Subject: Agrarian Law(Course Code,255)

Unit Four: Land Disputes and remedies

Keshab Singh Air

Assistant Professor
B.A.LL.B. 4th Sem
Faculty of Law
Kailali Multiple Campus
 Unit Four: Land Disputes and remedies

4.1. Settlement of land disputes

4.2. Land encroachment

(Jagga Khichola, Jagga Aavad garne, and Jagga Pajan,

Land concealment (Jagga Dapot, concealment of land
revenue (Tiro dapot)
4.1. Settlement of land disputes
• Land holds significant economic and political importance in Nepal.
With land disputes comprising a significant proportion of cases
brought to community mediation

• Land dispute is one of the popular disputes in practice.

• However, the process of settling a land dispute does not simply stop at
the parties submitting an application to the Court to settle the dispute
but must go through stages as prescribed by Law on Land.

• Here is some information to help the students have the most general
view of the processes and procedures for resolving land disputes.
Local Government Operation Act,2074

• :yflgo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]g,@)&$ sf] bkmf $^ ufpkflnsf /

gu/kflnsfdf ;+lawfgsf] @!& adf]lhd Ps Goflos ;ldlt /xg]
Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
• bkmf $& df Goflos ;ldltsf] clwsf/ If]qsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-u_ r/g,3fF;,bfp/f
-em_ cGo AolQmsf] 3/, hUuf jf ;DklQnfO{ c;/ kg]{ u/L ?v la?jf
nufPsf],
-`_ cfkm\gf] 3/ jf an];Laf6 csf{sf] 3/, hUuf jf ;fj{hlgs af6]df
kfgL emf/]sf] .
-6_ ;+lwof/sf] hUuf tkm{ em\ofn /fvL 3/ agfpg' kbf{ sfg"g
adf]lhd 5f]8g kg]{ kl/df0fsf] hUuf g5f]8L agfPsf] .
• According to the Local Government Operation Act, 2074, Section 46,
Gaupalika and Nagarpalika have been arranged to have a judicial
committee according to 217 of the constitution. In section 47, the
jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee has been mentioned.

• (c) Charan(grazing fiels), grass, tour

• (i) Planting saplings affecting the house, land or property of other

persons;

• (j) Pour water in your house or house, land or public house.

• (k) Sandhiyar to make a jhaal rakhi house on the land side, the
purdah to be left as per the law, the quantity to be left as a jagga
nachodi.
Some steps to be taken to settle the disputes of land

• Bring trace out map from concerned office

• Measure the area of land

• Fixed the area of land

• Determine the four direction

• Make a boundary

Along with these steps some court proceeding can be helpful to settle
the land disputes. They are-
What can you do about a border dispute with your neighbour

• Understanding the demarcation line

• It becomes crucial as to what redress should be claimed if your
neighbour intrudes your land. In this case, it is imperative to know
and understand in detail what and how the intrusion took place; the
duration of the intrusion, the portion of the land intrusion. It is
crucial to assess where and to what extent the land boundary begins
and ends.
• To obtain accurate information about the land

• The field visit must be conducted in order to ensure that the land
exists as per the land map issued to it in the event of a dispute
concerning the land. The land surveyor must be appointed to evaluate
the land in detail before bringing an action against the alleged intruder
to establish his claim.

• During a survey, the licensed surveyor will verify the demarcation line
of your property on the basis of the legal description contained in your
document and the map. This will help determine the exact position of
the land.
• Discussions with the neighbor
• It is better to settle land disputes by mutual agreement
rather than to choose to bring legal action against the
alleged intruder. In the case of lawsuits, it costs the litigant-
money, time effort-to have the court document served on
the other party and also to have it placed on the judge’s
dock.
• It might take a long time to settle the dispute. It is
appropriate to have a conversation about the land dispute
and to settle it through mutual understanding.
• Submission to the District Court
• In the event of failure to reach an agreement despite efforts to
resolve the land dispute, the last resort is to bring an action before
the district court.
• You must bring a lawsuit against your neighbour within 6 months of
the date of the intrusion. A legal proposal on land intrusion requires a
great deal of research and paperwork.
• Collection of proof

• The court requests the Land Administration Office to provide

documents relating to the land in relation to the litigant by issuing a
subpoena to the Land Administration Office concerned.

• The court shall issue an order for land surveys to be carried out by
appointing a surveyor along with a court official upon receipt of
documents from the Land Administration Office.

• The Licensed Surveyor will conduct a survey and prepare a detailed

report on his/her site visit that will assist the court and the judge
deliver justice on the basis of evidence submitted to the court.
• Final Decisions

• The court delivers its ruling on the basis of a detailed report

submitted to the court by the team assigned to conduct the land
survey relating to the alleged intrusion.
 Court Process for Land Disputes in Nepal
Step 1 File a case in district court claiming family property of your part.

Step 2 Submit withhold application along with inventory of family

property

Step 3 Order of court to withhold all disputed family properties

Step 4 Reply or defense from other co-parceners.

Step 5 Examination of property inventories and witness.

Step 6 Final decision of the district court.

Step 7 Appeal by any party to the case

Step 8 Implementation of court decision

4.2 Land Encroachment
The term encroachment refers to a situation in real estate where a
property owner violates the property rights of his neighbor by building
on or extending a structure to the neighbor's land or property
intentionally or otherwise.

Encroachment is often a problem along disputed property lines where

a person intentionally chooses to violate his neighbor's boundaries, or
when a property owner is not aware of his boundaries.
• Encroachment occurs when a property owner trespasses onto their
neighbor’s property by building or extending structures beyond their
property line.
• Property owners may encroach on their neighbors intentionally or
unintentionally.
• Structural encroachment occurs when a property owner builds or
extends a structure onto public spaces.
• Boundaries and property lines can be cleared up by getting a land
survey.
• Although similar, easements are consensual and provide fair
compensation to the legal property owner.
• Capturing other's land without consent of land other is denote the
land encroachment.

• In next words, taking other's registered land by violating the right

to property is known as land encroachment.

• It is illegal work and if someone encroach the land of other, it is

the subject of legal action.

• The legal provision about land encroachment of land was given in

different numbers of Muluki Civil Code,2074, as below.
Legal Provision on Khichola

d'n'sL b]jfgL ;+lxtf,@)&$ bkmf @&^= cGo JolQmsf] ;DklQ pkef]u, laufg{ jf k|fKt ug{
gkfpg]M -!_ s;}n] klg cGo JolQmsf] ;DklQ lghsf] d~h'/L lagf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] 5}g .

• -@_ s;}n] klg cGo JolQmsf] af6f] jf lgsf; aGb u/L, cfˆgf] hUufsf] ;fFwdf s'g} sfd jf
lgdf{0f u/L jf cGo s'g} klg tj/n] s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ laufg{ kfpg] 5}g .

• -#_ s;}n] klg cGo JolQmsf] ;DklQ lghsf] d~h'/L lagf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 5}g .

• t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu sfg"g adf]lhd s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ k|fKt ug{
;Sg]5 .

