysiga cadaadiska sulubka saxa ah si loola aado
heylkalka.

Habka beeg-galka ugu dhaw ee aynu helikarno waa

1. adkeysi dhululubo xaddidan (fc) waa awood dhululubo oo cayiman lehna

saamiga joog iyo ballac oo lamid ah 2.
2. Dabeecadaha adkeysiga (fck) kaasi waxaa lagu cabbiraa ayada oo la
adeegsanayo sulub lagu shubay saddex lakab oo 35 waax ah lehna 150mm x
150mm x 150mm saddex geesla ah.

Caadi ahaan, natiijada waxa ay iska baddaleysaa cadaadiskii xaqiiqiga ahaa taasi
oo ay ugu wacantahay isbaddalka cabbirka, xajmiga, awoodda cadaadiska iyo
xaaladda culeyska.

Si loo xisaabiyo qaladkaasi, waxaa la tixgaliyay u adkeysiga sulubka saxa ah

cadaadiska inuu la egyahay 0.85x “adkeysiga dhululubo xaddidan”

Intaasi waxaa dheer, waxaa jira isburin u dhaxeysa fc iyo fck. Kaddib waxaa la
helay fck = 0.8xfc.

Kaddib;

Qorsheynta adkeysiga sulubka = (adkeysiga xaqiiqiga ah ee sulubka)/1.5 = (0.85 x

adkeysiga dhululubada la qaatay)/1.5 = (0.85 x 0.8 x fck)/1.5 = (2/3)fck/1.5 =
0.447fck.

35
Waxaynu tijaabooyin ka qaadeynaa saddex geeslayaasha (150 mm x 150mm x 150
mm) si aan u cabbirno dabeecadda u adkeysiga cadaadiska saddex geesoodka
sulubku ku jiro (fck).

Waxaa is-khilaafaya adkeysiga sulubka ku jira tijaabooyinka ayaga oo raacaya

hadba qaabkooda iyo xajmigooda.

Waxaa yaraanaya adkeysiga hadba kororka xajmiga kaddib 150mm. Adkeysiga

ama awoodda hoos u dhacday waxa ay noqoneysaa 80% saddex geeslayaasha ka
badan 450mm, xajmigaasi wixii ka danbeeya adkeysigu waxa uu noqonayaa mid
sugan/taagan.

Adkeysiga sulubka ku jira saddex geeslayaasha ayaa 25% ka badan sulubka ku jira
dhululubada leh ( dhex-roor 150mm iyo joog 300mm). Sidaasi darteed waxaynu ku
dhufaneynaa racdin-reeb 1/1.25 = 0.8 si aan ugu baddalno natiijada saddex
geeslayaasha natiijada sulubka dhululubada, halkaasi waxaa ka imaanaya
adkeysiga xubinta sulubka ( kaddib daraasad lagu sameeyay qaabka iyo xajmiga)
waxaa soo baxay (0.85fck) × 0.8 = 0.67fck.

2.4. Dabeecadaha birta

Birtu waxaa lagu sameeyaa warshada ku yaallo deegaan la hagayo. Taasi

macnaheedu waa in kiimikaallada birta lagasameynayo loo hagikaro si sax ah ilaa
inta laga helayo adkeysiga loogaga baahanyahay markii la saaro culeys ee la tago
heykalka halka sulubka lagu soo saaray, awooddiisu waxaa soo wajahaya
isbaddallo ay ugu wacantahay waxyaabahan soo socda:-

36
Maadaama aynu haysanno qaddar ka yar in uu ka kor noqdo horgalayaashan, waxa
ku ekeyneynaa/qaadaneynaa racdin-reeb sare ee ah 1.5.

1. Tayada iyo dabeecadaha kiimikada jaayga/jajabka la isticmaalayo

2. Da’da sibirka
3. Saamiga biyaha sibirka
4. Jukeynta sulubka

Sulubku waxaa goobta dhismaha ku diyaariya shaqaala aanan xirfadeysneyn,

sidaasi darteed ka warhaynta tayada way hooseysaa marka la barbardhigo birta
lagu sameeyay warshadda, kolka waxaa lagama maarmaan ah racdin-reebka
sulubku in uu ka weynaado kan birta.

Birta sidaqa waxaa lagu soo saaraa laba heer:-

Bir jilicsan fy 250N/mm2

Bir diiq-dhammaatay fy 460 N/mm2

Birtu waxaa laga sameeyaa siliko ayaga oo jilicsan la shubay kaddibna la isku
alxamay si ay unoqdaan shabakad leh awood diiq-dhamaadkeedu fy yahay 460
N/mm2. (htt)

37
2.5. DOGOB LEYDI HAL-SIDAQ

2.6. GABAL LEYDI FIIGSAN

38
2.7 QORSHEYNTA DOGOB SULUB-SIDAQ INTA AANAN LA SIDQIN

γm u-qeybsanaha racdin-reebka walxaha.

γmc racdin-reebka sulubka = 1.5.

γms racdin-reebka birta = 1, xaaladda diiq-dhammaadka = 1.05.

𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝛾𝑚𝑐1
Fiigga sulubka fc = ( , γmc1 = racdin-reebka walxaha cadaadisan ee
𝛾𝑚𝑐
2
1 𝑓
3 𝑐𝑢
dhululubada latijaabiyay ku jira = 0.85×0.8 = lagu xaddiday )=( ) loo riday
1.5 𝛾mc
0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢 0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢
( )=( ) = loo riday {0.447fcu} si joogta ah. Sidaasi darteed fiigga
𝛾𝑚𝑐 1.5

sulubka fc = {0.447fcu}, badka sulubka cadaadisan Ac = b×s. halka b tahay ballaca

qeybta gabalka, halka s tahay moolka dhibban ee qeybta gabalka.

𝑓𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
Fiigga birta = = ama marka diiq-dhammaadka; {fy ama 0.9524 fy}, iyo
𝛾𝑚𝑠 1.0 1.05

badka sidaqa diiqa As = As.

Quwadda cadaadiska Cf = fc×Ac = 0.447fcu×b×s.

Fiigga birta diiqa = fs, badka birta diiqa = As.

Quwadda diiqa Tf = fs×As.

Laga soo billaabo bartamaha moolka dhibban ilaa bartamaha biraha badka diiqa-
addinka taagan- waxaa loo qaatay z.

EC2: moolka dhibban ee dhexe waxa uu la egyahay

0.9x for fcu ≤ 45;

0.8x for 45 < fcu ≤ 70;

0.72 for 70 < fcu

39
Saamiga dhex-jiirka loo qeybiyay moolka dhibban

x/d ≤ 0.45 for fcu ≤ 45N/mm2

x/d ≤ 0.35 for fcu >45 N/mm2
BS 8110: x/d ≤ 0.5 dhammaann qiimayaasha fcu, iyo 0.9x moolka dhibban ee
dhexe.

Noo oggolaw in aynu qaadanno BS 8110:

2.7.1. Taxliilinta duubmiga badka cadaadiska:

Asal ahaan, duubmigu = f×d, halka f loo qaatay C iyo d loo qaatay addinka taagan
z ee ay quwaddu ku duubmeyso (ka sameyneyso sidig), sidaasi darteed;

M = Cf = fc×Ac = 0.447fcu×b×s. s = 0.9x

Sidaasi darteed Cf = 0.447fcu×b×0.9x = 0.402fcubx

0.9𝑥
Addinka taagan z = (d - ) = d – 0.45x.
2

Duubmiga cadaadiska M = Cf×z = 0.402fcubx× (d – 0.45x)

Caadi ahaan qeybta gabalka leydi sida qeyb gabal hal-sidaq ah qiimaha ugu badan
k = M/(b d2fcu) = 0.402fcubx×(d – 0.45x)/(b d2fcu)

k = (0.402fcubdx – 0.1809fcubx2)/ (b d2fcu)

k = – 0.1809(x/d)2 + 0.402 (x/d)

ku xalli x/d
0.1616–0.7236 𝑘
x/d = 0.402−√ =1.11− √1.2345 − 5.5279𝑘
0.3618

z/d = (1–0.45(x/d))

40
 𝑘
kaddib; addinka taagan z = d (0.5+√0.25 − )
0.9

𝑀
K= = 0.156
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

Mu = 0.156 fcubd2

2.7.2. Taxliilinta duubmiga badka diiqa:

Ts= fs× As

Fogaanta sidigta si uu u sameeyo duubmi waa addinka taagan z.

Kaddib duubmigu M = Ts×z = fs×As×z

𝑀
Sidaasi darteed As =
𝑓𝑠 𝑧

Fiigga fs ee birtu waxa uu ku xiranyahay jiira-go’a birta. Waxa sida aadka ah loo
doonayo ayaa ah in la helo fashilka ugu danbeeya in uu ka dhaca amaba uu ka
yimaado birta inta uu ka imanlahaa burburka sulubka. Sidaasi darteed waxa sida
aadka ah u fiican ayaa ah in la xisaabiyo moolka dhex-jiirka ugu badan si
arrinkaasi loogu guuleysto.

Soo qaad qeyb gabal sallax ah ka soo haray sallaxa ka hor iyo kadib jalleeca,
haddii la qaato hubinta baaritaanka badbaadadiisa, waxa aynu heleynaa jiira-go’a
la oggolyahay ee ugu weyn sulubka ku dhacaya quwadda cadaadiska in uu yahay
0.0035, kaddib jiira-go’a birta εs waxaa laga xisaabayaa jaantuska jiira-go’a:-

𝑑−𝑥
εs = 0.0035
𝑥

𝑓𝑦
Jiira-go’a εs birta fiigsan waxaa laga helayaa
𝛾𝑚

𝑓𝑦
Es εs
𝛾𝑚

41
Halka fy = diiq-dhammaadka fiigga, γm = isirka racdin-reebka walxaha, Es waa
halbeegga la shaqeeya birta.

Qaado fy = 460 N/mm2, γm = 1.05, fy/γm = 438 N/mm2, Es = 200 kN/mm2, εs =

0.0022.

Kolka εs = 0.0022, moolka dhex-jiirka x waxa uu bixinayaa

𝑑−𝑥
εs = 0.0035 = 0.0022
𝑥

x/d = 0.6140

Sikastaba, si loo hubiyo fashilka in uu ku hormaro birta diiq-dhamaatay ka hor inta

jiira-go’a sulubka uusan gaarin 0.0035 fashilka loogaga baahanyahay, af-garadku
waxa uu saamiga x/d ku xaddidayaa 0.5. Haddii x = 0.5 d.

Kaddib Cs = 0.402fcub0.5d = 0.201fcubd; halka

z = (d – 0.45× (0.5d)) = d – 0.225d = 0.775d

Kadib M = Cs×z = 0.201fcubd×0.775d = 0.155775fcubd2 looriday

M = 0.156fcubd2

Kani waa kan ugu weyn ama ugu danbeeya qiimaha lagu dabbaqayo duubmiga Mu
kaasi oo uu u adkeysankaro qeybta gabalka. Isla-egtan/mucaaddaladan waxaa loo
adeegsankaraa in lagu xisaabiyo moolka dhibban ee ugu yar ee loogaga
baahanyahay qeybta gabalka sulubka leydi hal-sidaq.

𝑀 𝑀
dyar =√ halka d≥√
0.156𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑢 0.156𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑢

42
Maxaa yeelay kani waa moolka ugu weyn, moolka dhex-jiirka ayaa yaraanayo,
kolka waxaa weynaanayo addinka taagan taasi oo keeneysa duubmi sugan M, iyo
in aad u yar oo sidaq ah. Faa,idada kale ee intaasi dhaafsiisan ee uu leeyahay ayaa
ah, haddii uu yimaado culeys xad dhaaf ah oo aanan lasii saadaalinin, in uu
dogobku u godmayo/gunti-giijmayo kaliya inta uusan burburin.

Haddii x/d ≤ 0.5, inta badan birtu way diiq-dhammaaneysaa,

fs = fy/1.05

M = T z = 0.9524fyz As
𝑀
As =
0.9524𝑓𝑦 𝑧

2.7.3. Waddada/habka qorsheynta dogob leydi hal-sidaq

Tallaabooyinka loo maro qorsheynta dogob leydi hal-sidaq ah waxaa lagu soo
gaabinkaraa sidan:-

 Marka laga soo billaabo saamiga ugu yar ee loogaga baahanyahay gudban
loo qeybiyay mool si loo hago habacsanaanta, qiyaas/qaado moolka dhibban
ee ugu habboon d.
 Qaado dhex-roorka birta weyn iyo shakaalka, iyo daboolka loo baahanyahay
ayada oo loo eegaya xaaladaha saameynkaro. Kadib qiyaas moolka guud
ahaaneed h.
h = d+Dhex-roorka birta+Dhex-roorka shakaalka+Daboolka
 Qaado ballac gaaraya (ama ka badan) nuska moolka guud ahaaneed b.
 Xisaabi culeyska gaarka ah

43
  Xisaabi culeyska qorsheynta noolaha iyo manoolaha adiga oo isticmaalayo
racdin-reebyada ku habboon culeysyada. Racdin-reebyada culeysyada si
caadi ah waa 1.4 culeyska manoolaha iyo 1.6 culeyska noolaha.

Xaaladda qeybta gabal leydi hal-sidaq ah, xisaabi moolka dhibban adiga oo
adeegsanayo isla-egtan

𝑀
dyar = √
0.156𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑢

 Ayada oo la qaadanayo mool dhibban ee kaweyn moolka yar si loo yareeyo

sidqa guud ee diiqa.
 Hubi hadii moolkaasi cusub ee uu keenay kororka culeyska gaarka ah uusan
si weyn u saameyneyn duubmiga qorsheynta la xisaabay. Haddii ay taasi
dhacdo, xisaabi duubmiga ugu fog ee loo baahanyahay.
𝑀
 Xisaabi k =
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

 Xisaabi addinka taagan z

𝑘
z = d (0.5+√0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95d
0.9

Ogow z/d ≤ 0.95 hadii k ≥ 0.0428

 Xisaabi birta loo baahanyahay As
𝑀
As =
0.9524𝑓𝑦 𝑧

 Hubi birtaasi la qaatay in ay aqbaleyso boqolleyda birta ugu yar iyo tan ugu
badan ee lagu xaddiday af-garadka.

44
2.7.4. Si loo helo barta ay ka goynaysa birta diiqa

Dogobka sahal-kaal jalleeca duubmigiisu hoos ayuu udhacayaa hadba dhanka

kaalayaasha. Sidaasi darteed qaddarka/inta bir ee loogaga baahanyahay dhanka
gobolka kaalayaasha ayaa aad kaga yar tan dhexda gudbanka. Dhammaan
cadaadiska ku dhacaya sulubka waxa uu la egyahay dhammaan diiqa ku dhacaya
dogobka.

Moolka dhex-jiirka waxaa laga xisaabinkaraa isla-egta:-

Tf = 0.9524fyAs = Cf = 0.402fcubx

Isku badbaddal Tf & Cf si aad u hesho qiimaha x.

𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠
x = 2.37 , halka As tahay badka hal saf oo biraha salka ee wata dhex-roorka
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑑

lagu soo helay, kaasi oo u adkeysankaro fiiga diiqa ka yimaada fiigga cadaadiska
sulubka kujira goobta cadaadiska inta aanan la sidqin.

Kolka, duubmi u adkeysiga/caabbinkaro Mr = Tf×z halka z = d – 0.45x

Goobta culeyska ee ku teedsan dogobka duubmigaasi oo kale waxaa lagu

sumadiyaa α.

𝑤𝛼 2 𝑤𝛼 2
kaddib Mr = Vα – ugudbeysa – Vα + Mr
2 2

𝑤𝑙
iska caabbinta bidixda V = .
2

45
 2.7.5. Qorsheyn shaxeed dogob leydi hal-sidaq

Ayada oo la adeegsanayo shaxda hoose

• Dooro qiimaha (x/d) ≤ 0.5

• (z/d) = {1−0.45 (x/d)} ≤ 0.95. sidaasi darteed z = (d – 0.45x)
• C = 0.447fcubd 0.9 (x/d)
• M = C z = 0.402fcubd (d – 0.45x)
𝑀 0.402𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑(𝑑 – 0.45𝑥) 𝑓
• As = = = 0.4221bd 𝑐𝑢
0.9524𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.9524𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 – 0.45𝑥) 𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑥
100 = 42.21
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 𝑑

Duubmi u adkeysiga/caabbinkaro Mr waxaa laga helayaa qaaciddada:-

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑀
100 = . (Rei)
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏(𝑧+𝑥) 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

Jadwalka xisaaabinta qorsheyn shaxeedka

2
x/d 1–0.45 x/d z/d M/(b d fcu) 100(As/bd)(fv/fcu)

0.001 1.00 0.95 0 0

0.025 0.99 0.95 0.0095 1.055

0.05 0.98 0.95 0.0191 2.111

0.10 0.96 0.95 0.0381 4.221

0.15 0.93 0.93 0.0561 6.332

0.20 0.91 0.91 0.0730 8.442

0.25 0.89 0.89 0.0890 10.553

0.30 0.87 0.87 0.1041 12.663

0.35 0.84 0.84 0.1183 14.774

0.40 0.82 0.82 0.1315 16.884

0.45 0.80 0.80 0.1439 18.995

0.50 0.78 0.78 0.1554 21.105

46
 2.7.6. Tusaale qorsheyn dogob leydi hal-sidaq

Dool leydi sidaq sahal-kaal leh gudban 10m sidana culeys manoole isku mid
ah oo qeybsan ahna 8kN/m iyo culeys manoole ahna 5kN/m.

Ballaca b = 300 mm. Ka qorshey doolku gudbanka dhexe. Adeegso heerka

y
2
30 ee sulubka iyo bir diiq-dhammaatay f = 460 N/mm .

U qaada daboolka 30 mm, dhex-roorka birta 10 mm.

Culeyska qorsheynta = (1.4×8) + (1.6×5) = 19.2KN/m

Qorsheynta duubmiga ugu fog M ee gudbanka dhexe:

2
M = 19.2×10 /8 = 240kNm

Moolka dhibban ee ugu yar si loo ilaaliyo cadaadis kasta ee birta ku dhaca waxaa
laga helayaa
𝑀 240×106
dyar = √ = √ = 413.45 mm.
0.156𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑢 0.156×300×30

Adiga oo adeegsanaya qiimaha d,

x = 0.5d
z = d−0.45x = 0.775 d.
z = 0.775×413.45 = 320.4 mm.

47
Badka birta loo baahanyahay waa
𝑀 240×106
As = = = 1710 mm2
0.9524𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.9524×460×320.4

As = 1885mm2, 6T20

Sikastaba, haddii qiimaha d lamid yahay 500 mm, kaasi oo ka weyn qiimaha ugu
yar ee an adeegsannay, kaddib waxa aynu yareynkarnaa badka birta loo
baahanyahay.

U qaado d = 500 mm

𝑀 240×106
K= 2
= = 0.1067< 0.156
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 30×300×5002

𝑘 0.1067
Z = d (0.5+√0.25 − = 500(0.5+√0.25 − = 431.3 ≤ 0.95d.
0.9 0.9

𝑀 240×106
As = = = 1271 mm2
0.9524𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.9524×460×431

Waxaa la helay 7T16 mm dhex-roorka birta laba lakab dhexdooda,

2
Αs.helay=1407 mm .

Moolka guud ahaaneed h ee dogobka waa

h = 500+30+10+16 = 556 dheh 560mm.

Hubi boqolleyda birtaasi lasoohelay in ay kaweyntahay boqolleyda uguyay ee

0.13.

100 As/(bh) = 100×1407/(300×560) = 0.84 > 0.13.

48
49
2.7.7. Xisaabinta barta ay ka goynaysa birta diiqa

Qeyb gabal leh barta ay ka goynaysa birta 3T16 mm dhex-roor si joogta ah:
2
As = 603mm .
16
Moolka dhibban ee halkan d = 556-30-10 - = 508 say510mm. Moolka dhex-
2

jiirka waxaa lagu xisaabinkaraa isla-egta cadaadiska guud ee sulubka iyo diiqa
guud ee dogobka.

Moolka dhex-jiirka waxaa lagu xisaabinkaraa isla-egta:-

Tf = 0.9524fyAs = (0.9524×460×603) ×10-3 =264KN

Cf = 0.402fcubx = (0.402×30×300x) ×10-3 = 3.618xKN

Isku badbaddal Tf & Cf si aad u hesho qiimaha x.

264 = 3.618x. x = 73mm.

𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 460×603
x = 2.37 = 2.37× = 73mm.
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 30×300

z = d − 0.45x = 510−0.45×73 = 477mm

z/d = 477/510 = 0.93 < 0.95

Duubmi u adkeysiga/caabbinkaro Mr = Tf×z halka z = d – 0.45x = 477mm.

Duubmi u adkeysiga/caabbinkaro Mr = T z = (264×477)10-3 = 126kNm

𝑤𝑙 19.2×10
Iska caabbinta bidixda V = = = 96 KN
2 2

Goobta culeyska ee ku teedsan dogobka duubmigaasi oo kale waxaa lagu

sumadiyaa α.

𝑤𝛼 2 𝑤𝛼 2
Kaddib Mr = Vα – u gudbeysa – Vα + Mr
2 2

50
19.2×𝛼 2
– 96α + 126 = 9.6α2– 96α + 126
2

Xalka qaaciddadan waa α1 = 1.554 m iyo α2 = 8.446 m laga soo billaabo

dhammaadka kaaliyaha.

2.7.8. Qorsheyn shaxeed dogob leydi hal-sidaq

Ayada oo la adeegsanayo qorsheynta jadwaleed

• Dooro qiimaha (x/d) ≤ 0.5

• (z/d) = {1−0.45 (x/d)} ≤ 0.95 sidaasi darteed z = (d – 0.45x)
• C = 0.447fcubd 0.9 (x/d)
• M = C z=0.402fcubd (d – 0.45x)
𝑀 0.402𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑(𝑑 – 0.45𝑥) 𝑓𝑐𝑢
• As = = = 0.4221bd ( )
0.9524𝑓𝑦𝑧 0.9524𝑓𝑦(𝑑 – 0.45𝑥) 𝑓𝑦

30
= 0.4221×300×500( ) = 4129mm2.
460

𝑀 240×106
2
= = 0.1067
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 30×300×5002

Kasoo qaado jadwalka kaddibna adeegso xisaabta dhexbeegidda hadaysan is-

waafaqin waxa aad heshay iyo waxa ku qoran jadwalka

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 ×460
100 = 42.21 = 100 = 13. = 0.010222As = 13. As =
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 30×300×500

1271mm2

As = 1271 mm laga helay isticmaalka jadwalka kuna beegan 1271 mm horay loo
soo xisaabay.

51
Duubmi u adkeysiga/caabbinkaro Mr

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑀
100 =
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏(𝑧+𝑥) 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

603×460 𝑀×106
=
30×300×(477+73) 30×300×5102

Laga soo qaatay buuggan Design chart for BS 8110 Part 3-Design Charts for
Singly & Doubly Reinforced

Sidaasi darteed Mr = 131kNm ku beegan jawaabtii hore 126kNm

52
 2.8. DOGOB LABA-SIDAQ
2.8.1. Qaaciddada qorsheynta marka la isticmaalayo gabal fiigsan ee la
fududeeyay

Qaaciddada qorsheynta dool laba-sidaq waxaa laga soo dhiraan-dhiriyaa ayada oo

la adeegsanayo gabal leydi fiigsan.

U oggolaw M in uu noqda qorsheynta ugu fog ee duubmiga. Sida aynu kaga soo
falanqoonnay qeybta gabal leydiga, qeybta gabal leydi-sidaq waxa uu u
adkeysankarayaa qiimaha ugu badan ee duubmi la eg quwadda cadaadiska Cf =
0.447fcub0.9x

Marka lagu wajaha/la shaqeynaya x = 0.5d

x = 0.5d, kadib Cf = 0.447fcub0.9 (0.5d) = 0.201 fcubd

Iyo z = 0.775d Mu = Cf z = 0.201 fcubd(0.775d) = 0.156fcubd2

Haddii M < Mu, looma baahno sidaqa goobta cadaadiska, dogobkuna waxaa loo
qorsheynayaa sida hal-sidaq.

Haddii M > Mu, waxaa loo baahanyahay sidaqa goobta cadaadiska, dogobkuna
waxaa loo qorsheynayaa sida laba-sidaq.

Quwadda cadaadiska Cs ee ay sababto birta badka cadaadiska As waa Cs = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠 ′

halka 𝑓𝑠 ′ tahay fiigga birta cadaadiska.

Addinka taagan zs ee birta cadaadiska zs = (d−d ̀)

Fiigga diiqa birta waa 0.9524fy maxaa yeelay moolka dhex-jiirka ayaa ku xaddidan
0.5d.
Sikastaba fiigga f’s ee birta cadaadisan waxa uu ku tiirsanyahay la shaqeynta/ku

53
aadka jiirago’a εsc sulubka hadba heerka birta. εsc waxa uu siinayaa εs =
𝑑−𝑥
0.0035
𝑥

0.9524𝑓𝑦
εs diiq-dhammaad =
𝐸

haddii jiira-go’a εsc la egyahay ama uu ka weynyahay jiira-go’a diiq-dhammaadka

birta, kolkaa birtu wey diiq-dhammaaaneysaa kiddibna fiigga f’s birta cadaadiska
waxa uu la egyahay 0.9524fy.

Haddii kale, fiigga birta cadaadiska waxa uu bixinayaa f’s = Escεsc.

Haddii fy = 460 N/mm2 iyo Es = 200 kN/mm2, kolkaa diiq-dhammaadka jiira-go’a

birta waxa uu la egyahay

Haddii εsc ≥ εsc, fs = 0.9524fy

Haddii εsc ≤ εsc, fs = Esc εcu

Sidaasi darteed birtu wey diiq-dhammaandoontaa

𝑥 − 𝑑′ 0.9524𝑓𝑦
εsc = 0.0035 ≥
𝑥 𝐸

𝑑′ 𝑑′
≤ 0.37, haddii x = 0.5d; kaddib ≤ 0.186
𝑥 𝑥

Haddii la isticmaalayo birta jilicsan

𝑑′ 𝑑′
≤ 0.66, haddii x = 0.5d; kaddib ≤ 0.33
𝑥 𝑥

2.8.1.1. Duubmiga la xiriira diiqa birta

M = Cc zc + Cs zs

0.201 fcubd(0.775d) + 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠 ′ (d−𝑑 ′ )

54
 𝑀 − 𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 ′ = , iyo As =
𝑓𝑠 ′ (𝑑−𝑑 ′ ) 0.9524𝑓𝑦(0.775𝑑)

kolka
𝑀𝑢 𝑀−𝑀𝑢
As = + ′ ,
0.9524𝑓𝑦(0.775𝑑) 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑−𝑑 ′ )

Isku-dhiillatirid, quwadda diiqa T = 0.9524fyAs = Cc+Cs kaddib isku badbaddal si

aad u hesho As.

As = 0.9524fyAs = 0.201 fcubd + 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠 ′ halka 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 0.9524fy kolka diiq-

dhammaadka.

2.8.2. Tusaale dogob sulub laba-sidaq leydi ah

Dogob leydi ayaa ahaa sahal-kaal leh gudban 8 m sidana culeys manoole ah
15kN/m iyo culeys noole/laqaatay ah 8kN/m. Dogobku waa 300 mm ballaca
iyo 400 mm ah moolka dhibban iyo inta ay galeyso birta cadaadiska ahna 40
mm. Qorsheey birta dhexda gudbanka doolka, heerka 30 ee slubka iyo
heerka 460 ee sidaqa.

Culeyska qorsheynta = (1.4×15) + (1.6×8) = 35.3KN/m

Duubmiga ugu fog ee loo baahanyahay M = 35.3×82/8 = 282.4KNm

Duubmiga ugu sarreeya ee uu qeybta gabalka dogobku u
adkeysan karo marka uu yahay qeybta gabal hal-sidaq waa

Mu = 0.156×30×300×400 ×10− = 224.64KNm

2 6
s
r

M > Mu kaddib birta cadaadiska ayaa loo baahanyahay

x = 0.5d = 0.5×400 = 200mm

𝑑 ′ /x = 40/200 = 0.2 < 0.37

55
Diiq-dhammaadka birta cadaadiska. Fiigga 𝑓𝑠 ′ birta cadaadiska waa 0.9524fy.

𝑀−0.156𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝐴𝑠 ′ =
0.9524𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−𝑑 ′ )

6 2
𝐴𝑠 ′ = {282.4–224.64} ×10 / [0.9524×460× (400–40)] =366 mm

Iskudhiillatirid, quwadda diiqa T = 0.9524fyAs = Cc+Cs kaddib iskubadbadal si aad

u hesho As.

As = 0.9524fyAs = 0.201 fcubd +𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠 ′ ,𝑓𝑠 ′ = 0.9524fy marka x = 0.5d.

0.9524×460As = 0.201×30×300×400+366×0.9524×460

= 438.104As = 884×103

As = 2018mm2

Si kale

M = Cczc + Cszs = 0.201 fcubd(0.775d) + 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠 ′ (d−𝑑 ′ )

𝑀𝑢 𝑀−𝑀𝑢
As = + ′
0.9524𝑓𝑦(0.775𝑑) 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑−𝑑 ′ )

224.64×106 282.4×106 −224.64×106

As = +
0.9524×460(0.775×400) 0.9524×460 (400−40)

As = 1654 + 366 = 2020mm2. s

As.xis = 1654 mm2, As.qaat = 1963 mm2, 4T25

𝐴𝑠 ′ .xis = 366 mm2,𝐴𝑠 ′ .qaat = 402mm2, 2T16

Birta diiqa (4T25+2T16) bixineyso As = 2365mm2.

56
Birta cadaadiska 2T16 bixineyso 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 402 mm2.

57
 2.9. DOGOB DACALLE

𝑙
1. Sahal-kaal dogob-T: b = 𝑒 +bw ama ballaca xaqiiqiga ah ee dacasha haddii
5

uu yaryahay
𝑙𝑒
2. Sahal-kaal dogob-L: b = +bw ama ballaca xaqiiqiga ah ee dacasha haddii
10

uu yaryahay
𝑙𝑒
3. Xiran/tixan dogob-T: b = +bw = 0.14le + bw
7.143
𝑙𝑒
4. Xiran/tixan dogob-L: b = +bw = 0.07le + bw
14.29

Halka le = gudbanka dhibban

bw = ballaca dhibban ee tafta cadaadiska

b = ballaca dacasha

58
Maxaa yeelay gudbanka dhibban le ee dogobka sahal-kaalka waa fogaanta u
dhaxeyso barta uu eberka kayahay duubmiga dogobka lo. Halka dogobka xiriirsan
le qaadanayo 0.7 jeer gudbanka dhibban lo, sida aynu uga soo falanqoonnay qeybta
dogobka.

Waddada/habka qorsheynta dogob dacallaha waxa ay ku xirantahay moolka

gabalka fiigsan.

Laba arrin ayaa u baahan in la tixgaliyo.

