ROMANESQUE

ARCHITECTURE
GENERAL INTRODUCTIOn

INFLUENCES ON ARCHITECTURE
i. Geographical
- Romanesque style emerged from the decline of the Roman Empire.
- Spread across the Western Empire.
- Byzantine art influenced Italian Romanesque, especially in Lombardy and Europe
generally.
- Local styles in each country evolved independently.

ii. Geological
- Early architecture utilized local materials.
- Each country’s architecture was influenced by the availability of local resources.

iii. Climate
- Architectural styles varied due to climatic differences north and south of the Alps.

iv. Religion
- The Christian Church was a major civilizing and educational force.
- Churches often laid the foundations of cities.
- Monastic communities, supported by Charlemagne, played a significant role.
- The papacy's growing power influenced both religious and civil governance.
- The Pragmatic Sanction (A.D. 554) increased the Church's authority over provincial
and municipal governments.
- Eastern and Western Europe developed distinct architectural styles; Byzantine
architecture influenced the West.
- Religious zeal led to magnificent church edifices and the Crusades (1096-1270).
 - Monasteries were centers of education and architectural practice until the 13th
century.
- Monastic orders contributed significantly to architectural developments:
- **Benedictine Order**: Promoted arts; notable establishments in
Canterbury and Westminster Abbey.
- **Cluniac Order**: Known for double transepts; notable in Lincoln and
Salisbury Cathedrals.
- **Cistercian Order**: Simple designs with no aisles, short transepts, and
absence of towers; important sites include Furness, Fountains, Roche, and
Kirkstall Abbeys.
- **Augustinian Order**: Similar to Benedictines; notable in Bristol,
Carlisle, and Oxford Cathedrals.
- **Premonstratensian Order**: Founded at Premontre; notable in Castle
Acre Priory.
- **Carthusian Order**: Emphasized solitude; notable in the Grande
Chartreuse and Charterhouse, London.
- **Military Orders (e.g., Knights Templars)**: Circular churches; notable in
the Temple Church, London.
- **Friars (e.g., Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites)**: Founded later,
focused on preaching; notable members include Fra Angelico and Roger
Bacon.
- **Jesuits**: Established to counter the Reformation; notable in England
from 1538.

**v. Social and Political**

- Feudal tenure system influenced social and political structures.
- Growth of towns and urban privileges led to increased independence and
importance.
- Constant warfare created an unstable society and low craftsmanship.
- Christianity and civilization spread from southern to western Europe.
- Clergy-directed church building; freemasons had a significant impact.

**vi. Historical**
- The election of Charlemagne in A.D. 799 marked the end of the Roman Empire in
the West.
- Charlemagne restored arts and civilization in Western Europe until his death in A.D.
814.
- Before A.D. 1000, minimal building due to millennial fears.
- Post-millennium saw a building boom with regional peculiarities.
- Emergence of powerful nations (France, Germany, Spain) and decline of the Holy
Roman Empire.
- Northern European kingdoms (Denmark, Sweden, Norway) and the unification of
England under Norman kings by the end of the 11th century.

Architectural Character

Sober & Dignified

- Romanesque architecture is characterized by its sober and dignified
appearance.

Picturesqueness
- Achieved through the grouping of towers and the projection of transepts and
choir.

Historical Context
- Romanesque style encompasses Western European architecture influenced
by Roman art from the end of the Roman Empire to the 13th century.
- It represents the awakening and reinterpretation of ancient Roman
civilization.

Use of Ruins
- Early buildings often constructed from the remains of ancient Roman
structures.
- Evolved over time to incorporate new constructive principles and materials.

New Construction Principles

- Shift from inert stability to equilibrium in construction.
- Introduction of dressed stonework connected with thick mortar beds.

Evolution of Style
- Early Christian edifices in Ravenna (5th to 7th centuries) influenced by
Byzantine style.
 - In France, basilican plans were common, with the South preferring dome-
raised vaulting on pendentives.
- Introduction of the pointed arch in the South of France, potentially
influenced by Saracens.

Monastic Influence
- Development of monasteries in the 11th century advanced civilization,
agriculture, and architecture.
- Provence became a key center for trade from the East, influencing
architectural developments.

Transition to Gothic
- The destruction and subsequent purification of the Dark Ages led to the
emergence of Roman construction principles, paving the way for Gothic architecture.

Romanesque Vaulting
- Romanesque architects shifted from plain cross vaulting to "groin-rib"
vaulting with a framework of ribs supporting thinner stone surfaces.
- Continental architects used circular curve ribs, leading to highly domical
structures.
- In England, vaults were constructed with level ridges, using stilting or
segmental diagonal ribs to manage differences in height.

Vaulting Innovations
- Solutions for spanning oblong compartments included square bays of
vaulting corresponding to side aisle compartments.
- "Sexpartite" vaulting (six-part) used in some instances, with alternate piers
strengthened to support vault weight.
- Introduction of the pointed arch resolved height discrepancies in ribs of
different spans.

Italian

i. Geographical:
- Central Italy extended to Florence and Pisa on the north and west, and to Naples on
the south.
 - Pisa was a maritime power, while Florence commanded the passage of the Arno on
the route from south to north.

ii. Geological:
- Tuscany had significant mineral wealth and abundant building stone.
- Rome used bricks, local volcanic stone (tufa or peperino), and Travertine stone from
Tivoli.
- Marble was sourced from Carrara or from Paros and other Greek isles.

iii. Climate:
- Refer to Roman architecture for climate details.

iv. Religion:
- During this period, the Popes began to exert influence in civil government despite
having limited temporal dominions.
- In 755, Central Italy became independent, marking the start of the temporal power of
the papacy.
- Charlemagne's conquests further increased the Pope's temporal power and severed
connections with Byzantium.
- Gregory VII's rulings on clerical marriage and the bestowal of ecclesiastical
benefices led to the Guelphs and Ghibellines struggles.

v. Social and Political:

- An artistic movement in the 11th century prominently featured architecture.
- The rise of an industrial population, commerce, and education were significant for
the growth of cities like Naples, Pisa, and Amalfi.
- Insufficient protection from Constantinople led to these cities' push for self-defense.

vi. Historical:
- Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi engaged in trade with the Holy Land, bringing Eastern art
influences.
- Pisa, a significant commercial and naval power in the Mediterranean, led wars
against the Saracens but declined after being defeated by Genoa in 1284.
- Florence rose in prominence from 1125, with growing commerce leading to its
rivalry with Pisa.
 - Lucca, an important republic, was influenced by Pisan architecture and affected by
Guelph and Ghibelline feuds.

Architectural Character

Italian (Central) Romanesque:

- New ideas were rarely found, and constructive boldness was not sought after.
- The design was less of a departure from the ancient Basilican type.
- Italians excelled in beauty of detail rather than developing bold, novel constructions into a
complete style.

Northern European Romanesque:

- The principal aim was the perfection of vaulting construction, influencing the entire design.
- Regions like Normandy and the Rhine provinces saw the development of vaulting, leading
to new constructive ideas.
- The focus on vaulting caused the introduction of many new construction techniques.

Byzantine influence was strong in Venice, Ravenna, and particularly Pisa, which developed a
distinct style of its own.

Structure
Pisa Cathedral
Date: A.D. 1063-1092
Architect/Builder: Unknown; Dioti Salvi designed the adjacent Baptistery
Method of Construction: Built with rows of columns and a flat ceiling, resembling Early
Christian Basilican churches. It features transepts with segmental apses and an elliptical dome
over the crossing.
Details/Concept: The exterior has blind arcades and small open arcades in red and white
marble. The building is known for its beauty and ornamental features rather than innovative
structural developments.
Status: Completed; a significant historical landmark.
Influences: Early Christian and Byzantine architecture.

Campanile (Leaning Tower of Pisa)

Date: A.D. 1172
Architect/Builder: Bonanno Pisano is often credited.
 Method of Construction: A circular tower 52 feet in diameter with eight stories of arcades.
The tower began to lean during construction due to unstable foundation soil.
Details/Concept: Known for its unintended tilt of about 11 feet from the vertical.
Status: Completed; leaning but stabilized.
Influences: Romanesque style with Classical elements.

Baptistery, Pisa
Date: A.D. 1153 (designed), completed in 1278
Architect/Builder: Dioti Salvi
Method of Construction: Circular structure with an encircling aisle in two stories. The lower
story features half columns and semicircular arches, with an open arcade above.
Details/Concept: The dome comprises an outer hemispherical dome and an inner conical
dome. The structure has Gothic additions from the 14th century.
Status: Completed; significant historical landmark.
Influences: Byzantine architecture, with some Gothic influences in later additions.