• -$_ s;}n] klg sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} JolQmsf] d~h'/L glnO{ lghsf] 3/ sDkfp08df
k|j]z ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
• @&&= ;DklQ cgltqmDo x'g]M -!_ s;}n] klg cGo JolQmsf] ;DklQ RofkL,
ldrL jf s'g} tj/n] lvrf]nf jf cltqmd0f ug{ x'Fb}g .
• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s'g} sfd u/L s;}n] cGo JolQmsf] ;DklQ
cfˆgf] sAhfdf lnPdf lghn] To:tf] ;DklQ lvrf]nf jf cltqmd0f u/]sf]
dflgg]5 .
• @&(= ;xdlt glnO{ csf{sf] hUufdf 3/ agfpg gx'g]M -!_ s;}n] klg
:jfldTjjfnfsf] lnlvt ;xdlt glnO{ lghsf] hUufdf 3/ agfpg ;Sg]
5}g .
• -@_ s;}n] :jfldTjjfnfsf] lnlvt ;xdlt glnO{ lghsf] hUufdf 3/
agfPdf hUufwgLn] rfx]df To:tf] 3/sf] ahf/ d"Nosf] kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd
sd d"Nodf To:tf] 3/ vl/b ug{ kfpg]5 .
• -#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd hUufwgLn] To:tf] 3/ vl/b u/L glnPdf
3/wgLn] :jfldTjjfnfsf] d~h'/ ePdf To:tf] 3/ ePsf] hUufsf] ahf/
d"Nosf] kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd d"No yk u/L To:tf] hUuf vl/b ug{ ;Sg]5 .
• -$_ pkbkmf -@_ jf -#_ adf]lhd 3/ jf hUuf vl/b laqmL u/L lng lbg b'j} kIf d~h'/L
gePdf 3/ agfpg]n] To:tf]] 3/ agfPsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq 3/ eTsfO{ cfˆgf] dfn;fdfg
n}hfg' kg]{5 .
• -%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhdsf] cjlwleq 3/ geTsfPdf To:tf] 3/ hUufwgLsf] x'g]5 .
• @*%= Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng ;Sg]M s;}n] o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd u/]sf] sfd sf/afxLaf6 s'g}
JolQmnfO{ Iflt x'g uPdf Ifltaf6 dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] To:tf] sfd ug]{ JolQmaf6 dgfl;a
Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{{ lng ;Sg]5 .

• @*^= xbDofbM o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd eP u/]sf] sfd sf/afxLaf6 dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] To:tf]
sfd sf/afxL eP u/]sf] yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] 5 dlxgfleq gfln; ug{ ;Sg]5 .
Muluki Civil Code,2074
• Chapter-3 Provisions Relating to Uses of Property 276. Prohibition of
use, temperance or acquisition of other's property:
• (1) No person shall use other's property without consent of that other
person.
• (2) No person shall temper with other's property by closing the road or
exit of the other person or doing any act or construction on the border
of his or her land or otherwise.
• (3) No person shall acquire other's property without consent of that
person.
• Provided that the Government of Nepal may, in accordance with law,
acquire property of any person for public interest.
• (4) No person shall enter other's house and compound without consent
of any person except in accordance with law.
• 277. Property to be inviolable:

• (1) No person shall encroach or trespass other's property by way of

overlapping, pressing or otherwise.

• (2) If any person takes possession of other's property by way of any

act referred to in sub-section (1), that person shall be deemed to have
encroached or trespassed such property.
• 279. Prohibition of building a house in other's land without consent: (1) No person
shall build a house in a land without obtaining written consent of the owner of that
land.

• (2) If any person builds a house in a land without obtaining written consent of the
owner of that land, the land-owner may, if he or she so desires, purchase the house
on payment of the price that is less by up to twenty-five percent of the market price
of that house.

• (3) If the land-owner does not purchase such house pursuant to sub-section (2), the
house-owner may, if the owner so consents, purchase the land on payment of the
price that is higher by up to twenty-five percent of the market price of the land
where the house is located.
• (4) If both parties do not agree to purchase and sell the house or land pursuant to
sub-section (2) or (3), the person who has built the house shall demolish the house
and take away his or her materials within a period of three months of the date on
which the house was so built.
• (5) If the house is not demolished within the period referred to in sub-section (4),
such a house shall belong to the landowner
• 285. Compensation to be recovered:
• If any damage is caused to any person from any act done or action taken by any
person under this Chapter, the damage sustaining person shall be entitled to recover
a reasonable compensation from the person who has done such act.
• 286. Statute of limitation:
• A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may
make a lawsuit within six months after the date of knowledge of the commission of
such act or action.
Jagga Awad Garneko(Provision on Land Cultivation),

• @*&= csf{sf] hUuf ef]urng ug{ gx'g]M s;}n] klg cGo JolQmsf] xs, ef]u / :jfldTjsf]
hUuf lghsf] d~h'/L glnO{ cfjfb ug{ jf ef]urng ug{ jf u/fpg x'Fb}g .

• @**= s'nf] agfpg lbg' kg]{M -!_ hUuf cfjfb ug{ s;}nfO{ cGo JolQmsf] hUufaf6 s'nf]
agfpg' kg]{ eO{ hUuf dfu]df ;DalGwt hUufwgLn] pko'Qm 7x¥ofPsf] 7fpFaf6 To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ s'nf] agfpgsf] nflu hUuf lbg' kg]{5 .

• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'nf] agfpg hUuf lbP jfkt s'nf] agfpg] JolQmn] ;§f hUuf, s'nf]
agfO{ k|of]u ePsf] hUufsf] k|rlnt d"No adf]lhdsf] /sd jf dgfl;a Ifltk"lt{ ;DalGwt
hUufwgLnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
• -#_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs jf ;/sf/L hUufdf s'nf]
agfPsf]df s'nf]df k/]sf] hUuf jfkt ;§f hUuf, hUufsf] d"No jf Ifltk"lt{ lbg' kg]{ 5}g .

• @*(= gbL jf vf]nfsf] ;a} kfgL k|of]u ug{ g;Sg]M s;}n] cfˆgf] hUufdf pTklQ ePsf] jf
To;af6 au]sf] gbL jf vf]nfsf] ;Dk"0f{ kfgL tNnf] t6jtL{ hUufwgLn] k|of]u ug{ gkfpg],
To:tf] gbL jf vf]nfdf /x]sf hnr/ afFRg g;Sg] jf kof{j/0fdf k|lts"n x'g] u/L k|of]u ug{
kfpg] 5}g .

• @()= l;+lrt v]tnfO{ c;/ kg]{ u/L gofF s'nf] agfpg g;Sg]M s;}n] klg klxn] agfO{
;~rfngdf /x]sf] s'nf]åf/f l;+lrt v]tdf kfgL ;f/e"t ¿kdf sd x'g] u/L To;eGbf dfly
gofF s'nf] agfpg kfpg] 5}g .
• @(!= s'nf]sf] kfgLsf] pkof]u / afF8kmfF6M -!_ s'nf] agfpgsf] nflu h'g JolQmn] >d jf vr{
u/]sf] 5 ;f]xL JolQmn] hUuf cfjfb ug{sf] nflu s'nf]sf] kfgLdf klxnf] k|fyldstf kfpg]5 .

• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k/fk"j{b]lv efua08f adf]lhd kfgL
k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] 7fpFdf ;a} JolQmx¿n] efua08f cg';f/ s'nf]sf] kfgL pkof]u ug{
kfpg]5g\.

• -#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd kfgL pkof]u ug]{ JolQmnfO{ kfgL kof{Kt ePkl5 jf lghnfO{ kfgL
cfjZos gkg]{ ePdf h'g;'s} JolQmsf] s'nf] eP klg cGo JolQmn] hUuf cfjfb ug{nfO{
s'nf]sf] kfgL pkof]u ug{ kfpg]5 .

