Cakulate a pal.

Correct it to nearest integer.

cosh
(1/A)-1
\(/A)-1
N,= Choose Nsuch thatNN
cosh
)
Chebyshev transfer function are located in
are the poles of s-plane?
Thepoles
the Chebyshev transfer fuunction symmetrically lies on an ellipse in
offthe
s-plane.
properties of
of Chebyshev type-1 filters.
Write the
i. The magnitude
magnitude response is equiripple in the passband and monotonic inthe stopband.
i. The
i. The
Chebyshev type-1 filters are all pole design.
normalized magnitude function has a value of 1//14¬ at the cutoff frequency S2,.
iV. The magnitude response approaches the ideal response as the value of Nincreases.

K106 Compare the Butterworth

and Chebyshev Type-1 filters.
Butterworth Chebyshev Type-1
i. Allpole design. i. Allpole design.
ii. The poles lie on an ellipse in s-plane.
ii. The poles lie on a circle in s-plane.
ii. The magnitude response is maximally
ii. The magnitude response is equiripple in
passband and monotonically decreasing in
flat at the origin and monotonically the stopband.
decreasing function of Q.
iv. The normalized magnitude response has a
iv. The normalized magnitude response value of 1//1+¬? at the cutoff frequency 2,
has a value of 1 W2 at the cutoff
frequency 2 parameters has to be
calculated V. A large number of transfer function.
V. Only few parameters has to be calculated to determine the
function.
to determine the transfer
 t h el #
I. There is no e-to-one mapping.
iii. The effect ofaliasing and so the analog filter need not have a band
warping on amplitude response can be limited
iv. Bilinear
piecewisetransformation
can eliminatedwith prewarpifrequency
by
the response.
prescribedng anal
be used to design
constant values. digital filters og filter.
Disadvantages of bilinear magnitude
i. The nonlinear
is called
transformation
relationship between analog and digital frequencies response with
frequency warping. introduces
ii. Using bilinear transformation, a linear phase analog filter frequency
Q4.85
filter.
What is prewarping? Why is it
cannot be
traansformed alineardistophase
to
rtion which
In IIR filter design using employed? digital
bilinear transformation, the conversion of the
analog frequencies is called prewarping. specified
The prewarping is necessary to digital frequencies to
eliminate the effect of warping on amplitude
response.
Q4.86 Explain the technique of prewarping.
In IIR filter design using bilinear
equivalent frequencies, which are transformation
called
the specified digital
frequencies are converted to analog
filter transfer function is designed and thenprewarp frequencies. Using the
it is transformed to digital filterprewarp frequencies, the anal
transfer function. 4.92 Write
Q4.87 Compare the impulse invariant and bilinear transformations. Wher
Impulse invariant transformation Bilinear transformation
Tr
i. It is many-to-one mapping. 1 It is one-to-one mapping.
lo
ii. The relation between analog and digital ii. The relation between analog and digital
frequency is linear. frequency is nonlinear. Whe
ii. Toprevent the problem of aliasing the iii. There is no problem of aliasing and so the analog TI
analog filters should be bandlimited. filter need not be bandlimited. lo
iv. The magnitude and phase response of iv. Due to the effect of warping, the phase response
analog filter can be preserved by of analog filter cannot be preserved. But the
choosing low sampling time or high magnitude response can be preserved by
sampling frequency. prewarp1ng.

04.88 What is Butterworth approximation? maximally tlat in

approximation, the error function is selected such that the magnitude is 04.93 Ho
In Butterworth
monotonically decreasing with increasing S2. Ca
the origin (i.e., at 2=0) and
poles of Butterworth transfer functionare located in s-plane? unit circleinnss-plane with
Q4.89 How are the lies onan
normalized Butterworth transferfunction symmetrically
The poles of the
angular spacing of r/N. filter.
of lowpass Butterworth
04.90 Write the magnitudefunction
Butterworth filter is given by,
function oflowpass Q4.94
The magnitude W
1.

iì.
|H(j2)= 2N

order of the filter.

and N is the
cutofffrequency
where, S2, is the
 Q4.79: Mappingd J
Fig
relation between digital and analog frequency in bilinear transformation?
the
is
What transformation the digital frequency is given by,
Inbilinear
rtra
0=2 tan T
Digitalfrequency,
where, S2= Analog frequency. and T =Sampling time period.
bilineartransformation
performed?
21-z 1
Howis transformation is performed by letting s = T|+z-1 in the analog filter transfer function
The
bilinear
H(s)|
i.e., H(2)=
T1+zl

is theanalogfrequency mapped to digital frequency in bilinear transformation?

transformation, the digital frequency and analog frequency are related by the equation,
Inbbilinear

tan S2T
0=22tan- 2 or Q= tan 2
2
Pem the above equations we can inter that the relation between analog and digital frequency is nonlinear.
Uere the entire negative imaginary axis in the s-plane (fromS2=-0 to 0) is mapped into the lower half of
eiclein z-plane(from o=t0 0) andthe entire positive imaginary axis in the s-plane (from 2 =0 to
to) is mapped into the upper half of unit circle in z-plane (from o=0 to +).
AIS What is frequency warping?
in bilinear transformation the relation between analog and digital frequencies is nonlinear. When the s-plane
is mapped into z-plane using bilinear transformation, this nonlinear relationship introduces distortion is
frequency axis, which is called frequency warping.
 lowpass k=| S +b,S2,s +
]
where, b, =2sin 2k-l)n
2N
N=Order of the flter
Q = Analog cutoff frequency
Honywillyou choose the order Nfor a Butterworth filter?
the following equation and correct it to
Calculate a parameter N, using the nearest integer.
log|
(/A?)-1
(/A;)-1
N, log
(
of the filter such that N> N,.
Choosethe order N
properties ofBButterworth filter.
Mo Write the design.
Butterworth filters are all pole normalized Butterworth filter is
1//2.
The magnitude of magnitude
1.
cutoff frequency S,, the and as the value of N increases the
ii Atthe filter
N, completely specifies the
order
iii. The filter approaches the ideal response. monotonically decreasing with increasing2.
and
response maximally flat at the origin
magnitude is