2.9.1. Gabal fiigsan ee ku jira daanta/dacasha

Haddii = 0.9x ≤ hf, moolka dacasha (la mid ah dhammaan moolka koosiriga)
kolkaa dhammaan sulubka ka hooseeya dacasha waa uu jeerarayaa/dildillaacayaa
kolkaa dogobku waxaa lagu daweynkarayaa sida dogob leydi leh b iyo mool
dhibban d.

Duubmiga adkeysiga ugu weyn marka 0.9x = hf waxa uu la egyahay

ℎ𝑓
Mf = 0.447fcubhf (d − )
2

Sidaa ayaa haddii duubmiga qorsheyntu M ≤ Mf, kolkaa qorsheynta dogobku waa
sida qeybta gabal leydi hal-sidaq b×d. ( macnaha cadaadisku waxa uu ku jiraa
daanta/qarka kaliya, fiiggu uma uusan gudbin/gaarin dhanka tafta).

59
 2.9.2. Gabalka fiigsan ee u gudbay tafta

Quwadda cadaadiska ku jirta daanta Quwadda cadaadiska ku jirta tafta

C1 = 0.447fcu (b – bw)hf C2 = 0.447fcubw0.9x

ℎ𝑓 0.9𝑥
Z1 = (d− ) Z2 = (d−
2
)
2

ℎ𝑓 0.9𝑥
Mf = C1×Z1 = 0.447fcu (b – bw)hf(d− ) Mw = C2×Z2 = 0.447fcubw0.9x (d− )
2 2

0.67 ℎ𝑓 0.9𝑥
Mu = C1×Z1 + C2×Z2 = fcu (b – bw)hf(d− ) +0.447fcubw0.9x(d − )
1.5 2 2

Haddii Mf < M ≤ Mu, isla-egtan waxaa lagu helikarayaa qiimaha x

𝑚 𝑏 ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑏𝑤𝑥 0.45𝑥
= 0.447fcu (1− 𝑤) (1 − ) + 0.4 (1− )
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑏 𝑑 2𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑑

Iskudhiillatirid T = Asfs = C1+C2

𝑓𝑦 ℎ𝑓
Haddii fs = , x = 0.5d, Mu = 0.447fcu(b – bw)hf(d− ) + 0.156fcubwd2
1.05 2

60
Ama

𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑏
Mu = bd2fcu [0.447(1− ) (1 − ) 0.156 𝑤]
𝑏 𝑑 2𝑑 𝑏

Halka x ≤ 0.5d, sidaqu waxaa lagu xisaabinkarayaa iskudhiillatirka

𝑓𝑦
As = C1 + C2
1.05

2.9.3. Qaaciddada af-garadka

Qaaciddada ku xusan af-garadka waxaa laga soo dhiraandhiriyay ayada oo la

adeegsanayo gabalka fiigsan ee la fududeeyay lehna x = 0.5d

Moolka gabalka fiigsan = 0.9x = 0.45d.

Quwadda sulubka ku jira badka cadaadiska waa C1 = 0.447fcu (b– bw)hf iyo

C2 = 0.447fcubw0.45d = 0.201 fcubwd

ℎ𝑓 0.9×0.5𝑑
Z1 = (d− ), iyo Z2 = (d− ) = 0.775d
2 2

𝑓𝑦
Quwadda birta ku jirta goobta diiqa Ts = As
1.05

Duubmiga ugu fog ee qeybta gabalku waxa uu ka imanayaa duubmiga la xiriira

quwadda daanta C1

𝑓𝑦
Mu = T z1– C2(z1 − z2) = As(d−0.5hf) – 0.201fcubwd(0.225d−0.5hf)
1.05

= 0.9524fyAs (d−0.5hf) – 0.1005fcubwd (0.45d – hf)

𝑚𝑢 + 0.1005𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑤 𝑑(0.45𝑑 – ℎ𝑓 )
As = halka hf < 0.45d
0.9524𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−0.5ℎ𝑓 )

Haddii Mu< M ama M > Mu kolkaa birta cadaadiska ayaa loo baahanyahay ama
xajmiga qeybta gabalka (cabbirka) ayaa lagu noqonayaa

61
Birta cadaadiska si dhif ah ayaa loogaga baahdaa dhanka dacalka.

2.9.4. Waddada/habka xisaabinta qorsheynta sidaqa dogob dacallaha

 Xisaabi culeyska guud ee qorsheynta iyo duubmiga qorsheynta ku
horgudban adiga oo adeegsanaya racdin-reebyada ku habboon culeyska.
 Xisaabi duubmiga ugu weyn M ee qarka uu u adkeysankaro, marka dacasha
oo idil ku jirta cadaadis.
𝑑 − ℎ𝑓
Mdacal = 0.447fcubhf( )
2

 Xisaabi duubmiga ugu weyn ee qeybta gabalka uu iska caabbinkaro ayada

oo aanan loo baahan sidaqa cadaadiska.
ℎ𝑓
Mu = 0.447fcu (b – bw)hf(d− ) + 0.156fcubwd2
2

 Haddii M ≤ Mdacal, kaddib qorsheyntu waa sida dogob leydi leh aaddimo
b×d.
 Haddii Mdacal < M ≤ Mu, kaddib badka birta loo baahanyahay ayaa si sax
ahaansho ku filan loogaga soo qaadankarayaa qaaciddada af-garadka.

𝑚𝑢 +0.1005𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑤 𝑑(0.45𝑑 – ℎ𝑓 )
As = kolka hf < 0.45d
0.9524𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−0.5ℎ𝑓 )

Haddii M >Mu, kolkaa birta cadaadiska ayaa loo baahanyahay ama xajmiga qeybta
gabalka (cabbirka) ayaa lagun oqonayaa. (Rei1)

62
2.9.5. Tusaale qorsheynta dogob dacalle

Tix koosiri ah lehna qiro 110 mm ayaa himlisan dogob-T sida culeys
manoole 15kN/m iyo culeys noole 10kN/m dhammaan moolka doolka waa
400 mm iyo ballaca bw tafta oo ah 300 mm. Dogobku waxa uu leeyahay
gudban ah 8 m oo sahal-kaal ah. Qorsheey dogobka adiga oo adeegsanaya
gabalka fiigsan ee la fududeeyay. Heerka walxaha sulubka waa 30 heerka
sidaquna waa 460.
Culeyska qorsheynta = (1.4×15) + (1.6×10) = 37kN/m

Duubmiga ugu fog ee dhexda gudbanka = 37×82/8 = 296kNm

Ballaca dhibban b ee dacalka: b = 300+8000/5 = 1900mm

Ogaw marka la jooga dogob tixan/xiran/xiriirsan l waxa ay qaadankartaa 0.7 jeer

ee gudbanka dhibban.

Daboolka loo qoondeeyay shakaalka ka kor waa 30 mm marka heerka 30 ee

sulubka. Hadii uu shakaalku yahay 8 mm dhex-roor ah biraha weyna yihiin 25 mm
dhex-roor ah, kaddib
d = 400–30–8−25/2=349.5 mm, dheh 350 mm.
Ugu horreyn hubi haddii dogobku loo qorsheynkaro sida dogob leydi adiga oo
xisaabinaya Mdacal.
ℎ𝑓 110
Mdacal = 0.447fcubhf(𝑑 − ) = Mdacal = 0.447×30×1900×110(350 − )
2 2

=826.8KN.m
M = 296 < Mf = 826.8
Mu = 0.447fcu (b – bw)hf(d − hf/2) + 0.156fcubwd2 = 0.447×30(1900-
300)×110×(350-110/2) + 0.156×30×300×3502 = 868kNm
Mu > Mdacal > M

63
Kolka duubmiga qorsheynta ee ah 296kNm waxa uu ka yaryahay Mdacal. Kolka
dogobku waxaa loo qorsheynkarayaa sida dogob leydi leh cabbir 1900×350.
k = M/(bd2fcu) = 296×106/(1900×3502×30) = 0.0424
z = 350{0.5 +√(0.25–0.0424/0.9)} = 332.65 > 0.95 × 350 = 332.5mm
Adeegso z = 332.5 mm
As = 296×106/(0.9524×460×332.5) = 2032mm2.
Waxaa la helay 7T20, As = 2199mm2

2.9.6. Tusaale 2:
Xisaabi badka sidaqa loogaga baahanyahay qeyb dogob-T kaasi oo la saaray
duubmi ugu fog ahna 300kNm. Ballaca dacalka waa 800mm. Lehna qiro
koosiri 110mm, dhammaan moolka dogobku waa 350 mm. Ballaca bw tafta
waa 250 mm. Heerka walxaha sulubka waa 30 heerka sidaquna waa 460.
Daboolka loo qoondeeyay shakaalka ka kor waa 30 mm. Haddii shakaalku
yahay 8 mm dhex-roor ah iyo biraha waaweyn yihiin 25 mm dhex-roor ah,
kaddib
d = 350–30–8−25/2 = 299.5 mm, dheh 300 mm.

Xisaabi Mdacal si aad u hubiso haddii gabalka fiigsan uu ku jiro gudaha dacasha iyo
in kale.
ℎ𝑓 110
Mdacal = 0.447fcubhf(𝑑 − ) = Mdacal = 0.447×30×800×110(300 − ) ×10-6 =
2 2

289kN.m

Duubmiga qorsheynta 300kNm waxa uu ka yaryahay Mdacal. Sidaasi darteed

gobolka fiigsan waxa uu gaarsiisanyahay dhanka tafta. Hubi haddii birta

64
cadaadiska loo baahanyahay.
ℎ𝑓
Mu = 0.447fcu (b–bw)hf(d− ) + 0.156fcubwd2
2

110
Mu = 0.447×30× (800– 250) ×110× (300− ) + 0.156×30×250×3002 =
2

Mu = 304KN.m
Mu > (M = 300kNm)

Mf < M < Mu

Dogobku waxaa loo qorsheynkarayaa ayada oo aanan loo baahan birta cadaadiska.

𝑚𝑢 + 0.1005𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑤 𝑑(0.45𝑑 – ℎ𝑓 ) 300×106 + 0.1005×30×250×300×(0.45×300 – 110)

As = = As =
0.9524𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−0.5ℎ𝑓 ) 0.9524 × 460×(300 − 0.5×110)

= 2848mm2

Waxaa la helay 6T25, As = 2945mm2.

65
66
 2.9.7. Tusaale hubinta kartida duubmiga

Xisaabi duubmiga adkeysiga qeyb gabal dogob hal-sidaq. Heerka walxaha sulubka
waa 30 heerka sidaquna waa 460. Sidaqa diiqa ayaa ah 4T16 kaasi oo bixinaya As
= 804 mm2. U qaado birta diiqa inay diiq-dhammaatay (macnaha fs = 0.9524fy)

d = 300mm. b = 250mm.

Moolka dhex-jiirku waxaa lagu xisaabinkaraa isla-egta;

Tf = 0.9524fyAs = (0.9524×460×804)×10-3 = 352.23KN

Cf = 0.402fcubx = (0.402×30×250x) ×10-3 = 3.015xKN

Iskubadbadal Tf & Cf si aad u hesho qiimaha x.

352.23 = 3.015x. x = 117mm.

𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 460×804
x = 2.37 = 2.37× = 117mm.
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 30×250

x =117 mm < (0.5 d = 150 mm)

Hubi jiira-go’a birta

0.0035 0.0035
εs = (𝑑 − 𝑥) = εs = (300 − 117) = 0.0055 > (jiira-go’a diiq-
𝑥 117

dhammaadka = 0.0022)

Birtu waa ay diiq-dhammaatay. Sidaasi darteed qaadashadii hore waa sax.

z = d−0.45x=300–0.45×117 = 247.35 mm
z/d = 247.35/300 = 0.8245 < 0.95

67
Duubmiga adkeysiga Mr
M = T z = 352.23×247.35×10−3= 87kNm
Adeegso shaxda qorsheynta

d = 300+16/2 = 308mm

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑀 804×460 𝑀×106
100 = = = = 0.13534 =
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏(𝑧+𝑥) 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 30×250×(247.35+117) 30×250×3082

0.0014055m

Sidaasi darteed Mr = 96.3KNm.

Xisaabi kartida duubmiga ugu fog ee dogobka. laakin As =1571; 5T20

Qaado diiq-dhammaadkaasi kaddibna xisaabi
Tf = 0.9524fyAs = (0.9524×460×1571)×10-3= 688.26kN

Cf = 0.402fcubx = (0.402×30×250x)×10-3 = 3.015xkN

Iskubadbadal Tf & Cf si aad u hesho qiimaha x.

550.7 = 3.015x. x = 228.4mm.

𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 460×1571
x = 2.37 = 2.37× = 228.4mm.
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 30×250

x = 228.4 mm > (0.5 d=150 mm). Ama x = 228.4 mm, x/d = 0.76>0.5
Hubi jiira-go’a birta si aad u hubiso sharci ahaanshaha/saxnaanshaha qaadashadii
hore.

(𝑑−𝑥) (300−228.4)
εs = 0.0035 = 0.0035 = 0.0011 < (jiira-go’a diiq-dhammaadka =
𝑥 228.4

0.0022)

Maadaama uu jiira-go’a birtu ka yaryahay jiira-go’a diiq-dhammaadka, birta diiqu

ma diiq-dhammaaneyso taasi oo ku tusineysa in qaadashadii hore ay qaldantahay.

68
U qaado birtaasi diiqa in aysan diiq-dhammaan. Qiimaha loo qaatay moolka dhex-
jiirka x, jiira-go’a εs birta diiqa waa

(𝑑 − 𝑥)
εs = 0.0035
𝑥

Maadaama birta loo qaaatay in aysan diiq-dhammaan, haddii la shaqeeyaha

halbeegga birta uu yahay Es =200kN/mm2, kaddib fiigga fs birta diiqa waxa uu
bixinayaa

(𝑑−𝑥) (𝑑−𝑥)
Fs = Es εs = 200×103× 0.0035 = 700
𝑥 𝑥

T = As×fs= {1571×700× (d−x)/x} ×10−3 = 1099.7(400−x)/xkN

C = 0.402 fcubx = {0.402×30×250×x} ×10−3 = 3.015xkN

Iskudhiillatir, T = C

3.0375x = 1099.7(400−x)/x
Loofududeeyay
3.015x2+1099.7x−439880 = 0
x = 241 mm, x/d=253/300 = 0.8 > 0.5

Xisaabi jiira-go’a birta

(300−241)
εs = 0.0035 = 0.00086
241

fs = Es×εs = 200×103×0.00086 = 172 N/mm2

z =d−0.45x = 192 mm
(300−241)
M = T×z=700 × 192×10−3 = 32.9kNm
241

Maadaama x/d > 0.5, waa macquul in duubmiga ugu fog ee la oggolyahay lagu
xaddido qiima ka yar 32.9kNm. U qaado x = 0.5d = 150 mm,

69
C = 0.402 fcubx = {0.402×30×250×241} ×10−3 = 726.6kN
Addinka taagan z = 0.775 d = 0.775×300 = 232.5 mm

Sidaasi darteed M = C × Z = 726.6 × 232.5 ×10−3 = 169KNm.

Waxaa la qaadanayaa duubmiga la xiriiro bartamaha birta, M = Cz = 169kNm

70
 CUTUB 3

3. TIIR

Tiir waa xubin taagan ee ku jira dhismaha kaasi oo leh joog ka badan aaddimaha
is-gudubkiisa kaasi oo sida culeys cadaadis ah kaasi oo ka yimaada sagxadda iyo
saqafka kaddibna u gudubiya ruugga ama aasaaska. Tiirku waxa uu qaadaa culeys
ka yimaada afarta dhinac laakin inta badan tiirarku waxa ay qaadaan duubmi sida
ay u qaadaan culeyska dhinacyada kayimaada.

Tiirarka dhexe (afarta dhinac ka xiran) waxaa loo qorsheynayaa sida ayaga oo sida
culeys wareeg ah halka tiirarka geesaha ah (laba ama saddex dhinac kaxiran) loo
qorsheynayo sida ayaga oo sida culeys wareeg ah iyo duubmi la raacinkarayo.

Inta badan tiirarka waxaa lagu sheegaa tiirar gaabgaaban waxayna ku burburaan
hab jajab ah marka walxuhu ay gaaraan kartidoodii u gudanbeysay culeyska iyo
duubmiga ku dhacay awgeed.

71
Tiirka dheer waxa uu ku fashilmaa qaab jalleeca ah, duubmiga dheeriga ah ee
sababa habaca/caloosha waa in lagu xisaabtamaa xilliga qorsheynta.

Tiir waa heykal xubin ku jira dhismayaasha kaasi oo sida culeysyada saqafka iyo
sagxadda. Xubinka taagan waxaa lagu magacaabikaraa tiir hadii h < 4b waa in uu
lahaadaa aaddinka ugu yar 250mm, hadii kale waa darbi.

Af-garadku waxa uu ku kala saarayaa tiirarka sidan:-

3.8.1 Tiirar gaabgaaban waa marka saamiga lex/h iyo ley/b labaduba ay ka
yaryihiin 15 waa marka ay xiranyihiin, marka ay ka yaryihiin 10 waa
𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑥
marka aysan xirneyn iyo iyo < 15 waa marka ay xiranyihiin,
ℎ 𝑏 ℎ
𝑙𝑒𝑦
iyo < 10 marka aysan xirneyn tiirarku.
𝑏

3.8.1 Tiirar dhaadheer waa marka saamiyada ay ka weynyihiin qiimayaasha

kor aynu ku soo sheegnay, b waa ballaca is-gudubka tiirka, h waa
moolka is-gudubka tiirka ee lagu cabbiro sallaxa loo danleeyahay, lex
waa joogga dhibban marka loo eego wareegga weyn ley waa joogga
dhibban marka loo eego wareegga yar.

Tiirarka gaabgaaban waxaa kale oo lookala qeybinkaraa saddex qeybood:-

 Tiir kaliya caabbinkarayo culeysyada wareegga

 Tiir caabbinkarayo culeysyada wareegga iyo jalleec hal dhinac ah iyo
 Tiir caabbinkarayo culeysyada wareegga iyo jalleec laba dhinac ah

Ogow: Tirada u guyar ee biraha taagan ee tiirku waa afar.

Boqolleyda ugu yar ee sidaqa waxaa bixinaya jadwalka 3.25 ee af-garadka labada
heer ee kala ah 250 iyo 460 ee sidaqa waa

100Asc/Acc = 0.4

72
Halka Asc tahay badka birta cadaadiska iyo Acc oo ah badka sulubka cadaadiska.

Badka sidaqa ugu badan waa in uusan ka badan 6% dhammaan badka is-gudubka
tiirka joog u shuban marka laga reebo udubyada halka 10% la oggolyahay, badka
sidaqa ugu weyn waa in uusan ka badnan 8% dhammaan badka is-gududbka tiirka
jiif u shuban.

3.1. Baahiyaha shakaallada

Daboollada uu ku jiro sidaqa caadiska:

1. Dhex-roorka shakaallada waa in aysan ka yaraan 6 mm ama rubaca dhex-roorka

ugu weyn biraha dherersan;
2. Dulalaatiga ugu weyn waa in uu noqdaa 12 jeer dhex-roorka birta ugu yar ee
dherersan
3. Shakaalladu waa in ay iswaafaqsanaadaan sidaasi darteed gees kasta ama bir
kasta ee ka baxsan lakabka waxaa lagu kaalayaa shakaal ka gudbaya kuna
wareeganaya birta kaasi oo leh xagal aanan kabadneyn 135°.

3.2. Udubyada cadaadiska iyo kalasiibyada dibka

Dhererka udubka cadaadiska waa in uu ahaadaa 25% kaasi oo ka weyn dhererka

dhidibka cadaadiska.

3.3. Xajmiga (cabbirka) iyo dulalaatiga shakaalka

Dhex-roorka shakaalka loo baahanyahay waa in uu noqdaa ugu yaraan rubaca

xajmiga biraha ugu weyn ee dherersan ama ugu yaraan 8 mm. Sidoo kale waxaa
lagu talinayaa dulalaatiga ugu badan ee iskuqabadka in uu noqdo mid un labada,
12 jeer birta ugu yar biraha weyn ama is-gudubka ugu yar ee aaddimada.

73
 3.4. TIIR XIRAN EE GAABAN EE SIDA CULEYS WAREEG AH

Culeyska ugu fog N ee uu sido tiirka xiran ee gaaban waxaa lagu caabbinkarayaa

N = 0.4fcuAc+0.80Ascfy

Halka Ac tahay is-gudubka badka sulubka ku jira tiirka (b×d-Asc)

Asc waa badka sidaqa joogga.

Nuz waa culeyska saafiga ah ee ka yimaada dhinacyada ee tiirka.

3.5. Tiir gaaban ee sida culeys wareeg ah (afar dhinac)

Tiir leh sulub badka is-gudubkiisu yahay Ac iyo birta sidaqa Asc. Ayada oo la
qaadanayo taxliilka fiigga-jiirago,a, fiigga qorsheynta ee sulubka ku jira
cadaadiska

0.67fcu/1.5 iyo dhanka birta oo ah fy/1.05.

0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢
Fiigga qorsheynta sulubka =
1.5

𝑓𝑦
Fiigga qorsheynta birta =
1.05

Labaduba sulubka iyo sidaqa waxa ay ka qeybqaataan qaadidda culeyska; wadarta

culeysyada waxaa kaaliya sidaqa Fs iyo sulubka Fc waxa uu bixinayaa culeyska
ugu badan N kaasi oo uu qaadikaro tiirku

N = Fs + Fc

0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢
Fc = fiigga sulubka × badka = ×Ac = 0.447fcuAc
1.5

𝑓𝑦
Fs = fiigga birta × badka = ×Asc = 0.9524fyAsc
1.05

74
N = Fs + Fc = 0.447fcuAc + 0.9524fyAsc looriday 0.45fcuAc + 0.95fyAsc

Sidaasi darteed

a. Tiir gaaban ee u adkeysankaro jalleeca duubmiga ugu weyn ee leh

culeyska wareegga ah kaliya

Nuz = 0.45fcuAc + 0.95fyAsc

U qaado in uusan jirin culeys meel kale u socda, inkasta oo aysan jirin xilliga
howlqabadka arrintan oo kale. Maadaama lagu xisaabtamayo in uusan jirin wax
gaar-hays ah, fiigga qorsheynta hoos ayaa loo dhigayaa 10% sidaasi darteed waxaa
la adeegsanayaa qaaciddadan soosocota

b. Tiir gaaban sidana culeys wareeg ah (culeys dhinacyada ka yimaada) Nuz

N = 0.4fcuAc + 0.8fyAsc

Qaaciddada kore waxaa loo adeegsadaa qorsheynta Tiir gaaban ee xiran sidana
culeys wareeg ah.

Quwadda qorsheynta ugu fog ee wareegga ah waa sida ay bixineyso qaaciddadan:

Marka la jooga is-gudubka leydiga;

N = 0.4fcubh + (0.8fy - 0.4fcu)Asc

Badka birta Asc

𝑁−𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑢
Asc = Tiirarka xiran ee gaabgaaban kuwaasi oo lagu kaalay ugu
0.8𝑓𝑦 − 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑢

dhawaan kooxa doolal ah oo ku haboon halka doolalku loo qorsheeyay culeys

noole iskumid ah oo qeybsan, gudbanka dogobku kama baddalno inuu ka
badanyahay 15 % kan ugu dheer; tiirku waxaa la saaray culeys wareeg ah,
duubmiga culeyskaasi ugu fog waxaa lagu xisaabinkarayaa ayada oo hoos loo

75
dhigayo fiigga qorsheynta ee qaaciddada ilaa 10% taasi oo dhalineyso qaaciddadan
soosocota

c. Tiir gaaban ee xiran sidana ku dhawaad dogobyo iskumid ah

Nuz = 0.35fcuAc +0.7fyAsc

Marka uu yahay qeyb leydi waxa uu la egyahay

N = 0.35fcubh + (0.7fy – 0.35fcu)Asc

3.6. Tusaale mid kamid ah kuwaasi kore

Tiir gaaban oo xiran ayaa la saaray culeys 2500kN. Cabbirka tiirku waa 400mm
iskuwareeg. Heerka sulubka waa 30 iyo heerka sidaqa oo ah 460N/mm2.

Ugu horreyn

Nuz = 0.4fcuAc + 0.8fyAsc

Nuz = 2500kN

Ac = 400 × 400 = 160000mm2

Asc = ?

Nuz −0.4𝐟cu Ac 2500×103 −0.4×30×160000

Asc = = = 1576mm2
0.8fy 0.8×460

Adeegso 4T25. Asc = 1963mm2

76
 3.7. Tiir xiran ee gaaban kaasi oo u adkeysankara culeys dhinacyada kaga
yimaada iyo duubmi

Mushkiladan si sax ah uma cadda. Waa in aynu ku xisaabtannaa meelo badan oo

uu marayo dhex-jaraha, qallooca ayaa weyn marka loo bandhiga culeyska tooska
ah. Waa in aynu ka qaadannaa natiijada tiir gaaban ee xiran kaliya la saaray culeys
toos ah. Halkan waxa aynu tixgalineynaa dhammaan xaaladaha tiirarka sulubka ee
leydiga ah ee la saaray duubmi M iyo culeys N.

Gundhigga waa xarriiqa jaantuska jiira-go’a, jiira-go’a ugu fog ee sulubka waa εcu
= 0.0035.

Xaaladda 1: 0.9x ≤ h
Xaaladdan gabal leydi fiigsan ee iskumid ah ee kujira gudaha qeybta, sidaasi
darteed qeyb kamid ah gabalka waxa uu ku jiraa cadaadiska. Taasi waxa ay
dhacdaa marka ay kulmaan/lagu-dabbaqo culeys toos ah oo yar iyo duubmi weyn.

Qeybta dogobka jaantuska jiira-go’a jaantuska fiigga/quwadda culeyska lagu dabbaqay

N = Fcc + Fsc + Fst

h s h h
M = Fcc( - ) + Fsc( – d’) + Fst(d - )
2 2 2 2

77
Xaaladda 2: 0.9x > h
Xaaladdan gabal leydi fiigsan ee iskumid ah ee kujira dibadda qeybta, sidaasi
darteed dhammaan qeybta waxa ay ku jirtaa goobta cadaadiska. Taasi waxa ay
dhacdaa marka ay kulmaan/lagu-dabbaqo quwad aad u weyn iyo duubmi yar.

Qeybta dogobka jaantuska jiira-go’a jaantuska fiigga/quwadda culeyska lagu dabbaqay

N = Fcc + Fsc - Fst

h s h h
M = Fcc( - ) + Fsc( – d’) - Fst(d - )
2 2 2 2

78
3.7.1. Kulminta xaaladaha

Ayada oo la eegaya jihada Fst in uu isbaddalaya, iyo in uu qaadanaya jiha togan si

uu u sameeyo cadaadis, waxa aynu mideyneynaa labada xaaladood:

N = Fcc + Fsc - Fst

h s h h
M = Fcc( - ) + Fsc( – d’) - Fst(d - )
2 2 2 2

Sidaasi baa marka Fst ay tahay diiq iyo quwad taban, waxa aynu heleynaa
h s
xaaladda 1. Wey isbaddaleysaa marka ay tahay mid togan halka = aynu heleyno
2 2

xaaladda 2

3.7.2. Quwadda:

Quwadaha ku jira goobta waxaa laga keenay fiig × bad:

Fcu = 0.447fcubs

Fsc = (fsc - 0.447fcu)Asc

Fst = (fst - 0.447fcu)As

(Dr_)

79
 3.7.3. Tusaale tiir gaaban ee la saaray culeys wareeg ah iyo duubmi hal
dhinac ah

Xisaabi culeyska wareegga ah ( hal bar ku dhacaya) iyo duubmi sidaasi oo kale ah
oo uu qaadikarayo tiir leh cabbir ah 500×400 moolka dhex-jiirka ayaa ah 312.5
mm. Heerka walxaha sulubku waa 30 halka kan sidaquna yahay 460. Jiira-go’a
sulubku fashilkiisu waa 0.0035. jiira-go’a sidaqa waa sidan soosocota:
Cadaadiska εsc = 0.0035×200/312.5 = 0.00224
Diiqa εst = 0.0035×100/312.5 = 0.00112

Fiigga birta ayada oo la tixraacaya jaantuska waa

Cadaadiska fsc = 0.9524fy
Diiqa fst = 0.9524fy×0.00112/0.002 = 0.533344fy

3.8 Qorsheyn shaxeedda tiirka

Qorsheyn shaxeedda tiirka ama jaantuska waxaa la adeegsadaa marka uu tiirku

yahay mid sida culeys aan isku mid aheyn, taasi waxa ay tilmaameysaa in uu
jiridoono duubmi, sidaasi darteed qorsheyntiisu waxaa loo marayaa adayada oo la
adeegsanayo habka qorsheynta duubmiga tiirka, si ay gundhig ugu noqoto
boqolleyda badka ugu yar ee birta ayada oo la adeegsanayo qorsheyn shaxeed.

Muhiim: Tiirka gaaban iyo kan dheer labaduba haddii aad u baahato in aad
jooggooda dhibban qiyaasto, waxa aad ka dooneysaa af-garadka faqradiisa 3.8.1.6
iyo xeer hoosaadkeeda iyo jadwallada 3.19 iyo 3.20.

80
 3.8.1 Tusaale qorsheyn shaxeedda tiirka

Tiir gaaban oo leh cabbir 400 × 400 mm (leydi ah). N = 1600kN. M = 320 kNm,
oo hal jiha ah.

Fy = 460 N/mm2, Fcu = 35 N/mm2, N/bh = 10, M/bh2 = 5, d/h = 0.9.

Adiga oo adeegsanayo shaxda 34-aad ee qeybta 3-aad ee af-gaeadka, hoosna ka

muuqata.

100Asc/bh = 2.3.

100Asc/400×400 = 2.3. Sidaasi darteed Asc = 3680mm2.

Sidaqa waxa uu noqonayaa 12T20 leh bad 3770mm2.

Badka ugu yar boqolleyda waa 0.4.

100Asc/ Ac = (100 × 3770)/4002 = 2.36 > 0.4. Waa si wanaagsan.

Qorsheynta Shakaalka

Dhex-roorka shakaallada waa in aysan ka yaraan 6 mm ama rubaca dhex-roorka

ugu weyn biraha dherersan, sidaasi darteed 20/4 = 5 mm. Qaado 8mm iyo wixii ka
badan, xad-dhaafna aheyn.

Dulalaatiga ugu weyn waa in uu noqdaa 12 jeer dhex-roorka birta ugu yar ee
dherersan, sidaasi darteed waxa aynu qaadankarnaa 12 × 20 = 240mm iyo wixii ka
yar, xad-dhaafna aheyn.

Hubinta jaraha

Sida uu qabo af-garadka:-

M/N < 0.6h = 320/1600 = 0.2 < 0.6 × 0.4 = 0.24. Waa hagaag, sidaasi darteed
jaraha kuma sugno xaalad murugsan.