• -$_ s'g} JolQmsf] hUuf l;+lrt eO{ a9L ePsf] kfgL csf]{ JolQmsf] hUufdf au]sf]df
;DalGwt hUufwgLsf] cg'dlt lagf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 / To; jfkt s'g} bfaL nfUg] 5}g
.
• @(@= ;xdlt lagf s'nf] abNg gx'g]M s'g} JolQmsf] hUufdf dfq ag]sf]
s'nf] cGo JolQmn] ;d]t k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] ePdf To:tf] s'nf] ePsf]
hUufwgLn] s'nf] pkef]u ug]{ JolQmsf] ;xdlt lagf ;flassf] s'nf] cGo
7fpFdf km]/abn ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
• @(#= s'nf]df >d jf vr{ gug]{n] kfgL pkof]u ug{ gkfpg]M -!_ gofF s'nf]
agfpFbf jf ;flas b]lvsf] k'/fgf] s'nf] dd{t ;Def/ ubf{ To:tf] s'nf]sf]
kfgL pkof]u ug]{ ;a} JolQmx¿n] cf–cfˆgf] hUufsf] cg'kftdf cfjZos
>d jf vr{ ug{' kg]{5 .
• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd gofF s'nf] agfpFbf jf k'/fgf] s'nf] dd{t ;Def/
ubf{ >d jf vr{ gJoxf]g]{ JolQmn] To:tf] s'nf]sf] kfgL pkof]u ug{ kfpg]
5}g .
• @($= cfk;L ;xdlt adf]lhd s'nf] agfpg jf kfgL pkof]u ug{ ;lsg]M o; kl/R5]bdf
cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg hUuf cfjfb ug{ s'nf] agfpg] jf kfgL pkof]u ug]{
;DaGwdf ;DalGwt hUufwgL jf s'nf] agfpg] jf kfgL pkof]u ug]{ aLr 5'§} ;xdlt ePdf
;f]xL ;xdlt adf]lhd s'nf] agfpg jf kfgL pkof]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .

• @(%= vf]nfsf] ;fFwsf] hUuf cfjfb ug]{M s'g} hUufsf] aLrdf gbL jf vf]nf k;L jfl/kf/L
hUuf ePdf jf s'g} hUufnfO{ gbL jf vf]nfn] s6fg u/]df gbL jf vf]nfn] hUuf 5f8]kl5
To:tf] hUuf ;DalGwt JolQmsf] g} x'g]5 / lghn] cfjfb ug{ kfpg]5 .

• @(^= btf{ ug{ gx'g]M s;}n] klg cGo JolQmsf] xssf] hUuf cfˆgf] gfddf btf{ u/fpg x'Fb}g .
• @(&= gfd;f/L bflvn vf/]h ug{' kg]{M -!_ s'g} hUufsf] btf{jfnf d/L cfˆgf] gfp+Fdf hUuf
gfd;f/L ug{' k/]df jf s'g} hUuf s'g} Joxf]/fn] cfKmgf] xs x'g cfO{ bflvn vf/]h ug{' k/]df
;DalGwt JolQmn] To:tf] sfd ePsf] k}FtL; lbgleq dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgj]bg

• lbO{ gfd;f/L, bflvn vf/]h u/fpg' kg]{5 .

• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] Dofb gf3]kl5 s'g} JolQmn] gfd;f/L, bflvn vf/]hsf] nflu
lgj]bg lbPdf dfnkf]t sfof{non] hlt;'s} cjlw Joltt eP tfklg Ps;o ?k}ofF b:t'/ lnO{
To:tf] hUuf lgj]bssf] gfddf gfd;f/L, bflvn vf/]h ul/lbg' kg]{5 .

• @(*= xbDofbM o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd eP u/]sf] sfd sf/afxLaf6 dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] To:tf]
sfd sf/afxL eP u/]sf] yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] 5 dlxgfleq gfln; ug{ ;Sg]5 .
Jagga Pajaniko(Legal Provision on Land Arrangement)

• ;fdfGo cy{df eGg'kbf{ hUufsf] df]xL km]g]{sfd cyf{t df]xL abNg] sfo{
eGg] x'G5 . hdLGbf/,k6jf/L jf hUuf wgLn] s'g} Pp6f AolQmsf]
gfddf eO{ sdfO{ vfPsf] hUuf vf];]/ lng'nfO{ hUuf khgL elgG5 .
e'dL ;DaGwL P]g,@)@! cg';f/ hUufsf] gf;f/L bflvn vf/]h ug{ jf
df]xL lg:sf;gnfO{ ;d]t hUuf khgL eg]/ a'lemG5 .
• Classification of land and land administration refers to land
arrangement.

• In next words, Pajani means the act of changing the tenants of the land
known is land arrangement.

• Land arrangement is the way of capturing the land from the landloard,

• landowner and Zamindar who have been cultivating the land since the
long time in the past.
Thank You ……
for your Listening
Unit-5 Agriculture and law
B.A.LL.B. 4th Semester
Kailali Multiple Campus

Keshab Singh Air

Asst.Prof./Adv.
 Agriculture reform and modernization

• Agriculture is a vital sector of Nepal’s economy for food security,

employment generation, and poverty reduction, but the sector’s
performance over the past two and a half decades has been weak.

• Domestic food production has failed to keep pace with rising food
demand, and the country has become a net importer of food, both
staples and high-value commodities.

• The agriculture sector faces both structural and new challenges.

Farmers, particularly smallholders, have poor access to technology,
inputs, and credit.
• Improving farm incomes and livelihoods will require increasing
smallholders’ participation in the production of high-value
commodities, such as vegetables, fruits, dairy products, meat, and
eggs.
• It will also require measures to address the emerging challenge of
climate change, given the high vulnerability of smallholders to floods,
droughts, and other extreme weather events.
• Modernizing Nepal`s agricultural industry may boost production and
efficiency, resulting in improved crop yields and higher revenue for
farmers.
• Modernizing the farming industry can also help to alleviate the
country's food insecurity and poverty, particularly in rural regions.
• Agriculture could have a vital and multiple role in the national
income, employment, trade development, and meeting economy in
terms the basic needs of the people.

• The economic development of Nepal and the economic well-being of

the vast majority of Nepalese farmers depends on agricultural
development.

• However, the desired pace and level of and thus agricultural

development required suitable agrarian reforms, the land reform
program was initiated.
What is land consolidation(Chaklabandi)?
• Land consolidation is the reallocation of parcels with the aim the
landowners to obtain larger parcels at one or more places in
exchange of their former smaller and fragmented land plots.

• The word “land consolidation” comes from the Latin

“commassatio” (grouping).

• Land consolidation has always been something more than only the
simple rearrangement of parcels to remove effects of fragmentation
seeking higher agricultural productivity and lower costs.
• The driving force is the understanding that the agricultural structure
improvement is viewed as being identical to maintaining the social
viability in rural areas, what is good for the farmers is good for rural
areas and for the state.
• Along with the consolidated parcels in the integrated consolidation
project are designed rural road improvements, irrigation, drainage, soil
improvement measures and changes to land use.
• Recently, there is more emphasis on nonagricultural applications for
achieving more efficient multiple use of rural space by balancing the
interests of agriculture, landscape, recreation, transportation, nature
conservation, wetlands protection, protection from flooding, from soil
erosion etc.
• land consolidation means the complete development of all plots of
agricultural land to increase production and reduce production cost
by consolidating several plots of land in the same area to reorganize
the lands, arrange irrigation system, construct roads or transportation
routes on farms, level the ground, nourish the soil, plan the
production and distribution of agricultural produce, including
exchange, transfer, acceptance of assignment of right to land,
providing hire-purchase of land and other acts concerning
agricultural land consolidation
Land Consolidation
Land pooling?
• Land pooling, more commonly known as land readjustment, is an urban land
development technique that involves acquiring fragmented plots belonging to
many different landholders, consolidating the various plots into one area,
subdividing this area in an orderly and planned manner, providing infrastructure, and
redistributing serviced plots back to the original owners .

• A portion of the land is typically set aside for hard infrastructure but can also be
allocated for social infrastructure (schools, government buildings, etc.) and public
amenities such as parks and other open spaces.
• Land pooling is a common practice.