S. Miniato, Florence
Date: 11th century A.D.
Architect/Builder: Unknown
Method of Construction: Divided into three main compartments with a raised eastern portion
and crypt. The exterior and interior are decorated with marble paneling and banding.
Details/Concept: Open timber roof with colorful decoration, recently restored.
Status: Completed; significant example of Central Italian Romanesque architecture.
Influences: Early Christian basilican plan with Byzantine and Romanesque elements.

NORTH ITALY

Influences
Geography
- Milan's central location in Lombardy and proximity to the Alps facilitated
prosperity and trade. Ravenna and Venice reflected Eastern architectural
influences due to their roles as trade hubs with the Eastern Empire.
Geology
- Brick was the predominant building material in Lombardy, influencing
architectural styles.
Climate
- Northern Italy experienced a climate of extremes, with cold winters and
hot summers, affecting architectural design and construction methods.
Religion
- The Church held significant power, exemplified by figures like S. Ambrose
of Milan, who influenced the region's religious practices.
Social and Political
- The Venetian state rose to prominence as an oligarchy, while northern
Italy consisted of independent city-states.
Historical
- Venice maintained strong ties with Constantinople, boosting its
commercial and naval power. Northern Italy had a mix of Germanic and
Italian influences due to its historical context.

Architectural Character
North Italian Romanesque
- Characterized by severe façades, restricted use of arcades, and a mix of
brick and stone materials. Features like rose windows and lion-supported
porches are common. Churches often follow the Basilican plan with
vaulted interiors and minimal clerestory use.

Central Italian Romanesque

- Known for ornate façades with multiple arcades, heavy use of marble, and
a close adherence to Classical traditions. The architecture focuses on
beauty and refinement in detail, often featuring open-timbered roofs with
colorful decorations.

Structures
S. Antonio, Piacenza
- Date: A.D. 1122
- Architect/Builder: Not specifically documented
- Method of Construction: Traditional Romanesque style using stone and
brick, characterized by round arches and solid masonry walls.
- Details/Concept: Typical Romanesque features with a strong, fortress-like
appearance, emphasizing simplicity and strength.
- Influences: Local Lombard traditions and broader European Romanesque
styles.
- Status: Preserved; serves as a historical and religious site.

S. Ambrogio, Milan
- Date: A.D. 1140
- Architect/Builder: Not specifically documented
 - Method of Construction: Constructed with brick and stone, featuring an
atrium, nave, aisles, and vaulted ceilings.
- Details/Concept: The basilica includes a double-tiered arcade, a large
atrium, and a distinctive use of Lombard bands. The building follows the
traditional basilican plan.
- Influences: Early Christian basilican architecture, Lombard Romanesque,
and local materials.
- Status: Well-preserved; continues to function as a church and historical
monument.

S. Michele, Pavia
- Date: A.D. 1188
- Architect/Builder: Not specifically documented
- Method of Construction: Masonry construction with vaulted square bays
and clustered piers, employing both brick and stone.
- Details/Concept: Features include a prominent western facade with
arcaded galleries, a rose window, and robust architectural elements. The
church has a nave with side aisles in two stories.
- Influences: Lombard Romanesque with influences from Northern European
Romanesque architecture.
- Status: Maintained as a key historical and religious site.

S. Zenone, Verona
- Date: A.D. 1139
- Architect/Builder: Not specifically documented
- Method of Construction: Use of brick and stone, with detailed sculptural
work and arcaded galleries on the facade.
- Details/Concept: Notable for its arcaded corbels under the gable, a large
rose window, and a projecting porch with columns resting on crouching
lions. The church reflects the transition from Romanesque to Gothic.
- Influences: Lombard Romanesque, with some influences from Germanic
architecture.
- Status: Well-preserved; remains a prominent religious and tourist site.

Palazzi Farsetti and Loredan, and the Fondaco dei Turchi, Venice
- Date: Various dates; largely 12th-13th centuries
- Architect/Builder: Not specifically documented
- Method of Construction: Built with brick and stone, featuring characteristic
Venetian Romanesque elements like cubiform capitals and semicircular
arches.
- Details/Concept: These buildings include elements like stilted arches,
decorative capitals, and extensive use of columns and arcades, blending
Byzantine and Western architectural styles.
- Influences: Byzantine, Eastern Roman, and local Venetian styles.
- Status: Preserved; used for various purposes including administrative
offices and museums.
Campanili (Bell Towers)

Campanile of S. Zenone, Verona

- Date: Various; typically 11th-13th centuries
- Architect/Builder: Not specifically documented
- Method of Construction: Constructed separately from churches, usually
square in plan, with stone or brick masonry.
- Details/Concept: Towers feature minimal decoration, with windows
increasing in number from bottom to top. Typically crowned with a
pyramidal roof.
- Influences: Local Italian traditions, with some influence from Northern
European bell towers.
- Status: Many are well-preserved and serve as iconic landmarks.

SOUTHERN ITALY AND SICILY

Influences
Geographical
- Sicily's central location in the Mediterranean made it a cultural crossroads, influenced by
Greece, Italy, and North Africa.
Geological
- The island's abundant calcareous and shelly limestone significantly influenced its
architectural style.
Climate
- The sub-tropical climate, similar to that of Southern Italy, allowed for the growth of palms
and citrus groves. The architecture often features flat roofs and other elements reminiscent of
Eastern cities.
Religion
- The Mahometan (Islamic) influence led to the use of intricate geometrical patterns on facades,
as Islamic art prohibits the depiction of human figures.
Social and Political
- The Mahometans introduced valuable crops like grain and cotton. Byzantine and later
Norman influences also played a crucial role in shaping the island's culture and architecture.
Historical
- Sicily experienced periods of rule by the Byzantines, Mahometans, and Normans. The
Normans, under Robert and Roger de Hauteville, conquered Sicily in the 11th century,
bringing a period of prosperity and architectural development.
Architectural Character
- **Influences**: The transition from Byzantine to Mahometan and later to Norman rule is evident in
the architecture. Byzantine influence is seen in church plans, while Mahometan influence is notable in
decorative elements.
- **Norman Architecture**: Under Norman rule, significant architectural developments occurred,
including the construction of cathedrals. The use of mosaics and colored marbles became prominent.
- **Construction Techniques**: Buildings typically feature wooden roofs or Byzantine domes, with
rare use of vaulting. The exterior often includes alternating dark and light stone courses, while
interiors are richly decorated with mosaics and marbles.

Structures
Monreale Cathedral
- Date: Begun 1174
- Architect/Builder: Unknown, likely a mix of Norman and local craftsmen
- Method of Construction: Constructed using limestone and marble, with a Roman basilica
plan. Features include pointed arches, mosaic decorations, and an open timber roof.
- Details/Concept: The cathedral has a mix of Byzantine and Mahometan influences. It includes
apses at the eastern end, Byzantine-style capitals, and pointed windows. The walls are
adorned with biblical scenes in mosaics, bordered by arabesque designs, and a white marble
dado with inlaid colored porphyries.
- Influences: Byzantine for the mosaics and general layout; Mahometan for the intricate timber
roof and some decorative elements.
- Status: Well-preserved and an active site of worship and tourism.

Capella Palatina, Palermo

- Date: 1132
- Architect/Builder: Unknown, constructed within the Royal Palace of Palermo
- Method of Construction: Small chapel featuring rich mosaics and a stalactite ceiling. The
construction involves the use of mosaics and intricate wooden ceilings.
- Details/Concept: The chapel is renowned for its exquisite mosaics, depicting various religious
scenes, and a richly decorated stalactite ceiling.
- Influences: Strong Byzantine influence in the mosaics; Mahometan influence in the ceiling
design.
- Status: Well-preserved, part of the Royal Palace, and accessible to the public.

S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo

- Date: 1132
- Architect/Builder: Unknown
- Method of Construction: Built with local limestone, featuring a mix of Saracenic and
Byzantine architectural elements.
- Details/Concept: Notable for its red domes, reflecting Saracenic influence, and simple interior
design. The structure includes pointed arches and a minimalist approach to decoration.
- Influences: Saracenic architecture is evident in the domes; Byzantine influence in the layout
and structural design.
- Status: Well-preserved and open for visits, reflecting the unique architectural blend of the
period.
Martorana Church (Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio), Palermo
- Date: 1113-1143
- Architect/Builder: Founded by George of Antioch, with Byzantine and local craftsmen.
- Method of Construction: The church features a combination of Norman, Byzantine, and
Islamic architectural styles, with extensive mosaic work.
- Details/Concept: The interior is richly decorated with mosaics depicting religious figures and
scenes. The church layout and decorative elements reflect a blend of Eastern and Western
influences.
- Influences: Byzantine for the mosaics and church layout; Islamic influence in the decorative
patterns and use of geometric designs.
- Status: Well-preserved and functioning as a church and tourist site.

