2024Class 10th

EDITION IST
BFPSC ISlAMKOT

Bright Future Public School & College Islamkot

For Grade X

Prepared By: Abdul Ghaffar Baloch (MSc: Physics)

Written By: Abdul Ghaffar Baloch (MSc. Physics) Page 1

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Class 10th BFPSC ISlAMKOT
Chapter: 3rd “Electromagnetic Spectrum”
Electromagnetic Spectrum:

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types of EM radiation.

Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes – the visible light that
comes from a lamp in your house and the radio waves that come from a radio station
are two types of electromagnetic radiation.
The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of wavelengths of all known
electromagnetic radiations. It includes: Gamma rays have the smallest wavelengths
and highest frequencies known. They are high energy waves capable of travelling
long distances through air and are the most penetrating waves.
Dispersion of Light:
Splitting of white light into its constituent colors when it passes through a glass prism
is called dispersion of white light.
White light is not single color but it is mixture of all spectrum colors.
Prism is a triangular transparent block of glass or plastic. It is a solid structure having
three rectangular and two triangular surfaces.
Spectrum of white light:
The color pattern produced in the dispersion of light is called spectrum of white light.
When a narrow beam of white light splits, the color sequence produced in the
spectrum is indicated by the acronym VIBGYOR, which stands for Violet, Indigo, Blue,
Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red.
 The speed and direction of white light vary depending on the wavelength.
 The red color has a maximum wavelength (650 nm) and speed in the glass
prism, with the slightest deviation.
 The violet color has minimum wavelength (400 nm) speed, which with most
deviation.
 Red color is used in traffic signals because it has highest wavelength. It can
travel longest distance and penetrate through rain, mist and fog.

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Class 10th BFPSC ISlAMKOT
Spectrum of white light through water droplets:
At an angle of approximately 40 degrees above ground level, you must look into an
area of atmosphere with suspended droplets of water, or even a light mist, in order
to see a rainbow in the sky. Every droplet of water acts as a tiny prism, dispersing
and reflecting light to your eye. When you look at the sky, droplets emit wavelengths
of light associated with a color. There are several ways sun rays can enter through a
drop.
Rainbow is the symbol of peace.

Electromagnetic wave:
Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are waves are radiated out when charge particle
oscillate.
Ex: vibrating atom in a hot glowing bulb filament emit infrared and visible light in the
house. An oscillating electric current sends out radio waves from radio station.
Electromagnetic waves are a form of radiation that travel though the universe. They
are formed when an electric field (Fig. 1 red arrows) couples with a magnetic field
(Fig.1 blue arrows).
 Magnetic and electric fields of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to
each other and to the direction of the wave.
 A changing magnetic field will induce a changing electric field and vice-versa—
the two are linked.
 These changing fields form electromagnetic waves.
 Electromagnetic waves differ from mechanical waves in that they do not
require a medium to propagate

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 It is transverse in nature and can travel through vacuum or space at speed of
light C = 3 x 108 ms-1, 3 x 105 kms-1
 It cannot carry electric charge.
 It can travel through transparent media and slow down when travel through a
denser media like water or glass.
 It obeys the laws of refraction, reflection and diffraction.
 Its frequencies depends upon the source that produces the wave.
 Frequencies does not change when it travel from one medium to another
medium.
 It travel with different speed through different transparent media depending
upon refractive index of medium.
 Light slows down if the refractive index of a medium increases, because the
speed of light in a medium is inversely proportional to the refractive index of
the medium, i.e., n ∝ 1/v.
 Ultraviolet radiation causes some substances to become fluorescent.

Main components of EM Spectrum:

The entire electromagnetic spectrum, from the lowest to the highest frequency
(longest to shortest wavelength), includes all radio waves (e.g., commercial radio and
television, microwaves, radar), infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation,
X-rays, and gamma rays.
 Radio wave has highest wavelength and minimum energy in EM spectrum.
 Gamma rays have shortest wavelength and maximum energy in EM spectrum.