• This is a process of collecting tracts(an area of land, typically a large one) of

land for development purposes.

• Landowners who offer their land for the government can receive
compensation, and they can also get a part of their land back once the
development project is completed.

• Land pooling increases the cost of the land and offers an affordable
alternative for people who cannot purchase expensive homes in big cities.

• However, land pooling also requires governments to come up with effective

and clear policies that will address the environmental impact of such
development projects.

• There is also a need for clear ownership transferring rules.

• This urban planning tool is widely seen as a win–win solution
whereby government can avoid expensive or legally challenging land
acquisition through eminent domain, which can displace landowners.

• Landowners, in turn, must contribute a portion of their land for a

public purpose, but they are “compensated” through better access to
infrastructure and higher land values.

• The process varies widely by country and by project, but the common
objective is to maximize the development potential of urban land
while minimizing the displacement of landowners.
• Land pooling is one of several tools that have been implemented by
government across Nepal in the past several decades to secure land
for planned residential development, infrastructure, and other public
purposes an especially critical objective for a country like Nepal,
where government does not own a significant amount of land.

• Alternatives to land pooling generally involve land acquisition, or

the use of government’s power of eminent domain to acquire land for
which the owner is paid compensation.
Developments using land acquisition have primarily been either
guided land development schemes (where only the land needed for
infrastructure is acquired from the landowner) or sites and services
schemes (where government acquires the entire land area, develops
plots, and sells or leases them).
Land pooling is seen as an attractive alternative because once land is
developed, it is transferred back to the original landowner, and instead
of cash compensation, those landowners benefit from infrastructure
and higher land values.
Government in turn benefits from the self-financing nature of land
pooling, since no compensation is paid and infrastructure can be
financed from the sale of a portion of the land.
Objectives of Seed Law and Seed Policy
• ljleGg afnLsf] cfjZos u'0f:t/Lo tyf kl/df0ffTds aLp lahg ;'Jojl:yt
?kn] pknAw u/fpg] .
• u'0f:tl/o aLp pTkfbg u/L lgof{t k|jb{\wg ug]{ .
• ljBdfg cGt/fli6«o ljZj Jofkf/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L aLp Joj;fonfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg] .
• g]kfnsf] cfˆg} ljz]iftfk"0f{ aLpx?sf] cg'jf{lzs -Genetic_ rl/qnfO{ cIf'0f /
;'/lIft /fVg] tyf ;f] pk/sf] clwsf/ ;'/If0f ug]{ sfddf cGo ;DalGwt
lgsfol;t ;dGjo ug]{ .
/fli6«o aLp lahg gLlt @)%^
• pRr u'0f:t/sf] aLp lahgsf] k|efjsf/L ljt/0f k|lqmofaf6 s[lif pTkfbg
a[l4sf] nlIft pknAwL xfl;n ug{ 7"nf] 6]jf k'Ub5 . s[ifs ju{nfO{ pko'Qm aLp
lahg ;d;fdlos ?kdf pknAw u/fpgsf nflu xfn;Dd ljleGg k|fljlws
ultljlw ljBdfg /x]sf] eP tfklg tL ultljlwx?af6 jl~5t ?kdf pknAwLx?
xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}gg\ .

• pRr u'0f:t/sf] aLp lahg pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf k/LIf0f Joj:yf ldnfO{
u'0f:t/o'Qm aLp lahg ;'– Jojl:yt ?kn] pknAw u/fO{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf]
;'ljwf tyf cfly{s l:ylt ;'b[9 ug{ jfG5gLo ePcg'?k aLp lahg P]g, @)$%
sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
• o;} P]g cGtu{t aLp lahg lgodfjnL, @)%$ klg hg;dIf
cfO;s]sf] 5 .
• of] kIfnfO{ bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfn] k|ljlw If]qleq kg]{ / aLpsf]
of]ubfg ljz]if dxTjk"0f{ x'g] eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
• o:tf] :jLsf/f]lQmnfO{ ca ;+:yfut / sfo{qmdut Joj:yfaf6
Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L agfpg' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
• pko{'Qm cfjZostfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] /fv]sf] s[lif
ljsf;sf] nIo cg'?k cfly{s pknAwL xfl;n ug]{ p2]Zon] of] aLp
lahg gLlt k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
Objectives of Pesticide Law
 Pesticides are used to control various pests and disease carriers, such
as mosquitoes, ticks, rats and mice.
 Pesticides are used in agriculture to control weeds, insect infestation
and diseases.
 There are many different types of pesticides; each is meant to be
effective against specific pests.
 Pesticides in the agricultural sector were introduced in Nepal in 1952
to protect plants from agricultural pests and improve the productivity
of agriculture.
 Different brands of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides have been
used in Nepal for growth and protection of crops, vegetables and
fruits.
• Pesticides are chemical substances that are meant to kill pests.
• In general, a pesticide is a chemical or a biological agent such as a
virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant that deters,
incapacitates, kills, pests.
• This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often
treated as synonymous with plant protection product.
• It is commonly used to eliminate or control a variety of agricultural
pests that can damage crops and livestock and reduce farm
productivity.
• The most commonly applied pesticides are insecticides to kill insects,
herbicides to kill weeds, rodenticides to kill rodents, and fungicides to
control fungi, mould, and mildew.
 Nepal had enacted The Pesticides Act, 2048 (1991) to make
provisions on the import, export, production, purchase, sale and use of
the pesticides used to destroy fatal pests (kitanu) in various seeds,
plants, trees, animals, birds etc.

 Pesticides are used to control various pests and disease carriers, such
as mosquitoes, ticks, rats and mice.
 Pesticides are used in agriculture to control weeds, insect infestation
and diseases.
 There are many different types of pesticides; each is meant to be
effective against specific pests.
Types and Licensing of Pesticides
Types of Pesticides
• Insecticides – insects.
• Herbicides – plants.
• Rodenticides – rodents (rats & mice)
• Bactericides – bacteria.
• Fungicides – fungi.
• Larvicides – larvae.
• The Pesticides Act, 2048 (1991) Section 9. License to be obtained
by having registration of Pesticides: Any person, organization or
body who imports, exports, produces, uses, purchases or sells the
Pesticides shall compulsorily get the Pesticides registered with the
body established under Section 7 and obtain the certificate, by
paying the prescribed fees, prior to such acts.
• 7. Establishment of Pesticides registration body: Government of Nepal may,
by a Notification in the Nepal Gazette, establish a Pesticides registration
body to carry out the Pesticides registration related activities
• 12.License to be obtained: A person who makes formulation of,
sells, distributes, or makes commercial use of, the Notified
Pesticides shall obtain the license from the Committee, by making
payment of the prescribed fees.
• 15. Punishment:

• (1) Any person who violates Section 9 of this Act shall be punished
with a fine not exceeding Two Thousand Rupees, and such Pesticides
shall also be forfeited.

• (2) Any person who violates Section 11 or 12 this Act shall be

punished with a fine not exceeding Five Thousand Rupees, and such
Pesticides shall also be forfeited.

• (3) Any person who commits, or causes the commission of, any act
contrary to this Act and the Rules framed hereunder, other than the act
as mentioned in Sub-sections (1) and (2) above, shall be punished
with a fine not exceeding One Thousand Rupees.
Thank You ……
for your Listening
Unit-5 Agriculture and law
B.A.LL.B. 4th Semester
Kailali Multiple Campus

Keshab Singh Air

Asst.Prof./Adv.
• Animal rights are moral principles grounded in the belief that non-human animals
deserve the ability to live as they wish, without being subjected to the desires of
human beings.

• At the core of animal rights is autonomy, which is another way of saying choice.

• Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex,
nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status which include the right
to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and
expression, the right to work and education, and many more.
• Animal rights mean that animals deserve certain kinds of
consideration, consideration of what is in their best interests,
regardless of whether they are useful to humans, or an endangered
species, and regardless of whether any human cares about them at
all. It means recognizing that animals are not ours to use, for food,
clothing, entertainment, or experimentation.

• Animal exploitation involves the use of animals by humans for a

variety of purposes, such as food production, usage as experimental
subjects, or even as pets, which stands in direct contradiction to
animal rights. Animal rights can also be violated when it comes to the
human destruction of animal habitats. This negatively impacts the
ability of animals to lead full lives of their choosing.
Accepting the doctrine of animal rights means:
• No experiments on animals
• No breeding and killing of animals for food or clothes or medicine
• No use of animals for hard labor
• No selective breeding for any reason other than the benefit of the
animal
• No hunting
• No zoos or use of animals in entertainment.
Animal Rights Law in Nepal
• Constitution of Nepal

• Muluki Criminal Code, 2074 (2017)

• Animal Health and Livestock Services Act, 2055

• Animal Slaughterhouse and Meat Inspection Act, 2055

• Nepal Veterinary Council Act, 2055(1999)

• Constitution of Nepal

• No. 15 of Schedule 8 grants the power over animal health to the local
government, No. 21 of Schedule 8 obliges the local government to the
protection of wildlife and No. 7 of Schedule 9 of the Constitution of
Nepal grants the power over wildlife, and bio-diversity to the Federation,
State, and Local Levels.
• Muluki Criminal Code, 2074 (2017)
• Chapter 5 is related to offenses against the public interest, health,
security, facility, and morality.
• Section 116
• It prohibits reckless conduct with respect to animals and birds.
• It provides no one keeping or caring and cultivating any violent or
other animal or bird of him or her or under his or her control or
custody, knowingly or recklessly omits to take such precautionary
measure with that animal or bird or prevent any probable danger to
cause the death of or grievous hurt to anyone from such act or from
such animal or bird.
• A person who commits, or causes to be committed, the said offense
shall be liable to a sentence of imprisonment not exceeding one year
or a fine not exceeding ten thousand rupees or both sentences.
• Section 117
• It mentions that a person should not leave their bird/animal under their control in
another’s home, land or public path, or public place.
• If a person fails, he/she will be liable to up to three months of imprisonment or a fine
of up to five thousand or both.
• Chapter 18 deals with offence relating to rape.
• Section 227
• It prohibits bestiality which means no person shall have, or cause to be had, sexual
intercourse with an animal.
• Sexual intercourse with a cow will amount to a punishment of 2 years
imprisonment and a fine of up to twenty thousand.
• If other animals are raped, it is punishable by imprisonment for up to one year and a
fine of up to ten thousand.
•
• Section 289

• It protects cows and ox. It prohibits anyone from killing or injuring them or causing them to kill or injure
them. The punishment for such an act is imprisonment for 3 years. If someone beats and injures a cow or
ox causing them disability then the such offender will be punished with 6 months of imprisonment, for
other injuries will be punished with 6 months of imprisonment, and for another injury, they will be fined
up to fifty thousand rupees. However, killing cows and ox in the act of self-defense is not culpable.

• Section 290

• It states that no one should act cruelly towards birds and animals. No one is allowed to beat, kick, over-
drive, over-load or employ in any work or labor or for any purpose any animal which, by reason of its
age or any disease, infirmity, wound, sore or other cause is unfit to be so employed or administer any
injurious substance to any animal or torture animal in any other way or abandon a domesticated animal in
public due to the result of disease or old age or behave inhumane or cruelly in any other form.
•
• But using minimum force in order to make any animal or bird do any
work or carry a load according to its physical capacity or make it run,
with the objective to teach or train it to do any work or make it
efficient in its work is allowed. A person who commits the offense
aforementioned in Section 290 shall be liable to a sentence of
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or a fine not
exceeding five thousand rupees or both sentences.
• Section 291
• It prohibits the killing of birds and animals in public. It mentions that
unless otherwise mentioned no animal is allowed to be killed in public
unless such slaughtering has been done since time immemorial like in
a fair, feast, exhibition, or event place, etc.
• The sacrifice of such animal or bird shall be done otherthan in a religious place
where the sacrifice of animals or birds has been in practice from time immemorial.
• If there is any other alternative other than sacrificing the animal it must be adopted
and if there is no alternative it must be done as determined by the manager of the
concerned religious place.
• A person who commits, or causes to be committed, the offense referred to in this
Section shall be liable to a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding one
month or a fine not exceeding five thousand rupees or both sentences.
• Section 292
• It provides the time limitation for suits. Offenses under Section 290 have to be
filled after the expiry of three months from the date of commission of the such
offense, and in relation to any of the other offenses under this Chapter, after the
expiry of three months from the date of knowledge of the commission of the such
act.
 Nepal through its legislation and policy has tried to approach the
concept of animal right but the laws addressing animal right is not
sufficient and the directive doesn’t have the same impact as statutes.
There is a requirement for a separate act that deals with the protection
of animal rights and the prohibition of animal cruelty. Although
Nepalese legislation is not progressive, whatever laws we have, we
should focus on implementing as well as mending, consolidating, or
codifying laws as per international standards.
 Livestock Health and Service Act,2055
-kz' :jf:Yo / kz' ;]jf P]g,@)%%_
 d'n'ssf] cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6]sf] kz'kfng Joj;fonfO{ Jojl:yt / ljsl;t
t'Nofpg / dfgj ;d'bfosf] kf}li6s ef]hg tyf :jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t kz', kz'hGo
kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf] :j:y ?kdf pTkfbg, laqmL ljt/0f, lgsf;L tyf k}7f/L ug]{
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ afG5gLo ePsf]n],>L % dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]G› jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jsf]
zf;gsfnsf] ;QfO;f}+ jif{df ;+;bn] of] kz' :jf:Yo / kz' ;]jf P]g,@)%% agfPsf] 5 .
 Whereas, it is expedient to systematize and develop the animal
husbandry business which occupies an important place of the national economy
and to provide necessary arrangement relating to healthy production; sale,
distribution, export and import of animal products or animal production
inputs, Now, therefore, the Parliament has enacted this Act on the twenty seventh