S. Nicolo, Bari
- Date: 1197
- Architect/Builder: Unknown
- Method of Construction: Constructed using local stone, featuring a small size relative to
northern counterparts, with a crypt beneath the choir.
- Details/Concept: The church has a typical southern Italian Romanesque style, with a
projecting porch supported by columns on lion sculptures and a characteristic wheel-window
above.
- Influences: Influenced by local Romanesque traditions and possibly Greek influences due to
the local population's heritage.
- Status: Well-preserved and a significant historical and religious site in Bari.

FRENCH ROMANESQUE

Influences
Geographical
- France's position between the south and north of Europe influenced its architectural styles. The
Rhone Valley saw strong classical influences from Roman times, while Perigueux was impacted by
Byzantine styles from trade with Venice and the East.

Geological
- France is rich in building materials, especially stone. The fine-grained stone of Caen, used in
Normandy, was also exported to England. In Auvergne, volcanic materials were used creatively in wall
inlays.

Climate
- France has three main climatic zones:
1. The north, similar to southern England.
2. The west, warmer due to the Gulf Stream.
3. The south, with a sub-tropical, almost African-like climate.

Religion
 - Christianity had a strong presence, especially in the Rhone Valley, influencing architectural
styles. The rise of the Cistercians led to simpler, more austere church designs, emphasizing grand and
severe effects, which contributed to the transition to the Gothic style.

Social and Political

- The fragmented nature of political power, with many regions under the control of independent
lords, limited architectural progress until a more centralized and stable society developed.

Historical
- The invasion of Normandy by the Northmen and subsequent Norman conquest of England in
1066 influenced architectural styles in both countries, with Normandy becoming a significant cultural
and architectural hub.

Architectural Character
- **Southern France**: Known for rich decorative facades and graceful cloisters, incorporating
elements from old Roman architecture with new interpretations.
- **Aquitania and Anjou**: Characterized by vast, impressive interiors with massive walls supporting
large spans, reminiscent of Roman Thermae halls.
- **Northern France**: Marked by early Gothic influences, with tightly arranged piers and pillars, and
heavy vaulting, serving as a precursor to later Gothic developments.
- **Vaulting Techniques**:
- In the south, naves were often covered with barrel vaults, supported by half-barrel vaults over two-
storied aisles, suppressing the clerestory.
- In the north, groined vaults, often in square compartments and covered with sexpartite vaulting,
became common, with ribs constructed independently to support the infilling.

Here is a summary of the notable examples of Romanesque architecture in

France, including their dates, known architects/builders, methods of construction,
details/concepts, influences, and current status:

Structures
S. Sernin, Toulouse
- **Date**: 11th century
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Built using round-arched tunnel vaults.
- **Details/Concept**: Features a basilican layout with a long nave and a
large choir, characteristic of the southern French Romanesque style.
- **Influences**: Roman and local regional influences.
- **Status**: Well-preserved and in use as a basilica.

S. Front, Périgueux
- **Date**: c. 1120
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
 - **Method of Construction**: Greek cross plan with domes supported on
pointed arches.
- **Details/Concept**: Similar to S. Mark, Venice; features a campanile and
Byzantine-inspired architecture.
- **Influences**: Byzantine and Eastern trade influences.
- **Status**: Well-preserved and functioning as a cathedral.

Angoulême Cathedral
- **Date**: Late 11th century
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Features a long aisleless nave with four
stone domes.
- **Details/Concept**: Latin cross plan with a prominent central dome and
an apsidal choir.
- **Influences**: Romanesque with Byzantine elements.
- **Status**: Well-preserved and functioning as a cathedral.

Cahors Cathedral
- **Date**: 1050-1100
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Built with barrel vaults and domes.
- **Details/Concept**: Imitation of S. Irene, Constantinople; features two
domes and a Latin cross plan.
- **Influences**: Byzantine architecture.
- **Status**: Well-preserved and functioning as a cathedral.

Notre Dame du Port, Clermont-Ferrand

- **Date**: 11th century
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Constructed using volcanic stones and inlaid
decorations.
- **Details/Concept**: Notable for its use of local volcanic materials.
- **Influences**: Local geological influences and Romanesque style.
- **Status**: Well-preserved and functioning as a church.

S. Trophime, Arles
- **Date**: 12th century
 - **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Classical Roman influences with rich
sculptural details.
- **Details/Concept**: Notable for its ornate façade and sculpted capitals.
- **Influences**: Classical Roman and regional styles.
- **Status**: Well-preserved and functioning as a church.

Abbaye-aux-Hommes (S. Etienne), Caen

- **Date**: Begun 1066
- **Architect/Builder**: Built under the patronage of William the Conqueror.
- **Method of Construction**: Large basilican plan with a vaulted nave.
- **Details/Concept**: Features two square towers and sexpartite vaulting.
- **Influences**: Romanesque with early Gothic elements.
- **Status**: Well-preserved and functioning as an abbey.

Abbaye-aux-Dames (La Trinité), Caen

- **Date**: 1083
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Features intersecting vaulting.
- **Details/Concept**: Early use of intersecting vaults and a refined
architectural style.
- **Influences**: Romanesque with evolving Gothic elements.
- **Status**: Well-preserved and functioning as an abbey.

Mont Saint-Michel Abbey Church

- **Date**: 11th-16th centuries
- **Architect/Builder**: Various, including Robert de Thorigny
- **Method of Construction**: Built on a rocky island with various
architectural additions over centuries.
- **Details/Concept**: Combines Romanesque and Gothic architectural
styles.
- **Influences**: Romanesque, Gothic, and regional influences.
- **Status**: Well-preserved and a major tourist attraction.

Abbey of Cluny
 - **Date**: 1089-1131
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown, constructed under the Cluniac order
- **Method of Construction**: Large scale with double side aisles and a
barrel-vaulted nave.
- **Details/Concept**: The largest church in France during its time, with
five apsidal chapels.
- **Influences**: Romanesque with monastic influences.
- **Status**: Mostly destroyed during the French Revolution; only a few
remnants remain.

GERMAN ROMANESQUE

Influences
1. **Geographical**:
- Cities along the Rhine were established during Roman times, and Christianity spread from
these regions. Northern and eastern parts of Germany retained paganism longer.

2. **Geological**:
- The Rhine valley had abundant stone, allowing for the construction of stone churches with
early vaulting. In northern Germany, where stone was scarce, brick was used, leading to a different
architectural style.

3. **Climate**:
- Central Germany experiences temperatures similar to Southern England but with more
extreme seasonal variations.

4. **Religion**:
- Early German churches often had eastern and western apses and included circular structures
for baptisteries, reflecting the importance of baptism during the conversion of Germanic tribes to
Christianity.

5. **Social and Political**:

- Germany, initially united under Charlemagne, fragmented into small principalities. Conflicts
between the Guelphs and Ghibellines influenced architectural developments, with the rivalry
impacting mainly Northern Italy.

6. **Historical**:
 - Charlemagne's empire fostered the development of Romanesque architecture in Germany.
After his death, the region experienced fragmentation and subsequent influence from the
Hohenstaufen and Habsburg dynasties. The introduction of French Gothic architecture occurred later
under Habsburg rule.

Architectural Character
- **Influence**: Strong resemblance to North Italian Romanesque due to historical and political
connections.
- **Features**:
- German Romanesque architecture is characterized by western and eastern apses, the absence of
prominent western entrances, and a rich use of circular and octagonal turrets with polygonal domes.
- Decorative elements include bold and effective doorways and capitals.
- Vaulting was adopted in German churches later than in France.
- **Style**: The round-arched Romanesque style persisted until about 1268, with distinctive
Lombardian influences.

Structures
Gernrode Abbey Church
- **Date**: 958-1050
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Basilica type with triple eastern apses
- **Details/Concept**: Typical early Romanesque basilica with three
apses at the eastern end.
- **Influences**: General Romanesque style, with a focus on basilican
plans.
- **Status**: Well-preserved example of early Romanesque architecture.

S. Godehard, Hildesheim
- **Date**: 1133
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Basilica type with triple apses
- **Details/Concept**: Similar to Gernrode Abbey with a triple apsidal
plan.
- **Influences**: Romanesque basilican tradition.
- **Status**: Notable for its early Romanesque features.

Monastery of S. Gall (Switzerland)

- **Date**: Circa A.D. 820
 - **Architect/Builder**: Eginhard (Charlemagne's architect)
- **Method of Construction**: Benedictine monastery complex with a
double-apse church and various monastic buildings.
- **Details/Concept**: Comprehensive plan including cloisters, abbot's
lodging, school, and more.
- **Influences**: Carolingian architecture, influenced by Charlemagne's
era.
- **Status**: Important early example of Benedictine monastic planning.