81
Hubinta jeerarka

Sida uu qabo af-garadka:-

0.2fcuAc < N = 0.2, Ac = bh - Asc

Sidaas darteed 0.2 × 35 × {(400 × 400) – 3770} = 1094kN < 1600kN. Waa hagaag,
hubin kalena looma baahno.

Baraarujin: Asalka sidaqa tiirka ee ugu yar waa 4 bir, haddii ay intaasi ka
badato birt, sidaqu waxa uu u kala badnaanayaa hadba dhinaca uu ku dhacayo
duumbiga weyn.

82
 CUTUB 4

4. DARBI-JAR
4.1. NOWCYADA DARBIYADA

Heykalka darbi sulub ah waxaa loo kalasaarikaraa labadan nowc ee soosocota:-

1. Darbi sulub-sidqan waa darbi uu ku jiro ugu yaraan qaddar/in sidaq ah.
Sidaqu waa lagu xisaabtamaa marka la xisaabinayo awoodda darbiga.
2. Darbi sulub caadi ah waa darbi uusan ku jirin sidaq ama waxaa ku jira
sidaq aanan ku filneyn. Sidaq waliba ee ku jira darbiga waa la iska
indhatirayaa marka la tixgalinayo awoodda/adkeysiga. Sidaqa waxaa loo
qaataa darbiyada inta badan caadiga ah si uu u xakameeyo jeerarka.

Sidoo kale darbiyada waxaa kale oo loo qeybinkarayaa sidan:

1. Darbi xiran waa darbi kaasi oo caabbiyayaasha quwadaha dhinaca kaga

yimaada ay leeyihiin kaaliyayaal dhinac ah sida sagxado iyo darbiyo is-
gudba.
2. Darbi aanan xirneyn waa darbi leh garabkiisa dhinaca ah (sugnaashahiisa
dhinaceed) sida darbiga lalmada.
3. Darbi buuran waa darbi kaasi oo jooggiisa dhibban loo qeybiyay qiradiisa,
le/h, aysan kabadneyn 15 marka uu yahay darbi xiran ama 10 marka uu
yahay darbi aanan xirneyn
4. Darbi caato waa darbi ka sooharay darbiga buuran.

83
4.2. Sidaqa darbiga
Badka ugu yar ee sidaqa taagan
Qadarta ugu yar ee sidaqa loogaga baahanyahay darbi sulub ah waxaa
lagasoo qaadanayaa jadwalka 3.27 ee af-garadka kaasi oo cadeynaya
100Asc/Acc in ay tahay 0.4 halka Asc ay tahay badka birta cadaadiska iyo Acc
oo noqoneyso badka sulubka ku jira cadaadiska.

Badka sidaqa jiifa

Badka sidaqa jiifka ee darbiga halka sidaqa taagan uu u adkeysto cadaadiska
waa in uusan ka badan 2% marka
fy = 250 N/mm2 0.3% ka badka sulubka
fy = 460 N/mm2 0.25% ka badka sulubka

Saddex waddo ayaa loo adeegsadaa qorsheyntiisa:

1. Adiga oo adeegsanayo jadwal isku xiran

2. Adiga oo qaadanayo fiig qeybsan oo isku mid ah
3. Adiga oo u qaadanaya goobaha danbe in ay u adkeysanayaan duubmiga

84
 4.3. Tusaale darbi la saaray culeys wareeg ah iyo sallax leh duubmi ayada
oo la adeegsanayo jadwalka qorsheynta

Darbi la saaray culeys manoole ah 8 kN/m2. Iyo culeys noole ah 3 kN/m2 sagxad
kasta culeyskeedu waxa uu ahaa 5.0 kN/m2. U qaado xawaaraha dabeesha 50 m/s. -
cadeynma saxda ah la’aanteed ee aanan loo hayn soomaaliya- u qorsheey dadabka
darbi-jarka sida darbiyo toosan. Qirada/dhumucda darbiga waa 180 mm joogguna
waa 3m iyo (10×8) m oo ah 3 sagxad oo koosiri tixan ah (8 × 4) qolal ah iyo 4
darbi-jara ah. Heerka walxaha sulubku waa 30 halka kan sidaquna noqonayo 460.
U qaado darbigu in uu xiranyahay.

Ugu horreyn

Darbiga waxa uu leeyahay qiro ah 180 mm waa uuna xiranyahay. Ayada oo la

tixraacayo jadwalka 3.21 ee af-garadka.

Joogga buuxa waa 3000 mm. 3000/180 =16>15. Darbigu waa darbi dheer.

Culeysyada darbiga saaran

U qaado qirada darbiga in ay tahay 200 mm taasi oo ay kamid noqoneyso

dhameystirayaasha/salaaxmada labada dhinac, in uu leeyahay culeysyada:
Saqaf iyo sagxad 3×10×8×8 = 1920 kN
Darbi leh dhumuc 200 mm 0.2×25×8×9 = 360 kN
Culeyska idil ee salka = 2280 kN

Culeyska noolaha 50% hoos ayaa loo dhigaa marka loo eego BS6399: Part 1,
jadwalka 2, waxa uuna noqonayaa

(0.5×3×10×8)+(0.5×5×2(sagxad)×10×8) = 520kN

85
Culeysyada saaran darbiga qeybtiisa danbe ee ka yimaada dogobyada
dherersan (ee ka korreeya darbi-jarka)
Saqafka iyo sagxadda koosiriga (1920/8) ×4 = 960 kN
Tiirarka darbiyadu ku dhammaadaan 0.4 mm×0.4×9×25 mm = 36 kN
Culeyska guurguura (520/8)×4 = 260 kN

Maadaama aynu haysan wax tusma ama cadeymo laga hayo dabeysha soomaaliya,
waxa aynu isticmaaleynaa tusma loo qaato tusaale ahaan.

Quwadda dabeesha waxa ay ku xirantahay horgalayaal ay kamid yihiin

Xawaaraha dabeesha VS. Xawaaraha dabeesha asalka Vb. Horgalaha sara u kaca Sa.
Horgalaha jihada Sd. Horgalaha xilliga Ss. Horgalaha soobooddada Sp. Horgalaha
buuraha/taagsiinnada Sb. Goobta iyo jihada ° darbiga.

Xawaaraha dabeesha ee dhibban Ve = Vs × Sb

Vs = Vb× Sa × Sd × Ss × Sp

q = 0.613Vs2

Sidaasi darteed u qaado Vs = 25m/s iyo Sb = 1.4.

Kaddib Ve = Vs × Sb = 25 × 1.4 = 35m/s.

q = 0.613Vs2 = 0.613 × 252/103= 0.383kN/m2

l/w = 80/32 = 2.5

b/d = 80/32 = 2.5

h/d = 9/32 = 0.28

Cf ee ka timid xajmiga horgalaha Ca iyo horgalayaal kale = 1.2

86
Culeyska dabeesha iyo duubmiga salka waa sidan soo socota:

Culeys N = q × cf × ndabaq × h = 0.383×1.2×3×9 = 12.41kN

Duubmi M = 12.41× 9/2 = 55.8kNm

Kulminta culeyska

1.2(manoole + noole + dabeyl)

Marxaladda 1

N = 1.2[(2280+520)+2(960+36+260)] = 6374.4kN

M = 1.2 × 55.8 = 66.96kNm

Marxaladda 2

N = 1.4[(2280)+2(960+36)] = 5980.8kN

M = 1.4 × 55.8 = 78.12kNm

Marxaladda 3

N = (2280)+2(960+36) = 4272kN

M = 1.4 × 55.8 = 78.12kNm

Ku qorsheynta darbiga culeysyada kulansan

Dhumucda darbiga 180 mm waa b, iyo 8000 mm oo ah h. Qorsheyntu waxaa laga

sameynayaa ayada oo la adeegsanayo shaxda laga helayo BS 8110 Part 3-Design
Charts for Singly & Doubly Reinforced. Boqolleyda birta saddexda culeys
xaaladahoodu waxa ay noqonayaan sidan soo socota:

87
 Xaaladda 1 Xaaladda 2 Xaaladda 3

N/bh 4.43 4.15 2.97

M/bh2 0.0058 0.0068 0.0068

100Asc/bh ugu yar% 0.4 ugu yar% 0.4 ugu yar% 0.4

Waxa aynu adeegsaneynaa badka boqolleyda ugu yar = 0.4

0.4×8000×180
Asc = ( )/(2×8) ee darbiga = 360mm2/m
100

Waxaa la qaadanayaa bir 4T12 mm dhex-roorkeedu yahay lehna dulalaati 300 mm

bartamayaasha ah si ay u bixiso bad bireed ah 452 mm2/m.

88
 CUTUB 5

5. JARANJARO

Jaranjaro macnaheedu waa heykal isku gudba sagxad iyo sagxad kale. Jaranjaro
waxa ay ka koobantahay dhowr tallaabooyin ah iyo cagsaarro isu jiro fogaan ku
habboon si dadka isticmaalaya ay u helaan dakeyn iyo amaan. Qaar ka mid ah
nowcyada ugu caansan jaranjarada waxaa muujinaya humaagga hoose. Waxaa
kamid ah jaranjaro leh halka lagu soconayo oo toos ah, jaranjaro afar dhinac u
leexaneyso, jaranjaro nus leexad ah, jaranjaro faracyo leh, iyo jaranjarooyin qaas
ah

89
(a) (b) leh halka lagu soconayo oo toos ah (c) afar dhinac u leexaneyso (d)
jaranjaro nus leexad ah (e) jaranjaro faracyo leh (f) jaranjaro aad u furan (nus u
wareeganeyso) (g) jaranjaro aad u furan afar geesna u leexaneyso (h) (i) (j)
jaranjarooyin qaas ah

5.1. Nowcyada jaranjarada

Si loo qorsheeyo, jaranjaradu waxaa loo kala qeybiyaa laba nowc; mid
ballac(dadab) ahaan iyo dherersanaan loo kaalo.

a. Dadab kaalan (waxa ay ku dadbantahay dhanka dhaqaaqa):

Jaranjarada dadab kaalka waxaa kamid ah:

1. Tallaabooyin sahal-kaal ah kuwaasi oo lagu kaalay laba mid darbi ama

dogob ama labada oo wadajira.
2. Tallaabooyin kasoo lalmanaya darbi ama dogob.
3. Jaranjaro ka lalmata bartamaha dhabar dogob.

b. Si dhereran loo kaalay (ku jira jihada dhaqaaqa):

Gudbanka jaranjaradani waxa uu u dhaxeeyaa kaalayaal korka iyo hoosta halka

lagu socda laakin dhinacyadu kama laha wax kaalayaal ah. Jaranjarada si
dherer/jiif ah loo kaalo waxaa macquul ah in uu noqda kaalaheedu mid kamid ah
xaaladahan soosocda:

1. Dogob ama darbi ku yaalla geesaha kusugga.

2. Dogob dhexe ee ku yaalla halka ugu danbeysa halka socodka taasi oo ay
dogob ama darbi uu ku yaallo geesaha kusugga.
3. Kusug lagu kaalay dogob ama darbi kaasi oo u soconaya jihada dhererka.
4. Iskujirka (1) ama (2) iyo (3).
90
 5. Jaranjarooyinka leh afarta kusug waxa ay la shaqeeyaan jaranjarooyinka
aadka u furan.

Haddii culeyska qorsheynta oo idil ee saran jaranjarada uu yahay W duubmiga

qorsheynta ee togan ee dhexda gudbanka iyo duubmiga taban ee dogobka kore B
waxa ay qaadanayaan Wl/10.

Duubmiga ugu badan ee u dhaw dhexda gudbanka iyo kan ka korreeya kaalaha
waxa ay qaadanayaan Wl/10, halka W yahay culeyska idil ee qorsheynta ee saaran
gudbanka.

5.2. Tusaale qorsheynta koosiri-jaranjaro

Koosiriga jaranjarada waxaa lagu kaalaa dool halka sare iyo halka lagu soconayo.
Culeyska guurguura waa 4kN/m2. Qirada koosiriga jaranjarada waa 120 mm.
Ballca jaranjarada waa 1.2 m (ballaca kusugga iyo halka socodkaba), halka
socodka waxa uu ka koobanyahay 10 sare-kac oo ah 150 mm iyo 9 cagsaar oo ah
200 mm lehna 20 mm riir ah. Koosiriga kusugga iyo jaranjarada waxa ay leeyihiin
12 mm oo dhammeystir ah labada dhinacba.

Jaranjaradu waxaa lagu kaalay dogob leh ballac 400mm

Darajada walxaha sulubku waa 30 halka kan sidaquna noqonayo 460.

Culeysin iyo duubmi

U qaada qirada sulubka uur-kujirta ee heykalka in uu yahay 100 mm, daboolkuna

yahay 25 mm dhex-roorka birtuna yahay 10 mm. Ballacu waxa uu la egyahay G×n
= 200×9 = 1800mm. Ballaca dhibban ee koosiriga jaranjaradu waxa uu la egyahay
R×n = 10×150 = 1500mm. Gudbanka dhibban ee koosiriga jaranjaraduna waa
fogaanta bannaan ee jiifta (1800 mm) lagu daray fogaanta bartamaha dogobka kore
91
(400/2 mm) lagu daray nuska ballaca kusugga (1200/2mm) = 1800+200+600 =
2600 mm.

Culeyska ugu fog ee qorsheynta ee saaran jaranjarada ayaa la xisaabinayaa marka

hore.

Koosiriga kusugga

Dhammaan qirada oo ay ku jiraan dhammeystirayaasha kor iyo hoos waa 140mm.

Culeyska manoolaha

Culeyska koosiriga nafsadiisa = 0.14×25 = 3.5 kN/m2

Dhammeystirka = 0.5 kN/m2

GK = 4. kN/m2

Culeyska guurguura QK = 4 kN/m2

Dhammaan culeyska qorsheynta = 1.4(4)+1.6(4) = 12 kN/m2

50% culeyska kusugga = 0.5×12×0.6×0.9 = 3.24 kN

Nuska culeyska saaran kusuga waxaa loo tixgalinayaa in uu ku jiro koosiriga

jaranjarada.

Ballaca uu culeysku saaranyahay waa 0.9 m.

Koosiriga jaranjarada

Dhererka janjeerka waa √ℎ2 + 𝑏 2 , h = R×n = 10×150 = 1500mm. b = G×n +

ballaca dogobka sare/2, (dhererka asalka u ah halka socodka) = 200×9 + 400/2 =
2000mm.

Kolkaa dhererka janjeerka waa √1.52 + 22 = 2.5m.

92
Dhererka tallaabada (hadii riirku = 20mm, cagsaarku = 200mm. sarakacu = 150)
𝑅
Dhererka tallaabada ama gacanka = [(G + riirka)sin(tan-1 )] = [(200 + 20)sin (tan-
𝐺

1150
)]= [(220)sin(tan-10.75)] = 132mm.
200

Iskucel-celiska qirada oo uu kamid yahay dhammeystirka dhumucda dhexda +

dhererka gacanka/2 + dhumucda dhammeystirka jaranjarada iyo kusugga +
dhammeystirka koosiriga jaranjarada iyo kusugga kor iyo hoos.

Tcelcel = 100+132/2+12+12 = 190 mm

Culeyska manoolaha = (tcelcel×dabeecadda/culeyska sulubka = 25× dhererka

janjeerka×ballaca koosiriga jaranjarada × racdin-reebka Gk = 1.4)

Culeyska guurguura/noolaha = (Qk × dhererka salka ee halka socodka × ballaca

koosiriga jaranjarada × racdin-reebka Qk = 1.6)

Tcelcel = 0.19m. janjeer = 2m. Ballaca koosiriga jaranjarada = ballaca G×n +

bartamaha dogobka sare/2 = [200×9 + 400/2) = 2000mm.

Culeyska manoolaha = 0.19×25×2.5×0.9×1.4 = 14.96 kN

Culeyska guurguura = 4×2×0.9×1.6 = 11.52 kN

Culeyska idil = 26.48 kN

Culeyska manoolaha waxaa laguxisaabiyaa ayada oo la adeegsanaya dhererka

janjeerka halka culeyska nooluhu uu kudhaco dhererka khariidada. Ballaca
culeysku saaranyahay waa 1.1 m.

Culeyska idil ee saaran gudbanka waa 3.24 + 26.48 = 29.72 kN

93
Jaraha ugu weyn ee kaalaha sare waa

wb2
( ) wb
4sinθ
V= loo fududeeyay halka w tahay dhammaan culeyska saaran
b 4sinθ
h
gudbanka, b waa dhererka salka halka socodka, iyo θ = [90 - (tan-1 )]
b

b = 2m, h = 1.5m, w = 29.72 kN

h
FL bL +(bF +2bL )FF cos(tan−1 )
bf
fiigga kaalaha sare v = h
2(bF +bL )cos(tan−1 )
bf

Halka FL uu yahay quwadda ku dhacda kusugga = 3.24kN

bL waa dhererka salka ee kusugga = 0.6M

FF waa quwadda ku dhacda halka lagu soconaya = 26.48kN

bF waa dhererka salka ee halka lagu soconaya = 2M

h waa joogga janjeerka = 1.5M

94
 1.5
3.24×0.6+(2+2×0.6)×26.48cos(tan−1 )
2
v= 1.5
2(2+0.6)cos(tan−1 )
2

v = 16.76kN.

Fiigga ugu badan ee kaalaha sare waa 16.76kN.

Duubmiga qorsheynta ee duubmiga daciifka ah ee u dhaw dhexda gudbanka,

qallooca duubmiga ka sarreeya kaalaha labaduba waa Wl/10.

L = (bF +bL ) 2+0.6 = 2.6m

M = 29.72×2.6/10 = 7.73 kNm

Kaddib billaw qorsheynta sidaqa adiga oo adeegsanaya qaabka koosiriga, iyo

saamiga gundhigga gudbanka iyo moolka dhibban waxaa loo tixgalinayaa sida
koosiri tixan ama sahal-kaal ah.

Duubmiga sidaqa
Moolka dhibban
d = 100−25 – 10/2 = 70 mm
Ballaca dhibban b waxa uu qaadanayaa ballaca koosiriga kusugga, 1200 mm.
k = M/ (bd2fcu) = 7.73×106/ (1200×702×30) = 0.0438 < 0.156
z = 70(0.5+√(0.25–0.0438/0.9)) = 66.4 < 0.95d
As = 7.73×106/(0.9524×460×66.4) = 266 mm2 ballaca dhammeystiran ee 1200
mm.

Waxaa helay bir 4T10 mm dhex-roorkeedu yahay si ay u bixiso bad ah 314 mm2.
Dulalaatiga waa 400 mm bartamayaasha kaasi oo ka weyn 3d = 210. Sidaasi
darteed taasi lama qaadankarayo.

95
Adeegso bir 7T8 mm dhex-roorkeedu yahay si ay u bixiso bad ah 352 mm2.
Dulalaatiga waa 200 mm bartamayaasha kaasi oo kayar 3d = 210. Sidaasi darteed
taasi waa la qaadankarayaa.

Isla birtaasi oo kale ayaa loo qaadanayaa qeybta sare ee koosiriga ee ka sarreysa
labada kaale.
Badka sidaqa ugu yar waa
(0.13 /100)×100×1000 =130 mm2
waxaa la helay bir 7T8 mm dhex-roorkeedu yahay lehna dulalaati 2500/7 = 357
𝜋
dheh 350 mm bartamayaasha ah si ay u bixiso 1000( × 82)/350 = 144mm2/m bir
4

dherersan qeybsanna.

U adkeysiga jaraha
Jaraha = 16.76kN
v = 16.76×103/(1200×70) = 0.2 N/mm2
100 As/(bd) = 100×352/(1200×70) = 0.42 <3.0

Moolka ugu yar d = 125mm

400/d = 400/125 = 3.2 > 1.0
vc = 0.79×(0.42)1/3(3.2)1/4(30/25)1/3/1.25 = 0.67 N/mm2

v < vc taasi waa si wanaagsan.

96
Habacsanaanta

Saamiga asalka gudbankan/d waa 26 koosiri ahaan waxa aynu u tixgalineynaa in

uu ka xiranyahay labada dhinac leeyahayna gudban ah 2.6m.
Isirka asaldooriyaha sidaqa diiqa:-
M/(bd2) = 7.73×106/(1200×702) = 1.3
fs = (2/3)×460×(266/352) = 232 N/mm2
0.55+ (477–232)/ (120×(0.9+1.3) =1.48 < 2.0

(Gudban/d) la oggolyahay = 26×1.48 = 38.5

(Gudban/d) xaqiiqiga ah = 2600/70 = 37

(Gudban/d) la oggolyahay > (gudban/d) xaqiiqiga ah hagaag.

Jeerar
Si loo xakameyo jeerarka fogaanta bannaan ee biraha waa in aysan ka badneyn 3d
= 210 mm. Dulalaatiga sidaqa ee 200 mm waa mid la qaadankaro.

97
 CUTUB 6

6. RUUG

Aas-aaska ama ruugga waxaa u soo gudba culeysyada ka yimaada dhismaha ama
tiir waliba culeyska uu sida kaasi oo uu marka danbe u gudbiyo dhulka.

Nowcyada ruugga waxa ay kala yihiin

1. Fadhi u gaar ah tiir kasta

2. Fadhiyaal isku xira tiirar badan
3. Fadhi ama sal weyn oo guud ahaan uu ku fadhiyo dhismaha

Nowcyadaasi kore oo idil waxa ay si toos ah culeysku ugu gudbinkaraan dhulka

ama si wadajir ah ayey u caabbinkarayaan/kaalikarayaan. Kaliya waxaa la

98
tixgaliyaa fadhiga gaarka ah iyo kuwa wada jirka ah. Nowca ruug ee la
adeegsanayo waxa uu ku xiranyahay saameeyayaal dhowr ah

1. Xaaladaha iyo dabeecadaha ciidda

2. Nowca heykalka iyo culeyska
3. Qaddart la oggolyahay ee isbaddalka hoos-udagga/miisidda

6.1. FADHIGA GAARKA AH EE CUBAN

6.1.1. Fadhi cuban oo culeys wareeg ah la saaray

Sumadahan soo socda ayaa la adeegsanayaa:

Gk = culeyska manoolaha ka yimaada tiirka (kN)

Qk = culeyska noolaha ka yimaada tiirka (kN)

W = culeyska fadhiga (kN)

ℓx, ℓy = dhererka salka iyo ballaca (m)

Pb = inta cadaadis ee uu qaadikaro (kN/m2)

Badka loo baahanyahay waxaa laga helaa culeyska oo uu ku jiro kan fadhiga:

Badka salka = (Gk+Qk+W)/Pb = ℓxℓy m2

Qorsheynta salka/fadhiga waxaa laga sameeyaa culeyska ugu fog ee lagu soo
gudbiyay salka ayada oo lasoo marinayo tiirka, kolka culeyska qorsheynta waxa uu
qaadanayaa (1.4Gk+1.6Qk).

Lc waa nuska dulalaatiga u dhaxeeya bartamayaasha tiirka (haddii ay ka

badanyihiin hal) ama fogaanta geeska salka cuban, si kasta oo uu u weynyahayba,
wuxa uu gaarayaa (3/4)(c+3d), saddex meelood laba meel sidaqa loo baahanyahay

99
jihadaasi waa in uu diiradda saaraa aagga laga soo billaabo xariiqa bartamaha tiirka
iyo fogaanta 1.5d laga soo billaabo wajiga tiirka. Maadaama c uu yahay ballaca
tiirka iyo d oo ah moolka dhibban ee salka koosiriga. Haddii kale sidaqu waxaa
macquul ah in uu noqdo mid isku mid ah oo u qeybsan dhammaan lc.

6.1.2. Jaraha joogga ee dhexmaro dhammaan ballaca fadhiga

Quwadda jaraha joogga waa wadarta culeyska ku dhaca qeybta dibadda ee loo
danleeyahay.

Fiigga jaraha waa ν = V/(ld) halka l ay tahay jiifka ama ballaca fadhiga.

6.1.3. Jeerarka

Dulalaatiga biraha waa in aysan ka badneyn 3d ama 750 mm, laakin dulalaatiga
ugu yar waxaa macquul ah in uu ku xiranyahay qaddarta/inta bir ee jactadka ah ee
la adeegsaday/la-dabbaqay.

6.1.4. Heerka ugu yar ee sulubka

Heerka ugu yar ee sulubka ee loo adeegsanayo aas-aaska waa in uu noqdaa heerka
35.

6.1.5. Daboolka la qaadanayo

Af-garadku waxa uu sheegayaa daboolka ugu yar in uu ahaadaa 75 mm hadii

sulubka si toos ah loogugu shubo dhulka, ama 40mm hadii lagu shubayo heykal
isku filan. (Rei2)

100
 6.1.6. Tusaale qorsheynta fadhi la saaray culeys wareeg ah

Tiir ah 300 mm×300 mm h = 3m sida culeys manoole ah 500kN iyo culeys

noole ah 100kN. Cadaadiska la qaadikaro waa 200kN/m2 (waxa uu ku
xiranyahay nowca dabeecadda ciidda). Heerka sulubka waa 35 halka heerka
sidaquna yahay 460. Daboolka loo qaateenka ah waa 40 mm.

Xajmiga salka/fadhiga

U qaado culeyska fadhiga 50kN racdin-reeb ahaan.

dhammaan culeyska saran tiirka = 500 + 100 + 50 = 650kN

Badka fadhiga marka loo eego cadaadiska loo adkeysankaro = 650/200 = 3.25m2.
Noo oggolaw in aynu adeegsanno fadhi ah 1.9 m×1.9 m = 3.61m2

Duubmiga birta

Culeyska ugu fog = (1.4×500)+(1.6×100) = 860 kN

Cadaadiska ugu fog ee fadhiga = 860/3.61 = 238kN/m2 laakin adeegso 860/3.25 =
265kN/m2
Qeybta murugsan YY ee wajiga tiirka waa

𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑢𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑎 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑘𝑎

Myy = cadaadiska ugu fog ee fadhiga × ( - ) × Salka ruugga
2 2
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑢𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑎 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑘𝑎
( − )
×( 2 2
)
2

1.9 0.3
1.9 0.3 ×( − )×
Myy = 265 × ( - ) × 1.9× ( 2 2
) = 265×0.8×1.9×0.4 = 161kNm
2 2 2

Iskuday in moolka idil 400 mm uu yahay mid anfacaya, lehna 16 mm bir labada
dhinac.

101
Culeyska ruugga = 1.9×1.9×0.4×25 = 36 kN
36 kN < 50 kN. Sidaasi darteed culeyska loo qaatay qorsheynta waa uu ka
weynyahay kan loo baahanyahay ama culeyska ugu fog ee fadhiga. Taasi waa si
wanaagsan.
Moolka dhibban ee lakabka sare ee birta waa
d = 400 – 40 – 16−16/2 = 336 mm
k = M/ (bd2fcu) = 161×106/(1900×3362×35) = 0.021445<0.156
z = 0.5+√(0.25–0.021/0.9) = 327.8 >0.95×336 = 319mm

Adeegso 319mm
As = 161×106/(0.9524×319×460) = 1152 mm2
𝜋162
Badka birta 16 mm = 1152/ = 5.73
4
𝜋162
La helay 6T16 bir, As = 6× = 1206 mm2.
4

Qeybinta sidaqa ayaa la xisaabiyaa si loo waafajiyo shuruucda.

3/4(c+3d) = 0.75 (300+3×336) = 981 mm

ℓc = 1900/2 = 950 mm< 981 mm

Biruhu waxaa la isu jirsiinkaraa (1900 – 80)/5 ka yimid 6 bir = 380 adeegso
364mm, 80mm ka soo haray waa daboollada labada dhinac.

Dhererka dhammeystiran dhidibka loogaga baahanyahay kaasi oo maraya wajiga

tiirka waa 40×16 = 640mm.

Jaraha joogga
𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑢𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑘𝑎
V = cadaadiska ugu fog ee fadhiga × (( - )-d) × salka
2 2

ruugga. d = 0.336m
1.9 0.3
V = 265 × (( - )-0.336) × 1.9 = 233.624kN
2 2

102
v = 233.624×103/ (1900×336) = 0.366 N/mm2

100 As/(bd) = 100×1206/(1900×336) = 0.189,

400/d = 400/336 1.19>1.0, take 1.19.

fcu = 35<40

vc = 0.79×(0.189)1/3(1.19)1/4(35/25)1/3/1.25 = 0.424 N/mm2

(v = 0.366) < (vc = 0.424)

Wax sidaq jare ah looma baahno.

Jaraha jugta ah

Jaraha jugta ah waxaa lagu hubiyaa bad-eegga 1.5d = 504 mm laga soo billaabo
wajiga tiirka.

Bad-eegga murugsan waa

c+3d = 300 + 3×336 = 1308mm

Bad-eegga , u =1308×4 dhinac = 5232 mm

Quwadda jaraha V= cadaadiska ugu fog fadhiga (isku-wareegga salka ruugga−

(c+3d)2) = V = 265(1.92– 1.3082) = 503.3kN

v = 503.3×103/ (5232×336) = 0.29 N/mm2

vc = 0.434 N/mm2 laga soo qaatay jadwalka 3.8 ee af-garadka

0.25>100As/(bd)>0.15 marka heerka sulubku tahay 25. (v = 0.29) < (vc = 0.434)
sidaasi darteed wax sidaqa jaraha ah looma baahno.

103
Hubinta fiigga jaraha ugu weyn ee wajiga tiirka

V = 265×(1.92−0.32) = 932.8 kN

uo (tiir) = 4×300 = 1200 mm

vweyn = 932.8×103/(1200×336) = 2.3 N/mm2<(0.8√35 = 4.73 N/mm2) taasi waa

hagaag.

Jeerarka

Dulalaatiga biraha waa in uusan ka badneyn 3d ama 750 mm sida aan kor ku soo
xusnay, biraha jactadka ah ee la adeegsanayo waa 0.19% halka boqolleyda sidaqa
(100As/bd) uu ka yaryahay 0.3 %. Sidaasi darteed ma jirto hubin kale ee loo
baahanyahay.

6.2. FADHI CUBAN EE LASAARAY CULEYS AANAN SAL FADHIYA

LAHEYN
6.2.1. Cadaadiska joogga

Cadaadiska salka ee culeyska aanan sugneyn ee la saaray salka cuban waxaa loo
qadankarayaa in uu kala duwanyahay halka uu ka jarayo salka marka loo eegayo
dana qorsheyn.
Culeysyada ku dhaca salka waa culeysyo wareeg ah P, duubmi M iyo culeysyo
jiifa H. Aaddimada salka waa jiif ℓ, ballac b iyo mool h.