year of the reign of His Majesty the King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev.
• kl/R5]b–@ kz' Sjf/]G6fOg ;DaGwL Joj:yf
• #= Sjf/]G6fOg r]skf]i6sf] :yfkgf M g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L
g]kfn………== sf] s'g} klg If]qdf :yfoL jf c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] Sjf/]G6fOg r]skf]i6 :yfkgf ug]{5 .
• $= Sjf/]G6fOg :yn lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg
u/L bkmf # adf]lhd Sjf/]G6fOg r]skf]i6 :yfkgf ePsf] If]qdf Sjf/]G6fOg :yn lgdf{0f ug{
;Sg]5 .
• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]t Sjf/]G6fOg :yn
lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]5 .
• -#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd u}/ ;/sf/L If]qdf Sjf/]G6fOg :yn lgdf{0f ug{ rfxg]n] ljefuaf6
l;kmfl/z kq lng' kg]{5 .
• -$_ pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd Sjf/]G6fOg :yn lgdf{0f ubf{ kfng ug{' kg]{ zt{ tyf
ckgfpg' kg]{ dfkb08 tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
• %= Sjf/]G6fOg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm M g]kfn ;/sf/n] bkmf # adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] Sjf/]G6fOg
r]skf]i6sf] k|d'vsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ u/L kz' lrlsT;f ljifodf sDtLdf :gftsf]kflw xfl;n u/]sf]
JolQmnfO{ Sjf/]G6fOg clws[tsf] kbdf lgo'lQm ug]{5 .
• ^= Sjf/]G6fOgdf /fVg' kg]{ M -!_ k}7f/Lstf{n] k}7f/L u/]sf kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg
;fdu|LnfO{ k/LIf0fsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] cjlw;Dd Sjf/]G6fOgdf /fVg' kg]{5 .
• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd Sjf/]G6fOgdf /flvPsf kz'sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ bfgf, kfgL / ;'/Iffsf]
Joj:yf ;DalGwt k}7f/Lstf{n] ug{' kg]{5 .
• -#_ Sjf/]G6fOgdf /flvPsf] kz' k/LIf0f cjlwleq} d/]df Sjf/]G6fOg clws[tn] To:tf] d/]sf] kz' k/LIf0f
u/L gi6 ug{ k}7f/Lstf{nfO{ cfb]z lbg]5 .
• -$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd Sjf/]G6fOgdf /flvPsf] kz' d/]df k}7f/Lstf{n] s'g} k|sf/sf] Ifltk"lt{ bfaL
ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
• -%_ Sjf/]G6fOgdf /flvPsf] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ljlw tf]lsP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
• &= k|df0fkq lbg' kg]{ M Sjf/]G6fOg clws[tn] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|LnfO{
Sjf/]G6fOgdf /fvL hfFr u/]kl5 tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf Sjf/]G6fOg k|df0fkq pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5.
• *= lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ubf{ kfng ug{' kg]{ zt{ M lgsf;Lstf{ jf k}7f/Lstf{n] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz'
pTkfbg ;fdu|L lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ubf{ kfng ug{' kg]{ zt{ tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
• (= Sjf/]G6fOg r]skf]i6sf] af6f] eP/ dfq k}7f/L ug{' kg]{ M k}7f/Lstf{n] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz'
pTkfbg ;fdu|L k}7f/L ubf{ Sjf/]G6fOg r]skf]i6sf] af6f] eP/ ug{' kg]{5 .
• !)= k}7f/L ug{ k|ltaGw nufpg ;Sg] M g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf]
/f]ux? ePsf] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L k}7f/L ug{ k|ltaGw nufpg ;Sg]5 .

• !!= k|j]z ug{ /f]s nufpg ;Sg] M b]xfosf cj:yfdf Sjf/]G6fOg clws[tn] k}7f/L ul/Psf kz',
kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf] k|j]zdf /f]s nufpg ;Sg]5 M–

• -s_ k}7f/L ul/Psf kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L h'g 7fpFaf6 NofPsf] xf] ;f] 7fpFdf
;+qmfds /f]usf] k|sf]k ePsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePdf,

• -v_ k}7f/Lstf{n] k}7f/L ug]{ kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|Ldf tf]lsP adf]lhd ;+qmfds
/f]u gePsf] k|df0fkq / :j:ytf ;DaGwL k|df0fkq pknAw gu/fPdf,

• -u_ v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] k|df0fkq pknAw u/fPsf] eP tfklg s]xL kz'x? ;+qmfds /f]u nflu d/]sf]
kfOPdf,

• -3_ k}7f/L ul/Psf] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L Nofpgsf] lgldQ k|of]u ul/Psf] ;jf/L
;fwgdf ;+qmfds /f]usf] n;k; ePsf] kfOPdf .
• !@= cfb]z lbg ;Sg]M -!_ Sjf/]G6fOg clws[tn] bkmf !! adf]lhd k|j]z ug{ /f]s nufOPsf] kz',
kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L h'g d'n'saf6 NofOPsf] xf] ;f] d'n'sdf lkmtf{ n}hfg cfb]z lbg
;Sg]5 .

• -@_ k}7f/L ul/Psf kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L To;} /fvL 5f]8\bf jf ;DalGwt d'n'sdf
lkmtf{ k7fpFbf ;+qmfds /f]u km}ng ;Sg] ;+efjgf b]lvPdf Sjf/]G6fOg clws[tn] k}7f/Lstf{nfO{ To:tf]
kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|LnfO{ x6fpg] jf gi6 ug]{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .

• !#= lnnfd ug{ ;lsg] M -!_ Sjf/]G6fOg :yndf /flvPsf] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L
tf]lsPsf] cjlw leq ;DalGwt k}7f/Lstf{n] lkmtf{ gnu]df Sjf/]G6fOg clws[tn] To:tf] kz', kz'hGo
kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdfu|L hkmt u/L lnnfd ug{ ;Sg]5 . lnnfd ug]{ cj:yf / sfo{ljlw tf]lsP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .

• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd hkmt ul/Psf] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L lnnfd ug{
pko'Qm gb]lvPdf jf lnnfd ubf{ s;}n] g;sf/]df Sjf/]G6fOg clws[tn] To:tf] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf
kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L x6fpg jf gi6 ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
• !$= x6fpg] jf gi6 ug]{ M -!_ bkmf ^, !@ jf !# adf]lhd x6fpg] jf gi6 ug]{ cfb]z kfPkl5
;DalGwt k}7f/Lstf{n] To:tf] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L x6fpg jf gi6 ug{'
kg]{5 .

• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;DalGwt k}7f/Lstf{n] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L
gx6fOPdf jf gi6 gu/]df Sjf/]G6fOg clws[t cfkm}n] To:tf] kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz'
pTkfbg ;fdu|L x6fpg jf gi6 ug{ ;Sg]5 .

• -#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L x6fpFbf jf gi6 ubf{
nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ k}7f/Lstf{af6 ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 .
• !%= kz'x?sf] j;f/ k;f/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf M g]kfn ………== sf] s'g} Ps 7fpFsf] kz'x?df ;+qmfds /f]u nfu]sf] s'/f
kQf nfu]df sfof{no k|d'v jf Sjf/]G6fOg clws[tn] To:tf kz'x? g]kfn …………= sf] s'g} csf]{ 7fpFdf j;f/ k;f/
ug{ k|ltaGw nufpg ;Sg]5 .
• kl/R5]b – # kz' g;n ;'wf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf
• !^= ;"rgf hf/L ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L g]kfndf /x]sf s'g} hftsf
kz'sf] j+z nf]k x'gaf6 arfpg jf ltgLx?sf] g;n ;'wf/ ug]{ b[li6n] g]kfn ………== sf] s'g} If]qdf ;f]xL ;"rgfdf
tf]s]sf] hftsf] efn] hftsf] kz' afx]s cGo efn] hftsf] kz' v;L kf/L /fVg' kg]{ u/L ;"rgf hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
• t/ k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf] k"hf cfhf jf wfld{s cg'i7fgsf nflu geO{ gx'g] v;L gkf/]sf] efn] kz' kfNg' kg]{
ePdf To:tf] kz'nfO{ uef{wfg u/fpg g;Sg] u/L cnUu} /fVg pkbkmf -!_ df n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf
k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] hft afx]s cGo efn] hftsf] kz' kfn]sf] kfOPdf sfof{no k|d'vn] ;DalGwt
JolQmnfO{ To:tf] efn] kz'nfO{ tTsfn} v;L kfg]{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
• kl/R5]b–$ pBf]u :yfkgf tyf lgsf;L k}7f/L ;DaGwL Joj:yf

• !&= pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ l;kmfl/z kq lng' kg]{ M h}ljs kbfy{, rNnf, df5fsf k"/f pTkfbg
ug]{ -Xofr/L_ jf kz' bfgf jf df;' k|zf]wg ;DaGwL pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ rfxg] JolQmn]
tf]lsPsf] lgsfoaf6 l;kmfl/z kq lng' kg]{5 .