Written By: Abdul Ghaffar Baloch (MSc. Physics) Page 4

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Class 10th BFPSC ISlAMKOT
Uses of Electromagnetic waves:
Electromagnetic waves have many advanced technological uses in our day-to-day
life. Some of given shortly bellow:
Radio waves:-
 Radio waves have the longest wavelength in EM spectrum.
 Stars are natural transmitters of radio waves.
 These can be artificially generated by oscillating the current in transmitting
antenna.
 Radio waves can diffract.
 Radio waves are used in radio and TV communication.
 Very high frequency (VHF) radio waves are used to telecast television
programs. These waves have shorter wavelength and cannot diffract around
hills.
 Bluetooth and Wi-Fi use Ultra high frequency (UHF) radio waves.
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses computer generated radio waves and
magnetic field.
Micro waves:
 Micro waves have shorter wavelength than radio waves and higher
frequency than radio waves.
 These can be generated in oven by electron tube.
 Satellite phone, television use microwaves.
 These can penetrate haze, light rain, clouds and smoke.
 These waves are highly directional.
 They cannot diffract.
Infra-red waves:
 Infra-red (IR) is EM radiation with shorter 𝝀 than microwave and radio waves.
 These waves are produced or absorbed by molecules when they change their
rotational-vibrational movements.
 Human body also produced infra-red radiation.
 Infra-red wireless remote controllers control various house hold appliances
such as television, video recorders and hi-fi (high fidelity) system.
 These waves are used for security purpose especially in military technology.
Visible light:
 Light energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation that can be seen by the
human eye.
 Light is the only source of food generation for all living organisms.
 Any organism can view the objects around them due to the presence of eyes.
 The whole world is beautiful due to colors, and all these colors are possible
due to light.
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Class 10th BFPSC ISlAMKOT
 Light wave is also used in optical fiber.
 Optical fiber, refers to the technology that transmits information as light
pulses along a glass or plastic fiber.
 An endoscope, a medical device, is a long tube consisting of optical fiber that
enables doctors to see abnormalities in organs such as stomach, intestine.
Ultra-violet rays:
 It is type of EM radiation which have smaller wavelength than visible light and
greater energy than visible light.
 It is emitted by very hot object as Sun. it can be artificially produced by
passing electric current through mercury vapors in the tube.
 UV radiations are further divided into three bands in increasing order of
frequency UV-A, UV-B, UV-C type.
 In sunbed UV-A and UV-B are used for artificial tanning that provide Vitamin D
and beautify the skin.
 UV radiation has fluorescence property means when UV radiations are
absorbed by some materials their energy is converted into light and glow.
 Many invisible things to the human eye become visible under UV light as
Cleaning materials.
 UV rays are visible to bees.
 UV light can damage human skin.
 UV rays are used to kill harmful bacteria strong UV-B, UV-C type are used to
sterilize the food (Sterilization).

X-rays:
 It is type of EM radiation which have smaller wavelength than UV rays and
greater energy than UV rays.
 These rays are discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895.
 X-rays are produced when fast-moving electrons lose their energy quickly as
hit with any metal.
 X-rays are ionizing materials means they interact with atoms and molecules.
 Its types depends upon energy.
 Its energy is 1-100Kev.
 X-rays have penetration power mans they can pass through human flesh but
not bone.
 Radiologist use low frequency (1-10Kev) X-ray to produce X-ray image of
fracture in the bones even in tooth decay, tumors and abnormal masses in the
body.
 Computed Tomography (CT scan) uses X-rays to produce 3D image of soft
tissues and bones of human body.