Badka fadhiga Α = bℓ

Qeybta la shaqeynta/horgalaha Z = bℓ2/6

104
Dhammaan culeysyada P+W iyo duubmiga ka jira qeybta hoose ee fadhiga oo ah
M+Hh. Cadaadiska ugu fog ee dhulka waa

P+W M+Hh
Pmax = +
𝐴 𝑍

Taasi waa in aysan ka badan cadaadiska ugu danbeeya ee la qaadikaro. Culeyska

aanan fadhin ee uu sababayo fal-galaka waa

M+Hh
e=
P+W

Haddii e < ℓ/6 waxaa jira cadaadis ka jira guud ahaan fadhiga. Haddii e > ℓ/6 qeyb
kamid ah fadhiga ayuusan dhulku xambaarsaneyn. xaaladdaasi

c = ℓ/2 − e

Jiifka wax xambaarsan waa 3c. Cadaadiska ugu badan waa

2(P+W)
Pmax =
3bc

Mararka qaar salku waxaa loogu dajinkaraa tiir si aanan fadhinin ayada oo lagu
magacaabayo e1 si uu baddal kaga noqdo duubmiga uu sababo culeyska joogtada
ah waxa uuna bixinayaa cadaadis iskumid ah.

Culeyska aanan fadhinin e1 = (M+Hh)/P

6.2.2. U adkeysiga culeysyada jiifa

Culeysyada jiifa ee lagu dabbaqo fadhiyada waxa ay u adkeystaan cadaadiska

dadban ee dhulka kaasi oo lid ku ah geeska salka, is-liska u dhaxeeya fadhiga iyo
dhulka ee isqabsi-la’aanta sida bacaadka oo kale, ama isku dhagga isqabsiga ciidda
sida dhoobada oo kale. Guud ahaan, culeysku waxa uu u adkeysandoonaa isu-tagga
dhammaan howlaha. Koosiriga sagxadda dhulka sidoo kale waxaa loo
105
adeegsankaraa in lagu caabbiyo culeysyada jiifa. Quwadaha waxaa laga ansaxiyaa
qaab ciideedka ayada oo la xisaabinayo u adkeysiga quwadaha uu bixinayo laba
xaaladood ee dhulka uu leeyahay kalana ah ciid isqabsi-la’aan (bacaad) ah iyo ciid
isku-dhagto.

6.2.3. Ciid aanan is-qabsan

Xagasha is-liska dhexe ee ciidda iyo cufnaanta/jiriqa ciidda γ.

Cadaadiska dadban ee dhulka p leh mool h waxa uu bixinayaa

P = γhkp

Kp = (1+sinθ)/(1-sinθ)

Haddii p1 iyo p2 yihiin cadaadiska dadban ee dhulka ee korka iyo hoosta fadhiga,
kolkaa adkeysiga dadban

R1 = 0.5bh(p1+p2) halka h×b = moolka salka × ballaca salka

Haddii μ uu yahay horgalaha is-liska u dhaxeeya fadhiga iyo dhulka, guud ahaan u
adkeysiga is-liska waxa uu qaadanayaa

R3 = μ (P+W)

6.2.4. Ciidda is-qabsata

Ciidda is-qabsata waxa ay tusineysaa is-qabsiga cadaadiska ebarka caadiga ah c

iyo isku-dhagga u dhaxeeya fadhiga iyo culeyska β. U adkeysiga fadhiga culeyska
jiifa waa

R = R2+R4+R3

R = 2cbh+0.5bh (p3+p4) +βℓb

106
Halka cadaadiska dadban p3 ee qeybta sare uu la egyahay γh1, cadaadiska dadban
p4 ee qeybta hoose waxa uu la egyahay γh2 iyo ℓ oo ah jiifka fadhiga.

6.2.5. Heykalka qorsheynta

Heykalka qorsheynta ee fadhiga la saaray culeyska ugu fog kaasi oo soo celiyay
culeys iyo duubmi ugu fog ee fadhiga kaga imaanayo tiirka. Fadhi la kawiyay iyo
mid la sugay.

6.2.6. Tusaale qorsheynta sal la saaray culeys aanan fadhin

Cabbirka tiirka waa 400 mm isku-wareeg ah iyo sal ruug leh (3500×2500 mm)
jooggiisu waa 500mm. Fadhiga/salka waxaa lagu kaalay koosiri sagxad dhulka ah
oo leh qiro 150 mm. U qaado daboolka 40mm iyo 20mm oo ah dhex-roorka biraha.
Ciiddu waa dhoobo leh dabeecadahan soosocda:

Halbeeg culeys = 15 kN/m3

Cadaadiska ciiddu caabbinkarto = 130 kN/m2

Is-qabsiga = 50 kN/m2

Heerka sulubka waa 35 halka heerka sidaqa yahay 460.

Culeyska ka yimaada dhismaha leh tiir dhexe lehna ruug ayaa waxa uu noqonayaa
sidan soo socota:-

107
U qaado tiirka in lagu dabbaqay culeys iyo duubmi sidan soo socota

Culeyska sare/joogga:

Gk = 600kN and Qk = 200kN

Culeyska jiifa:

Gk = 30kN iyo Qk = 10kN

Duubmi

Gk = 60kNm iyo Qk = 20kNm

108
Cadaadiska fadhiga ugu badan ee ciidda saaran

Culeyska fadhiga+koosiriga = (0.5+0.15) ×3.5×2.5×25 = 142.2kN

Culeyska idil = 600+200+142.2 = 942.2kN

Duubmiga idil = 60+20+ 0.5(30+10) = 100kNm

Badka fadhiga Α = bℓ = 2.5×3.5 = 8.75 m2

Qeybta la shaqeynta/horgalaha Z = bℓ2/6 = 2.5×3.52/6 = 5.1 m3

Cadaadiska salka ugu weyn = (culeyska idil / badka salka Α) + (duubmiga idil /
qeybta la shaqeynta/horgalaha Z) = 942.2/8.75+100/5.1 = 107.68+19.61 = 127.29
kN/m2

Cadaadiska salka ugu weyn = 127.29 kN/m2 < (cadaadiska la caabbinkaro =

130kN/m2)

U adkeysiga culeyska jiifa

Hubbi adkeysiga dadban ee ciidda adiga oo aanan u qaadaneynin dhulka in uu

leeyahay koosiri tusaale ahaan.

Marka uusan jirin iskudhag, β = 0, (h1 = 0, p3 = 0), (h2 = 0.4, p4 = halbeegga

culeyska ×h2 = 15×0.5 = 7.5)

Adkeysiga dadban waa = 2cbh+0.5bh (p3+p4) +βℓb

Is-qabsi = 50kN/m2, b = 2.5m, h = 0.5, p3 = 0, p4 = 7.5, βℓb = 0.

= {2×50×2.5×0.5} + {0.5×2.5×0.5× (0+7.5)} + 0 = 125+4.7 = 129.7kN

Culeys jiifa ee leh racdin-reeb = (1.4×30) + (1.6×10) = 58kN

109
Adkeysiga dadban 129.7 > 58kN.

U adkeysiga culeyska jiifa waa la aqbalikarayaa.

Qorsheynta sidaqa duubmiga

Qorsheyntu waxaa laga soo saaraa culeyska ugu fog ee ka yimaada tiirka.

Birta duubmiga gudbanka dheer

Culeyska wareegga N = (1.4×culeyska quman ee manoolaha) + (1.6×culeyska

quman ee noolaha)

Culeyska jiifa H = (1.4×culeyska jiifa ee manoolaha) + (1.6×culeyska jiifa ee

noolaha)

Duubmi M = (1.4× culeyska quman ee manoolaha) + (1.6× culeyska quman ee

noolaha) + (h×culeys jiifa)

Cadaadiska ugu weyn = (culeyska wareegga/badka fadhiga A) + (duubmi M/

qeybta la shaqeynta(horgalaha) Z)

Cadaadiska ugu yar = (culeyska wareegga/badka fadhiga A) - (duubmi M/qeybta la

shaqeynta(horgalaha) Z)

Culeyska wareegga N = (1.4×600) + (1.6×200) = 1160kN

Culeyska jiifa H = (1.4×30) + (1.6×10) = 58kN

Duubmi M = (1.4×60) + (1.6×20) + (0.5×58) = 145kNm

Cadaadiska ugu weyn = 1160/8.75 +145/5.1 = 161kN/m2

Cadaadiska ugu yar = 1160/8.75 -145/5.1 = 104kN/m2

110
Cadaadiska u qeybsan wajiga tiirka waa

Cadaadis = cadaadiska ugu yar + (cadaadiska ugu weyn – cadaadiska ugu yar) × (l
𝑙−ℎ
- )/l
2

3.5−0.4
Cadaadiska = 104+ (161−104) × (3.5- )/3.5 = 104+(57) ×(3.5-1.55/3.5)
2

135.8kN/m2

Duubmiga wajiga tiirka waa

𝑙−ℎ 2 𝑙−ℎ
My = cadaadiska×b× ( ) /2) + h2 (cadaadiska ugu weyn – cadaadiska) × b × (
2 2
𝑙−ℎ
) × (2/3) × ( )
2

3.5−0.4 2 3.5−0.4 3.5−0.4

My = 135.8×2.5× ( ) /2) +0.5 (161–135.8) ×2.5× ( ) × (2/3) × ( )
2 2 2

My = 135.8×2.5×1.552/2+0.5 (161−135.8) ×2.5×1.55× (2/3) ×1.55= 407.8+50.45 =

458kN.

Moolka dhibban ee salka lakabka waa

d = 500−40−20/2 = 450mm

k = M/ (bd2 fcu) = 458×106/ (2500×4502×35) = 0.02585<0.156

z = 450(0.5+√ (0.25–0.02585/0.9)) = 437mm > 0.95d = 427.5mm.

Adeegso 427.5mm

As = 458×106/ (0.9524×460×427.5) = 2445 mm2

Waxaa la helay 8T20. As = 2513 mm2.

0.75 (c+3d) = 0.75 (400+3×450) = 1312.5 mm,

ℓc = 2500/2 = 1250 mm

111
0.75 (c+3d) > ℓc = 1312.5mm > 1250mm.

Biraha la helay waa 8 bir lehna 345 mm bartama (dulalaati) si ay u bixiso badka
idil ee birta 2513 mm2.

Hubi birta ugu yar: 100 AS/ (bd) = 100×2513/ (2500×450) = 0.2234>0.13, taasi
waa ay ka weyntahay birta sidaqa ugu yar, kolka waa hagaag.

Birta duubmiga gudbanka gaaban

Isku-celceliska cadaadiska = h2× (cadaadiska ugu weyn + cadaadiska ugu yar) =

132.5kN/m2
Isku-celceliska cadaadiska = 0.5× (161 + 104) = 132.5kN/m2
𝑏−ℎ 2
Duubmiga Mx = isku-celceliska cadaadiska × l × (( ) )/2
2

2.5−0.4 2
Duubmiga Mx = 132.5 × 3.5 × (( ) )/2 = 255.6 kNm
2

Moolka dhibban d = 500 – 40 – 20 –10 = 430 mm

k = M/(bd2fcu) = 255.6×106/(3500×4302×35) = 0.0113 < 0.156
z = 430(0.5+√(0.25 – 0.0113/0.9)) = 424.5 > 0.95d = 408.5

Adeegso 408.5mm
As = 255.6×106/(0.9524×460×408.5) = 1428mm2
Badka birta diiqa ugu yar (marka fy = 460N/mm2) sida uu sheegaya jadwalka 3.25
ee af-garadka waa 0.13%.
As = (0.13/100) ×3500×500 = 2275 mm2

Waxaa la helay 8T20. As bad ah = 2513 mm2

0.75 (c+3d) = 0.75 (400+3×430) = 1267.5 mm,

ℓc = 3500/2 = 1750 mm
112
0.75 (c+3d) <ℓc = 1267.5mm < 1750mm.

Fogaantaasi loogaga baahanyahay sidaqa way ka badantahay fogaanta la qaatay,

2
sidaasi darteed saddex meelood laba meel oo bir ah ( ×8 = 5 bir waa 4 dulalaati)
3

ayaa la dhigayaa aagga dhexe ee leh ballaca 1267 mm. Waxaa kale oo la helay
2500−400
5T20 oo leh dulalaati 300mm. Marinka sare = ( )-(1267-(300×4)) = 1050-
2

67 = 983mm ballac ah. Saddex meelood hal meel ayaa la dhigayaa aagga dhexe
1
( ×5 = 2 bir waa 1 dulalaati) waxaa la helay 2T20 leh dulalaati 900 mm.
3

Jaraha joogga

Gudbanka dheer

Fiigga jaraha quman waxaa lagu hubiyaa d = 450 mm laga soo billaabo wajiga
tiirka.

Cadaadiska = cadaadiska ugu yar + (cadaadiska ugu weyn−cadaadiska ugu yar) ×

𝑙−ℎ
(l− +h)/l
2

Cadaadiska d = 104 + (161−104) × (3.5−1.55+0.4)/3.5 = 129kN/m2

Jaraha fogaanta d laga soo billaabo wajiga tiirka waa

𝑙−ℎ
Vy = h2(cadaadiska d × cadaadiska ugu weyn)×b×( −h)
2

Vy = 0.5(129+161)×2.5×(1.55−0.4) = 417 kN
v = 417×103/(2500×450) = 0.37 N/mm2
100As/(bd) =100×2513/(2500×450) = 0.2234 <3.0
400/d = 400/450 = 0.89 <1.0, qaado 1.0
vc = 0.79×(0.2234)1/3 (1.0)1/4 (35/25)1/3/1.25 = 0.43 N/mm2

113
v < vc = 0.37 < 0.43
Wax sidaqa jaraha ah looma baahno.

Gudbanka gaaban

d = 430mm

Isku-celceliska cadaadiska = h2 (wadarta cadaadiska ugu badan iyo kan ugu yar)
isku-celceliska cadaadiska = 0.5(161+104) = 132.5kN/m2

Isku-celceliska cadaadiska ku dhaca dhamman badka aaddimada

{(b − h)/2 − h}×l

{(2500− 400)/2−400 = 650mm}×3500 mm
Jaraha fogaanta d laga soo billaabo wajiga tiirka waa
Vy = 132.5×3.5×0.65 = 301kN
v = 301×103/(3500×430) = 0.2 N/mm2
100As/(bd) = 100×2513/(3500×430) = 0.167 <3.0
400/d = 400/430 = 0.93 <1.0, adeegso 1.
vc = 0.79×(0.167)1/3 (1.0)1/4 (35/25)1/3/1.25 = 0.39 N/mm2
v < vc = 0.2 < 0.39

Wax sidaqa jaraha ah looma baahno.

114
 Jugta jaraha iyo jaraha ugu weyn (hubinta idil)

Jaraha jugta waxaa lagu hubiyaa bad-eegga 1.5d laga soo billaabo wajiga tiirka.

Isku-celceliska d = 0.5 (450 + 430) = 440 mm

Isku-celceliska 100As /(bd) = 0.5(0.2234+0.167) = 0.1952

400d = 400/440 = 0.91 < 1.0, qaado 1.0

vc= 0.79×(0.1952)1/3 (1.0)1/4 (35/25)1/3/1.25 = 0.41 N/mm2

c+3d = 400+3×440 =1720 mm

Bad-eegga u = 1720×4 dhinac = 6880 mm

Isku-celceliska cadaadiska = 0.5(161+104) = 132.5kN/m2

Hubinta fiigga jaraha ugu weyn ee kajira kaliya wajiga tiirka.

Jare V = 132.5× (3.5×2.5 − 0.4×0.4) = 1138kN

u0.tiir = 4×440 = 1760mm

vweyn = 1138×103/(1760×440) = 1.47N/mm2 < (0.8√35 = 4.73 N/mm2)

Jaraha V = 132.5 (3.5×2.5−1.722) = 767.4kN

V = 767.4×103/ (6880×440) = 0.25 N/mm2

V < vc = 0.25 < 0.41

Fadhigu waxa uu leeyahay awood u adkeysi jare si uu ugu adkeysto jugta/kadiska

jaraha fashilka (wax buriya).

115
 CUTUB 7

7. DARBI-RIIX

7.1. Nowcyada darbi-riixa

Darbi-riixyadu waa heykal loo adeegsado si la iskaga ilaaliya culeyska ka
yimaada dhinaca ee cadaadiska ciidda kaasi oo anan istaagikarin kaaliye
la,aan.

Nowcyada darbi-riixyada waxa ay ka layihiin sidan soo socota:

1. Daganaashaha jiidashda darbiga waxaa loo qaataa culeyska sulubka ee

darbiga;
2. Darbi lalmanaya waa darbi koosiri ah kaasi oo u shaqeeya qaabka lalmad
taagan oo kale. Daganaashaha waxaa loo qaataa culeyska heykalka iyo
dhulka salka dhexe ama culeyska heykalka kaliya marka salka/fadhiga si
sax ah loo dhiso;
116
 3. Dhufeysyada iyo xeyndaabyada waa koosiri taagan kaasi oo laga kaalay
saddex dhinac oo salka ah.
7.2. Cadaadiska dhulka ee darbi-riixa

Cadaadiska dhulka waa cadaadis ka yimaada walxaha xakameysan ee darbi-riixa.

Cadaadiskani waxa uu abbaaraa in uu u qalloociyo darbiga bannaanka.

7.2.1. Nowcyada cadaadiska dhulka:

 Cadaadis toos ah ee dhulka ama cadaadiska dhulka (Pa) ama
 Cadaadis dadban ee dhulka (Pp).

Cadaadiska tooska ah ee dhulka waxa uu u istaagaa in uu darbiga ka soo

qalloociyo dhanka ciidda.

7.3. Sibqasho/simbiriraxyo

Quwadda cadaadiska tooska ah (Pa) = kaρh

1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Ka = =
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Ayada oo la tixgalinayo quwadda ku dhacda 1 m ee jiifka darbiga. Quwadda jiifka

ee darbiga ee uu sababa ciid-buuxiska FA, waa FA = 0.5pah

Quwadda is-liska FF, waa FF = µWt

Wt waa wadarta quwadda taagan ee darbiga ciidda iyo salka

Quwadda cadaadiska dadban (Pp) = kaρh

Halka ka = horgalaha cadaadiska toosan ee dhulka

= (1-sin)/(1+sin) = tan2  = 1/kp, horgalaha cadaadiska dadban ee dhulka

 = Xagashada is-liska dhexe

117
 = Halbeegga culeyska ama cufnaanta ciid-dhigga

Tusaale: haddii  = 30, ka =1/3 iyo kp = 3. Sidaasi baa ka noqoneysaa 9 jeerka kp.

Lakin kp = 0 marka (FF/FA) > 1.5

7.4. ROGMASHADA

Qaadashada duubmiga barta foodda ah, wadarta duubmiyada isku soo rogmaya
(Mrog) waa
F𝐴 ×H
M=( ) habka quwadda saddex xagalka.
3

N = quwadda idil = wadarta

Culeyska darbiga (Ww) = tw × hw × culeyska sulubka

Culeyska fadhiga (Wb) = tb × Lb × culeyska sulubka
Culeyska ciidda (Ws) = Ls × hs × halbeegga culeyska ciidda ρ

Wadarta duubmiyada laga soo celiyay barta foodda (Mcel) waa

Mcel = Ww × (Wt/2+Lfood) + Wb × (Lb/2 ) + Ws × (wt+ Lfood +Ls/2)

Racdin-reebka ka dhanka ah is-rogga waa (Mcel/Mrog) > 2.

118
7.5. CADAAADISKA UU QAADIKARO DHULKA

Duubmiga ku wareegta xarriiqa dhexe ee salka (barta ay ku dhacayso quwadda

salka) M waa

F𝐴 ×H
M=( ) + Ww × (Lb/2 + Wt/2) – Ws × (Lb/2 + Ls/2)
3

M/N > D/6, D waa jiifka salka Lb.

Cadaadiska dhulka ugu weyn waxa uu ka dhacaa foodda, pfood waa

Pfood = N/ Lb + (6×M)/ L2b

Pqoob = N/ Lb - (6×M)/ L2b

7.6. SIDAQA QALLOOCA

Darbi
Quwadda jiifta ee ku dhacda jirridda ee uu sababo carro-dhigga Fs waa

Fs = 0.5kaρhs

Duubmiga qorsheynta ee darbiga salka M waa

M = γfFshs

Kadib qorsheey sidaqa salka B

As.yar = 0.13%bh

119
Salka
Qoobka

Culeyska ka yimaada ciidda = Ws×1.4

P1 = pfood × 1.4

P2 = pqoob × 1.4

Ls (P1 −P2 )
P3 = P2 +
L𝑏

Duubmiga qorsheynta barta C Mc waa

Fs Ls 1.4MLs 2 P2 Ls 2 Ls 2 (P3 −P2 )

Mc = + - -
2 2Lb 2 2Ls

Kadib qorsheey sidaqa barta C

As.yar = 0.13%bh

Foodda
Duubmiga qorsheynta barta B MB waxa ay bixineysaa

P1 ×Lfood 2 1.4MLfood 2
Mb = -
2 2Lb

Kadib qorsheey sidaqa foodda (barta B)

Ama adeegso is-barbardhigga badka kor iyo hoos/salka adiga oo adeegsanayo

dhex-beegid

As.yar = 0.13%bh

(ASD)

120
7.7. Tusaale qorsheynta darbi-riix lalmanaya

Darbi-riixa lalmanaya ee hoos ka muuqda waxaa lagu ciid-dhigay walxa dhagxaan

jajab ah kuwaasi oo leh halbeeg culeys ρ ah 20 kN/m3 iyo is-lis xagal dhexe φ ah
31°. U qaado cadaadiska la oggolyahay ee ay ciiddu qaadikarto marka la tijaabiyay
in uu yahay 120 kN/m2, horgalaha is-liska µ waa 0.4 halka halbeegga culeyska
sidaqa sulubkuna yahay 25 kN/m3
1. Xisaabi racdin-reebyada kadhanka ah sibqashada iyo rogmashada.
2. Xisaabi cadaadiska uu qaadikaro dhulka.
3. Qorsheey sidaqa darbiga iyo salka adiga oo u qaadanaya fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy=
460N/mm2 iyo daboolka sidaqa darbiga in uu yahay 30mm halka daboolka salkuna
yahay 40mm.

Ayada oo la tixgalinayo quwadda ku dhaceyso 1 m ee jiifka darbiga. Quwadda

jiifta ee kudhacda darbiga ee ay sababto carro-dhigga FA waa
FA= 0.5ρah = 0.5 × 34.56 × 5.4 = 93.3 kN

121
Iyo
Culeyska darbiga (Ww) = 0.4 × 5 × 25 = 50 kN
Culeyska salka (Wb) = 0.4 × 4.2 × 25 = 42 kN
Culeyska ciidda (Ws) = 3 × 5 × 20 = 300 kN
Dhammaan culeysyada joogga (Wt) = 392 kN
Quwada is-liska FF waa
FF = µWt halka µ yahay horgalaha is-liska

FF = 0.4 × 392 = 156.8 kN

U qaado quwadda cadaadiska dadban (FP) = 0. Maadaama uu racdin-reebka
kadhanka ah sibqashada uu yahay
156.8
= 1.68 > 1.5. Hagaag
93.3

Rogmashada
Qaado duubmiga barta A (sida ka muuqata humaagga), wadarta duubmiyada is-
rogga (Mrog) waa
F𝐴 ×L 93.3×5.4
= = 168kNm
3 3

Wadarta duubmiyada lasooceliyay (Mcel) waa

Mcel = Ww × 1 + Wb × 2.1 + Ws × 2.7
= 50 × 1 + 42 × 2.1 + 300 × 2.7 = 948.2kNm
Racdin-reebka ka dhanka ah rogmashada waa
948.2
= 5.64 > 2. Waa si hagaagsan.
168

122
Cadaadiska uu qaadikaro dhulka
Duubmiga ku dhaca xarriiqa dhexe ee salka (M) waa
F𝐴 ×L 93.3×5.4
+ ww × 1.1 – ws × 0.6 = + 50× 1.1 – 300 × 0.6 = 43kNm
3 3

Dhammaan culeysyada kor ka imaanayo N = 392 kN.

𝑀 43 𝐷 4.2
= = 0.11m < = = 0.7
𝑁 392 6 6

Sidaasi darteed, cadaadiska ugu weyn dhulka ee ku dhaca foodda pfood kaasi oo
bixinaya
392 6 ×43
pfood = + = 93.3 + 14.626 = 108kN/m2 < cadaadiska la oggolyahay =
4.2 4.22

120kN/m2

Cadaadiska uu qaadikaro dhulka qeybta qoobka pqoob waa

392 6 ×43
Pqoob = - = 93.3 – 14.626 = 78.7kN/m2
4.2 4.22

Jalleeca sidaqa
Darbi
Joogga darbiga jirridda hs = 5 m. Quwadda jiifta ee jirridda ee ay sababto carro-
dhigga Fs waa
Fs = 0.5kaρhs2 = 0.5 × 0.32 × 20 × 52 = 80 kN/m ballac ahaan
Duubmiga qorsheynta darbiga salka M waa

γ𝑓 F𝑠 h𝑠 1.4×80×5
= = 186.7kN/m
3 3

123
Moolka dhibban
U qaado dhex-roorka birta weyn (Φ) = 20 mm.
Sidaasi darteed moolka dhibban d waa
d = hb − daboolka − Φ/2 = 400 − 30 − 20/2 = 360 mm

Duubmiga ugu fog ee u adkeysiga

Mu = 0.156fcubd2 = 0.156 × 35 × 1000 ×3602 ×10-6 = 707.6kNm
maadaama Mu >M, wax sidaq cadaadis ah looma baahno.

Badka birta

m 186.7×106
k= 2
= = 0.04116
fcu bd 35×1000×3602

z = 360(0.5+√(0.25–0.04116/0.9)) = 342.7> 0.95d = 342

Adeegso 342mm

As = 186.7×106/(0.9524×460×342) = 1246mm2/m

Waxaa la helay 5T20 leh dulalaati 200 mm (As = 1571 mm2/m) halka wajiga u
dhaw (UW) ee darbiga. Sidoo kale birtaasi waxaa loogaga baahanyahay wajiga
hore(HW) ee darbiga si loogaga hortago jeerarka xad-dhaafka ah. Tani waxaa
gundhig u ah badka birta ugu yar
= 0.13%bh = 0.13% × 1000 × 400 = 520 mm2/m
Sidaasi darteed, waxaa la helay 5T12 leh dulalaati 200mm (A s = 565 mm2/m)

124
Salka qoobka

Horgalaha Gk = 1.4

Culeyska ka yimaada ciidda = 300×1.4 = 420kN/m2

P1 = pfood × 1.4 = 108×1.4 = 151.2kN/m2

P2 = pqoob × 1.4 = 78.7 ×1.4 = 110.18kN/m2

3(151.2−110.18)
P3 = 110.18 + = 139.48kN/m2
4.2

Duubmiga qorsheynta barta C Mc waa

420×3 43×1.4×32 110.18×32 (139.48−110.18)×32

Mc = + - - = 155kNm
2 4.2×2 2 2×3

U qaado dhex-roorka birta weyn (Φ) = 20 mm iyo daboolka sidaqa in uu yahay 40

mm, moolka dhibban d waa
d = 400 − 40 − 20/2 = 350 mm

m 155×106
k= 2
= = 0.036
fcu bd 35×1000×3502

z = 350(0.5+√(0.25–0.036/0.9)) = 335.4 > 0.95d = 332.5

125
Adeegso 332.5

As = 155×106/(0.9524×460×332.5) = 1064mm2/m

Waxaa la helay 6T16 leh dulalaati 166 mm (As = 1206 mm2/m) qeybta kore (K) ee
salka.

Foodda

Duubmiga qorsheynta barta B MB waxa uu bixinayaa

151.2×0.82 43×1.4×0.82
Mb = - = 44kNm
2 4.2×2

Is-barbardhigga qeybta sare iyo qeybta hoose/salka ayada oo la adeegsanayo dhex-

beegid
44×1064
As = = 302mm2/m < badka birta uguyar = 0.13%bh = 0.13% × 1000 × 400
155

= 520 mm2/m
Sidaasi darteed, waxaa la helay 5T12 leh dulalaati 200mm (A s = 565 mm2/m)
wajiga hoose (H) ee salka sida birta loogugu qeybiyay oo kale salka iyo jirridda
darbiga.

126
FAAHFAAHINTA/MUUJINTA SIDAQA

127
 CUTUB 8

8. XAALADAHA SHAQEYNKARA EE XADDIDAN

8.1. Habacsanaan

Xaddidaada habacsanaanta iyo hubinta

𝐿
Habacsanaan waxaa la arkikarayaa marka uu ka badanyahay halka L ay tahay
250

gudbanka dogobka ama jiifka lalmadaha

Dhaawaca qeybaha, marsheynta iyo walxaha dhameystirka ayaa dhicidoona hadii

habacsanaantu ay ka badantahay
𝐿
1. ama 20mm si kasta oo ay u yartahay habacsanaanta dhameystirayaasha
500
𝐿
2. ama 20mm si kasta oo ay u yartahay habacsanaan la,aanta
350

dhameystirayaasha

Laba hab oo lagu hubiyo habacsanaantaasi waa in uusan ka badneyn

1. Ku xaddiditaanka saamiga gudbanka iyo moolka dhibban ayada oo la

adeegsanayo waddada af-garadka. Habkaasi waa in loo adeegsadaa
xaaladaha caadiga ah.
2. Ka xisaabinta habacsanaanta tuuraha

128
8.1.1. Saamiga gudbanka iyo moolka dhibban
𝑊𝐿
Qallooca duubmiga ugu badan = . halka W = dhammaan culeyska saaran
8

dogobka
𝑀𝑦 𝑊 𝐿𝑦 𝑊 𝐿0.5𝑑
Fiigga ugu badan 𝜎 = =
𝐼 8𝐼 8𝐼

I waa duubmiga labaad ee badka dogobka, d waa moolka dogobka, L waa

gudbanka.

Habacsanaanta la oggolyahay Δ waa

𝐿 5𝑊 𝐿3 𝑊 𝐿0.5𝑑5𝐿2 5 𝐿2 𝑔𝑢𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑎 𝐿 4.8𝐸

Δ= = = =𝜎 , = = . halka E yahay la
𝑞 384𝐸𝐼 8𝐼24𝐸𝑑 24𝐸𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑘𝑎 𝑑 𝜎𝑞

shaqeeyaha xubinka.

Qiimaha loo oggolyahay saamiga gudbanka iyo moolka dhibban waxaa lagu
xisaabiyaa ayada oo la adeegsanayo waddada af-garadka kaasi oo xilliga xaaladaha
caadiga ah ku tiirsan

1. Saamiga gudbanka iyo moolka dhibban ee dogobyada leydiga ama

dacallaha iyo xaaladaha kaalaha
2. Inta/qaddarta birta diiqa iyo fiiggeeda
3. Inta/qaddarta birta cadaadiska

8.1.2. Gundhigga saamiga gudbanka iyo moolka dhibban

Haddii bw/b > 0.3, dhexbeegga toosan ee u dhaxeeya qiimayaasha bw/b = 0.3 iyo
bw/b = 1. (dogob leydi) ayaa la isticmaalikarayaa.