• !*= lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ug{ l;kmfl/z lng' kg]{ M h}ljs kbfy{, rNnf jf df5fsf e"/f jf kz'
bfgf lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] tf]lsPsf] b:t'/ lt/L tf]lsPsf] lgsfoaf6 l;kmfl/z
kq lng' kg]{5 .

• !(= cg'dltkq lng' kg]{ M -!_ h}ljs kbfy{, rNnf, df5fsf e"/f laqmL ljt/0f jf df;' k|zf]wg
ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] tf]lsPsf] lgsfoaf6 tf]lsPsf] b:t'/ lt/L cg'dltkq lng' kg]{5 .

• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd laqmL ljt/0f ul/g] h}ljs kbfy{, rNnf, df5fsf e"/f jf
df;'k|zf]wgsf] u'0f:t/ tyf dfkb08 tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
• kl/R5]b–% b08 ;hfo / k'g/fj]bg
• @)= b08 ;hfo M -!_ bkmf ( sf] pNn3+g u/L kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz' pTkfbg ;fdu|L k}7f/L ug]{
JolQmnfO{ kRrL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 / To;/L k}7f/L ul/Psf kz', kz'hGo kbfy{ jf kz'
pTkfbg ;fdu|Ldf ;+qmfds /f]u ePsf] kfOPdf bf]Aa/ hl/afgf x'g]5 .
• -@_ bkmf !) sf] pNn3+g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ bz xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5 .
• -#_ bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lbOPsf] cfb]z kfng gug]{ JolQmnfO{ kRrL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf x'g]5 .
• -$_ pkbkmf -!_, -@_ / -#_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s of] P]g jf o; P]g cGt/ut ag]sf] lgodfjnLsf] pNn3+g
ug]{ JolQmnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf x]/L kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5 .
• @!= d'2fsf] txlssft / bfo/L M -!_ o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s;"/sf] txlssft Sjf/]G6fOg r]skf]i6sf]
sDtLdf /fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] k|fljlws ;xfosn] ug]{5 / To:tf] txlssftsf] sfd k"/f ePkl5
d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf d'2f bfo/ ug]{5 .
• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf d'2f bfo/ ubf{ d'2fsf] txlssft ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] ;/sf/L
jsLnl;t /fo ;Nnfx lng ;Sg]5 .
• @@= d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L M -!_ bkmf ( cGtu{tsf] d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{
x'g]5 .
• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s o; P]g cGt/utsf] d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ x'g]5 .
• @#= g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g]M o; P]g cGtu{tsf] d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g]5 .
• @$= k'g/fj]bgM bkmf @@ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ lrQ ga'‰g] JolQmn] k}+tL; lbgleq
lhNnf cbfnt ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
 Slaughter House and Meat Inspection Act,2055
-kz' jwzfnf / df;' hfFr P]g, @)%%_

;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jf:Yo / lxt sfod /fVg df;' tyf df;'af6 aGg] vfB
kbfy{df ld;fj6 /f]Sg / df;'df x'g] :j:ytf tyf df;'sf] :jfefljs u'0f lju|g
glbO{ pko'Qm :t/ sfod /fVgsf] nflu kz' jwzfnf :yfkgf ug]{ / df;' hfFr ug]{
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n], >L % dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd
zfxb]jsf] zf;gsfnsf] ;QfO;f}+ jif{df ;+;bn] of] P]g agfPsf]5 .
• #= Ohfhtkq glnO{ kz' jwzfnf :yfkgf ug{ jf df;' laqmL ug{ gkfOg] M o; P]g adf]lhd ]
Ohfhtkq glnO{ s;}n] klg kz' jwzfnf :yfkgf ug{ jf df;' ljqm]tfsf] sfd ug{ kfpg] 5}g.
• $= kz' jwzfnfsf] :yfkgf M
• -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L g]kfnsf] s'g} klg If]qdf kz'
jwzfnf :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg u}/ ;/sf/L If]qdf ;d]t kz' jwzfnf
:yfkgf ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lsP adf]lhd Ohfht lbg ;Sg]5 .
• -#_ pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd kz' jwzfnf :yfkgf / ;+rfng ubf{ kfng ug'{ kg]{ zt{ tyf
ckgfpg' kg]{ dfkb08 tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
• %= Ohfhtkq M
• -!_ kz' jwzfnf :yfkgf ug{ jf df;' laqm]tfsf] sfd ug{ rfxg] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] tf]lsP
adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L ;dIf b/vf:t lbg' kg]{5 .
• -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd b/vf:t kg{ cfPdf tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] To:tf] b/vf:tsf]
;DaGwdf cfjZos hfFra'´ u/L tf]lsP adf]lhd b:t'/ lnO{ b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ kz' jwzfnf
:yfkgf ug{ jf df;' laqm]tfsf] sfd ug{ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf Ohfhtkq lbg]5 .
• -#_ df;' laqm]tfn] kfng ug'{ kg]{ zt{x? tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
• ^= df;' lg/LIfssf] lgo'lQm M
• -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] kz' / df;' hfFr ug{sf] nflu kz' lrlsT;f ljifodf sDtLdf :gftsf]kflw
xfl;n u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ df;' lg/LIfssf] kbdf lgo'lQm ug{ jf tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
• -@_ o; P]gdf n]lvPsf sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm df;' lg/LIfssf] cGo sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
• &= df;' ;'k/Lj]Ifs tf]Sg ;Sg] M
• -!_ kz' jwzfnf Joj:yfkg / df;' lg/LIfssf] sfddf ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{sf] nflu kz' lrlsT;f
ljifodf sDtLdf :gftsf]kflw xfl;n u/]sf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] df;' ;'k/Lj]Ifs
tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
• -@_ df;' lg/LIfs lgo'Qm gePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] df;' ;'k/Lj]IfsnfO{ g} df;'
lg/LIfssf] sfd ;d]t ug]{ u/L tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
• -#_ df;' ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
• *= kz' jw ug'{ cl3 hFrfpg' kg]{ M
• (= kz' jwzfnfdf kz' jw ug'{ kg]{ M
• !)= jw ul/Psf] kz'sf] df;' hfFr ug'{ kg]{ M
• !!= df;' laqmL ug]{ gkfOg] M
• !@= df;'df 5fk jf lrXg df;'df 5fk jf lrXgnufpg' kg nufpg' kg]{ M
• !#= ld;fj6 u/L df;' laqmL ug{ gx'g] M
• !$= b:t'/ nfUg] M
• !%= k|j]z ug{ ;Sg] M
• !^= afwf gx'g] M
• !&= b08 ;hfo M
• !*= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg M
• !(= g]kfn ;/sf/ g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL x'g] jfbL x'g]M
• @)= d'2fsf] txlssft / bfo/L M
• @!= d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L M
• @@= k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] M
• @# lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M o
• @$= vf/]hL M
• Whereas it is expedient to establish slaughterhouse and arrange for
meat inspection to safeguard the health and welfare of the people in general
and to control adulteration in meat and meat products and to maintain
reasonable standard of meat by protecting the wholesomeness, quality and
adequacy of meat;
Now, therefore, the Parliament has enacted this Act on the twenty-seventh
year of the reign of His Majesty the King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev.
• 3. No Establishment of a Slaughterhouse or Selling of Meat be Made
Without License
• 4. Establishment of Slaughterhouse
• 5. License
• 6. Appointment of Meat Inspector
• 7. Designation of a Meat Supervisor
• 8. Examination of Animals before slaughtering (Ante-Mortem Examination)
• 9. Slaughtering of an Animal to be Carried out in the Slaughterhouse
• 10. Examination of Meat of the Slaughtered Animal
• 11. Prohibition on the Sale of Meat
• 12. Stamp or Marking of Meat
• 13. No Adulterated Meat shall be Sold
• 14. Fees To Be Paid
• 15. Authority to Enter
• 16. No Objection
• 17. Penalties
• 18. Delegation of Authority
• 19. Government of Nepal to be a Plaintiff
• 20. Investigation of the Case and File Thereof
• 21. Judicial Authority
• 22. To Be As Per the Prevailing Laws
• 23. Power to Frame Regulation
• 24. Repeal
 Argo Bio-diversity Policy,2063
-s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt, @)^#_
• k[YjLdf dfgj hfltsf] ;[i6Lsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 .