Church of the Apostles, Cologne

- **Date**: A.D. 1220-1250
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Broad nave with aisles, three apses at the
eastern end, low octagonal tower.
- **Details/Concept**: Notable for its effective external grouping and
arcading.
- **Influences**: Romanesque style with Cologne-specific features.
- **Status**: A representative example of Cologne’s Romanesque
architecture.

S. Maria im Capitol
- **Date**: Ninth century
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Triapsal church
- **Details/Concept**: One of Cologne’s triapsal churches.
- **Influences**: Early Romanesque church design.
- **Status**: Significant example of early Romanesque architecture in
Cologne.

S. Martin
- **Date**: A.D. 1150-1170
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Triapsal church
- **Details/Concept**: Noted for its Romanesque design in Cologne.
- **Influences**: Romanesque tradition in Cologne.
- **Status**: Important Romanesque church in Cologne.
S. Cunibert
- **Date**: Unknown
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Triapsal church
- **Details/Concept**: Another example of Cologne’s triapsal churches.
- **Influences**: Romanesque architectural style.
- **Status**: Relevant Romanesque church in Cologne.

Worms Cathedral
- **Date**: 1110-1200
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Cross-vaulted nave and aisles with twin
circular towers and a low octagonal crossing tower.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its cross vaulting and twin towers.
- **Influences**: Romanesque style with features typical of the period.
- **Status**: Significant cathedral in the German Romanesque tradition.

Aix-la-Chapelle Cathedral
- **Date**: A.D. 768-814
- **Architect/Builder**: Charlemagne
- **Method of Construction**: Resembling S. Vitale in Ravenna, with later
Gothic additions and renovations.
- **Details/Concept**: Originally built as a royal tomb-house for
Charlemagne.
- **Influences**: Byzantine influence and Carolingian architecture.
- **Status**: Historically significant as Charlemagne’s royal chapel.

Laach Abbey Church

- **Date**: A.D. 1093-1156
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Benedictine church with three eastern
apses and principal entrances.
- **Details/Concept**: Typical Romanesque Benedictine church with a
well-defined plan.
- **Influences**: Romanesque style, Benedictine monastic architecture.
 - **Status**: Well-preserved example of Romanesque monastic
architecture.

Lübeck Cathedral
- **Date**: A.D. 1173
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Brick architecture typical of North
Germany.
- **Details/Concept**: Notable for its use of brick and Romanesque
design.
- **Influences**: North German brick Romanesque.
- **Status**: Example of North German Romanesque brick architecture.

Nuremberg, Landsberg, and Steinfurt Churches

- **Date**: Varies
- **Architect/Builder**: Unknown
- **Method of Construction**: Double or two-storied churches, often
attached to castles.
- **Details/Concept**: Upper chapel for nobility and lower for retainers;
occasionally used to avoid floods.
- **Influences**: Romanesque with regional adaptations.
- **Status**: Illustrates the adaptation of church design for social and
environmental needs.

Church
Architecture
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
IN EUROPE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
i. INFLUENCES.
1. **Geographical:**
- Western Europe: Strong nations like Germany (center of Western Empire),
France, Italy, Spain.
- England united under Norman Kings.
- Minimal influence from Russia, Sweden, Norway.

2. **Geological:**
- Specific to each country.

3. **Climate:**
- Northern Europe: Low sun suits Gothic better than Classic architecture.
- High-pitched roofs in Northern Europe due to snow and inclement weather.

4. **Religion:**
- Power of the Popes peaked in the 13th century, influencing emperors and kings.
- Clergy had significant temporal power.
- Worship of relics and saints influenced building additions like lady chapels.
- Chapels dedicated to saints and processional ambulatories impacted building
plans.

5. **Social and Political:**

- Growth of towns and cities led to wealthy municipalities and rivalry-driven
architecture.
- Italy: Towns became principalities.
- Germany: Towns formed mutual defense leagues like the Hanseatic League.

6. **Historical:**

 Holy Roman Empire reduced to Germany.

 Major kingdoms: France, England, Castile (Spain).
 Prosperity in agriculture due to warm weather and technological
advances.
 Predominantly Catholic Europe, united under the Pope.
 Wealth spent on building castles, cathedrals, monasteries.
 Towns competed architecturally.
 4000 new towns built, becoming trade centers (e.g., Paris, Milan).
 Feudal system prevalent, leading to tyranny and restlessness.
  Overcrowded towns faced diseases, notably the Black Death (1347-
1351).

PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT:
Anglo-Saxon Period
– Characterized By The Use Of Timber For Domestic Buildings

Norman / Transition Period

– Characterized By Bold & Massive Archs; Piers & Flat Buttresses

Early English / Lancet Period

– Less Massive & Simple Ornaments
– Tall & Narrow “Lancet Openings”
– Projecting Buttresses, Pinnacles & Steep-Pitched Roofs

Geometrical & Curvilinear Period

– More Elaborate Decorations
– Geometrical & Flowing Tracery Crowned By Ogee Arch
– Enlarged Clerestory At The Expense Of Triforium Perpendicular Period
– Use Of Fan & Pendant Vaults
Tudor Period
– Used In Domestic Buildings
– Characterized By Gables With Pinnacles, Chimneys & Finials

Architectural Character
- "Gothic" is a term used in reproach to this style
- a departure from classic lines
- Can be identified by the general use of pointed arch
- Also called “Medieval Architecture”
 LOFTY & ASPIRING QUALITY
 STRUCTURAL HONESTY
 ECONOMY IN THE USE OF MATERIALS

FEATURES:
 POINTED ARCHES
 FLYING BUTRESSES
 RIB & PANEL VAULTING
 STAINED GLASS
 TRACERY WINDOWS
 SPIRES & PINNACLES

CHARACTERISTICS:
 TALL & LINEAR IN APPEARANCE
 VERY DECORATIVE
 THE HIGH CEILINGS AND USE OF MANY LARGE WINDOWS MADE THE
INTERIOR AIRY AND BRIGHT
France - Gothic Architecture:

 Primaire (12th Century): "a lancettes," pointed arches, geometric

windows.
 Secondaire (13th Century): "Rayonnant," circular windows with wheel
tracery.
 Tertiare (14th-16th Century): "Flamboyant," flame-like tracery.
 Features:
o Pointed arches for rectangular bays.
o Flying buttresses with pinnacles.
o Tall, thin columns.
o Walls with reduced load-bearing, adorned with stained glass.
o Tracery windows as frameworks for Bible stories.
o Cathedrals served as educational libraries for townspeople through
visual storytelling.

Structure
Cathedral
1. **Amiens Cathedral**
*COUNTERPART OF SALISBURY CATHEDRAL IN ENGLAND

- **Date**: Construction began in 1220 and was largely completed by 1270.

- **Method of Construction**: Utilized pointed arches, flying buttresses, and ribbed
vaults. Limestone was the primary material.
- **Details/Concept**: Built to house the purported relic of John the Baptist's head,
it is the tallest complete Gothic church in France, known for its vast size and unity of
design.
- **Status**: Active; UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- **Influences**: French Gothic architecture; influenced subsequent cathedrals with
its architectural innovations and vertical emphasis.

2. **Reims Cathedral**
*CORONATION CHURCH OF FRANCE * FAMOUS FOR ITS 500 STATUES IN ITS WEST
FACADE

- **Date**: Construction began in 1211 and was completed in 1275.

- **Method of Construction**: Utilized Gothic techniques with extensive use of
flying buttresses and detailed stone carving.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its high Gothic architecture, extensive statuary,
and large rose windows. It was the coronation site for French kings.
- **Status**: Active; UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- **Influences**: French Gothic style; influenced the development of Gothic
architecture in Europe, particularly in the use of sculptural decoration.
3. **Chartres Cathedral**
*FAMOUS FOR 176 STAINED GLASS WINDOWS

- **Date**: Construction began in 1194 and was completed around 1220.

- **Method of Construction**: Early Gothic style using ribbed vaults, flying
buttresses, and extensive use of stained glass.
- **Details/Concept**: Famous for its preserved stained glass windows and two
contrasting spires. It has a labyrinth used for meditation.
- **Status**: Active; UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- **Influences**: Gothic architecture; set a precedent for cathedral design in terms
of window tracery and stained glass.

4. Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris

 One of the oldest French cathedrals
 Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully
 Façade features successive tiers of niches with statues: Christ and French
kings
 Central wheel window
 Two western towers with high pointed louvred openings

- **Name**: Notre-Dame de Paris (Our Lady of Paris)

- **Date**: Construction began in 1163 and was largely completed by 1345.
- **Method of Construction**: Built using the early Gothic style, employing ribbed
vaults, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. Primarily constructed with
limestone.
- **Details/Concept**: Notre-Dame is known for its stunning Gothic architecture,
including the iconic twin towers, the rose windows, and the extensive use of
gargoyles and statues. The cathedral's design includes a nave with side aisles, a large
transept, and a choir surrounded by a double ambulatory.
- **Status**: Active; suffered significant damage in the fire of April 15, 2019, but
reconstruction efforts are ongoing. Expected to reopen in 2024.
- **Influences**: Notre-Dame has had a profound influence on Gothic architecture,
inspiring numerous other cathedrals across Europe with its innovative use of
structural elements like the flying buttress, which allowed for higher and lighter walls
and larger windows. It is also a significant cultural and historical symbol in France,
featured in literature, art, and film.