L/d la aqbalikaro waa ay ku yartahay dogob dacallaha maxaa yeelay dogob

dacalluhu ma aha sida sulub uu ugu badanyahay qeybta diiqa sida dogob leydiga
sidaasi darteed qallafsanaanta dogobka hoos ayey u dhaceysaa.
129
 Jadwalka 3.9 ee af-garadka: saamiga gudbanka gundhigga iyo moolka dhibban

Xaaladda kaalaha Saamiga gudbanka iyo moolka dhibban

Dogob leydi Dogob dacalle, bw/b≤0.3

Lalmade 7 5.6
Dogob sahal-kaal 20 16.0
Dogob taxan/xiran 26 20.8

8.1.3. Sidaqa diiqa

Saamiga gudbanka iyo moolka dhibban ee laga sooq aatay jadwalka 3.9 ee af-
garadka ayaa lagu dhufanayaa isirka asal-dooriyaha laga soo qaatay jadwalka 3.10.
isirka asal dooriyaha waxa uu bixinayaa qaaciddada ku xusan af-garadka:

477−𝑓𝑠
Isirka asal-dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa i.a.s.d. = 0.55+ 𝑚 ≤ 2.
120(0.9+
𝑏𝑑2

𝑚
waa qadarta sidaqa diiqa meesha ku jira
𝑏𝑑2

2 𝐴𝑠.𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑎𝑏 1
Adeegga fiigga fs waxaa lagu qiyaasaa qaaciddadan fs = fy
3 𝐴𝑠.ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝛽

As.rabo waa badka birta diiqa loogaga baahanyahay dhexda gudbanka si loo kaalo
awoodda ugu fog

As.helay waa badka birta diiqa la helay ee dhexda gudbanka

β = 1.0 dogobka aanan xaddidneyn ee sugan (ku xiran caabbinta).

1. Fiigga uu sababayo culeysku waxa uu bixinayaa (2/3)fy. Taasi waxaa lagu

tirinayaa racdin-reebka gaarka ah ee culeysyada iyo walxaha loo
adeegsado qorsheynta xaaladda ugu fog ee xaddidan
130
 2. Hadii bir ka badan birta la soo xisaabiyay la qaato fiiggu hoos ayuu u
dhacayaa taasi oo ay sababeyso saamiga ah As.rabo/As.helay.

Samiga gudbanka iyo d ee la oggolyahay waa uu yaraanayaa marka ay qeybtu ku

jirto bir badan. Maxaa yeelay fiigga birta ee lagu cabbira M/(bd2), waa uu
kordhayaa.

1. Moolka iyo dhex-jiirka ayaa kordhaya sidaasi darteed tuurta/xoodsanaanta

fiigga birta la haysto waa uu kordhayaa.
2. Waxaa jira sulub bad weyn ee kujira goobta cadaadiska, kaasi oo ku
hogaaminaya habac/calool weyn taasi oo ay ugu wacantahay
gurguuradka/degitaanka.
3. Qeybta ugu yar sulubka ku jira goobta diiqa waxa ay hoos u dhigeysaa
adkaanta/qallafsanaanta dogobka.

8.1.4. Sidaqa cadaadiska

Dhammaan sidaqa ku jira goobta cadaadiska waxa uu hoos u dhigayaa

iskusookogidda sulubka iyo gurguuradka iyo wiliba xoodsanaanta. Tani waxa ay
saameyneysaa hoos u dhaca habacsanaanta. Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa
cadaadiska:-
100𝐴′𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣

Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa cadaadiska i.a.s.c. = 1+ 𝑏𝑑

100𝐴′𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ≤1.5.
3+ 𝑏𝑑

Halka A′s.helay waa badka sidaqa la helay goobta cadaadiska

131
8.1.5. Hubinta habacsanaanta
𝐿 𝐿
( )oggol > ( )xaqiiqi
𝑑 𝑑

𝐿 𝐿
( )oggol = ( )gundhig × i.a.s.d.× i.a.s.c.
𝑑 𝑑

𝐿
( )gundhig waxaa laga helayaa jadwalka 3.9 ee af-garaka
𝑑

8.1.6. Tusaale hubinta habacsanaanta dogob leydi

Adiga oo adeegsanaya tusaale dogob leydi laba-sidaq ah

Waxa aad haysatid iyo waxa aad qaadatay

8m gudbanka ah, b = 300mm, h = 400mm, d = 310mm, d’ 40mm, m = 282.4 KNm,

As = 2020mm2. As.helay = (4T25+2T16) = 2365 mm2

A s̀ .rabo = 366 mm2 A ̀s.helay = 402 mm2 = 2T16

Heerka sulubka waa 30, heerka sidaquna waa 460.

Ugu horreyn

477−𝐟𝐬
Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa i.a.s.d. = 0.55+ 𝐦 ≤ 2.
120(0.9+ 𝟐
𝐛𝐝

𝑚 282.4×106 2 𝐴𝑠.𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2×2020 1

= = 9.8, fs = fy = 460 = 262
𝑏𝑑2 300×3102 3 𝐴𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽 3×2365 1

477−262
i.a.s.d. = 0.55+ = 0.72 ≤ 2.
120(0.9+9.8)

100𝐴′𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣

Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa cadaadiska i.a.s.c.=1+ 𝑏𝑑

100𝐴′𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ≤1.5.
3+ 𝑏𝑑

132
 100×402

i.a.s.c. = 1+ 300×360
100×402 = 1.11≤1.5.
3+
300×360

𝐿 𝐿
( )gundhig × i.a.s.d. × i.a.s.c. >( )xaqiiqi
𝑑 𝑑

𝐿
( )gundhig dogob sahal-kaal laga soo qaatay jadwalka = 20
𝑑

Gudban/mool ee la oggolyahay = 20×0.72×1.11 = 16

Gudbanka xaqiiqiga/mool = 8000/360 = 20

Dogobkani habacsanaan ayaa ka muuqata sidaasi darteed waa in la badalaa

cabbirrada loo qaatay ama gudbanka.

133
 8.2. JEERAR/DILLAAC

8.2.1. Xaddiditaanka iyo hagidda jeerarka

Waxaa jira laba wadda oo lagu xakameeyo jeerarka:
1. Xaaladaha caadiga ah waxa ay leeyihiin shuruuc lagu xaddido dulalaatiga
ugu badan ee biraha kujira qeybta diiqa
2. Xaalad qaas ah taasi oo loo isticmaalo qaaciddo uu bixinayo af-garadka BS
8110: Part 2, qeybta 3.8.

134
8.2.2. Xakameynta dulalaatiga biraha dogobka

Dulalaatiga la bixiyay ee biraha waxa uu ballaca jeerarka ku xaddididoonaa

0.3mm.

Shuruucyada waa sidan:-

1. Dhex-roorka birta ka yar 0.45 ta birta ugu weyn ee ku jirta qeybta waa in la
iska indhatiraa marka laga reebo marka la tixgalinayo biraha ku jira
wajiyada dhinacyada dogobyada.
2. Fogaanta jiifka bannaan S1 ee u dhaxeeya biraha ama kooxa bira ah ee
dogobka waa in uusan ka yaraan qiimaha uu bixinayo jadwalka 3.28 ee af-
garadka
70000
Dulalaatiga bannaan ≤ βb ≤ 300.
𝑓𝑦

β = 1.0 dogobka aanan xaddidneyn ee sugan (ku xiran caabbinta).

Fogaanta bannaan ee ugu weyn waxay ku xirantahay heerka sidaqa,
dulalaatiga ugu yar ayaa loo baahanyahay marka la adeegsanayo bir diiq-
dhammaatay si loo xakameeyo jeerarka maxaa yeelay fiigga iyo jiira-go’u
labaduba waa ay ku badanyihiin birta jilicsan.
3. Si kale ahddii loo dhigo dulalaatiga u dhaxeeya biraha waxaa lagu helikaraa
qaaciddada
70000 2 𝐴𝑠.𝑟𝑒𝑞 1
Dulalaaatiga bannaan ≤ ≤ 300. halka fs = fy
𝑓𝑠 3 𝐴𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽

4. Fogaanta bannaan S2 laga soo billaabo qiblagafka dogobka ilaa laga gaaro
oogada ugu dhaw biraha jiifa waa in aysan ka badan nuska qiimaha uu
bixinayo BS 8110: Part 1, jadwalka 3.28 ama qaaciddada kale (S2 waa
inaysan ka weynaan S1/2).
5. Haddii moolka idil ee dogobku uu ka badanyahay 750 mm, biraha
jiifa/ballaca ah waa in loo qaataa dulalaati S3 aanan ka badneyn 250 mm.

135
 Xajmiga birta waa in aysan ka yaraan √(Sb b/fy) halka Sb tahay dulalaatiga
birta, b waa ballaca dogobka.

8.2.3. Waddada/habka

Fogaanta bannaan S1 ee u dhaxeysa biraha:

S1 = (b−2C−2Øshakaal −2Øbir.weyn− Ø)/2

70000
Qiimaha la oggolyahay: dulalaatiga bannaan ≤ βb ≤ 300.
𝑓𝑦

47000 2 𝐴𝑠.𝑟𝑒𝑞 1
Qaacidda kale: dulalaatiga bannaan ≤ ≤ 300. halka fs = fy
𝑓𝑠 3 𝐴𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽

Hubi S2:

y = fogaanta laga soo billaaba dhinaca iyo salka ilaa bartamaha birta bidixda = C
+ Øshakaal + Øbir.weyn/2

S2 = √(𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 ) –Øbir.weyn/2.

Qiimaha la oggolyahay S2 = 0.5S1.

8.2.4. Sidaqa ugu yar ee dhinaca wajiyada

Dhex-roorka ugu yar birta = √(Sb b/fy)

Haddii moolka dogobku uu ka yaryahay 750 mm. Looma baahno bir dheeri ah ee
ku jirta dhinacyada wajiyada.

136
8.2.5. Tusaale hubinta jeerarka

Adeegso isla tusaalahii habacsananta

Waxa aad haysatid iyo waxa aad qaadatay

8m gudbanka ah, b = 300mm, h = 400mm, d = 310mm, d’ 40mm, m = 282.4 KNm,

As = 2020mm2. As.helay = 2365 mm2

A s̀ .rabo = 366 mm2 A ̀s.helay = 402 mm2 = 2T16
2
Birta diiqa (4T25+2T16). As.helay = 2365mm . Birta cadaadiska 2T16 bixinaya As =
2
402 mm iyo 8mm shakaal ah, dabool 30mm

Heerka sulubka waa 30, heerka sidaquna waa 460.

Fogaanta bannaan S1 u dhaxeysa biraha:

S1 = (b−2C−2Øshakaal−2Øbir.weyn−Ø)/2 = (300−2×30−2×8−2×25−25)/2 =
74.5mm
70000 70000
Qiimaha la oggolyahay: dulalaatiga bannaan ≤ βb ≤ 300 = = 152 ≤
𝑓𝑦 460

300.

47000 2 𝐴𝑠.𝑟𝑒𝑞 1
Qaacidda kale: dulalaatiga bannaan ≤ ≤ 300. halka fs = fy
𝑓𝑠 3 𝐴𝑠.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽

fs horay ayeynu ku soo helnay habacsanaanta 262N/mm2

47000
Kolka dulalaatiga bannaan ≤ = 179 ≤ 300.
262

137
Hubi S2:

y = fogaanta laga soo billaaba dhinaca iyo salka ilaa bartamaha birta bidixda = C
+ Øshakaal + Øbir.weyn/2 = 30 + 8 + 25/2 = 50.5mm

S2 =√(𝑦2 + 𝑦2) – Øbir.weyn/2 =√(50.52 + 50.52 ) −25/2 = 58.9mm

Qiimaha la oggolyahay S2 = 0.5S1 = 0.5×74.5 = 37.25mm. waa si habboon.

8.2.6. Dulalaatiga biraha lagu xakameeyo koosiriga

Dulalaatiga bannaan ee ugu weyn ee u dhaxeeya biraha koosiriga, af-garadku waxa

uu sheegayaa fogaanta sugan ee bannaan ee u dhaxeysa biraha waa in aysan ka
badan saddex jeer moolka dhibban ama 750 mm. Waxaa kale oo uu sheegayaa in
aanan loo baahneyn hubin kale haddii mid kamid ah (a), (b) ama (c) uu aqbalo,
halka:
(a) heerka 250 birta marka la adeegsanayo, moolka koosiriga in uusan ka badneyn
250 mm
(b) heerka 460 birta marka la adeegsanayo, moolka koosiriga in uusan ka badneyn
200 mm
(c) boqolleyda sidaqa 100As/(bd) waa uu ka yaryahay 0.3, b waa ballaca koosiriga
la tixgalinayo iyo d oo ah moolka dhibban.

138
 CUTUB 9

9. QUWADAHA/XOOGAGGA JARAHA
9.1. Jaraha caadiga ah

Fiigga jaraha-diiqsan ugu badan ee dhex-jiirku waxa uu bixinayaa

3𝑣
Vbadan = halka v tahay quwadda jaraha ku dhaca qeybta gabalka.
𝑏ℎ

Dogob dacalle, inta badan jaraha waxa uu kaga hortagaa tafta, sidaasi darteed
dogob dacallaha waxaa loo tixgalinkarayaa sida dogobya leydi leh aaddimo bw×h.

9.1.1. Fashilka jaraha

Fashilka jaruhu waxa uu ku xiranyahay saamiga fogaanta u dhaxeysa kaalayaasha

iyo barta uu kaga dhacayo culeyska diiradda ah gudbanka (halka uu jaruhu ka
yahay eber)

Kartida jaraha

Kartida jaraha waxaa loo qaataa qaacidda caadi ah si loo xisaabiyo fiigga jaraha
caadiga ah
𝑉
V=( ) kartida jaraha rasmiga ah
𝑏𝑣 𝑑

bv waa ballaca qeybta gabalka, v waa quwadda jaraha qorsheynta uu sababa

culeyska ugu fog, d waa moolka dhibban

Fiigga jaraha la oggolyahay ee ku dhaca sulubka Vc = ayaa la adeegsadaa si loo

xisaabiyo kartida jaraha ee qiimaha Vc kaasi oo ku xiran dhowr horgale sida:-

 Boqolleyda jactadka birta ku jirta xubinka

 Heerka sulubka

139
  Nowca jaayga
 Moolka dhibban

Si loo xisaabiyo kartida jaraha sulubka

0.79 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3 400 1/4

Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑦𝑚 𝑏𝑣𝑑 25 𝑑

100𝐴𝑠 400
𝛶𝑚 = 1.25, ( ) ≤3, ( ) > 1, fcu ≤ 40 N/mm2
𝑏𝑣𝑑 𝑑

Kartida jaraha ku badan goobaha u dhaw kaaliyaha

Fashilka jaraha ee dogobka marka uusan jirin jaraha sidaqa sida caadiga ah waxa
uu dhacaa 30º jiif ah, maxaa yeelay saamiga gudbanka jaraha av/d ayaa yar
xaaladdan.

Qorsheynta jaraha sulubka waxa uu ka kordhikaraa vc ilaa iyo inta lagu xaddiday
2vcd/av

Fiigga jaraha ugu badan

𝑉
Fiigga jaraha caadiga ah v = ( ) waa in uusan ka badan 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 ama 5N/mm2,
𝑏𝑣 𝑑

haddii kale cabbirka dogobka ayaa la baddalayaa.

𝑉
Xisaabi v = ( ) hubi v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 ama 5 N/mm2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑

Haddii v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 ama 5 N/mm2 kaddib baddal xajmiga dogobka

Haddii v > 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 ama 5 N/mm2 kaddib sii wad siina

0.79 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3 400 1/4

Xisaabi Vc = [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
𝛶𝑚 𝑏𝑣 𝑑 25 𝑑

100𝐴𝑠 400
𝛶𝑚 = 1.25, ( ) ≤ 3, ( ) > 1, fcu ≤ 40 N/mm2
𝑏𝑣𝑑 𝑑

140
Hubi v < vc iyo 0.5vc < v < (vc + 0.4) iyo (vc + 0.4) < v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢

haddii v < vc kaddib xisaabi si aad u hesho shakaalka ugu yar

𝐴𝑔𝑣 0.4𝑏𝑣
=
𝑆𝑣 0.9524𝑓𝑦𝑣

𝐴𝑔𝑣
haddii 0.5vc < v < (vc + 0.4) kaddib xisaabi si aad u hesho shakaalka ugu yar
𝑆𝑣
0.4𝑏𝑣
=
0.9524𝑓𝑦𝑣

haddii (vc + 0.4) < v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 kaddib xisaabi si aad u hesho shakaalka ugu yar
𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝑏𝑣 (𝑣−𝑣𝑐 )
=
𝑆𝑣 0.9524𝑓𝑦𝑣

9.1.2. Sidaqa jaraha ee shakaalka

Xagasha xagla-gooyaha ee fiigga diiqa iyo cadaadiska waxa uu noqondoonaa 45º

(nuska xagla-gooyaha)

9.1.2.1. Shakaalka joogga (fiiqan)

 Sidaqa diiqa ee salka ku jira
 Rarka ku jira xubinka fiiqan
 Sulub jeeraray ee ku jira xagla-gooyaha xubinka cadaadiska
 Sulub aanan jeerarin ee k ujira dogobka qeybtiisa sare

Xagasha jeerarka = 45º, iyo fogaanta u dhaxeysa kor iyo hoos (fogaanta joogga) d
= fogaanta jiifka (dulalaatiga shakaalka) sv, sidaasi darteed inta shakaal ee ku jirta
fogaanta jiifka waxa ay la egtahay d/sv,

141
Sidaasi darteed quwadda jaraha ee uu u adkeysankaro shakaalku vs = (1/1.05)fyAsv
d
, halka Asv tahay badka isgudubka lugta shakaalka uu ka goynayo/marayo
sv

jeerarka.

Qorsheynta, shakaalka ayaa la qaataa kaasi oo uu sulubku kaga adkeysankaro

quwadda jaraha Vc = vcbvd

Quwadda jaraha la dabbaqay v waxaa u adkeysanaya wadajirka sulubka iyo

shakaalka birta
𝑑
v = vc + Vs halka v = vbvd = vcbvd + (0.67/1.05) fyvAsv ,
𝑠𝑣

𝑏𝑣 𝑠𝑣 (𝑣−𝑣𝑐 )
Kaddib loo sii fududeeyay Asv =
0.9524𝑓𝑦𝑣

Af-garadku waxa uu dulalaatiga shakaalka ku xaddidayaa 0.75d ee ah jihada

gudbanka, iyo dulalaatiga shakaalka ee xagasha quman ee gudbanka ayaa ka badan
150mm ama d.

9.1.3. Badka ugu yar ee shakaalka

0.4𝑏𝑣 𝑠𝑣
Badka ugu yar ee shakaalka waa Asv =
0.9524𝑓𝑦𝑣

Haddii dogobyada gaabgaaban sida xakabadaha, shakaalladu V < 0.5vc, marka

dogobku u baahanyahay sidaqa cadaadiska, xajmiga shakaalka waa in uusan ka
1
yaraan ka xajmiga birta ugu weyn ee ku jirta goobta cadaadiska ama 6mm,
4

dulalaatiga sv waa in uusan ka badan 12 jeer xajmiga birta ugu yar ee ku jirta
goobta cadaadiska.

142
9.1.4. Sidaqa jaraha ku xiran/dhaca kaalaha
𝑣−2𝑑𝑣𝑐 0.4𝑏𝑣𝑠𝑣
Guud ahaan badka la xaddiday = Asv = avbv( ) / (0.9524fy) ≥
𝑎𝑣 0.9524𝑓𝑦𝑣

av waa fogaanta ka soo billaabata kaalaha una gudubta sallaxa fashilka, sidaqani
3
waa in la soo helaa ayada oo ay la jirto dhexda ka ah av.
4

Waddadu waa

1. Xisaabi fiigga jaraha caadiga ah v iyo d laga soo billaabo wajiga kaalaha
2. Hubi v inaysan ka badan fiigga jaraha ugu badan ee la oggolyahay
3. Xisaabi vc iyo inta sidaqa jaraha ee shakaallada joogga/taagan
4. Hel sidaqa jarahan u dhaxeeya qeybta d iyo kaalaha.

Ogow: majirto hubin kale oo loogaga baahanyahay sidaqa jaraha.

9.1.5. Tusaale qorsheynta jaraha dogobka

Dogob-T sahal-kaal leh 8m gudban bannaan kaasi oo sida culeyska ugu fog
40kN/m. Qorsheey sidaqa jaraha dogobka. Heerka sulubka waa 30 ballaca
qeybtana waa 300mm. Daboolka = 30mm.

Hubi fiigga jaraha ugu weyn ee wajiga kaalaha

Wajiga kaalaha d = 400 mm.

𝑏−(𝑐×2)
Dhammaan gudbanka laga soo billaabo bartamaha kaalayaasha LT = [L+ (( )
2

×2)] = (L+b-2C).

LT = (8+0.3-2×0.03) = 8.24m
40×8.24
Quwadda jaraha ee kaalaha vsu = = 164.8KN
2

143
 40×8
V= = 160KN.
2
2
ν = 160×103/ (300×400) = 1.333 N/mm

Kani kama weyna 0.8√fcu= 4.8 N/mm2 ama 5 N/mm2.

Xajmiga (cabbirka) waa mid ku filan/la-qaadankaro.

Xisaabi jiifka bartamaha dogobka kaasi oo loogaga baahanyahay shakaal loo
qaateen ah.
U adkeysiga jaraha sulubka halka 6T20 mm dhex-roor ah laga soo helay
sidaqa diiqa ayaa la xaddidayaa.
2
As =6T20=1885 mm s

Leh 6T20, d = 400 – 20 = 380mm. Maxaa yeelay waa laba saf.

100As/ (bvd) =100×1885/ (300×380) = 1.65<3.0
400/d = 400/380 = 1.05 >1.0
2
Fcu= 30 < 40 N/mm
1/3 1/4 1/3 2
vc = 0.79×{(1.65) ×(1.05) (30/25) }/1.25=0.80 N/mm
c

U adkeysiga jaraha ee sulubka waa

Vc = vc×bv×d = 0.80×380×300×10−3 = 91.2kN

frakabka = β√𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 0.5√30 = 2.74. ee diiqa.

𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑎 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑎×Ø 0.9524×460Ø

Fbirta = = 2.74 = . 𝑙 = 26.6Ø = 532mm
4𝑙 4𝑙

𝑏 300
Fogaanta vc = 𝑙 − = 532 − = 457mm
4 4

Adeegso qiimaha vc = d + 457 = 380 +457 = 837mm laga soo billaabo bartamaha
kaalayaasha.
Tirada la qaatay 8 mm dhex-roorka shakaallada halka badka labada lug uu yahay
101 mm2. Dulalaatiga shakaallada waxaa laga xisaabiyaa

144
Asv = [0.4 bvsv]/0.95 fyv101 = 0.4×300×Sv/ (0.9524×250), sv = 200 mm
0.75d = 0.75×380 = 285 mm >198 mm; dulalaati shakaal ah 200 mm b/b.
uu la jiro shakaalka la qaatay:

v − vc = 0.6 iyo vc = 0.80 N/mm2, v = 1.4 N/mm2, 1.4 – 0.8 = 0.6

𝑏𝑣 𝑠𝑣 (𝑣−𝑣𝑐 ) 300×200(𝑣−0.8) 2
Asv = = 101 = , v = 1.2 N/mm
0.9524𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.9524×250

v = V×bv×d = 1.2×300×380×10−3=137 kN
Quwadda jaraha bartamaha kaalaha waa
Vkaa = 40×8.24/2 = 164.8kN
Quwadda V ee x = 837 mm laga soo billaabo kaalaha waa
V = 164.8–40×0.837 = 131.32kN
Kani waa uu ka yaryahay 160kN, kartida jaraha ee shakaallada ugu yar. qaado 8
mm dhex-roorka shakaalka leh 200 mm bartama-ka-kabartama 4.73 m ee dhererka
dogobka, iyo 3.27 m. Laga soo billaabo wajiga kaale kasta.

9.1.6. Tusaale 2aad:

Dogob leydi sidaq sahal-kaal leh 10 m gudban. Qorsheey sidaqa shakaalka.
Ballaca b = 300 mm. d = 500mm. heerka 30 ee sulubka iyo heerka birta
y
sidaqa, fy = 460 N/mm. fyv = 250 N/mm2

Qaado dabool ah 30 mm iyo dhex-roor shakaal 10 mm.

M = 240KNm. V = 96KN

As.rabo = 1710mm2 As.helay = 1885mm2; 6T20.

Ugu horreyn:
𝑉 96×103
V=( ) =( ) = 0.64N/mm2<0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢= 0.8√30= 4.38 N/mm ama
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 300×500

145
5N/mm2
0.79 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3 400 1/4
Vc = [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
𝛶𝑚 𝑏𝑣 𝑑 25 𝑑

100𝐴𝑠 400
𝛶𝑚 = 1.25, ( ) ≤ 3, ( ) > 1, fcu≤ 40 N/mm2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 𝑑

𝛶𝑚 = 1.25, (1.26) ≤ 3, (0.8)> 1 adeegso 1.0, 30 ≤ 40 N/mm2

0.79 100×1885 1/3 30 1/3 400 1/4

Vc = ( ) ( ) ( ) = 0.73N/mm2
1.25 300×500 25 500

100𝐴𝑠 400
𝛶𝑚 = 1.25, ( ) ≥ 0.3, ( ) > 1, fcu ≤ 40 N/mm2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 𝑑

Kaddib vc + 0.4 = 1.13 N/mm2

𝐴𝑔𝑣
Hubi v < vc. 0.64 < 0.73. Aad si aad u hesho shakaallada ugu yar =
𝑆𝑣
0.4𝑏𝑣
0.9524𝑓𝑦𝑣

Hubi 0.5vc < v < (vc + 0.4). 0.5×0.73< 0.64 < (0.73+ 0.4). Aad si aad u
𝐴𝑔𝑣 0.4𝑏𝑣
hesho shakaallada ugu yar =
𝑆𝑣 0.9524𝑓𝑦𝑣

Hubi vc + 0.4 < v <0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 ; 0.73+ 0.4 > 0.64 <0.8√30 jooji; maxaa
yeelay majiro wax jara shakaal ah ee loo baahanyahay.
𝐴𝑔𝑣 0.4×300
Kaddib v < vc = Aad si aad u hesho shakaallada ugu yar = =
𝑆𝑣 0.9524×250

0.5 iskuday inad adeegsato 6mm.

Waxaa jira laba lugood oo shakaal ah

𝜋
Sidaasi darteed Agv = 2 (6)2 = 57mm2
4

57 0.4×300 57
Kaddib = , Sv = = 113.1mm < 0.75d (375mm)
𝑆𝑣 0.9524×250 0.504

Adeegso R6 – 100mm
146
 9.1.7. Tusaale qorsheynta shakaalka sidaqa dogobka

Isgudubka dogob leydi leh b = 300 mm iyo d = 400mm, u adkeysiga loo qaatay
sidaqa la helay waa 4T20 ku jira badka diiqa. Xisaabi quwadda jaraha ugu weyn ee
la oggolyahay ee ku dhaca qeybta dogobka.

Sidaqa jaraha ka kooban 8 mm dhex-roor shakaallo ah leh 130 mm dulalaati ah.

U qaado fcu = 30 N/mm2, fyv = 250 N/mm2

Xisaaabi vc

As = 4T20 =1257 mm2

100As/(bvd) = 100×1257/(300×400) = 1.05 < 3.0
400/d = 400/400=1.

fcu= 30 N/mm2<40 N/mm2

vc = 0.79×(1.05)1/3 (1.0)1/4 (30/25)1/3 /1.25 = 0.68 N/mm2
Xisaabi V
Lama qaadan wax sidaqa jaraha ah, kaddib v ≤ 0.5 v,
V = 0.5vc×bv×d=0.5×0.68×300×400×10−3 = 41 kN
Sidaqa jaraha loo qaatay shakaallada
Asv = 4 lug leh 8 mm bir = 4 (π/4) 82 = 201 mm2
sv = 130 mm vc = 0.68 N/mm2,

𝑏𝑣 𝑠𝑣 (𝑣−𝑣𝑐 ) 300×130(𝑣−0.68)
Asv = = 201 =
0.9524𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.9524×250

V = 1.907N/mm2

v = V/(bvd) = 1.907 = Vx103/(300 x 400), V = 1.907× (300 x 400) ×10-3 =

228.84kN

147
 9.1.8. Sidaqa jaraha hab bir-mas ah

Bir-mas

Jalleeca duubmiga hoos ayuu u dhacayaa dhanka kaaliyayaasha marka laga soo
tago buursiga jactadka biraha, waxa ay qalloocankaraan ugu dhawaan 45º si uu
umaro qeybta jeerarka kaasi oo sidoo kale sameeya xagal ugu dhawaan 45º.

Qorsheynta u adkeysiga jaraha nidaamka bir-masta waxaa lagu xisaabinkaraa

ayada oo laga soo qaadanayo bir-mastaasi xubinka diiqa ah ama wax ka badan
nidaam hal tidac taasi uu sulubku keeno xubinka cadaadiska.

Sb waa badka is-gudubka labo bir-mas

Fyv dabeecadda adkeysiga bir-masta

α janjeerka bir-musta

β janjeerka dildillaaca/jeerarka

Marka xaglaha α iyo β ay ka weynyihiin ama la egyihiin 45º waxa uu bixinayaa

qiimaha ugu weyn ee Sb = 1.5d.

Sb = (d – d') (cotβ + cotα)

148
Marka biruhu u qalloocdaan darajada 45°.
Fogaanta jiifka ku dherersan janjeerka β [Sβ = (d–d') (cotβ)]
Fogaanta jiifka ku dherersan janjeerka α [Sα = (d–d') (cotα)]
Fogaanta jiifka ku dherersan janjeerka β & α [Sb = (d–d') (cotβ + cotα)] ama [Sb =
(Sα + Sβ)]
Si loo helo qiimaha β, adeegso aragtida fiitaagooros ee la xiriirta janjeerka

Qeybkasta ee ku taagan fogaanta Sb, waxyaabaha ku jira qeybta kore haddii ay

tahay bir-mus ama sulub u adkeysanayo jaraha. Quwadda T ee ku dhacda labada
bir-mus waa T = (1/1.05)fyAsb

Quwadda jaraha Vb oo ay u adkeysankarto bir-mustu waxa ay la egtahay quwadda

biraha kore/taagan ku jirta, sidaasi darteed Vb = Tsinα = 0.9524fyvAsbsinα

Haddii α = 45º iyo Sb = (d–d') (cotβ + cotα) ≈ 1.5d, β = 0.5, β = 63º

Haddii dulalaatiga Sb< (d–d')(cotβ + cotα), waxa aynu heleynaa tidac badan.