• h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf dfgj hfltsf] cfwf/e"t
vfB ;'/Iff tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu ckl/xfo{ 5 .

• s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g Pj+ ljsf; xfd|f k"j{hn] ub}{ cfPsf x'g\ .

• g]kfndf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf cleGg c+ux¿ kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw eP klg ;dosf]
cGt/fndf :yfgLo s[lifhGo cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t nf]k x'g nfu]sf] tYo cWoog– cg';Gwfgn] k|i6
kf/]sf] 5 .
• s[lif k|wfg b]zdf s[lif If]qsf] bLuf] ljsf;, vfB ;'/Iff / u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] cfwf/:tDesf]
¿kdf /x]sf] dxTjk"0f{ s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g Pj+ bLuf] pkof]u ug{' /fli6«o
lhDd]jf/L xf] .

• h}ljs ljljwtfsf] a9L pkof]u x'g] k|hflt (Species) nfO{ ;d]6\g] s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{
/fi6«n] /fv]sf] bLuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] nIo cg'¿k cfly{s pknlAw xfl;n ug{ Pj+ kof{j/0fLo
;Gt'ng sfod ug{ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f x'g clt cfjZos 5 .

• pko{'Qm cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb}, g]kfn kIf /x]sf] cGt/f{li6«o h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw
!((@ (Convention on Biological Diversity 1992) Pj+ ;femf ;dembf/L tyf
g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt @)%( ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L æ/fli6«o s[lif gLlt @)^!Æ sf]
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g Pj+ ;b'kof]u ug]{ p2]Zo cg'¿k of] gLlt nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .
• p2]Zox¿M
• -s_ s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / bLuf] pkof]u u/L s[lifsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; Pj+
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;'b[9 ug]{ .

• -v_ s[ifssf] k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk, vf]h, k|ljlw, pkof]u / cEof;x¿sf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f
Pj+ ;+j4{g ug]{ .

• -u_ s[lif cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t tyf kbfy{sf] kx'+r / pkof]uaf6 >[lht cj;/ / nfex¿sf]
;dGoflos Pj+ Goflos ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

• -3_ bL3{sflng ¿kdf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+j4{g u/L kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng
clea[l4 ug{df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .
 Agricultural Occupation Promotion Policy,2063
-s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g gLlt, @)^#_
• lgjf{xd'vL tyf 5l/P/ /x]sf] s[lif pTkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgs, ;3g, k|lt:kwL{ Pj+
Joj;fod'vL agfpg cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

• s[lifhGo j:t'x?n] ;'lglZrt jhf/ kfpg g;Sgfn] s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj ck]lIft ?kdf
j[l4 x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

• s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g ug{ sl7g ePsf] ;Gbe{df k|efjsf/L jhf/ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf;af6 ljZj jhf/sf cj;/x?sf] pkof]u u/L /fli6«o cy{tGqdf 6]jf k'/\ofpg /fli6«|o
s[lif gLlt, @)^! sf] "Jofj;flos tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif k|0ffnLsf cfwf/x¿sf] ljsf; u/L
If]qLo / ljZj ahf/;Fu k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg]" p2]Zo cg'?k s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g sfo{nfO{
ult k|bfg ug{ s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g gLlt, @)^# nfu" ul/Psf] 5
• p2]Zo
! jhf/d'vL / k|lt:kwf{Tds slif pTkfbg ug{ ;3fp k'/\ofpg] .
@ s[lifhGo pBf]usf] ljsf; u/L cfGtl/s jhf/ tyf lgof{t k|a4{gdf of]ubfg k'/\ofpg] .
# s[lifsf] Jofj;flos/0f u/L ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
#= gLlt
#=! ef}uf]lns, k|fljlws / cfly{s ;+efjgfsf cfwf/df j[xt pTkfbg If]q (Growth
Center) x?sf] :yfkgf tyf ljsf; tkm{ hf]8 lbOg] 5 .
#=@ cf}Bf]lus gLlt cg'?k :yfkgf x'g] ljz]if cfly{s If]q (Special Economic Zone)
x?;+u ;dGjo x'g] u/L ahf/sf] dfu cg';f/sf] pko'Qm kl/df0f / u'0f:t/sf ljz]if s[lif
j:t' pTkfbg ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] k|ltj4tfsf] cfwf/df lgDg lnlvt ljz]if pTkfbg
If]qx?sf] ls6fg u/L sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
• -s_ Jofj;flos jfnL÷j:t' pTkfbg If]q -Commercial crop/Commodity
Productuion Area) ,
• -v_ k|f+ufl/s÷ ljifflb/lxt pTkfbg If]q - Organic /Pesticide-free Production
Area) /
• -u_ lgof{td"ns jfnL÷j:t' pTkfbg If]q (Agri Product Export Area)
• #=# ls6fg ul/Psf s[lif pTkfbg If]qx?df pTkfbg ;fdfu|L, k|ljlw Pj+ k|fljlws ;]jf, s[lif
;8s, u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f, l;+rfO{, s[lif Joj;fo C0f, ljdf, ahf/ Joj:yf, ;"rgf k|0ffnL,
pko'Qm s[lif oflGqs/0f Pj+ k|zf]wg nufotsf ;'ljwfx¿ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L,
;xsf/L tyf gLlh If]qsf] ;xsfo{df PsLs[t ?kdf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
• #=$ Jofkfl/s tyf ef}uf]lns If]qx¿sf] cfwf/df u'0f:t/Lo s[lifhGo pTkfbg ;fdfu|L /
pTkfbgsf] ;+sng, k|zf]wg, ;+ro, 9'jfgL / jhf/ d"No h:tf Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfg ug{
;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf Jofj;flos ;]jf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf tyf ljsf;
ul/g] 5 .
• #=%= l;+rfO{, s[lif ;8s, ;+sng s]Gb|, zLt e08f/ -sf]N8 / k|mf]h]g :6f]/]h / s'lnª RofDj/_
u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f, pko'Qm s[lif k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, k/LIf0f ;]jf h:tf Joj;fo k|j4{gsf
k'jf{wf/x? ;/sf/L, gLlh, ;xsf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L tyf gful/s ;dfh ;d]tsf] ;xsfo{df
lj:tf/ ul/g] 5 .

• #=^= s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g ug{sf nflu s[lif Joj;fosf ;+efjgf / cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df
s[ifs Pj+ Jofkf/Lx? tyf s[lif pBdL Pj+ ;+jGwLt ;/f]sf/jfnfx? jLr x'g] s/f/ ;]jfnfO{
Jojl:yt tyf j}1flgs jgfO{g] 5 .

• #=& s[lifhGo Joj;fosf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ pks/0f, y|];/, l:k|ªsn/, jLl8ª=d]lzg, xfe]{i6/,
lrlnË Eofg, s'lnª= Eof6, ldNs k|f];];/, s[lif oGq cflbdf cfoft ubf{ ;DalGwt
lgsfox?sf] l;kmfl/zdf Joj;fo :yfkgf ePsf] !) jif{;Dd e+;f/ &% k|ltzt cy{
d+qfnosf] jh]6 jStAodf ;dfj]z u/L 5'6 lbOg] 5 .
Thank You ……
for your Listening