5. **Beauvais Cathedral**
- **Date**: Construction began in 1225, and the choir was completed by 1272.
Construction halted in 1600.
 - **Method of Construction**: Ambitious Gothic design, attempted the tallest
structure with extensive use of flying buttresses.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its choir, which is the highest in the world.
Construction was plagued by structural issues, leading to partial collapse.
- **Status**: Incomplete; open to visitors.
- **Influences**: French Gothic architecture; its ambitious height influenced the
design and aspirations of later Gothic structures.

6. **Gloucester Cathedral**
- **Date**: Construction began in 1089 and continued into the 15th century.
- **Method of Construction**: Initially Romanesque, later Gothic additions included
ribbed vaulting and extensive use of perpendicular tracery.

7. **Milan Cathedral**
- **Date**: Construction began in 1386 and was completed in 1965.
- ARCHITECTS:
 Simone da Orsenigo - Late 14th century
 Filippo degli Organi - Late 14th century
 Giovanni Solari - 15th century
 Guiniforte Solari - 15th century
 Giovanni Antonio Amadeo - 15th century
 Nicolas de Bonaventure - 15th century
 Jean Mignot - 15th century
 Marco d'Agrate - 16th century
 Pellegrino Tibaldi - 16th century
 Federico Borromeo - 16th century
 Francesco Maria Richini - 17th century
 Carlo Buzzi - 17th century
 Francesco Croce - 18th century
 Giuseppe Piermarini - 18th century
 Carlo Amati - 19th century
 Giuseppe Zanoia - 19th century
 Francesco Soave - 19th century
- **Method of Construction**: Gothic style using marble, characterized by its
extensive use of flying buttresses and pinnacles.
- **Details/Concept**: One of the largest churches in the world, it features intricate
spires and a forest of statues on its exterior. The interior includes a vast nave and
impressive stained glass.
- **Status**: Active; prominent landmark and tourist attraction.
- **Influences**: Italian Gothic with influences from French Gothic architecture;
the lengthy construction period reflects various stylistic influences over centuries.
3. Sainte-Chapelle, Paris

 Date: Built 1241-1248

 Architect/Builder: Pierre de Montreuil (attributed)
 Method of Construction: Constructed using advanced Gothic
techniques, with a significant use of stained glass and innovative
architectural elements like slender piers and large windows.
 Details/Concept: Commissioned by King Louis IX (Saint Louis) to house
relics of the Passion of Christ. Notable for its expansive stained glass
windows and richly decorated interior.
 Status: Active chapel, part of the Palais de la Cité complex.
 Influences: Highly influential in Gothic architecture, particularly in the use
of stained glass and verticality.

4. Amiens Cathedral

 Date: Built 1220-1270 (main construction)

 Architect/Builder: Robert of Luzarches, Thomas de Cormont, and Renaud
de Cormont (master builders)
 Method of Construction: Built predominantly of limestone and
employing Gothic construction techniques such as ribbed vaults, flying
buttresses, and pointed arches.
 Details/Concept: Largest Gothic cathedral in France by interior volume.
Known for its elaborate facade sculptures, extensive use of stained glass,
and impressive nave height.
 Status: Active cathedral, UNESCO World Heritage site.
 Influences: Influential in the development of High Gothic architecture and
cathedral design.

5. Chartres Cathedral

 Date: Built primarily 1194-1250 (current structure)

 Architect/Builder: Unknown master builders
 Method of Construction: Constructed of limestone and using early
Gothic construction techniques. Features stained glass windows, ribbed
vaults, and an emphasis on verticality.
 Details/Concept: Famous for its labyrinth and Blue Virgin Window.
Represents a transition from Romanesque to High Gothic architecture.
 Status: Active cathedral, pilgrimage site, UNESCO World Heritage site.
 Influences: Highly influential in Gothic architecture, setting standards for
cathedral design and ornamentation.

6. Reims Cathedral

 Date: Built 1211-1311 (main construction period)

 Architect/Builder: Unknown master builders
 Method of Construction: Constructed primarily of limestone and
employing advanced Gothic techniques. Known for its extensive use of
sculptural decoration and stained glass.
 Details/Concept: Coronation site of French kings. Features twin towers,
rose windows, and a highly ornate west facade.
 Status: Active cathedral, UNESCO World Heritage site.
 Influences: Influential in French Gothic architecture and royal symbolism.
7. Strasbourg Cathedral

 Date: Built primarily 1176-1439 (main construction period)

 Architect/Builder: Erwin von Steinbach (chief architect)
 Method of Construction: Constructed using red sandstone and
employing Gothic techniques such as an innovative spire and elaborate
sculptural decoration.
 Details/Concept: Features a single, massive spire reaching 142 meters,
intricate facade sculptures, and an impressive astronomical clock.
 Status: Active cathedral, UNESCO World Heritage site.
 Influences: Influential in Germanic Gothic architecture and cathedral
construction.

CASTLES
• Built on mounds above rivers
• Thick walls and small windows to resist attack
• Many were adapted to make convenient residences in later periods Carcassone
• built in 13th Century AD
• double wall, inner one made in 600 AD
• 50 towers and moat
• two gateways guarded by machicolations, drawbridge and portcullis

Carcassonne
- **Name**: Carcassonne
- **Date**: The fortified city of Carcassonne has origins dating back to Roman times,
with significant fortification and construction during the 12th and 13th centuries.
- **Method of Construction**: Carcassonne is a medieval fortress located in the
Languedoc region of France. It consists of two main parts: the Cité de Carcassonne
(the medieval citadel) and the lower city (Ville Basse). The citadel features double
walls and 52 towers, constructed primarily with stone and featuring traditional
medieval defensive architecture.
- **Details/Concept**: Carcassonne is renowned for its well-preserved medieval
fortifications, including ramparts, gates, and towers. The citadel within is an excellent
example of medieval military architecture, showcasing a concentric layout with layers
of defense. It includes narrow streets, a central castle (Château Comtal), and the
Basilica of Saint-Nazaire with its beautiful stained glass windows and Gothic
architecture.
- **Status**: Carcassonne is a UNESCO World Heritage site and remains well-
preserved, attracting visitors from around the world.
 - **Influences**: Carcassonne represents a pinnacle of medieval defensive
architecture in Europe, influencing subsequent fortifications and castle designs across
the continent. Its restoration and preservation efforts have helped maintain its
historical and architectural significance.

Examples
1. Cathedrals and Churches:
- Erected for education and as historical records.
- Plans typically in the form of a Latin cross.
- Central nave, side aisles, triforium, clerestory.
- Nave arcade supports the main walls; clerestory windows admit light.
- East ends (choirs) often richly decorated; lady chapels at the eastern extremity or
sides.
- Cloisters attached, south and west of transept, for monastic purposes.
- English cathedrals often feature central towers and long, low structures.
- Continental cathedrals noted for their height and complex buttressing.

2. Monasteries:
- Erected by different religious orders (Benedictine, Augustinian, Cistercian,
Cluniac, Carthusian, Friars).
- Included a church, cloister court (chapter house, dormitory, refectory), inner court
(infirmary, guest house), common court (granaries, stables), church court (public
access), and additional facilities (mills, workshops).

ENGLAND
Geographical Influences:
- England's insular position and natural harbors facilitated maritime trade and
cultural exchange with Europe, fostering unique national characteristics and
importing continental architectural ideas.

Geological Influences:
- The availability of local building materials like granite, limestone, and flint,
alongside transported materials like Caen stone, shaped regional architecture.
- Brickwork became common in the 14th century.

Climate Influences:
- England's cool, moist climate influenced the design of buildings, resulting in
deep porches and small entrances to protect against harsh weather.

Religious Influences:
 - Christianity's spread from the 6th century, the Crusades, and monasticism
greatly influenced architectural forms.
- The dissolution of monasteries in Henry VIII's reign funded new secular
constructions.

Social and Political Influences:

- Roman colonization introduced advanced building techniques, while
subsequent invasions and settlements shaped architectural styles.
- The fusion of native and Norman cultures, Magna Carta, the rise of
freemasonry, and political stability under Edward I and Henry VII further
influenced architecture.