Inta bir ee u janjeerta xagasha ka gudubta jeerarka waxa ay sameysaa janjeer xagal
β ah (d–d') (cotβ + cotα)/Sb

Qorsheynta u adkeysiga jaraha bir-musta nidaamka halka tidac waxa uu kordhayaa

in ku habboon inta bir ee ka goyso/dhex marta jeerarka

Vb = [0.9524fyvAsbsinα] (d–d') (cotβ + cotα)/Sb

Iskubadbaddal Vb = 0.9524fyvAsb) (cosα + sinα)/Sb

Kani waa is-af-garad uu bixinaya af-garadka, haddii β = 45º

Vb = 0.9524fyvAsb×1.4142](d–d') /Sb, sidaasi darteed Vb = [1.3435fyvAsb(d–d')]/Sb

149
Af-garadku waxa uu sheegayaa ugu yaraan 50% ka u adkeysiga jaraha loo qaatay
birta in uu ahaado shakaal.

9.1.9. Tusaale qorsheynta sidaqa jaraha ayada oo la adeegsanayo bir-mas

Qorsheey sidaqa jaraha adiga oo adeegsanayo bir-mus. Caadi ahaan kulanka bir-
mustu waa halka ay biruhu ka jalleecmaan 45°.
Qeybta u dhaxeysa d = 400 mm iyo 837 mm laga billaabo wajiga kaalaha,
ballacuna b = 300mm
Fogaanta jiifka ku dherersan janjeerka β [Sβ = (d–d') (cotβ)]
Fogaanta jiifka ku dherersan janjeerka α [Sα = (d–d') (cotα)]
Fogaanta jiifka ku dherersan janjeerka β & α [Sb = (d–d') (cotβ + cotα)] or [Sb =
(Sα + Sβ)]
1 1
Sb = (300) ( + ) = 473mm
𝑡𝑎𝑛60 𝑡𝑛𝑎45
1
Sβ = (300) ( ) = 173mm
𝑡𝑎𝑛60
1
Sα = (300) ( ) = 300mm
𝑡𝑛𝑎45

150
 α = 45°, β = 60°

Qeybta 173 mm laga billaabo kaalaha:

qeybta 173 mm laga billaabo bartamaha kaalaha quwadda jaraha V waa
40×8
V= = 160KN.
2

40×7.654
Vkaalaha = = 153.08KN
2

Si kale

Vs= 160–40×0.173=153.08kN.
vc = 0.8 N/mm2 (tusaalaha qorsheynta jaraha dogobka ee hore)
Vc = 0.8×300×400×10−3 = 96kN.
Quwadda jaraha Vs ee ay u adkeysankarto birta waa
Vs = 153.08–96 = 57.08.6kN.
50% ka Vs waa in uu u adkeystaa shakaalku, 50% ka kale ee soo harayna waa in ay
u adkeysataa bir-mastu.
Vbir-musta = 0.5×57.08 = 28.54 kN
U adkeysiga jaraha ee laba bir 2T20, halka Asb = 628mm2 waa

Vb = 0.9524fyv Asb (cos α+sin α cot β) (d−d′)/Sb

151
Vb = 0.9524×460×628×(cos 45+sin 45×cot 60) (400-40)/473×10−3 = 233.6 kN

Bir-musta la qaatay waa ay ku filantahay caabbinta.

Xisaabi dulalaatiga bir 8 mm shakaal ah (Asv = 101 mm2) si loo helo V shakaalka =
28.54kN

U adkeysiga loo soo helay shakaallada

𝑑 400
Vshakaalka = 0.9524fyAsv = 28.54×10-3= 0.9524×250×101× = sv = 337KN.
𝑠𝑣 𝑠𝑣

Qeybta 646 mm laga soo billaabo kaalaha

Jaraha qeybta (173+473) = 646 mm laga soo billaaba bartamaha kaalaha waa
Vs = 160 – 40×0.646 = 134.16kN.
Quwadda jaraha Vs uu u adkeysankarayo shakaallada oo lagu daray bir-musta waa
Vs = 134.16 – 96 = 38.16kN.
Hal bir-mas kaliya waxa ay wadataa adkeysi gaaraya 0.5×233.6 =116.8kN.

Tani way ka badantahay 50% ka ay haysato birta. Shakaalladu waa in ay haystaan

kalabarka u adkeysiga jaraha ee birta. Quwadda jaraha oo ay u adkeysankarayaan
shakaalladu waa

Vshakaal = 0.5×38.16 = 19.08kN

Xisaabi dulalaatiga bir 8 mm shakaal ah si loo helo Vs = 19.08 kN wata
Asv=101mm2
𝑑 400
Vshakaal = 0.9524fyAsv = 19.08×10-3 = 0.9524×250×101× = sv = 504KN.
𝑠𝑣 𝑠𝑣

Dulalaatiga shakaalka ugu weyn waa 300 mm (tusaale) waxaa lagu xaddiday 0.75d.

152
 9.2. ISKUXIRAHA/QOOLKA, UDUBKA, IYO XAJINTA FIIGGA KU
JIRA QALLOOCA

Qool waa iskuqabadka uu sababo iskudhagga ama isdhexgalka farsama ahaaneed,

xajinta/qaadidda biraha xumaaday ee u dhaxeeya sidaqa iyo sulubka.

Qorsheynta fiigga dhidibka isku xirka waxaa loo qaataa in uu joogta ku yahay
𝑓𝑠
dhammaan dhererka dhidibka fb = halka fs ay tahay quwadda ku jirta birta ama
ᴫØ𝑙

kooxa bira ah, l waa dhidibka iyo dhererka Ø waa dhex-roorka loo qaata halka bir
ama dhex-roorka bir la eg dhammaan badka kooxa biro ah.

ᴫ 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟×Ø

fs = fiigga birta × Ø2. fb = , dhidibka l waa in uu ahaadaa sida
4 4𝑙

fiigga qoolku uusan uga badneyn dhidibka qorsheynta ee fiigga qoolka kaasi oo
siinaya fbu = β√𝑓𝑐𝑢 halka β tahay horgalaha iskuxiraha kaasi oo ku xiran nowca
birta.

Nowca 2, biraha xumaaday waxaa lagu duubaa biraha dhereran, qiimaha β waxaa
lagu dabbaqayaa koosiriga iyo dogobyada ayada oo wadata shakaalka ugu yar.

Qiimayaasha ay ku jirta horgalaha gaarka ah γm = 1.4.

153
Jadwalka fiigga xiraha/qoolka

Nowca birta diiqa cadaadiska

Biraha cadiga ah β = 0.28 β = 0.35

nowca 2 biraha xumaaday β = 0.50 β = 0.63

Dhidib iyo jillaab

9.2.1. Tusaale xisaabinta dhererka dhidibka

Xisaabi dhererka dhidibka diiqa iyo cadaadiska bir heerkeedu yahay 460 nowca 2
ee dhex-roorka biraha xumaaday sulub leh heer 30.

154
Dhidibka diiqa

Fiigga iskuxiraha ugu fog dhidibka marka β = 45º

fbu = β√fcu = 0.5√30=2.74 N/mm2

Isla sin u adkeysiga dhidibka xiraha iyo adkeysiga ugu fog ee birta. fiigga birta =
0.9524 fy

0.95𝑓𝑦 ×Ø 0.9524×460×Ø Ø
fb = = 2.74 = = 2.74 = 109.526 , 𝑙 = 40Ø
4𝑙 4𝑙 𝑙

Dhidibka cadaadiska

Fiigga iskuxiraha ugu fog dhidibka markaa waa

fbu = β√fcu = 0.63√30 = 3.45N/mm

0.95𝑓𝑦 ×Ø 0.9524×460×Ø Ø
fb = = 3.45 = = 3.45 = 109.526 , 𝑙 = 32Ø
4𝑙 4𝑙 𝑙

Dhererka ugu fog iskuxiraha dhidibka sida laba-llaabka tirada saxa ah ee dhex-
roorka waxaa bixinaya BS8110: Part 1, jadwalka 3.27.

9.2.2. Jillaabyada iyo qalloocyada

Jillaabyada iyo qalloocyada waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo gaabiyo/yareeyo

dhererka loogaga baahanyahay dhidibka.

Dhererka dhibban ee jillaabka ama qallooca waa dhererka bir toosan kaasi oo
lamid ah qiimaha dhidibka sida qeybtaasi u dhaxeysa halka uu ka billaabanayo
jalleeca iyo barta ay isku dhaafayaan dhex-roorka afarta bir ee u gudbaya salka
ama dhammaadka jalleeca.

155
Dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka waa sidan soo socota:-

i. Jillaab 180º

Dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka waa uu ka weynyahay

a. Siddeed jeer gacanka dhexe r ee jillaabka laakin kama weyno 24 jeer dhex-
roorka birta
Hadii dhererka birta ka danbeysa/ku taalla salka danbe ee qalloocyada uu
yahay l, kaddib laga billaabo halka uu ka billaabanaya qallooca
salka/dhammaadka birta, dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka = 8r(≤24Ø)+l-4Ø
Ama
b. Dhererka xaqiiqiga ah ee birta laga soo billaabo halka uu ka billaabanayo
qallooca, dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka = ᴫr+l
ii. Qallooc 90º

Dhererka dhibban ee dhidibku waa uu ka weynyahay

a. Afar jeer gacanka dhexe ee qallooca laakin kama weyno 12 jeer dhex-roorka
birta.
Haddii dhererka birta ka danbeysa/ku taalla salka danbe ee qalloocyada uu
yahay l, kaddib laga billaabo halka uu ka billaabanaya qallooca
salka/dhammaadka birta, dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka = 4r(≤12Ø)+l-4Ø
Ama
b. Dhererka xaqiiqiga ah ee birta laga soo billaabo halka uu ka billaabanayo
qallooca, dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka = 0.5ᴫr+l
Gacan laba bir dhex-roorkoodu ayaa la adeegsadaa marka ay birtu tahay mid
jilicsan, dhex-roorka saddex birna waxaa la adeegsadaa marka ay birtu tahay
mid diiq-dhammaatay.

156
Dhidibbada iyo jillaabyada iyo xaddiyada qalloocooda

157
 9.2.3. Tusaale xisabinta dhererka dhidibka

Xisaabi dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka leh 90° qallooc ah lehna gacan dhexe ee ah
70 mm bir leh 16 mm dhex-roor ah. Dhererka toosan ee birta ka danbeysa
salka/dhammaadka tuurta waa 100 mm.
Dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka = 4r(≤ 12Ø)+l-4Ø = 4×70(≤ 12×16)+100-4×16

4×70 > 12×16 sidaasi darteed waxaa lagu xaddiday 12×16 = 192

192 +100 – 64 = 228mm

Ama

0.5ᴫr+l = 0.5ᴫ ×70+100 = 210mm.

𝑙 228
Dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka = 228mm = = 14.25Ø.
Ø 16

Sidaasi darteed dhererka dhidibka dhammeystiran ee 40Ø dhererka toosan ee birta

inta aysan billaabin qallooca waa in ay ahaataa (40 – 14.25) = 25.75,

25.75×16,Ø = 412mm.

9.2.4. Tusaale 2

Xisaabi dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka leh 180° qallooc ah lehna gacan dhexe ee ah
80 mm bir 16 mm dhex-roor ah. Dhererka toosan ee birta ka danbeysa
salka/dhammaadka tuurta waa 100 mm.
Dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka = 8r(≤ 24Ø)+l-4Ø = 8×80(≤ 24×16)+100-4×16

8×80 > 24×16 sidaasi darteed waxaa lagu xaddiday 24×16 = 384

384 +100 – 64 = 420mm

ᴫr+l = 80ᴫ+100 = 351mm

158
 𝑙 420
Dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka = 228mm = = 26.25Ø.
Ø 16

Sidaasi darteed dhererka dhidibka dhammeystiran ee 40Ø dhererka toosan ee birta

inta aysan billaabin qallooca waa in ay ahaataa (40 – 26.25) = 13.75,

13.75×16, Ø = 220mm.

9.2.5. Gaabbinta iyo dhidbidda biraha

Dhererka dhidibka weyn waa moolka dhibban d ee qeybta ama 15Ø si kastaba ha u
weynaadae. Goobta qeybta jactadka ee xubinka, birtu waa in ay qaadataa dhererka
dhammeystiran ee dhidibka ka danbeeya barta joogtada ah ee ka fog in ay lahaato
u adkeysiga duubmiga laba jeer qallooca duubmiga ku dhacaya barta.

Gaabin ama joojin waa in la sameeyaa marka aysan biruhu u baahneyn wax dherer
ah.

9.2.6. Udubka iyo kala siibyada (waa kala siibyada birta sidaqa)

Dhererka ugu yar ee udubka waa in uusan ka yaraan 15Ø ama 300mm si kastaba ha
u weynaadae.

Waxayaabaha loogaga baahanyahay udubka diiqa waxaa kamid ah waxyaabahan

soo socda:-

1. Dhererka udubka waa in uusan ka yareyn dhererka dhidibka diiqa

2. Haddii uu udubku ku jiro goobta sare daboolkuna uu ka yaryahay dhex-
roorka laba bir, dhererka udubka waxaa lagu kordhinayaa ayada oo lagu
dhufanaya racdin-reebka 1.4.

159
 3. Haddii udubku uu ku jiro geeska/qibla-gafka qeybta daboolkuna uu ka
yaryahay dhex-roorka laba bir, dhererka udubka waxaa lagu kordhinayaa
ayada oo lagu dhufanaya racdin-reebka 1.4.
4. Haddii xaaladaha 2 iyo 3 labadooduba la dabbaqo dhererka udubka waa in
la laballaabaa dhererka udubka cadaadiska waa in uu noqdaa 1.25 jeer
dhererka dhidibka cadaadiska.

Ogow: dhammaan dhererka udubyadaasi waxaa gundhig u ah dhex-roorka birta

ugu yar.

9.2.7. Xajinta fiigga ku jira gudaha qallooca

Hadii birtu aysan ku taagneyn ama aanan loo qaadan inay dagto/gaarto dhabarka
barta 4 jibaarka dhex-roorka birta ka gudubta dhammaadka qallooca, wax hubin ah
looma baahno in la sameeyo, haddii loo qaato in uu gaaro dhabarka bartaasi.
Xajinta fiigga ku jira gudaha birta waa in la hubiyaa ayada oo la adeegsanayo
𝑓𝑏𝑡 2𝑓𝑐𝑢
qaaciddadan: fiigga xajinta ≤ ∅
𝑟∅ [1+2 ]
𝑎𝑏

Fxd waa quwadda diiqa uu sababo culeysyada ugu fog ee ku jira bir ama kooxa bira
ah, r waa gacanka dhexe ee danbe, Ø waa dhex-roorka birta ama koox, xajmiga
birta u dhiganta badka iyo ab hal bir ama koox biraha ah ee la xiriira bartama-ka-
bartama fogaanta u dhaxeysa biraha ama koox bira ah kuwaasi oo ku dherersan
qallooca. Bir ama kooxa bira ah ee daris la ah wajiga xubinka ab waxaa loo qaataa
daboolka lagu daray 15Ø. (Rei3)

160
9.2.8. Tusaale qorsheynta dhidibka kaalaha dogobka

Waxaa la wataa 4T20 mm dhex-roor ah lehna heer 460 waxaa dhidib loogaga
dhigay bir xumaatay taasi oo marta wajiga tiirka 400×500mm. iyo jillaab leh 90º
iyo 90mm oo gacan ah, dhererka toosan ee birta dhacda dhabarka danbe ee tuurta
waa 60 mm(waxa ay ku xirantahay cabbirka qeybta). Heerka sulubku waa 30.
Marka laga soo qaato jadwalka 3.3 ee af-garadka daboolka shakaal leh 10 mm
dhex-roor ah marka loo bandhiga saameynta dhexdhexaadka ah waxa uu
noqonayaa 25 mm. halka daboolka birta weyn uu noqonayo 30mm. badka sidaqa
diiqa loogaga baahanyahay qorsheynta waa 1100 mm2. Qorsheey dhidibka loogaga
baahanyahay biraha.

Fiigga xiraha dhidibka ugu fog waa

fxu = 0.5√30 >0.3 = 2.74 N/mm2
Badka la soo helay = 4T20 = 1257mm2
Fiigga birta = 0.95 fy(As.rabo/ As.helay) = 0.9524×460×(1100/1257) = 383N/mm2
Dhererka dhidibka waxaa laga soo helayaa qaaciddadan

𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑎×Ø 𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑎 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑎×Ø 383×20

fxu = , l= = = 699mm
4𝑙 4𝑓𝑏𝑢 4×2.74

Dhererka dhibban ee dhidibka l = 4r(≤12Ø)+l-4Ø = 4×90(≤12×20)+60-4×20 =

220mm

0.5ᴫr+l = 0.5ᴫ ×90+60 = 201mm.

Sidaasi ayaa dhammaan dhidibka la soo helay ee mara wajiga tiirka waxa uu
noqonayaa Ldh = Lweyn + daboolka = 699+25 = 724mm

𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑎×Ø 383×20
fxu = = = 2.645mm
4𝐿𝑇 4×724

Dhererka toosan ee birta dhacda dhabarka halka ugu danbeysa tuurta waa 60 mm.

161
Fiigga ugu fog ee xajinta waa

𝑓𝑏𝑡 2𝑓𝑐𝑢 2×30

≤ ∅ = 20 = 36N/mm2
𝑟∅ [1+2 ] [1+2 ]
𝑎𝑏 60

Quwadda diiqa birta = 383×{(π/4) 202}×10−3 = 120.3 kN

∅𝜋𝑟 90×𝜋×90
Dhererka qaansada jillaabka Lq = = = 141.4mm
180 180

Ogolow hoos u dhaca quwadda birta taasi oo ay ugu wacantahay fiigga xiraha:

Dhererka udubka laga soo billaabo barta uu fiigu ku badanyahay ilaa bartamaha
qallooca sare waa
dhererka dhidibka = b/2+ Lc/2 = 400/2+141.4/2 = 271mm

Quwadda diiqa birta = 271×{(π/4) 202}×10−3 = 85 kN

Fiigga qallooca kore = quwadda diiqa birta – quwadda cadaadiska birta = 120.3 –
85 = 35.3KN.

𝑞𝑢𝑤𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘𝑎 35.3×103

Fiigga xajinta kore = = 19.6N/mm2
𝑟∅ 90×20

Dhererka dhidibka ee dhameystiran waxa uu noqondoonaa 40∅ = 40×20 =

800mm.

162
163
Tixraac
ASDIP_retain_structural_engineering_software [Book].

Design_formula_for_EC2_Version_06.34 [Book].

Dr_Colin_Caprani [Book].

Environmental_council_of_concrete_organizations [Report].

https://www.quora.com/Why-are-there-two-factors-of-safety-of-1.5-for-concrete-in-reinforced-
concrete-design [Online].

KAMARUL_ARIFFIN_BIN_MOHD_MAHPAL [Book].

KAMARUL_ARIFFIN_BIN_MOHD_MAHPAL [Book].

Reinforced_concrete_design_theory_and_examples [Book].

Reinforced_concrete_design_theory_and_examples [Book].

Reinforced_concrete_design_theory_and_examples [Book].

Reinforced_concrete_design_theory_and_examples [Book].

164
BUUGGA FAAHFAAHINTA

Khariidhada qorsheynta

1
 Warbixinnada qorsheynta

Ilaha la adeegsanayo

BS8110 the structural use of concrete part 1: 1997

BS6399 loads wind part 2: 1997

BS 8110 Design Charts for Singly & Doubly Reinforced part 3: 1985

Daboollada loo qaatay dhammaan xubnaha sidaqa

1.5 saacadood ee daboolka koosiriga = 20mm jadwalka 3.4

2 saacadood ee daboolka dogobka iyo tiirka 30mm iyo 25mm sida ay iskugu xigaan

Dhex-roorka biraha weyn = 10mm

// // // // shakaalka = 8mm

Culeyska guurguura ee koosiriga/sagxadda = 3kN/m2

Dhameystirka = 1kN/m2

Darbiyada dhexe = 1kN/m2

Culeyska guurguura ee jaranjarada = 4kN/m2

Dhammeystirka jaranjarada iyo koosiriga/sagxadda = 1kN/m2

Dabeecadaha awoodda biraha weyn fy = 460N/mm2

// // // // shakaalka fy = 250N/mm2

Heerka sulubka = 35

Culeyska sulubka = 25kN/m2

Halbeegga aaddimaha loo adeegsanayo (m) iyo (mm) weyn iyo yar sida ay iskugu xigaan

Dhumucda/qirada dhammaan koosiriyaasha = 150mm

// // // koosiriga jaranjarada = 150mm

Cabbirka tiirarka = (400×400) mm

Cabbirka dogobyada = (400×300) mm

Saddex dabaq, joogga dabaq kaste (sagxad-ka-sagxad) = 3m

2
 Qorsheynta koosiriga

Koosiri 1

Culeys

Culeyska koosiriga nafsaddiisa = 0.15×25 = 3.75kN/m2

Dhammeystirka = 1kN/m2

Culeyska manoolaha Gk = 4.75kN/m2

Culeyska guurguura Qk = 3 kN/m2

Culeyska qorsheynta = 1.4(4.75) + 1.6(3 = 11.45kN/m2

Ly/Lx = 6/4 = 1.5 <2. (koosiri laba-daye)

Koosirigu waxa uu leeyahay laba gees daris ah oo furan sidaasi darteed waa
xaaladda 4.

Horgalayaasha duubmiga

Geeska xiran βsx1 = 0.078 βsy1 = 0.045 jadwalka 3.14

Geeska furan βsx2 = 0.059 βsy2 = 0.034

Horgalaha quwadda jaraha

Geeska xiran βvx1 = 0.54 βvy1 = 0.4 jadwalka 3.15

Geeska furan βvx2 = 0.35 βvy2 = 0.26

dx = h- c -0.5 = 150 – 20 – 10/2 = 125mm ee qaabsbbila Msx

dy = h- c -1.5  = 150 – 20 – 15 = 115mm ee qaabbila Msy

3
b = 1000mm. sababta oo ah fogaanta qorsheynta koosiriga waxa uu
qaadanayaa 1m.

Duubmiga iyo jaraha

Duubmiga

(-)MsX1 = βsx1n.lx2 = (0.078) (11.45) (4)2 = 14.3 kNm (Tuurta)

(+)MsX2 = βsx2n.lx2 = (0.059) (11.45) (4)2 = 10.81 kNm (Habaca)

(-)Msy1 = βsy1n.lx2 = (0.045) (11.45) (4)2 = 8.244 kNm (Tuurta)

(+)Msy2 = βsy2n.lx2 = (0.034) (11.45) (4)2 = 6.23 kNm (Habaca)

Jaraha

Vsx1 = βvx1n.l = (0.54) (11.45) (4) = 24.732 kN

Vsx2 = βvx2n.l = (0.35) (11.45) (4) = 16.03 kN

Vsy1 = βvy1n.l = (0.4) (11.45) (4) = 18.32 kN

Vsy2 = βvy2n.l = (0.26) (11.45) (4) = 11.908 kN

Birta sidaqa

Gudbanka gaaban ee duubmiga taban

M = 14.3 kNm

V = 24.732 kN

𝐦 𝟏𝟒.𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟔
K= 𝟐
= = 0.026 < 0.156
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐

4
 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟓
Z = 125(0.5+√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − = 121mm > 0.95d = 118.75mm
𝟎.𝟗

Adeegso 118.75mm

𝟏𝟒.𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = = 275mm2/m
𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟒×𝟒𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟖.𝟕𝟓

As.yar = 0.13%bh = (0.13/100)×1000×150 = 195 mm2/m jadwalka 3.25

As.yar< As hagaag

As.helay = 314mm2/m bir 4T10 leh dulalaati 250mm

Gudbanka gaaban ee duubmiga togan

M = 10.81 kNm

V = 18.32 kN

𝐦 𝟏𝟎.𝟖𝟏×𝟏𝟎𝟔
K= 𝟐
= = 0.0198 < 0.156
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟖
Z = 125(0.5+√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − = 122mm > 0.95d = 118.75mm
𝟎.𝟗

Adeegso 118.75mm

𝟏𝟎.𝟖𝟏×𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = = 208mm2/m
𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟒×𝟒𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟖.𝟕𝟓

As.yar = 0.13%bh = (0.13/100)×1000×150 = 195 mm2/m jadwalka 3.25

As.yar< As hagaag

As.helay = 236mm2/m bir 3T10 leh dulalaati 300mm

5
 Gudbanka dheer ee duubmiga taban

M = 8.244kN.m

V = 16.03kN

𝐦 𝟖.𝟐𝟒𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟔
K= 𝟐
= = 0.018 < 0.156
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟖
Z = 115(0.5+√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − = 112.7mm > 0.95d = 109.25mm
𝟎.𝟗

Adeegso 109mm

𝟖.𝟐𝟒𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = = 173mm2/m
𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟒×𝟒𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗

As.yar = 0.13%bh = (0.13/100)×1000×150 = 195 mm2/m jadwalka 3.25

As.yar > As. Adeegso As.yar

As.helay = 236mm2/m bir 3T10 leh dulalaati 300mm

Gudbanka dheer ee duubmiga togan

M = 6.23 kNm

V = 11.908 kN

𝐦 𝟔.𝟐𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟔
K= 𝟐
= = 0.013< 0.156
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟑
Z = 115(0.5+√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − = 113mm > 0.95d = 109.25mm
𝟎.𝟗

Adeegso 109mm

𝟔.𝟐𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = = 130mm2/m
𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟒×𝟒𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗

6
As.yar = 0.13%bh = (0.13/100)×1000×150 = 195 mm2/m jadwalka 3.25

As.yar > As. Adeegso As.yar

As.helay = 236mm2/m bir 3T10 leh dulalaati 300mm

Hubinta jaraha

Vweyn = 24.732 kN

dx = 125mm. (dweyn)

𝐕 𝟐𝟒.𝟕𝟑𝟐 ×𝟏𝟎𝟑
V =( ) =( ) = 0.198N/mm2
𝐛𝐝 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐀𝐬 1/3 𝐟𝐜𝐮 1/3 𝟒𝟎𝟎 1/4
Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝚼𝐦 𝐛𝐝 𝟐𝟓 𝐝

𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎×𝟑𝟏𝟒 1/3 𝟑𝟓 1/3 𝟒𝟎𝟎 1/4

Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝚼𝐦 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓

𝟎.𝟕𝟗
Vc = (0.2512)1/3(1.4)1/3(3.2)1/4 = 0.6 N/mm2
𝟏.𝟐𝟓

Vc > v hagaag

Habacsanaanta

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝐟𝐬
Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa = 0.55+ 𝐦 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+ 𝟐
𝐛𝐝

Mweyn = 14.3 kNm, dx.weyn = 125mm,

As.rabo = 275mm2/m, As.helay = 314mm2/m,

𝐦 𝟏𝟒.𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐 𝐀𝐬.𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨 𝟏 𝟐×𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝟏

𝟐
= = 0.9152, fs = fy = 460× = 268.6
𝐛𝐝 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝟑 𝐀𝐬.𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝛃 𝟑×𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝟏

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝟐𝟔𝟖.𝟔
i.a.s.d. = 0.55+ = 1.507 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+𝟎.𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐)

7
Gudban / moolka dhibban (L/d)gundhig xiran = 26 jadwalka 3.9

(L/d) oggol = (L/d)gundhig × i.a.s.c.>(L/d)xaqiiqi

Gudbanka la ogolyahay/moolka = 26×1.507 = 39

Gudbanka xaqiiqiga/moolka = 4000/125 = 32

(L/d) oggol > (L/d)xaqiiqi hagaag

Hubinta jeerarka

Sidaqa

fy = 460N/mm2, h < 200mm (150<200) faqrada 3.12.11.2.7

3d = 3(125) = 375 mm

Dulalaatiga bannaan ee u dhaxeeya biraha = 150 -10 = 140 < 3d =(375mm

Duubmiga iyo jaraha ugu weyn ayaan soo qaadannay, inta kalena isla
waddadan ayaa loo marayaa.

Isla birtan iyo dulalaatigeeda ayaad galinkartaa saddexda kale oo soo hartay
(laba lakab oo kiiba leh 2 kale), badbaado ahaan.

8
 Koosiri 2

Culeys

Culeyska koosiriga nafsaddiisa = 0.15×25 = 3.75kN/m2

Dhammeystirka = 1kN/m2

Culeyska manoolaha Gk = 4.75kN/m2

Culeyska guurguura Qk = 3 kN/m2

Culeyska qorsheynta = 1.4(4.75) + 1.6(3 = 11.45kN/m2

Ly/Lx = 6/4 = 1.5 <2. (Koosiri laba-Daye)

Koosirigu waxa uu leeyahay hal dhinac dheer oo furan sidaasi darteed waa
xaaladda 3.

Horgalayaasha duubmiga

Geeska xiran βsx1 = 0.073 βsy1 = 0.037 jadwalka 3.14

Geeska furan βsx2 = 0.055 βsy2 = 0.028

Horgalayaasha quwadda jaraha

Geeska xiran βvx1 = 0.51 βvy1 = 0.36 jadwalka 3.15

Geeska furan βvx2 = 0.34

dx = h- c -0.5 = 150 – 20 – 10/2 = 125mm ee qaabbila Msx

dy = h- c – 1.5 = 150 – 20 – 15 = 115mm ee qaabbila Msy

9
b = 1000mm. sababta oo ah fogaanta qorsheynta koosirigu waxa uu
qaadanayaa 1m.