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Class 10th BFPSC ISlAMKOT
 Radiation Therapy is cancer treatment that uses dose of high frequency X-
rays to kill cancerous cells and shrink tumors.
 Industrial radiography is technique of inspecting materials to detect inside
defects by using high frequency X-rays.
 Wavelength of X-rays is 0.01 to 10 nanometers.
Gamma Rays:
 It is type of EM radiation which have smaller wavelength than X-rays and
greater energy than X-rays.
 There are two types of Gamma Rays:
(1) Natural Gamma rays: emitted from radioactive materials cosmic radiation
and solar flares. (Flares are our solar system’s largest explosive events. They
are seen as bright areas on the sun and they can last from minutes to hours).
(2) Artificial Gamma Rays: emitted from nuclear reactions.
 Gamma rays have wavelength less than 100 pm.
 Gamma rays have 100Kev-10Mev energy.
 Gamma rays have different usage in different field.
 Gamma rays are used to kill tumors in oncology.
 Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, treatment,
diagnosis, and prevention of cancer.
 Gamma Knife radiosurgery is medical procedure uses gamma rays to destroy
small tumors in the brain very carefully.
 Positron Emission Tomography is medical imaging technique that uses
positron-emitting radiotracer to visualize metabolic processes in the body.
 PET is used for cancer diagnosis, brain function, and cardiovascular disease.
 Gamma rays are highly penetrating and can pass through metals.

Exercise:-
Section “A” MCQ’s
1) c 6) b
2) c 7) b
3) a 8) b
4) a 9) c
5) d 10) c

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Class 10th BFPSC ISlAMKOT
Section “C” Numerical:-
3.1 Electromagnetic radiation having a 15.0- μm wavelength is classified as
infrared radiation. What is its frequency? Given that the speed of light is 3×108
m/s.

Data: Sol:-
-6
𝝀= 15x10 m V = 𝝀𝒇
𝒗 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖
f =?? f= = = 166666.66 x 108
𝝀 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓
V = 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s
𝒇 = 2x1013 Hz
3.2 What is the frequency of the 193-nm ultraviolet radiation used in laser eye
surgery?

Data: Sol:-
-9
𝝀=193nm=193x10 m V = 𝝀𝒇
𝒗 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒇=? f= = = 0.0155x108+9
𝝀 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗

𝑽=𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s f = 0.0155x1017=1.55x1015 Hz

3.3 Calculate the wavelength of 100-MHz radio waves used in an MRI unit?

Data : Sol:-
6
f =100MHz = 100x10 Hz V = 𝝀𝒇
𝒗 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝝀=? 𝝀= = = 3x108-8
𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟖
V = 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s 𝝀 = 3m

3.4 The distance from earth to sun is 1.49 x 1011 meters. How long a radio pulse
radiated from the sun takes to reach on the earth?

Data : Sol:-
𝟖
V = 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎 m/s S=Vxt
𝑺 𝟏.𝟒𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏
T =? 𝑻= = = 0.4966 x 1011-8
𝑽 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖

S = 1.49 x 1011m T = 0.4966 x 103 = 496.67 s

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Class 10th BFPSC ISlAMKOT
3.5 Distances in space are often measured in units of light-years, the distance
light travels inone year. Find the distance in kilometers in a light-year?

Data: Sol:-
𝟖
V = 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎 m/s S=vxt
T =1 year = 31536000 seconds S = 300000000 x 31536000

S = Km in light-year S = 9460800000000000
S = 9.4608 x 1015 m
= 9.4608 x 1012 Km

3.6 What is the frequency of green light with a wavelength of 5.5 x 107 m?

Data: Sol:-
F =? V = 𝝀𝒇

𝒗 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝝀 = 5.5 x 107 m f= = = 0.5454 x 108-7
𝝀 𝟓.𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟕

V = 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s f = 0.5454 x 10 = 5.45 Hz

3.7 A typical household microwave oven operates at a frequency of 2.45-

GHz. What is the wavelength of this radiation?

Data: Sol:-
𝟖
V = 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎 m/s V = 𝝀𝒇

𝒗 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖
f =2.45 GHz = 2.45x109Hz 𝝀= = = 1.224 x 108-9
𝒇 𝟐.𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟗

𝝀=? 𝝀 = 1.224 x 10-1 = 0.1224 m

= 0.1224 x 1000 = 122.4 mm

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