Historical Influences:
- Key events like the Roman conquest, Norman invasion, Crusades, Hundred
Years' War, and the introduction of gunpowder, all had lasting impacts on
architectural development, transitioning from defensive structures to
residential designs and leading to the Renaissance architectural movement.

Architectural Character of Gothic Architecture in England

1. Development of Styles:
o Anglo-Saxon: Early medieval architecture.
o Norman: Introduction of Romanesque elements.
o Early English: 13th century, characterized by the pointed arch.
o Decorated: 14th century, elaboration of ribbed vaults.
o Perpendicular: 15th century, characterized by fan vaulting.
o Tudor: Transition into Renaissance architecture.

2. Gothic Vaulting in England:

o Norman Period:
 Roman vaulting methods with introduction of transverse and
diagonal ribs.
 Use of cylindrical, groined, and sexpartite vaults.
o Early English (13th Century):
 Pointed arch became predominant.
 Development of the quadripartite ribbed vault.
 Introduction of tiercerons and ridge ribs for structural
support.
o Decorated Period (14th Century):
 Increased use of tiercerons, ridge ribs, and lierne ribs.
 Development of "Stellar" or star-shaped vaulting.
o Perpendicular Period (15th Century):
 Emergence of fan vaulting, unique to England.
 Use of conoidal forms and horizontal lierne ribs.
 Jointed masonry construction in later stages, particularly in
fan vaulting.
o Tudor Period:
 Development of four-centred arches.
 Use of pendant vaulting, often combined with fan vaulting.

3. Open Timber Roofs of the Middle Ages:

 o Tie-beam Roofs:
 Simplest form with rafters and tie-beam.
 Various enhancements over time, including cambered tie-
beams and decorative struts.
o Trussed Rafter or Single-framed Roofs:
 Used for pointed vaults.
 Collar-braced rafters with decorative boarding.
o Hammer-beam Roofs:
 Evolved from trussed rafters, featuring hammer beams,
struts, collars, and curved braces.
 Double hammer-beam roofs for additional support.
o Collar-braced and Arch-braced Roofs:
 Simplified versions of hammer-beam roofs.
 Use of curved braces for structural and aesthetic purposes.
o Aisle Roofs:
 Early continuation of nave rafters.
 Generally simple, with intermediate trusses for support.

Structures
CATHEDRALS
• May have been attached to monasteries or to collegiate
institutions
• Found in precincts with dormitories, infirmary, guest
houses, cloisters, refrectory, other buildings

Westminster Abbey
– WESTMINSTER ABBEY *CORONATION CHURCH OF ENGLAND

- **Name**: Westminster Abbey

- **Date**: Construction began in 1245, completed in various stages over centuries.
- **Method of Construction**: Built primarily in the Gothic style using limestone and
mortar. It features pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses.
- **Details/Concept**: Designed as a royal church and burial place, showcasing
Gothic architecture with elaborate stained glass and intricate stone carvings.
- **Status**: UNESCO World Heritage site since 1987.
- **Influences**: Influenced subsequent Gothic architecture in England and beyond,
particularly in royal and ecclesiastical contexts.

Winchester Cathedral
*LONGEST MEDIEVAL CATHEDRAL IN EUROPE

- **Name**: Winchester Cathedral

 - **Date**: Originally founded in 642, rebuilt in Norman and Gothic styles starting in
1079, with later additions.
- **Method of Construction**: Constructed using flint and mortar, featuring Norman
and Gothic architectural styles with pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, and extensive
use of stained glass.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its long nave, medieval carvings, and
Perpendicular Gothic style additions. Houses a historic organ and famous Winchester
Bible.
- **Status**: One of the largest cathedrals in Europe and a prime example of English
Gothic architecture.
- **Influences**: Influential in the development of Gothic architecture in England.

York Minster
*LARGEST IN AREA & WIDTH AMONG ANY ENGLISH MEDIEVAL CATHEDRAL

- **Name**: York Minster

- **Date**: Built over several centuries, with the current structure dating from the
13th to 15th centuries.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in Gothic style using limestone and sandstone.
Features include pointed arches, elaborate stained glass, and a central tower.
- **Details/Concept**: Largest cathedral in northern Europe, known for its Great East
Window, Chapter House, and medieval stained glass.
- **Status**: A significant cathedral in England, noted for its size and architectural
splendor.
- **Influences**: Influential in Gothic architecture, particularly in the north of
England.

Salisbury Cathedral
*BOASTS OFF CENTRAL TOWER WITH THE LOFTIEST SPIRE

- **Name**: Salisbury Cathedral

- **Date**: Constructed between 1220 and 1258.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in Early English Gothic style using limestone
and Purbeck marble. Features include a central tower with the tallest spire in the UK
and the oldest working clock.
- **Details/Concept**: Notable for its geometric proportions, elegant spire, and
interior features like the Chapter House and medieval sculptures.
- **Status**: UNESCO World Heritage site since 1986.
- **Influences**: Set a standard for Early English Gothic architecture in England.
Canterbury Cathedral
*ONE OF THE OLDEST & MOST FAMOUS CHRISTIAN STRUCTURES IN ENGLAND

- **Name**: Canterbury Cathedral

- **Date**: Original structure dates back to 597 AD; current Gothic structure built
between 1070 and 1077.
- **Method of Construction**: Constructed in Romanesque and Gothic styles using
Kentish ragstone and Caen stone. Features include pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and
extensive stained glass.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its historic significance as the seat of the
Archbishop of Canterbury and the site of Thomas Becket's murder. Contains the
Shrine of St. Thomas and numerous chapels.
- **Status**: UNESCO World Heritage site since 1988.
- **Influences**: Influential in the development of Gothic architecture in England,
particularly in ecclesiastical settings.

Durham Cathedral
*EARLIEST GREAT CATHEDRAL DESIGNED ENTIRELY WITH RIB VAULTING SYSTEM

- **Name**: Durham Cathedral

- **Date**: Construction began in 1093.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in Romanesque (Norman) style using sandstone.
Features include massive pillars, ribbed vaults, and a unique Galilee Chapel.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its Romanesque architecture, the Shrine of St.
Cuthbert, and the medieval cloisters. Has a distinctive visual impact due to its location
on a promontory overlooking Durham.
- **Status**: UNESCO World Heritage site since 1986.
- **Influences**: A key example of Norman architecture and a model for subsequent
cathedral construction in England.

 Ely Cathedral:

 Famous for its unique octagon by Alan of Walsingham, replacing a fallen central
tower. It has a remarkable Lady chapel and an imposing west front with a bold tower
and Galilee porch.
  Date: Ely Cathedral was originally constructed between 1083 and 1109, with the
octagon and central lantern added from 1322 to 1349.
  Architect/Builder: The original construction was overseen by Abbot Simeon,
while the octagon and central lantern were designed by Alan of Walsingham.
  Method of Construction: The initial structure was built using Romanesque style
and Norman techniques, and the octagon was constructed using innovative
engineering to replace the fallen central tower with a unique wooden vault.
  Details/Concept: The cathedral features a 70-foot-diameter octagon with a rich
wooden vault and an octagonal lantern, a Lady Chapel that is 100 feet by 46 feet with
 intricate carvings, and a west front that is 180 feet wide, including a bold central
tower and a projecting Galilee porch.
  Status: Ely Cathedral remains in active use as a place of worship and serves as a
significant tourist attraction.
  Influences: The cathedral influenced the design of the dome of St. Paul's
Cathedral in London and reflects the transition from Romanesque to Gothic
architecture, showcasing early examples of Gothic structural innovations.

 Lincoln Cathedral:

 Situated on a steep hill, known for its double transepts and the highest central tower in
England. The Early English nave and transepts, along with the unusual west front
screen wall, make it a standout.

 Date: Lincoln Cathedral was rebuilt after an earthquake between 1185 and 1200.
 Architect/Builder: The reconstruction was carried out under the guidance of Bishop
Hugh of Avalon, later known as St. Hugh.
 Method of Construction: The cathedral was primarily built in the Early English Gothic
style, utilizing ribbed vaulting, pointed arches, and flying buttresses.
 Details/Concept: The cathedral is notable for its double transepts, a central tower that
reaches 271 feet (the highest in England), an Early English nave, transepts, and the "Angel
Choir" constructed between 1256 and 1314. The west front features a screen wall with two
western towers.
 Status: Lincoln Cathedral remains in active use as a place of worship and is a major
tourist attraction.

 Influences: The cathedral shows strong French Gothic influences, particularly from Sens
Cathedral, and represents the early development of English Gothic architecture, emphasizing
verticality and light.