Duubmiga iyo jaraha

Duubmiga

(-)MsX1 = βsx1n.lx2 = (0.073) (11.45) (4)2 = 13.3736 kNm (Tuurta)

(+)MsX2 = βsx2n.lx2 = (0.055) (11.45) (4)2 = 10.076 kNm (Habaca)

(-)Msy1 = βsy1n.lx2 = (0.037) (11.45) (4)2 = 6.7784 kNm (Tuurta)

(+)Msy2 = βsy2n.lx2 = (0.028) (11.45) (4)2 = 5.1296 kNm (Habaca)

Jaraha

Vsx1 = βvx1n.l = (0.51) (11.45) (4) = 23.358 kN

Vsx1 = βvx2n.l = (0.34) (11.45) (4) = 15.572 kN

Vsx1 = βvy1n.l = (0.36) (11.45) (4) = 16.488 kN

Birta sidaqa

Gudbanka gaaban ee duubmiga taban

M = 13.3736 kN.m

V = 23.358 kN

𝐦 𝟏𝟑.𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔
K= 𝟐
= = 0.024455 < 0.156
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓
Z = 125(0.5+√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − = 121.5mm > 0.95d = 118.75mm
𝟎.𝟗

10
Adeegso 118.75mm

𝟏𝟑.𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = = 257 mm2/m
𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟒×𝟒𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟖.𝟕𝟓

As.yar = 0.13%bh = (0.13/100)×1000×150 = 195 mm2/m jadwalka 3.25

As.yar < As hagaag

As.helay = 314mm2/m bir 4T10 leh dulalaati 250mm

Gudbanka gaaban ee duubmiga togan

M = 10.076 kNm

V = 15.572 kN

𝐦 𝟏𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔
K= 𝟐
= = 0.0184 < 0.156
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟒
Z = 125(0.5+√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − = 122.4mm > 0.95d = 118.75mm
𝟎.𝟗

Adeegso 118.75mm

𝟏𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = = 194mm2/m
𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟒×𝟒𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟖.𝟕𝟓

As.yar = 0.13%bh = (0.13/100)×1000×150 = 195 mm2/m jadwalka 3.25

As < As.yar. Adeegso As.yar

As.helay = 236mm2/m bir 3T10 leh dulalaati 300mm

11
 Gudbanka dheer ee duubmiga taban

M = 6.7784 kN.m

V = 16.488 kN

𝐦 𝟔.𝟕𝟕𝟖𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟔
K= 𝟐
= = 0.014 < 0.156
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟒
Z =115(0.5+√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − = 113 mm > 0.95d = 109.25mm
𝟎.𝟗

Adeegso 109mm

𝟔.𝟕𝟕𝟖𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = = 142mm2/m
𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟒×𝟒𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗

As.yar = 0.13%bh = (0.13/100)×1000×150 = 195 mm2/m jadwalka 3.25

As< As.yar. Adeegso As.yar

As.helay = 236mm2/m bir 3T10 leh dulalaati 300mm

Gudbanka dheer ee duubmiga togan

M = 5.1296 kNm

𝐦 𝟓.𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔
K= 𝟐
= = 0.011 < 0.156
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟏
Z = 115(0.5+√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − = 113.5mm > 0.95d = 109.25mm
𝟎.𝟗

Adeegso 109mm

𝟓.𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = = 107mm2/m
𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟒×𝟒𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗

As.yar = 0.13%bh = (0.13/100)×1000×150 = 195 mm2/m jadwalka 3.25

12
As < As.yar. Adeegso As.yar

As.helay = 236mm2/m bir 3T10 leh dulalaati 300mm

Hubinta jaraha

Vweyn = 23.358 kN

dx = 125mm. (dweyn)

𝐕 𝟐𝟑.𝟑𝟓𝟖 ×𝟏𝟎𝟑
V =( ) =( ) = 0.187N/mm2
𝐛𝐝 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓

𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐀𝐬 1/3 𝐟𝐜𝐮 1/3 𝟒𝟎𝟎 1/4

Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝚼𝐦 𝐛𝐝 𝟐𝟓 𝐝

𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎×𝟑𝟏𝟒 1/3 𝟑𝟓 1/3 𝟒𝟎𝟎 1/4

Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝚼𝐦 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓

𝟎.𝟕𝟗
Vc = (0.2512)1/3(1.4)1/3(3.2)1/4 = 0.6 N/mm2
𝟏.𝟐𝟓

Vc > v ok

Habacsanaanta

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝐟𝐬
Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa = 0.55+ 𝐦 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+ 𝟐
𝐛𝐝

Mweyn = 13.3736 kNm, dx.weyn = 125mm,

As.rabo = 257 mm2/m, As.helay = 314mm2/m,

𝐦 𝟏𝟑.𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐 𝐀𝐬.𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨 𝟏 𝟐×𝟐𝟓𝟕 𝟏

𝟐
= = 0.856, fs = fy = 460× = 251
𝐛𝐝 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝟑 𝐀𝐬.𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝛃 𝟑×𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝟏

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝟐𝟓𝟏
i.a.s.d.= 0.55+ = 1.623 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝟔)

Gudban / moolka dhibban (L/d)gundhig xiran = 26 jadwalka 3.9

13
(L/d) oggol = (L/d)gundhig × i.a.s.c.>(L/d)xaqiiqi

Gudbanka la oggolyahay/moolka = 26×1.623 = 42

Gudbanka xaqiiqiga/moolka = 4000/125 =32

(L/d) oggol > (L/d)xaqiiqi hagaag

Hubinta jeerarka

Sidaqa

fy = 460N/mm2, h < 200mm (150<200) faqrada 3.12.11.2.7

3d = 3(125) = 375 mm

Dulalaatiga bannaan ee u dhaxeeya biraha = 150 - 10 = 140 < 3d

=(375mm)

14
 Koosiri 3

Culeys

Culeyska koosiriga nafsaddiisa = 0.15×25 = 3.75kN/m2

Dhammeystirka = 1kN/m2

Culeyska manoolaha Gk = 4.75kN/m2

Culeyska guurguura Qk = 3 kN/m2

Culeyska qorsheynta = 1.4(4.75) + 1.6(3 = 11.45kN/m2

Ly/Lx = 8.5/4 = 2.125 > 2. (koosiri hal-daye)

d = h- c -0.5 = 150 – 20 – 10/2 = 125mm

b = 1000mm. sababta oo ah fogaanta qorsheynta koosiriga waxa uu

qaadanayaa 1m.

Duubmiga iyo jaraha

Marka aad joogto koosiriga hal-dayaha ah markasta ku xisaabtan halka uu

tiro-koobku ka imaanayo oo noqoneysa jihada gudbanka gaaban.

Gudbanka u dhaxeeya kaaliyayaasha dhexe jadwalka 3.12

F = wl = 11.45×4 = 45.8kN

M = 0.075 Fl = 0.075×45.8×4 = 13.74kNm (Habaca)

15
Kaaliyaha koowaad

M = −0.04 Fl= − 0.04×45.8×4 = −7.328kNm (Tuurta)

V = 0.46 F = 0.46×45.8 = 21.068kN

Kaaliyayaasha dhexe kan u horreeya

M = −0.086 Fl= − 0.086×45.8×4 = −15.76kNm (Tuurta)

V = 0.6 F = 0.6×45.8 = 27.48kN

Birta sidaqa

Gudbanka u dhaxeeya kaaliyayaasha dhexe

M = 13.74 kNm

𝐦 𝟏𝟑.𝟕𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟔
K= 𝟐
= = 0.025< 0.156
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓
Z = 125(0.5+√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − = 121mm > 0.95d = 118.75mm
𝟎.𝟗

Adeegso 118.75

𝟏𝟑.𝟕𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = = 264mm2/m
𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟒×𝟒𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟖.𝟕𝟓

As.yar = 0.13%bh = (0.13/100)×1000×150 = 195 mm2/m jadwalka 3.25

As.yar < As hagaag

As.helay = 314mm2/m bir 4T10 leh dulalaati 250mm

16
 Habacsanaanta

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝐟𝐬
Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa = 0.55+ 𝐦 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+ 𝟐
𝐛𝐝

Mweyn = 13.74 kN.m, dx.weyn = 125mm,

As.rabo = 264mm2/m, As.helay = 314mm2/m,

𝐦 𝟏𝟑.𝟕𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐 𝐀𝐬.𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨 𝟏 𝟐×𝟐𝟔𝟒 𝟏

𝟐
= = 0.88, fs = fy = 460× = 258
𝐛𝐝 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝟑 𝐀𝐬.𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝛃 𝟑×𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝟏

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝟐𝟓𝟖
i.a.s.d.= 0.55+ = 1.58 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+𝟎.𝟖𝟖)

Gudban / moolka dhibban (L/d)gundhig xeran = 26 jadwalka 3.9

(L/d) oggol = (L/d)gundhig × i.a.s.c.>(L/d)xaqiiqi

Gudbanka la ogolyahay/moolka = 26×1.58 = 41

Gudbanka xaqiiqiga/moolka = 4000/125 = 32

(L/d) oggol > (L/d)xaqiiqi hagaag

Hubinta jeerarka

Sidaqa

fy = 460N/mm2, h < 200mm (150<200) faqrada 3.12.11.2.7

3d = 3(125) = 375 mm

Dulalaatiga bannaan ee udhaxeeya biraha = 150 - 10 = 140 < 3d =(375mm)

17
 Kaaliyaha koowaad

M = −7.328kNm

V = 21.068kN

𝐦 𝟕.𝟑𝟐𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟔
K= 𝟐
= = 0.0134< 0.156
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟒
Z = 125(0.5+√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − = 123mm > 0.95d = 118.75mm
𝟎.𝟗

Adeegso 118.75

𝟕.𝟑𝟐𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = = 141mm2/m
𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟒×𝟒𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟖.𝟕𝟓

As.yar = 0.13b×h/100 jadwalka 3.25

As.yar = 0.13×1000×150/100 = 195 mm2/m> As

Adeegso As.yar = 195 mm2

As.helay = 236mm2/m bir 3T10 leh dulalaati 300mm

Hubinta jaraha

M = −7.328kNm

V = 21.068kN

dx = 125mm. (dweyn)

𝐕 𝟐𝟏.𝟎𝟔𝟖 ×𝟏𝟎𝟑
V =( ) =( ) = 0.17N/mm2
𝐛𝐝 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐀𝐬 1/3 𝐟𝐜𝐮 1/3 𝟒𝟎𝟎 1/4
Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝚼𝐦 𝐛𝐯 𝐝 𝟐𝟓 𝐝

18
 𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎×𝟐𝟑𝟔 1/3 𝟑𝟓 1/3 𝟒𝟎𝟎 1/4
Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝚼𝐦 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓

𝟎.𝟕𝟗
Vc = (0.1888)1/3(1.4)1/3(3.2)1/4 = 0.54 N/mm2
𝟏.𝟐𝟓

Vc > v hagaag

Habacsanaanta

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝐟𝐬
Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa = 0.55+ 𝐦 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+ 𝟐
𝐛𝐝

Mweyn = 7.328 kN.m, dx.weyn = 125mm,

As.rabo = 195mm2/m, As.helay = 236mm2/m,

𝐦 𝟕.𝟑𝟐𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐 𝐀𝐬.𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨 𝟏 𝟐×𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝟏

𝟐
= = 0.47, fs = fy = 460× = 253
𝐛𝐝 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝟑 𝐀𝐬.𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝛃 𝟑×𝟐𝟑𝟔 𝟏

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝟐𝟓𝟑
i.a.s.d.= 0.55+ = 1.9 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+𝟎.𝟒𝟕)

Gudban / moolka dhibban (L/d)gundhig xiran = 26 jadwalka 3.9

(L/d) oggol = (L/d)gundhig × i.a.s.c.>(L/d)xaqiiqi

Gudbanka la ogolyahay/moolka = 26×1.9 = 49.4

Gudbanka xaqiiqiga/moolka = 4000/125 = 32

(L/d) oggol > (L/d)xaqiiqi hagaag

19
 Hubinta jeerarka

Sidaqa

fy = 460N/mm2, h < 200mm (150<200) faqrada 3.12.11.2.7

3d = 3(125) = 375 mm

Dulalaatiga bannaan ee udhaxeeya biraha = 150 -10 = 140 < 3d = (375mm)

Kaaliyayaasha dhexe kan u horreeya

M = −15.76kNm

V = 27.48kN

𝐦 𝟏𝟓.𝟕𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔
K= 𝟐
= = 0.0288< 0.156
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟖
Z = 125(0.5+√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − = 121mm > 0.95d = 118.75mm
𝟎.𝟗

Adeegso 118.75

𝟏𝟓.𝟕𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = = 303mm2/m
𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟒×𝟒𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟖.𝟕𝟓

As.yar = 0.13b×h/100 jadwalka 3.25

As.yar = 0.13×1000×150/100 = 195 mm2/m< As

As.helay = 314mm2/m bir 4T10 leh dulalaati 250mm

20
 Hubinta jaraha

M = −15.76kNm

V = 27.48kN

dx = 125mm. (dweyn)

𝐕 𝟐𝟕.𝟒𝟖 ×𝟏𝟎𝟑
V =( ) =( ) = 0.22N/mm2
𝐛𝐝 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐀𝐬 1/3 𝐟𝐜𝐮 1/3 𝟒𝟎𝟎 1/4
Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝚼𝐦 𝐛𝐯 𝐝 𝟐𝟓 𝐝

𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎×𝟑𝟏𝟒 1/3 𝟑𝟓 1/3 𝟒𝟎𝟎 1/4

Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝚼𝐦 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓

𝟎.𝟕𝟗
Vc = (0.63)1/3(1.4)1/3(3.2)1/4 = 0.8 N/mm2
𝟏.𝟐𝟓

Vc > v hagaag

Habacsanaanta

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝐟𝐬
Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa = 0.55+ 𝐦 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+ 𝟐
𝐛𝐝

Mweyn= −15.76kNm, dx.weyn = 125mm,

As.rabo = 303mm2/m, As.helay = 314mm2/m,

𝐦 𝟏𝟓.𝟕𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐 𝐀𝐬.𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨 𝟏 𝟐×𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝟏

𝟐
= = 1, fs = fy = 460× = 296
𝐛𝐝 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝟑 𝐀𝐬.𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝛃 𝟑×𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝟏

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝟐𝟗𝟔
i.a.s.d.= 0.55+ = 1.344 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+𝟏)

Gudban / moolka dhibban (L/d)gundhig xiran = 26 jadwalka 3.9

(L/d) oggol = (L/d)gundhig × i.a.s.c.>(L/d)xaqiiqi

21
Gudbanka la ogolyahay/moolka = 26×1.344 = 35

Gudbanka xaqiiqiga/moolka = 4000/125 = 32

(L/d) oggol > (L/d)xaqiiqi hagaag

Hubinta jeerarka

Sidaqa

fy = 460N/mm2, h < 200mm (150<200) faqrada 3.12.11.2.7

3d = 3(125) = 375 mm

Dulalaatiga bannaan ee udhaxeeya biraha = 150 -10 = 140 < 3d = (375mm)

22
 Qorsheynta dogobka

Gudbanka dogobka dhexe

Gudbanka koosiriga 1

Culeys

Culeyska koosiriga = 0.15×25 = 3.75kN/m2

Dhammeystirka = 1kN/m2

Culeyska manoolaha Gk = 4.75kN/m2

Culeyska guurguura Qk = 3 kN/m2

Ly/Lx = 6/4 = 1.5 < 2. (koosiri laba-daye)

Koosirigu waxa uu leeyahay laba gees daris ah oo furan sidaasi darteed waa
xaaladda 4.

Horgalayaasha quwadaha jaraha

Geeska xiran βvx1 = 0.54 βvy1 = 0.4 jadwalka 3.15

Geeska furan βvx2 = 0.35 βvy2 = 0.26

b = 1000mm. sababta oo ah fogaanta qorsheynta koosiriga waxa uu

qaadanayaa 1m.

Maadaama aynu dooneyno in aynu taxliilinno dogobka dhexe, waxa aynu

dooraneynaa horgalaha geeska dheer ee xiran, sidaasi darteed waxa aynu
qaadaneynaa βvx1 = 0.54

23
Gk = 4.75kN/m2

Qk = 3kN/m2

Cabbirka dogobk = (500×400) mm

Culeyska dogobka = b(h-t)culeyska sulubka

Halka t ay tahay qirada koosiriga

Culeyska dogobka = 0.4(0.5-0.15)25 = 3.5kN/m2

Culeyska darbiyada dhexe = 1kN/m2

Culeyska qorsheynta

Gk = (0.54×4.75×4) = 10.26 +1+3.5 = 14.76kN/m2

Qk = (0.54×3×4) = 6.48kN/m2

Culeyska qorsheynta oo idil = 1.4(14.76) + 1.6(6.48) = 31kN/m2

Culeyska saaran dogobka = wadarta culeysyada ka imaanaya laba dhinac

= (31×2) = 62kN/m2

Ogow culeyska doolka maadaama uu yaryahay labada dhinacba waan ku

darsanayaa badbaada ahaan.

Mid kamid ah koosirirayaasi waxa uu leeyahay culeys hal dhinac ka

imaanaya, halka dhinaca kale oo uu kaga xiranyahay jaranjaro, culeyska
jaranjarada aad ayuu u yaryahay sidaasi darteed waa aad iska
indhatirikartaa. Laakin annagu imika waa aynu adeegsaneynaa badbaado
ahaan.

24
 Gudbanka koosiriga 2

Culeys

Ly/Lx = 6/4 = 1.5 <2. (koosiri laba-daye)

Koosirigu waxa uu leeyahay hal dhinac dheer oo furan sidaasi darteed waa
xaaladda 3.

Horgalayaasha quwadda jaraha

Geeska xiran βvx1 = 0.51 βvy1 = 0.36 jadwalka 3.15

Geeska furan βvx2 = 0.34

Maadaama aynu dooneyno inaynu taxliilinno dogobka dhexe, waxa aynu

dooraneynaa horgalaha geeska dheer ee xiran, sidaasi darteed waxa aynu
qaadaneynaa βvx1 = 0.51

Gk = 4.75kN/m2

Qk = 3kN/m2

Cabbirka dogobka = (500×400) mm

Culeyska dogobka = 0.4(0.5-0.15)25 = 3.5kN/m2

Culeyska darbiyada dhexe = 1kN/m2

Culeyska qorsheynta

Gk = (0.51×4.75×4) = 9.69 +1+3.5 = 14.19kN/m2

Qk = (0.51×3×4) = 6.12kN/m2

25
Culeyska qorsheynta oo idil = 1.4(14.19) + 1.6(6.12) = 29.658kN/m2

Culeyska saaran dogobka = wadarta culeysyada ka imaanaya laba dhinac

= (29.658×2) = 60kN/m2

Ogow uleyska doolka maadaama uu yaryahay labada dhinacba

waan ku darsanayaa badbaada ahaan.

Gudbanka koosiriga 2 (u adeegsi tiir)

Culeys

Ly/Lx = 6/4 = 1.5 <2. (koosiri laba-daye)

Koosirigu waxa uu leeyahay hal dhinac dheer oo furan sidaasi darteed waa
xaaladda 3.

Horgalayaasha quwadda jaraha

Geeska xiran βvx1 = 0.51 βvy1 = 0.36 jadwalka 3.15

Geeska furan βvx2 = 0.34

Maadaama aynu dooneyno inaynu taxliilinno dogobka dhexe, waxa aynu

dooraneynaa horgalaha geeska gaaban ee xiran, sidaasi darteed waxa aynu
qaadaneynaa βvy1 = 0.36

Gk = 4.75kN/m2

Qk = 3kN/m2

26
Cabbirka dogobka = (500×300) mm

Culeyska dogobka = 0.4(0.5-0.15)25 = 3.5kN/m2

Culeyska darbiyada dhexe = 1kN/m2

Culeyska qorsheynta

Gk = (0.36×4.75×4) = 6.84 +1+3.5 = 11.34kN/m2

Qk = (0.36×3×4) = 4.32kN/m2

Culeyska qorsheynta oo idil = 1.4(11.34) + 1.6(4.32) = 22.788kN/m2

Culeyska saaran dogobka = wadarta culeysyada ka imaanaya laba dhinac,

mid kamid ah dhinacyadaasi waa gees gaaban oo koosiri hal-daye xiran kaasi
oo sida culeys ebar ah.

= (22.788) loo riday 23kN/m2

Ogow uleyska doolka maadaama uu yaryahay labada dhinacba waan ku

darsanayaa badbaada ahaan.

Gudbanka koosiriga 3

Ly/Lx = 8.5/4 = 2.125 > 2. (koosiri hal-daye)

Culeyska qorsheynta

Gk = (4.75×4)/2 = 9.5 +1+3.5 = 14kN/m2

Qk = (3×4)2 = 6kN/m2

27
Culeyska qorsheynta oo idil = 1.4(14) + 1.6(6) = 29.2kN/m2

Culeyska saaran dogobka = wadarta culeysyada ka imaanaya laba dhinac

= (29.2×2) = 59kN/m2

Ogow uleyska doolka maadaama uu yaryahay labada dhinacba

waan ku darsanayaa badbaada ahaan.

Culeyska qeybsanaha

FEM waa duubmiga geeska sugan/taagan

DF waa horgalaha qeybsanaha

DIST waa qeybsanaha

COM waa duubmiga la soo wareejiyay

K waa horgalaha qallafsanaanta xubinka iyo kala siibyada

E waa la shaqeeyaha jaleeca walxaha

I waa daacsanaanta duubmiga

EI taxliilkan dhexdiisa waxa aynu u qaadaneynaa 1. (adeegso marka aad u

haysato tiro laga helay tijaabo ama sida lagu soo saaray)

28
K = 4EI/L marka kaalaha sugan

K = 3EI/L marka kaalaha mudan/kawisan

DF = K/∑K

DF = 0 geeska sugan

DF = 1 geeska kawisan

Heykalkeennan dhammaan waa kaalayaal iyo geesyo sugan sidaasi darteed

waxa aynu u adeegsaneynaa K = 4EI/L iyo geeska oo sugan awgeed DF = 0

FEMAB and EF = -FL2/12 = -62×62/12 = -186kNm

FEMBA and FE = FL2/12 = 62×62/12 = 186kNM

FEMBC and DE = -FL2/12 = -60×62/12 = -180kNm

FEMCB and ED = FL2/12 = 60×62/12 = 180kNm

FEMCD = -FL2/12 = -59×8.52/12 = -355kNm

FEMDC = FL2/12 = 59×8.52/12 = 355kNm

KAB = KBC = KDE = KEF = 4/6 = 2/3

KCD = 4/8.5 = 8/17

DFAB = 0 geeska sugan

DFBA = KAB/(KAB + KBC) = (2/3)/(2/3+2/3) = 0.5

DFBC = KBC/(KBC + KAB) = (2/3)/(2/3+2/3) = 0.5

Iyo sidaasi oo kale inta kalena

29
DFAB = 0 DFBA = 0.5

DFBC = 0.5 DFCB = 17/29

DFCD = 12/29 DFDC = 12/29

DFDE = 17/29 DFED = 0.5

DFEF = 0.5 DFFE = 0

DISTBA = -(FEMBA + FEMBC)DFBA

DISTBC = -(FEMBA + FEMBC)DFBC

COBC = DISTCB/2

COCB = DISTBC/2

30
 Jadwalka qeybsanaha duubmiga

Xubin A B C D E F

Kala-siib AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED EF FE
0.59
D.F 0 0.5 0.5 0.59 0.414 0.414 0.5 0.5 0

FEM -186 186 -180 180 -355 355 -180 180 -186 186

DIST 186 -3 -3 103.25 72.45 -72.45 -103.25 3 3 -186

1.5
COM -1.5 93 51.625 -1.5 -36.225 36.225 -51.625 -93 1.5

DIST 0 -72.3 -72.3 22.26 15.62 -15.62 -22.26 72.3 72.3 0

COM -36.16 0 11.13 -36.16 -7.81 7.81 36.16 -11.13 0 36.16

DIST 0 -5.56 -5.56 25.94 18.2 -18.2 -25.94 5.56 5.56 0

COM -2.78 0 12.97 -2.78 -9.1 9.1 2.78 -12.97 0 2.78

-7
DIST 0 -6.5 -6.5 7 4.92 -4.92 6.5 6.5 0

COM -3.24 0 3.5 -3.24 -2.46 2.46 3.24 -3.5 0 3.24

DIST 0 -1.75 -1.75 3.36 2.36 -2.36 -3.36 1.75 1.75 0

0.876
COM -0.876 0 1.68 -0.876 -1.182 1.182 -1.68 0 0.876

DIST 0 -0.84 -0.84 1.2 0.85 -0.85 -1.2 0.84 0.84 0

0.42
COM -0.42 0 0.607 -0.42 -0.426 0.426 -0.607 0 0.42

DIST 0 -0.3 -0.3035 0.5 0.35 -0.35 -0.5 0.3 0.3 0

COM -0.1517 0 0.25 -0.1517 -0.175 0.175 0.1517 -0.25 0 0.1517

-0.193
DIST 0 -0.125 -0.125 0.193 0.135 -0.135 0.125 0.125 0

COM -0.0624 0 0.0964 -0.0624 -0.0677 0.0677 0.0624 -0.0964 0 0.0624

-0.077
DIST 0 -0.048 -0.048 0.077 0.054 -0.054 0.048 0.048 0

COM -0.024 0 0.0384 -0.024 -0.027 0.027 0.024 -0.0384 0 0.024

DIST 0 -0.0192 -0.0192 0.03 0.02 -0.02 -0.03 0.0192 0.0192 0

0.0096
COM -0.0096 0 0.015 -0.0096 -0.0106 0.0106 -0.015 0 0.0096

DIST 0 -0.0075 -0.0075 0.012 0.0083 -0.0083 -0.012 0.0075 0.0075 0

COM -0.00375 0 0.006 -0.00375 -0.0042 0.0042 0.00375 -0.006 0 0.00375

-0.0047
DIST 0 -0.003 -0.003 0.0047 0.0033 -0.0033 0.003 0.003 0

-297
Mdham -45 189 -189 297 -297 297 189 -189 45

31
Duubmiga iyo culeyska qeybsanaha

Soo saaridda caabbiyayaasha

32
 Jaantuska jaraha iyo duubmiga

Duubmiga ugu weyn

Kaalayaasha Mweyn = 297kNm

Gudbanka Mweyn = 235.8kNm

Jaraha ugu weyn Vweyn = 250.75kN

33
 Qorsheynta dogobka

Kaalaha dhexe ee dogobka

Tusaale ahaan doolkan aan u qaadanno in uu yahay dogob leydi.

Ogow markasta doolka gees-ka-gees waa in uu isku mid noqdaa, balse halkan
tusaale ahaan ayaan u kala baddalidoonnaa.

Cabbirka dogobka = (500×400) mm

M = 297kNm V = 250.75kN

Qorsheynta sidaqa

bw = 400mm iyo h = 500mm.

d = 500 – 30 – 8 − 25/2 = 449.5 mm, dheh 450 mm.

Mu = 0.156fcubwd2 = 0.156×35×400×4502 = 442.26kNm

Mu > M. Dogob leydi hal-sidaq

k = M/(bd2fcu) = 297×106/(400×4502×35) = 0.105< 0.156

z = 450{0.5 +√(0.25–0.105/0.9)} = 389 > 0.95 × 450 = 427.5mm

As = 297×106/(0.9524×460×389) = 1743mm2.

Waxaa la helay 9T16, As = 1810mm2

Laakin waxa aad isticmaalikartaa 10T16, As = 2010mm2 badbaado ahaan.

34
 HUBITA JARAHA

𝐕 𝟐𝟓𝟎.𝟕𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟑
V=( ) =( ) = 1.4N/mm2
𝐛𝐯 𝐝 𝟒𝟎𝟎×𝟒𝟓𝟎

Fiigga jaraha ugu weyn = 0.8√𝐟𝐜𝐮 = 0.8√𝟑𝟓 = 4.733 N/mm or

5N/mm2
1.4 < 4.733 taasi waa hagaag.

𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐀𝐬 1/3 𝐟𝐜𝐮 1/3 𝟒𝟎𝟎 1/4

Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝐲𝐦 𝐛𝐯 𝐝 𝟐𝟓 𝐝

𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎×𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎 1/3 𝟑𝟓 1/3 𝟒𝟎𝟎 1/4

Vc = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝟏.𝟐𝟓 𝟒𝟎𝟎×𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟓 𝟑𝟓𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎×𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝚼𝐦 = 1.25, ( ) ≥ 0.3, ( ) < 1. Adeegso 1, fcu ≤ 40 N/mm2
𝟒𝟎𝟎×𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟓𝟎

𝟎.𝟕𝟗
Vc = (1.117)1/3(1.4)1/3 (1)1/4 = 0.7335 N/mm2
𝟏.𝟐𝟓

Vc < v

35
 Shakaalka ugu yar jaraha

Agv/sv = b (v-vc)/0.9524fyv

Waa 4 lug. Agv = 4(π/4)×82 = 201mm2

Asg = bsv(v-vc)/0.9524fyv = 201 = 400×sv(1.4-0.7335-)/0.9524×250

Sv = 180mm < (0.75d= 337.5mm)

Sidaasi darteed shakaalka horay loo qaatay waa mid lagu aaminikaro u
adkeysiga jaraha.

Hubinta habacsanaanta

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝐟𝐬
Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa = 0.55+ 𝐦 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+ 𝟐
𝐛𝐝

𝐦 𝟐𝟗𝟕×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐 𝐀𝐬.𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨 𝟏 𝟐×𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟑 𝟏

= = 3.67, fs = fy = 460 = 266
𝐛𝐝𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎×𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝟑 𝐀𝐬.𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝛃 𝟑×𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝟏

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝟐𝟔𝟔
i.a.s.d.= 0.55+ = 0.935 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+𝟑.𝟔𝟕)

(L/d)gundhig × i.a.s.c.>(L/d)xaqiiqi

(L/d)gundhig dogobka xiran laga helay jadwalka = 26 jadwalka 3.9

Gudbanka la oggolyahay/moolka = 26×0.935 = 24

Gudbanka xaqiiqiga/moolka = 8500/450 = 18.9

(L/d) oggol > (L/d)xaqiiqi hagaag

Taasi waa dogobka la qaatay waa uu shaqeynkarayaa.

36
 Jeerarka

Fogaanta maran S1 ee u dhaxeysa biraha

S1 = (b−2C−𝟐Øshakaal−2Øbir.weyn−Ø)/2 = (400−2×30−2×8−2×25−25)/2
= 124.5mm

𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Qiimaha la oggolyahay: dulalaatiga maran ≤ βb ≤ 300 = = 152 ≤
𝐟𝐲 𝟒𝟔𝟎

300.

𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐 𝐀𝐬.𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨 𝟏
Qaacidda sikale: dulalaatiga maran ≤ ≤ 300. Halka fs = fy
𝐟𝐬 𝟑 𝐀𝐬.𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝛃𝐛

fs horay ayaa loogaga soo helay habacsanaanta 302.5N/mm2

𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎
Kolkaa dulalaatiga maran ≤ = 177 ≤ 300.
𝟐𝟔𝟔

Hubi S2

y = waa fogaanta laga billaabo dhinaca iyo salka ilaa bartamaha biraha
bidixda ee salka = C +Øshakaal + Øbir.weyn/2 = 30 + 8 + 25/2 = 50.5mm

S2 =√(𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 ) – Øbir.weyn/2 =√(𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 ) −25/2 = 58mm

Qiimaha la oggolyahay S2 < 0.5S1 = 0.5×124.5 = 62.25mm.

taasi waa ay shaqeynkartaa.

37
 Gubanka dhexe ee dogobka

Cabbirka dogobka = (500×400) mm

M = 235.8kNm

Qorsheynta sidaqa

Tusaale ahaan doolkan u qaado dogob dacalle, kolkaa qirada koosiriga waxa
ay la egtahay 150mm joogga cabbirka dogobkuna waxa uu la egyahay
500mm.

Sidaasi darteed hf = 150mm, bw = 400mm iyo h = 500mm.

𝐥𝐞
Ballaca dhibban b ee dacalle xiran dogob-T = +bw= 0.14le + bw =
𝟕.𝟏𝟒𝟑

0.14×8500 + 400= 1590mm

d = 500 – 30 – 8 − 25/2 = 449.5 mm, dheh 450 mm.

Hubi xaaladda dogobka haddii cadaadisku uu ku jira dacasha ama in uu u

dhaadhacay tafta.