SPAIN
• Strong Moorish influences: the use of horseshoe arches and rich surface decoration of
intricate geometrical and flowing patterns
• Churches had flat exterior appearance, due to chapels inserted between buttresses
• Excessive ornament, without regard to constructive character

1. Burgos Cathedral
- **Date**: Construction began in 1221 and continued until 1457.
- **Method of Construction**: Built primarily in the Gothic style with some
elements of Renaissance architecture in later additions. Constructed using local
limestone and employing traditional Gothic construction techniques.
- **Details/Concept**: Irregular in plan with a prominent western facade and
intricate spires. Known for its elaborate sculptural decoration and Gothic interior.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1984.
 - **Influences**: Influenced by French Gothic architecture, particularly the
cathedrals of Reims and Amiens.

2. Seville Cathedral
- **Date**: Construction began in 1402 and was completed in 1520.
- **Method of Construction**: Built primarily in the Gothic style with Renaissance
and Baroque influences in later additions. Constructed using local stone and brick.
- **Details/Concept**: Largest Gothic cathedral in the world, known for its massive
size, intricate vaulting, and the Giralda tower (former minaret).
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1987.
- **Influences**: Influenced by Moorish architecture due to its location in Seville, a
former Islamic city.

3. Gerona Cathedral
- **Date**: Construction began in the 11th century with major Gothic renovations
in the 14th and 15th centuries.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in the Catalan Gothic style with Romanesque
influences in earlier sections. Constructed using local limestone and brick.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its impressive facade, tall bell tower, and the
widest Gothic nave in the world.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a national monument in Spain.
- **Influences**: Influenced by French and local Catalan architectural styles.

4. Granada Cathedral
- **Date**: Construction began in 1523 and continued into the 18th century.
- **Method of Construction**: Built initially in the Gothic style with Renaissance
and Baroque influences in later phases. Constructed using local stone and brick.
- **Details/Concept**: Features a monumental facade and interior chapels
decorated in Renaissance and Baroque styles.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1984.
- **Influences**: Initially Gothic but evolved with Renaissance and Baroque
architectural trends.

5. Toledo Cathedral
- **Date**: Construction began in 1226 and continued over several centuries, with
Gothic additions in the 13th to 15th centuries.
 - **Method of Construction**: Built predominantly in the High Gothic style with
Mudéjar and Renaissance influences. Constructed using local limestone and brick.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its impressive Gothic facade, intricate interior
chapels, and the Transparente, a Baroque altarpiece.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1986.
- **Influences**: Influenced by French Gothic architecture and adapted to local
Mudéjar and Renaissance styles.

6. Salamanca Cathedral
- **Date**: Construction began in the 12th century with Gothic renovations in the
14th and 15th centuries.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in the Late Gothic style with Renaissance
influences. Constructed using local stone and brick.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its intricate facade, Plateresque-style
decorations, and the New Cathedral annexed to the original Gothic structure.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1988.
- **Influences**: Blends Gothic architecture with Renaissance Plateresque
elements.

7. Avila Cathedral
- **Date**: Construction began in the late 12th century with major Gothic
renovations in the 15th century.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in the Gothic style with Romanesque
influences in earlier sections. Constructed using local stone and brick.
- **Details/Concept**: Features a robust facade, stout towers, and a predominantly
Gothic interior with later Renaissance additions.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1985.
- **Influences**: Influenced by French and local Spanish architectural styles.

8. Segovia Cathedral
- **Date**: Construction began in the 16th century and was completed in the 18th
century.
- **Method of Construction**: Built predominantly in the Late Gothic style with
Renaissance and Baroque influences. Constructed using local stone and brick.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its elegant facade, tall spires, and the Lady
Chapel with richly decorated altarpieces.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1985.
 - **Influences**: Late Gothic style influenced by local Spanish and European
architectural trends.

9. Barcelona Cathedral
- **Date**: Construction began in the 13th century with major Gothic renovations
in the 14th and 15th centuries.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in the Catalan Gothic style with some
Renaissance influences. Constructed using local stone and brick.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its stunning facade, intricate gargoyles, and the
cloister garden.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a national monument in Spain.
- **Influences**: Influenced by French and local Catalan architectural styles.

ITALY
• Led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and commerce
• Cultural revival was taking place in Italy in advance of northern Europe
• Roman tradition remained strong
• This arrested the development of Gothic architecture in Italy
• Verticality of Gothic is generally neutralized by horizontal cornices and string courses
• Absence of pinnacles and flying buttresses
• Small windows without tracery
• Projecting entrance porches with columns on lion-like beasts

1. Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore)

Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio
• Essentially Italian in character, without the vertical
features of Gothic
• Peculiar latin cross plan with campanile and baptistery
- **Date**: Construction began in 1296 and completed in 1436 (main structure).
Dome completed in 1436-1436.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in the Gothic style with Renaissance
influences. The dome was a pioneering engineering feat, designed by Filippo
Brunelleschi using innovative techniques.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its distinctive dome, designed by Filippo
Brunelleschi, which is one of the largest in the world. Features elaborate facade
decoration and iconic bell tower (campanile).
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1982.
 - **Influences**: Influenced subsequent Renaissance architecture with its
innovative dome construction and grand scale.

2. Siena Cathedral (Duomo di Siena)

• One of most stupendous undertakings since the building
of the Pisa cathedral
• Outcome of civic pride - all artists in Siena contributed
their works to its building and adornment
• Cruciform plan
• Zebra marble striping on wall and pier

- **Date**: Construction began in the 12th century with major Gothic renovations
in the 13th and 14th centuries.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in the Italian Gothic style (also known as
"Sienese Gothic"). Constructed using alternating bands of white and greenish-black
marble.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its richly decorated facade, intricate marble floor
mosaics, and the unique striped bell tower (campanile). The interior features stunning
Gothic and Renaissance artworks.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1995.
- **Influences**: Reflects the unique artistic and architectural traditions of Siena
and Tuscany, blending Gothic and Renaissance styles.

3. Milan Cathedral (Duomo di Milano)

• Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy
• 3rd largest cathedral in Europe
- **Date**: Construction began in 1386 and was mostly completed in the 19th
century with ongoing restorations and additions.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in the Late Gothic (Flamboyant Gothic) and
Renaissance styles. Constructed using Candoglia marble and local stone.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its elaborate facade adorned with thousands of
statues, spires, and intricate details. The interior features vast spaces, stained glass
windows, and the iconic Madonnina spire.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a national monument in Italy.
- **Influences**: Represents the pinnacle of Late Gothic architecture in Italy,
blending French Gothic influences with local Italian artistic traditions.

SCOTTISH ARCHITECTURE
 Shows similarities to English Gothic but often features thicker walls and smaller
windows due to climate.
Glasgow Cathedral
- **Date**: Construction began in the late 12th century, with additions and
modifications in subsequent centuries.
- **Method of Construction**: Constructed primarily in the Gothic style, featuring
pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses.
- **Details/Concept**: Glasgow Cathedral is notable for its Gothic architecture,
including its medieval choir, crypt, and the remnants of the original chapter house.
- **Status**: Still functions as a working church and is a major tourist attraction in
Glasgow.
- **Influences**: Influenced by the Gothic architectural styles prevalent in England
and France.

IRISH ARCHITECTURE
 Combines elements of English Gothic with local traditions and materials.
St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
- **Date**: Founded in 1191, with major renovations and expansions in subsequent
centuries.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in the Gothic style, featuring pointed arches,
ribbed vaults, and large stained glass windows.
- **Details/Concept**: St. Patrick's Cathedral is the largest church in Ireland and
features a grand nave, impressive spire, and numerous chapels.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a significant historical and cultural landmark in
Dublin.
- **Influences**: Influenced by English Gothic architecture.

BELGIAN AND DUTCH GOTHIC

 Features robust masonry and large stained glass windows.
 Belgian Gothic tends to be more ornate than Dutch Gothic.
Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp (Belgium)
- **Date**: Construction started in 1352, completed in 1521.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in Brabantine Gothic style, characterized by
pointed arches and ornate decoration.
- **Details/Concept**: Notable for its soaring spire and rich interior decoration,
including artworks by Rubens.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a cultural landmark in Antwerp.
- **Influences**: Influenced by French and German Gothic architecture.
St. John's Cathedral, 's-Hertogenbosch (Netherlands)
- **Date**: Construction began in 1220, completed in 1529.
- **Method of Construction**: Built in Brabantine Gothic style, featuring pointed
arches and extensive use of brick.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its impressive choir stalls, stained glass windows,
and the Hieronymus Bosch paintings.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a major tourist attraction in 's-Hertogenbosch.
- **Influences**: Reflects regional adaptations of Gothic architecture in the
Netherlands.

 GERMAN GOTHIC
Known for hall churches with nearly equal height aisles and intricate vaulting.
Cologne Cathedral
- **Date**: Construction started in 1248, completed in 1880 (with interruptions).
- **Method of Construction**: Built in High Gothic style, featuring pointed arches,
flying buttresses, and twin spires.
- **Details/Concept**: Iconic example of German Gothic with its monumental scale,
intricate facade, and rich interior decoration.
- **Status**: Active cathedral, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and a symbol of
Cologne.
- **Influences**: Influential in the development of Gothic architecture in Germany
and beyond.

Ulm Minster
- **Date**: Construction started in 1377, completed in 1890 (with interruptions).
- **Method of Construction**: Built in Gothic style, featuring the tallest church
steeple in the world.
- **Details/Concept**: Known for its impressive height and intricate sculptural
decoration, including the choir screen.
- **Status**: Active cathedral and a landmark in Ulm.
- **Influences**: Demonstrates regional variations and technical achievements in
German Gothic architecture.
 RENAISSANCE
INFLUENCES
HISTORY

 Trade and Exploration: With eastern trade routes blocked by the

Ottoman Turks in Constantinople, Spain and Portugal led voyages from
1450, seeking new trade routes and lands.
 Warfare Innovations: Gunpowder's invention changed warfare,
necessitating new building types.
 Printing Revolution: Movable type printing led to mass book production,
circulating ideas and knowledge.
 Religious Reformation: Christian thinkers like Martin Luther and John
Calvin challenged the Catholic Church, leading to Protestant movements in
Germany, Scandinavia, and England.
 Scientific Advancements: Increased understanding in science and the
arts, notably in medicine (Andreas Vesalius) and astronomy.
 Classical Studies: Renewed interest in ancient values, arts, and
architecture, exemplified by Vitruvius's "Treatise on Architecture" in 1486.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
• The Renaissance movement created a break in the evolution of European
church architecture
• Departure from Gothic, with the employment of Classic Roman “Orders of
Architecture”
• Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead of Gothic, were
interwoven with those from Roman and Romanesque succession
* RENAISSANCE *
– THE REBIRTH / REVIVAL OF THE GREEK & ROMAN CLASSICAL ARTS & CULTURE
– BIRTH PLACE WAS IN FLORENCE, ITALY

* MANNERISM *
– MARKED BY WIDELY DIVERGING FROM RENAISSANCE & MEDIEVAL STYLES THAT
EVENTUALLY LED TO BAROQUE STYLE

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:
 DIGNITY & FORMALITY

FEATURES:
 REINTRODUCTION OF THE FIVE (5) CLASSICAL ORDERS
 SYMMETRY IN PLAN & FORM
 EXTENSIVE USE OF DOMES ON A DRUM
 USE OF SEMICIRCULAR ARCHES
 USE OF VAULTS WITHOUT RIBS
 USE OF RUSTICATED MASONRY
 USE OF GREEK CROSS & LATIN CROSS
 PLAN IN CHURCHES

PERIODS
EARLY RENAISSANCE
• Period of learning
• Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of Roman elements

HIGH RENAISSANCE or PROTO-BAROQUE

• Renaissance became an individual style in its own right
• Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in high respect
(represented by Andrea Palladio)
• Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in using the acquired
vocabulary freely (represented by Michelangelo)
• Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman precedent were interspersed
with the usual buildings, or entire buildings were conceived in a non-Roman way
• Mannerists used architectural elements in a free, decorative and illogical way,
unsanctioned by antique precedent

BAROQUE
• Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired knowledge
• The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style began to emerge
• Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the minor arts being used in
harmony to produce the unified whole

ROCOCO
• Style which is primarily French in origin
• Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells
• Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation
• Light in color and weight

FLORENCE
• Cities of Florence, Genoa, Milan - central, chief powers of Italy
• Medici family - founded by Giovanni de Medici, who was a commercial and
political power
• Vitality of social life at every level
• Artists, who excelled in several arts, achieve high status in society
• Craft guilds, with both religious and lay connotations,
directed activities of studios and workshops
• Renaissance had its birth in Florence

PALAZZI
• With the development of gunpowder, palace-type building evolved, taking the
place of fortified castles
• Built around a cortile or interior court, like medieval cloister
• Ground floor and piano nobile
• Façade of massive, rugged, fortress-like character due to use of rusticated
masonry and wall angles called quoins
• Large windows unnecessary and unsuitable
• Low pitched roof covered by a balustrade, parapet or boldly protruding roof
cornices

Palazzo Strozzi
• By Benedetto da Majano
• Representative of the Florentine palace of that period
• Open cortile and piano nobile
• Astylar exterior of uniform rustication
• Cornice of 1/13 the height, 2.1 m projection

ROME
• Splendidly presented examples of High Renaissance and Proto-baroque
• Famous architect is Donato Bramante Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio
• Resembling small Roman circular temple with Doric columns
• 4.5 m internal diameter
• Site where S. Peter was martyred
• Designed by Donato Bramante
• Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows and shell-headed niches

S. Peter, Rome
• Most important Renaissance building in Italy
• With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a worldfamous group
• 120 years, outcome of the works of many architects
under the direction of the pope
12 Architects:
1. Bramante
• His design was selected from several entries in a competition
• He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to the Pantheon in Rome
• Foundation stone laid in 1506
2. Giuliano da Sangallo
• Upon death of Julius II in 1513
3. Fra Giocondo
4. Raphael
• Proposed a Latin cross plan
• Died
5. Baldassare Peruzzi
• Reverted to Greek cross
• Died
6. Antonio da Sangallo
• Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and campanile,
and elaborated the central dome
• Died
7. Michelangelo
• Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building owes most of its
outstanding features to him
• Greek-cross plan, strengthened dome, redesigned surrounding chapels
8. Giacomo della Porta
9. Domenico Fontana
• Completed dome in 1590
10. Vignola
• Added sided cupolas
11. Carlo Maderna
• Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the gigantic facade
12. Bernini
• Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with Tuscan colonnade
• Completed plan is a Latin cross with an internal length of 183 m, width of 137
m
• At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9 m internal diameter
• Largest church in the world

FRANCE
COUNTRY HOUSES
• Country houses took the place of fortified castles
Some examples:
Chateau de Justice, Rouen
Chateau d'O, Mortree
Chateau de Josselin
Chateau de Blois
Chateau d'Azay-Rideau
Chateau de Chenonceaux

Chateau de Chambord
• Designed by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona
• Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire district

Chateau de Maisons
• One of the most harmonious of all chateaux
• Designed by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical E-plan

Palaise du Louvre, Paris

• Built from Francis I to Napoleon III
• Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres constituting one of the most imposing palaces in Europe

Petit Trianon, Versailles

• Designed by JA Gabriel for Louis XV
• One of most superb pieces of domestic architecture of
the century

CHURCHES
Church of the Val de Grace, Paris
• Projecting portal by Francois Mansart, dome by Lemercier

St. Gervais, Paris

• earliest wholly-classical church facade
• by Salomon de Brosse

St. Etienne du Mont, Paris

ENGLAND
PERIODS
ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)
• During the reign of Queen Elizabeth
• Establishment of Renaissance style in England, followed
Tudor architecture
• Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance
Detail

JACOBEAN (1603 to 1625 AD)

STUART (1625 to 1702 AD)

• 1st Phase: Inigo Jones was influenced by Italian Renaissance
• 2nd Phase: Christopher Wren was influenced by French
Renaissance
GEORGIAN (1702 to 1830 AD)
ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS
• Statesmen, merchants and gentry built mansions in the countryside to suit their positions
• E-shaped plan or H-shaped plan Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
• Great hall, kitchen and office, living rooms, grand staircase, long gallery, withdrawing room
or solar, towers, gables, parapets, balustrades, chimney stacks, oriel and bay windows

STUART BUILDINGS
Banqueting House, Whitehall, London
• Designed by Inigo Jones
Queen's House
• Influenced by Palladian architecture
St. Paul's Cathedral, London
• Designed by Christopher Wren
• Area of 6000 sq.m and a large central space under dome for big congregations

GEORGIAN HOUSES
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire
• Most monumental mansion in England
• Example of central block with wings

SPAIN & PORTUGAL

EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556 AD)
• Grafting Renaissance details unto Gothic forms

In Spain:
• Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its similarity to silversmiths' work – plateria
• Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and decorative, from the minuteness of detail

in Portugal:
• Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521 AD)
• Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired by the voyages of discoverers
CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD)
• Close adherence to Italian Renaissance art
BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1750 AD)
• Classical rules disregarded
• Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant expression, by Jose de Churriguera, (1650 to
1723 AD)

ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 to 1830 AD)

• Returned to ancient classical models

The Escorial, Madrid

• Austere group of buildings, composed of the monastery, college, church and palace with
state apartments

The University, Salamanca

• The facade is a Plateresque design masterpiece
• Admirable craftsmanship

GERMANY
Heidelberg Castle
• Exemplifies progressive developments of the Early Renaissance on the castle
• Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau
• Great watchtower and irregular court
Monastery, Melk
• One of most striking Baroque monuments