Mdacal = 0.447fcubhf (d-hf/2) = Mdacal = 0.447×35×1590×150(450-150/2)

= 1399KN.m

M = 235.8kNm < Md = 1399kNm

𝐡
Mu = 0.447fcu (b – bw)hf(d − 𝐟) + 0.156fcubwd2 = 0.447×35(1590-
𝟐

400)×150×(450-150/2) + 0.156×35×400×4502 = 1489.5kNm

Mu>Mdacal>M (macnuhu waa dogobku waa uu u adkeysankarayaa duubmiga

culeyska)

38
Kaddib duubmiga qorsheynta ee 297kNm waa uu ka yaryahay kan Mdacal ee
1399kNm. Dogobku waxaa loo qorsheynkarayaa sida dogob leydi hal-sidaq ah
lehna xajmi b×d = 1590×450.

k = M/(bd2fcu) = 235.8×106/(1590×4502×35) = 0.021< 0.156

z = 450{0.5 +√(0.25–0.021/0.9)} = 439 > 0.95 × 450 = 427.5mm

Adeegso 427.5mm

As = 235.8×106/(0.9524×460×427.5) = 1259mm2.

Waxaa lahelay 7T16, As = 1407mm2

Laakin waxa aad isticmaalikartaa 8T16, As = 1608mm2 badbaado ahaan.

39
 Shakaalka ugu yar jaraha

Agv/sv = b (v-vc)/0.9524fyv

Waa 4 lug. Agv = 4(π/4)×82 = 201mm2

Asg = bsv(v-vc)/0.9524fyv = 201 = 400×sv(1.4-0.68-)/0.9524×250

Sv = 166mm < (0.75d= 337.5mm)

Sidaasi darteed shakaalka horay loo qaatay waa mid lagu aaminikaro u
adkeysiga jaraha.

Hubinta habacsanaanta

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝐟𝐬
Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa = 0.55+ 𝐦 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+ 𝟐
𝐛𝐝

𝐦 𝟐𝟑𝟓.𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐 𝐀𝐬.𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨 𝟏 𝟐×𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟗 𝟏

= = 2.9, fs = fy = 460 = 240
𝐛𝐝𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎×𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝟑 𝐀𝐬.𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝛃 𝟑×𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟖 𝟏

𝟒𝟕𝟕−𝟐𝟒𝟎
i.a.s.d.= 0.55+ = 0.982 ≤ 2.
𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟎.𝟗+𝟑.𝟔𝟕)

(L/d)gundhig × i.a.s.c.>(L/d)xaqiiqi

(L/d)gundhig dogobka xiran lagahelay jadwalka = 26 jadwalka 3.9

Gudbanka la oggolyahay/moolka = 26×0.982 = 25.5

Gudbanka xaqiiqiga/moolka = 8500/450 = 18.9

(L/d) oggol > (L/d)xaqiiqi hagaag

Taasi waa dogobka la qaatay waa uu shaqeynkarayaa.

40
 Jeerarka

Fogaanta maran S1 ee u dhaxeysa biraha

S1 = (b−2C−𝟐Øshakaal−2Øbir.weyn−Ø)/2 = (400−2×30−2×8−2×25−25)/2
= 124.5mm

𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Qiimaha la oggolyahay: dulalaatiga maran ≤ βb ≤ 300 = = 152 ≤
𝐟𝐲 𝟒𝟔𝟎

300.

𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐 𝐀𝐬.𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨 𝟏
Qaacidda sikale: dulalaatiga maran ≤ ≤ 300. Halka fs = fy
𝐟𝐬 𝟑 𝐀𝐬.𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝛃𝐛

fs horay ayaa loogaga soo helay habacsanaanta 302.5N/mm2

𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎
Kadib dulalaatiga bannaan ≤ = 195.8 ≤ 300.
𝟐𝟒𝟎

Hubi S2

y = waa fogaanta laga billaabo dhinaca iyo salka ilaa bartamaha biraha
bidixda ee salka = C +Øshakaal + Øbir.weyn/2 = 30 + 8 + 25/2 = 50.5mm

S2 =√(𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 ) – Øbir.weyn/2 =√(𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 ) −25/2 = 58mm

Qiimaha la oggolyahay S2 < 0.5S1 = 0.5×124.5 = 62.25mm.

Taasi waa ay shaqeynkartaa.

41
Qorsheynta dogobka geeska waxaa loo adeegsanayaa isla waddada loo maray
qorsheynta dogobk-T ee kor lagu soo qorsheeyay, marka laga reebo

𝐥𝐞
Dogobka xiran ee dogob-L b = +bw = 0.07le + bw
𝟏𝟒.𝟐𝟗

Dogobyada kale oo idil waxaa loo adeegsandoonaa in lagu dhiso sidaqa laga
soo helay gudbanka sida duubmiga iyo quwadda jaraha ugu weyn, laakin
shakaallada jaraha waa ay kala duwanaankaraan hadba sida ay u kala
baddalantahay quwadda jaraha laakin waxaa la adeegsankarayaa bir-mas
lagu soo helay habka qorsheynta.

42
 TIIR

Lex/h iyo Ley/b< 15 sidaasi darteed tiirkan waa tiir gaaban

Culeys

Culeyska tiirka = (0.4×0.4×3.5)25× = 14KN

Sagxadda saddexaad = (59×8.5/2) + (60×6/2) + 2(23×4\2) = 522.75kN

Sagxadda labaad = 522.75 + 14 236.75kN

Sagxadda koowaad = 522.75 + 14 = 536.75kN

Aas-aaska = Ndham+ 14 = 1610.25kN

Qorsheynta tiirka looma adeegsankaro qaaciddada qorsheynta tiirka, sababta

oo ah tiirkan waxaa saaran culeys aan iskumid aheyn ama kala duduwan,
waxaana ka imaanayo duubmi hal dhinac ah, sidaasi darteed waxa aynu
adeegsaneynaa habka qorsheynta duubmiga tiirka si ay gundhig ugu noqoto
boqolleyda badka ugu yar ee birta ayada oo la adeegsanayo qorsheyn shaxeed.
43
 Qallafsanaanta xubinka

𝐊 𝐀𝐁 𝐛𝐡𝟑 𝟎.𝟒×𝟎.𝟓𝟑
= = = 2.451×10-4
𝟐 𝟐𝐋𝐀𝐁 𝟐×𝟏𝟐×𝟖.𝟓

𝐊 𝐁𝐂 𝐛𝐡𝟑 𝟎.𝟒×𝟎.𝟓𝟑
= = = 3.47222×10-4
𝟐 𝟐𝐋𝐁𝐂 𝟐×𝟏𝟐×𝟔

𝐊 𝐃𝐁 𝐛𝐡𝟑 𝟎.𝟒×𝟎.𝟓𝟑
= = = 5.21×10-4
𝟐 𝟐𝐋𝐃𝐁 𝟐×𝟏𝟐×𝟒

𝐊 𝐁𝐄 𝐛𝐡𝟑 𝟎.𝟒×𝟎.𝟓𝟑
= = = 5.21×10-4
𝟐 𝟐𝐋𝐁𝐄 𝟐×𝟏𝟐×𝟒

Tiir

𝐛𝐡𝟑 𝟎.𝟒×𝟎.𝟒𝟑
Ktiir= = = 6.1×10-4
𝟐𝐋𝐡 𝟏𝟐×𝟑.𝟓

Duubmiga danbe ee sugan ee Bly

FEMBA = (59×8.52)/12 = 355kNm

FEMBC = (60×62)/12 = 180kNm

Duubmiga danbe ee sugan ee Blx

FEMBD = (23×42)/12 = 30kNm

FEMBE = (23×42)/12 = 30kNm

44
 Sagxadda koowaad iyo labaad

∑K = (2.451+3.47222+2×6.1)×10-4 = 1.8123×10-3

𝐊 𝐭𝐢𝐢𝐫 𝟔.𝟏×𝟏𝟎−𝟒
D.F = = = 0.3366
∑𝐊 𝟏.𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟑×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

Duubmiga tiirka MABC = (355 – 180)×0.334 = 58kNm

Duubmiga tiirka MDBE = (30 – 30)×0.334 = 0.

Sagxadda saddexaad

∑K = (2.451+3.47222+6.1)×10-4 = 1.2023×10-3

𝐊 𝐭𝐢𝐢𝐫 𝟔.𝟏×𝟏𝟎−𝟒
D.F = = = 0.507
∑𝐊 𝟏.𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

Duubmiga tiirka MABC = (355 – 180)×0.507 = 88kNm

Duubmiga tiirka MDBE = (30 – 30)×0.507 = 0.

Birta tiirka u qaado 16mm

d = 400-25-16/2 = 367mm

fcu = 35, fy = 460, d/h = 367/400 = 0.9175. Qaado 0.9

Baraarujin: Asalka sidaqa tiirka ee ugu yar waa 4 bir, haddii ay intaasi ka
badato birt, sidaqu waxa uu u kala badnaanayaa hadba dhinaca uu ku
dhacayo duumbiga weyn.

45
 Taxliilinta culeyska saaran tiirka

Ayada oo la adeegsanayo buugga “Design charts for singly reinforced beams, doubly
reinforced beams and rectangular columns BS8110 Part 3: 1985 ”

Sagxadaha N(kN) M(kN.m) 𝐍 𝐌 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐀𝐬𝐜 d/h = 367/400 = 0.9

𝐛𝐡 𝐛𝐡𝟐 𝐛𝐡
Asc(mm2)

3aad 522.75 88 3.2 1.4 0.4 640

2aad 536.75 58 3.35 0.9 0.4 640

2aad 1059.5 58 6.6 0.9 0.4 640

1aad 1073.5 58 6.71 0.9 0.4 640

1aad 1596.25 58 9.98 0.9 0.4 640

Aas-aaska 1610.25 58/2 = 29 10 0.45 0.4 640

Adiga oo adeegsanayo shaxda 34-aad ee qeybta 3-aad ee af-gaeadka:-

Badka ugu wey = 100Asc/bh = 0.4.

Asc.rabo = 640mm2 Asc.helay = 4T16 leh bad ah 804mm2

Badka ugu yar boqolleyda waa 0.4.

100Asc/Ac = (100 × 804)/4002 = 0.5 > 0.4. Waa si wanaagsan.

46
 Qorsheynta Shakaalka

Dhex-roorka shakaallada waa in aysan ka yaraan 6 mm ama rubaca dhex-

roorka ugu weyn biraha dherersan, sidaasi darteed 16/4 = 4 mm. Qaado
8mm iyo wixii ka badan, xad-dhaafna aheyn.

Dulalaatiga ugu weyn waa in uu noqdaa 12 jeer dhex-roorka birta ugu yar ee
dherersan, sidaasi darteed waxa aynu qaadankarnaa 12 × 16 = 192mm iyo
wixii ka yar, xad-dhaafna aheyn.

Hubinta jaraha

Sida uu qabo af-garadka:-

M/N < 0.6h = 29/1610 = 0.02 < 0.6 × 0.4 = 0.24. Waa hagaag, sidaasi
darteed jaraha kuma sugno xaalad murugsan.

Hubinta jeerarka

Sida uu qabo af-garadka:-

0.2fcuAc < N = 0.2, Ac = bh - Asc

Sidaas darteed 0.2 × 35 × {(400 × 400) – 804} = 1114kN < 1610kN. Waa
hagaag, hubin kalena looma baahno.

Baraarujin: Sidaqa ay bixineyso qorsheyntu waa xaddiga ugu hooseeya ee u

adkeysankaro culeyska goobta saaran, taasi oo ay macnaheedu tahay in
aanan la qaadankarin sidaq ka yar xaddigaasi, waxaase furan in badbaado
ahaan la qaato xaddi ka sarreeya sidaqa ay qorsheyntu bixisay xad-dhaafna
aheyn.

47
 RUUG

Culeyska saaran tiirka dhexe

Culeyska manoolaha marka laga reebo racdin-reebka ayada oo laga soo

billaabayo culeyskii saarnaa koosiriga

= 2((11.34×4×3)/2)+2((14×8.5×3)/2)+2((14.19×6×3)/2)+42 =
790KN

Culeyska guurguura marka laga reebo racdin-reebka ayada oo laga soo

billaabayo culeyskii saarnaa koosiriga

= 2((4.32×4×3)/2)+2((6×8.5×3)/2)+2((6.12×6×3)/2) = 315KN/m

Culeysyada oo idil = 790+315 = 1105KN.

Culeysyada idil oo racdin-reeb leh = 1.4(790)+1.6(315) = 1610kN

48
U qaado cadaadiska dhulka = 200kN/m2

Badka cuban ee loo baahanyahay = 1105/200 = 5.525m2

Adeegso 2.4×2.4 = 5.76m2

Culeyska salka/fadhiga = (0.5×2.4×2.4)25 = 72kN

Cadaadiska qorsheynta = (1610 + 72)/2.42 = 292kN

X = (2400-400)/2 = 1000mm

Birta saabka u qaado 16mm iyo dabool 40mm

d = 500-40-16/2 = 452mm

49
 Sidaqa

Duubmiga wajiga tiirka = 292×2.4×12/2 = 350kNm

k = M/(bd2fcu) = 350×106/(2400×4522×35) = 0.02< 0.156

z = 452{0.5 +√(0.25–0.02/0.9)} = 441.7 > 0.95d = 429mm

Adeegso 429mm

As = 350×106/(0.9524×460×429) = 1862mm2.

Waxaa la helay 10T16, As = 2011mm2 leh dulalaati 266mm

Jaraha quman/taagan

Fiigga jaraha quman waxaa laga hubiyaa d = 452 mm laga soo billaabo
wajiga tiirka.

Jaraha fogaanta d laga soo billaabo wajiga tiirka waa

𝟐.𝟒 𝟎.𝟒
V = 292 × (( - )-0.452) × 2.4 = 384kN
𝟐 𝟐

v = 384×103/(2400×452) = 0.354 N/mm2

100As/(bd) = 100×2011/(2400×452) = 0.2< 3.0
400/d = 400/452 = 0.9< 1.0, take as 1.0
vc = (0.79×(0.2)1/3 (1.0)1/4 (35/25)1/3)/1.25 = 0.4 N/mm2
v < vc = 0.26< 0.4

Jaraha jugta/kadada

u0.tiir = 4×452×400 = 723200mm

u0 waa bad-eegga tiirka

50
vweyn = 1610×103/(723200) = 2.23N/mm2< (0.8√35 = 4.73 N/mm2)

c+3d = 400+3×452 = 1756 mm

Bad-eegga u = 1756×4 dhinac = 7024 mm

Hubi fiigga ugu weyn jaraha kaliya wajiga tiirka.

Badka uu ku jiro bad-eegga = c+3d = (0.4+3×0.452)2 = 3.1m2

Jaraha Vu0 = 292 × (2.42 – 3.1) = 777kN

Vweyn = 777×103/(7024×452) = 0.245N/mm2 < (0.8√35 = 4.73 N/mm2)

v < vc = 0.245< 0.4

Wax sidaqa jaraha ah looma baahno.

Jeerar

Dulalaatiga maran = 266 < 3d = 1356 ama 750mm

100As/bd = (100×2011)/2400×452 = 0.2 < 0.3

Lc = 0.5×2400 = 1200 < 0.25×3(c+3d) = 0.25×3(400+3×452) =

1317mm jadwalka 3.11.3.2

51
 Jaranjaro
Fogaanta fadhiga/salka = 2800mm, joogga = 1750

Tirada cagsaarka = 2800/250 = 11

Tirada sare-kaca = 1750/145 = 12

Dhammaan qirada koosiriga jaranjarada = 150mm

Gudbanka dhibban ee koosiriga jaranjarada waa fogaanta jiifka maran (2800

mm) lagu daray fogaanta jaranjarada ilaa bartamaha dogobka kore (400/2
mm) la gudaray nuska ballaca ku sugga (1500/2mm) = 2800+200+750 =
3750 mm.

Culeyska ugu fog qorsheynta ee saaran jaranjarada waa

Culeyska koosiriga

Dhammaan qirada oo ay ku jirto dhammeystirka kor iyo hoos waa 150mm

lehna bad ah (1.5×1.5)

Culeyska manoolaha

Culeyska koosiriga = 0.15×25 = 3.75 kN/m2

Dhammeystirka = 1 kN/m2

GK = 4.75 kN/m2

Culeyska guurguura QK = 4kN/m2

Culeyska idil ee ugu fog qorsheynta = 1.4(4.75)+1.6(4) = 13.05 kN/m2

50% culeyska ku sugga = 0.5×13.05×1.5×1.5/2 = 7.34 kN

52
Nuska culeyska saaran ku sugga waxaa loo tixgalinayaa in uu kujiro
koosiriga jaranjarada.

Ballaca culeysku saaranyahay waa 1.5 m.

Koosiriga jaranjarada

Dhererka janjeerka waa √𝐡𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 , h = 3500/2 = 1750mm, laakin adeegso

R×n = 145×12 = 1740mm. b = 6-(1.5×2) = 3000mm laakin adeegso
G×n + ballaca dogobka kore/2, (dhererka asalka u ah halka socodka) =
250×11 + 400/2 = 2950mm.

Kolka dhererka janjeerka waa √𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟐 = 3.425m.

𝐑 𝟏𝟒𝟓
Dhererka tallaabada ama gacanka = [G sin(tan-1 )] = [250 sin (tan-1 )]=
𝐆 𝟐𝟓𝟎

[(250)sin(tan-10.58)] = 125mm

Dhammaan qirada oo ay ku jirta dhammeystirka kor iyo hoos waa tcel =

150+125/2 =212. Adeegso 200 mm leh ballac ah 1.5m.

Culeyska manoolaha = 1.4(0.2×3.425×1.5×25) = 36kN

Culeyska guurguura = 1.6(4×2.95×1.5) = 28.32 kN

Culeyska oo idil = 64.32kN

Culeyska manoolaha waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa ayada oo la adeegsanaya

dhererka janjeerka halka culeyska nooluhu uu ku dhaco dhererka khariidada.
Ballaca culeysku saaranyahay waa 1.5 m.

Culeyska idil ee saaran gudbanka waa

53
7.34 + 64.32 = 71.66 kN

Jaraha ugu weyn ee kaalaha sare waa

𝐰𝐛𝟐
( ) 𝐰𝐛
V= 𝟒𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
loo fududeeyay halka w yahay dhammaan culeyska saaran
𝐛 𝟒𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝐡
gudbanka, b waa dhererka salka halka socodka, iyo θ = [90 - (tan-1 )]
𝐛

b = 2m, h = 1.5m, w = 71.66 kN

𝐡
𝐅𝐋 𝐛𝐋 +(𝐛𝐅 +𝟐𝐛𝐋 )𝐅𝐅 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 )
𝐛𝐟
Fiigga kaalaha sare v = 𝐡
𝟐(𝐛𝐅 +𝐛𝐋 )𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 )
𝐛𝐟

Halka FL uu yahay quwadda ku dhacda ku sugga = 7.34KN

bL waa dhererka salka ee ku sugga = 0.75M

FF waa quwadda ku dhacda halka lagu soconaya = 64.32KN

54
 bF waa dhererka salka ee halka lagu soconaya = 2.95M

h waa joogga janjeerka = 1.74M

𝟏.𝟕𝟒
𝟕.𝟑𝟒×𝟎.𝟕𝟓+(𝟐.𝟗𝟓+𝟐×𝟎.𝟕𝟓)×𝟔𝟒.𝟑𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 )
v= 𝟏.𝟕𝟓
𝟐.𝟗𝟓
𝟐(𝟐.𝟗𝟓+𝟎.𝟕𝟓)𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 )
𝟐.𝟗𝟓

v = 39.55KN.

fiigga ugu badan ee kaalaha sare waa 39.55KN.

Duubmiga qorsheynta ee duubmiga daciifka ah ee u dhaw dhexda gudbanka,

qalloca duubmiga ka sarreeya kaalaha labaduba waa Wl/10.

L = (𝐛𝐅 +𝐛𝐋 ) = 2.95+0.75 = 3.7m

M = 71.66×3.7/10 = 26.5 kNm

Kaddib billaw qorsheynta sidaqa adiga oo adeegsanaya qaabka koosiriga, iyo

saamiga gundhigga gudbanka iyo moolka dhibban waxaa loo tixgalinayaa
sida koosiri tixan ama sahal-kaal ah.

Duubmiga sidaqa
Moolka dhibban
d = 150 − 25 – 10/2 = 120 mm
Ballaca dhibban b waxa uu qaadanayaa ballaca koosiriga ku sugga = 1500
mm.
k = M/ (bd2 fcu) = 26.5×106/ (1500×1202×35) = 0.035< 0.156
z = 120(0.5+√(0.25–0.035/0.9)) = 115> 0.95d = 114

Adeegso 114mm

55
As = 26.5×106/(0.9524×460×114) = 531 mm2 dhammaan ballaca 1500
mm.

Waxaa la helay bir 5T12 mm dhex-roorkeedu yahay si ay u bixiso bad 565

mm2. Leh dulalaati 375 mm bartamayaasha ah taasi waa ay ka weyntahay
3d = 360. Sidaasi darteed taasi lama qaadankarayo.

Adeegso bir 6T12 mm dhex-roorkeedu yahay si ay u bixiso bad 679 mm2. Leh
dulalaati 300 mm bartamayaasha ah taasi waa ay ka yartahay 3d = 360.
taasi waa la qaadankarayaa.

Isla birtaasi oo kale ayaa loo qaadanayaa qeybta sare ee koosiriga ee ka

sarreeyo labada kaale.
Badka sidaqa ugu yar waa
(0.13 /100)×150×1000 = 195 mm2
Waxaa la qaatay bir 6T12 mm dhex-roorkeedu yahay lehna dulalaati 3425/6
𝛑
= 570 mm bartamaha ah si ay u bixiso 1000( × 122)/570 = 198mm2/m bir
𝟒

dherersan qeybsanna.

U adkeysiga jaraha
Jaraha = 39.55kN
v = 39.55×103/(1500×120) = 0.22 N/mm2
100 As/(bd) =100×679/(1500×120) = 0.34< 3.0

Moolka ugu yar d = 125mm

400/d = 400/125 = 3.2 > 1.0
vc = 0.79×(0.34)1/3(3.2)1/4(35/25)1/3/1.25 = 0.66 N/mm2

v < vc taasi waa hagaag.

56
 Habacsanaanta

Saamiga asalka gudbanka/d waa 26 koosiri ahaan waxa aynu u

tixgalineynaa in uu ka xiranyahay labada dhinac leeyahayna gudban ah
3.7m
Isirka asal dooriyaha sidaqa diiqa:
M/(bd2) = 26.5×106/(1500×1202) = 1.23
fs = (2/3)×460×(531/679) = 239.8 N/mm2
0.55 + (477–239.8)/ (120×(0.9+1.23)=1.48<2.0
(gudbanka/d) la oggolyahay = 26×1.48× = 38.5
(gudbanka/d) xaqiiqiga ah = 3700/120 = 31.

(gudban/d) la oggolyahay > (gudban/d) xaqiiqiga ah hagaag.

Jeerarka

Si loo xakameeyo jeerarka fogaanta bannaan ee biraha waa in aysan ka

badneyn 3d = 360 mm.

Dulalaatiga sidaqa ee 300 mm waa mid la qaadankaro.

57
 DARBI-RIIX

U qaado ρ in ay tahay 22 kN/m3, φ = tan-1(3/4) = 37°.

U qaado cadaadiska la oggolyahay ee ay ciiddu qaadikarto marka la

tijaabiyay in uu yahay 120 kN/m2

Horgalaha is-liska µ waa 0.4.

Halka halbeegga culeyska sidaqa sulubkuna yahay 25 kN/m3, daboolka

sidaqa darbiga waa 30mm halka daboolka salkuna yahay 40mm

Ka = (1-sin37)/(1+sin37) = 0.25

Pa = Kaρh = 0.25×22×4.5 = 24.75kN/m2

FA= 0.5ρah = 0.5 × 24.75×4.5 = 55.7kN

58
Culeyska darbiga (Ww) = 0.5 × 4 × 25 = 50 kN
Culeyska salka (Wb) = 0.5 × 4 × 25 = 50 kN
Culeyska ciidda (Ws) = 3× 4 × (ρ = 22) = 264 kN
Dhammaan culeysyada joogga (Wt)= 364 kN
Quwadda is-liska FF waa

FF = µWt halka µ yahay horgalaha is-liska

FF= 0.4 × 364 = 145.6 kN

U qaado quwadda cadaadiska dadban (FP) = 0. Maadaama uu racdin-reebka

kadhanka ah sibqashada uu yahay

𝟏𝟒𝟓.𝟔
= 2.6> 1.5 OK
𝟓𝟓.𝟕

Rogmashada

𝐅𝐀 ×𝐋 𝟓𝟓.𝟕×𝟒.𝟓
MA = = = 83.55kNm
𝟑 𝟑

Wadarta duubmiyada la soo celiyay (Mcel) waa

Mcel = Ww × 0.75 + Wb × 2 + Ws × 2.5

= 50 × 0.75+ 50 × 2+ 264 × 2.5 = 797.5kNm
Racdin-reebka kadhanka ah rogmidda waa

𝟕𝟗𝟕.𝟓
= 9.54> 2. Waa si hagaagsan.
𝟖𝟑.𝟓𝟓

59
 Cadaadiska uu qaadikaro dhulka

Duubmiga ku dhaca xarriiqa dhexe ee salka (M) waa

𝐅𝐀 ×𝐋 𝟓𝟓.𝟕×𝟒.𝟓
+ ww × 1.25– ws × 0.5 = + 50× 1.25 – 264× 0.5 = 14.05kNm
𝟑 𝟑

Dhammaan culeysyada kor ka imanayo N = 364 KN.

𝐌 𝟏𝟒.𝟎𝟓 𝐃 𝟒
= = 0.04m < = = 0.67
𝐍 𝟑𝟔𝟒 𝟔 𝟔

Sidaasi darteed, cadaadiska ugu weyn dhulka ee ku dhaca foodda pfood kaasi oo
bixinaya
𝟑𝟔𝟒 𝟔×𝟏𝟒.𝟎𝟓
pfood= + = 91 + 5.27 = 96.27kN/m2 < cadaadiska la oggolyahay
𝟒 𝟒𝟐

= 120kN/m2

Cadaadiska uu qaadikaro dhulka qeybta qoobka pqoob waa

𝟑𝟔𝟒 𝟔 ×𝟏𝟒.𝟎𝟓
Pqoob = - = 91 – 5.27 = 85.73kN/m2
𝟒 𝟒𝟐

Sidaqa wax qaadikaro/xamilikaro

Darbi
Joogga darbiga jirridda hs = 4 m. Quwadda jiifta ee jirridda ee ay sababto
carro-dhigga Fs waa

Fs = 0.5kaρhs2 = 0.5 × 0.25 × 22 × 42 = 44 kN/m ballac ahaan

Duubmiga qorsheynta darbiga salka M waa

𝛄𝐟 𝐅𝐬 𝐡𝐬 𝟏.𝟒×𝟒𝟒×𝟒
= = 82.13kN/m
𝟑 𝟑

60
Moolka dhibban
U qaado dhex-roorka birta weyn (ø) = 20 mm.

Sidaasi darteed moolka dhibban d waa

d = hb − dabool − ø/2 = 500 − 30 − 20/2 = 460 mm

Duubmiga ugu fog ee u adkeysiga
Mu= 0.156fcubd2 = 0.156 × 35 × 1000 ×4602 ×10-6= 1155.336kNm
Maadaama Mu >M, wax sidaq cadaadis ah looma baahno.

Badka sidaqa

𝐦 𝟖𝟐.𝟏𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟔
k= 𝟐
= = 0.0111
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟐

z = 460(0.5+√(0.25–0.0111/0.9)) = 454> 0.95d = 437

Adeegso 437mm

As = 82.13×106/(0.9524×460×437) = 429mm2/m.

As.yar = 0.13%bh = 0.13% × 1000 × 500 = 650 mm2/m

Sidaasi As<As.yar. sidaasi darteed adeegso badka ugu yar.

Waxaa la helay bir 6T12 leh dulalaati 160 mm (As = 679 mm2/m) halka
wajiga u dhaw (UW) ee darbiga. Sidoo kale birtaasi waxaa loogaga
baahanyahay wajiga hore(HW) ee darbiga si loogaga hortago jeerarka xad-
dhaafka ah. Tani waxaa gundhig u ah badka birta ugu yar
As.yar= 0.13%bh = 0.13% × 1000 × 500 = 650 mm2/m
Sidaasi darteed, waxaa la qaatay 6T12 leh dulalaati 160mm (As = 679
mm2/m)

61
 Salka qoobka

Horgalaha Gk = 1.4

Culeyska ka yimaada ciidda = 264×1.4 = 369.6kN/m2

P1 = pfood × 1.4 = 96.27×1.4 = 134.8kN/m2

P2 = pqoob × 1.4 = 85.73 ×1.4 = 120kN/m2

𝟑(𝟏𝟑𝟒.𝟖−𝟏𝟐𝟎)
P3 = 120+ = 131.1kN/m2
𝟒

Duubmiga qorsheynta barta C Mc waa

𝟑𝟔𝟗.𝟔×𝟑 𝟏𝟒.𝟎𝟓×𝟏.𝟒×𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟎×𝟑𝟐 (𝟏𝟑𝟏.𝟏−𝟏𝟐𝟎)×𝟑𝟐

Mc = + - - = 20kNm
𝟐 𝟒×𝟐 𝟐 𝟐×𝟑

Moolka dhibban

U qaado dhex-roorka birta weyn (ø) = 20 mm iyo daboolka sidaqa in uu

yahay 40 mm, moolka dhibban d waa

Moolka dhibban waa

d = 500 − 40 − 20/2 = 450 mm

62
 𝐦 𝟐𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟔
k= 𝟐
= = 0.002822
𝐟𝐜𝐮 𝐛𝐝 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟐

z = 450(0.5+√(0.25–0.002822/0.9)) = 448.6 > 0.95d = 427.5

Adeegso 427.5mm

As = 20×106/(0.9524×460×427.5) = 107mm2/m

As.yar = 0.13%bh = 0.13% × 1000 × 500 = 650 mm2/m

Sidaasi As<As.yar. sidaasi darteed adeegso badka ugu yar.

Waxaa la qaatay bir 6T12 leh dulalaati 160 mm (As = 679 mm2/m) qeybta
kore (K) ee salka.

Foodda

Duubmiga qorsheynta barta B MB waxa uu bixinayaa

𝟏𝟑𝟒.𝟖×𝟎.𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟒.𝟎𝟓×𝟏.𝟒×𝟎.𝟓𝟐
Mb = – = 16.3kNm
𝟐 𝟒.𝟐×𝟐

Isbarbardhigga qeybta sare iyo qeybta hoose/salka ayada oo la adeegsanayo

dhex-beegid

𝟏𝟔.𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟕
As = = 87mm2/m< badka birta uguyar = 0.13%bh = 0.13% × 1000
𝟐𝟎

× 500 = 650 mm2/m

Sidaasi darteed, waxaa la qaatay bir 6T12 leh dulalaati 160mm (As = 679
mm2/m) wajiga hoose (H) ee salka sida birta loogugu qeybiyay oo kale salka
iyo jirridda darbiga.

63
FAAHFAAHINTA/MUUJINTA SIDAQA

64
‫تِ َّمِِبِحِمدِِاللَّهِِوِعِونِهِ‬

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