CHRISTABEL BENITA S P

(2022105007)
• Mobile networks have evolved from 1G (analog) to 6G
(expected futuristic technologies).
• Each generation brought improvements in speed,
reliability, and applications.
• Key topics in this presentation:
• Frequency bands and modulation techniques across
generations.
• Applications enabled by each generation.
• Spectrum efficiency and techniques to improve it.
Frequency Bands: 824-894 MHz
Modulation: Analog Frequency Modulation (FM)
Procedure: Voice-only communication; no data
capability.
Technology: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
Challenges: Low voice quality, no encryption, poor
security.
Frequency Bands: 900 MHz, 1800 MHz
Modulation:TDMA,CDMA
Procedure: Introduction of digital encryption for calls.
Key Features: SMS (text messaging), better voice clarity,
improved security.
Technologies: GSM, CDMA, and TDMA
Frequency Bands: 1.8-2.5 GHz
Modulation: WCDMA, CDMA2000
Procedure: Mobile broadband, enabling video calls and
mobile internet.
Key Features: Data speeds up to Mbps, introduction of
mobile apps.
Technologies: UMTS, HSPA+, and CDMA2000.
Applications: Web browsing, video streaming, mobile email.
Frequency Bands: 700 MHz to 2.6 GHz
Modulation: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multipl
Access
Procedure: Enhanced mobile broadband (up to Gbps speeds
Key Features: All-IP networks, VoLTE (Voice over LTE),
improved data capacity.
Technologies: LTE, LTE-A.
Applications: HD video streaming, online gaming, video
conferencing..
Frequency Band: Sub-6 GHz, mmWave (24 GHz - 100 GHz)
Modulation:QAM
Procedure: Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliab
low-latency communication (URLLC), massive IoT.
Key Features: Up to 10 Gbps speeds, low latency (< 1 ms),
smart city infrastructure.
Technologies: 5G NR (New Radio), mmWave.
Applications: Autonomous vehicles, IoT, augmented reality
(AR), virtual reality (VR).
Expected Frequency Bands: 100 GHz to 1 THz
Procedure: Ultra-low latency, integrated AI, holographic
communication.
Key Features: 10x faster than 5G, extreme data density, high
energy efficiency.
Technologies: Quantum communication, nanocommunicatio
terahertz networks.
Applications: Holographic teleportation, fully
immersive AR/VR, tactile internet.
• Concepts: Space-based networks, interplanetary
communication, satellite networks.
• Procedure: Integration with AI and quantum
technologies.
• Challenges: Power consumption, spectrum scarcity,
infrastructure costs.
• Technologies: Quantum computing, AI-based
optimization.
• Future Possibilities: Advanced space exploration,
global low-latency networks, smart environments.
1G/2G: Voice calls, SMS (text messaging).
3G: Multimedia services, mobile internet browsing.
4G: HD streaming, mobile apps, e-commerce, social
media.
5G: Autonomous vehicles, IoT, industrial automation,
smart cities.
6G: AI-based applications, holographic communications,
telepresence, quantum communication
1G/2G: Analog systems used spectrum inefficiently,
limited frequency reuse.
3G: Better efficiency through code division (WCDMA).
4G: OFDM enabled better bandwidth use with wider
channels.
5G: Massive MIMO and beamforming significantly
improve efficiency.
6G:AI-driven spectrum management, dynamic
spectrum allocation, terahertz frequencies.
\

Challenges: Limited spectrum resources,

increasing data demand.
Issues: Spectrum congestion in urban areas,
interference from multiple devices.
Technological Bottlenecks: Fragmented spectrum
allocation, spectrum reuse limitations
Frequency Reuse: Smaller cells in urban areas to
maximize bandwidth use.
Massive MIMO: Increasing the number of antennas to
enhance spectral efficiency.
Carrier Aggregation: Combining multiple frequency
bands to deliver higher data rates.
Spectrum Refarming: Reallocating spectrum from
older technologies (2G/3G) to newer one.
Comparing spectral efficiency (bits per Hz) across
generations:
1G: ~0.1 bits/Hz
2G: ~0.5 bits/Hz
3G: ~1.2 bits/Hz
4G: ~2-5 bits/Hz
5G: ~10-15 bits/Hz
6G (expected): ~100 bits/Hz
Challenges: Regulatory hurdles, spectrum allocation,
cross-border coordination.
Infrastructure Costs: High costs for deploying 6G
infrastructure, particularly in rural areas.
Energy Efficiency: Managing the power consumption
of high-frequency technologies.
Environmental and Health Concerns: Addressing
concerns about the impact of high-frequency
radiation.
The evolution from 1G to 5G has transformed wireless
technology from simple voice communication to a
comprehensive system that powers the internet,
entertainment, health services, and more. Each
generation has introduced faster speeds, better
connectivity, and new possibilities, with 5G set to drive
future innovations in fields like artificial intelligence,
robotics, and smart infrastructures
Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC):
Staying connected with low lag

This concept serves as a way to support mission-critical

communications for services like autonomous cars and remote
surgery. These are situations where data transfer needs to have as
little lag as possible and connections need to be as reliable as
possible.
Guidelines for 5G URLLC address these needs with reliability of up to
99.999% and latency in low single-digit milliseconds. As described by
3GPP, that’s an improvement of up to 75% over the latency of 4G LTE.
Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC): Connecting all the things

5G mMTC connects a massive number of things in the Internet of Things. The

mMTC concept focuses on connecting large numbers of devices in a given area—
up to 1 million devices per square kilometer—that have low data rate
requirements and low energy consumption.

By enabling a massive number of connected sensors, potential mMTC use cases

include applications like smart agriculture, where sensors could help to monitor
and react to small changes in growing conditions at locations over a wide area to
enable targeted, near-real-time response to optimize growth rates.
Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB): Faster on the go

eMBB is a concept that focuses on the speed, capacity and mobility to

allow for new mobile uses such as high-definition video streaming and
immersive augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) on the go.

When we talk about 5G, high speed is expected. But capacity and mobility
may or may not always be needed. For example, there might be a lot of
people connected to a 5G network at a specific venue. In that situation,
capacity needs would be especially high in order to maintain that high-
speed experience, but mobility needs would be low. However, traveling in
a moving vehicle—especially a train or airplane—would require high
mobility to maintain that high-speed experience.
"Immersive presence" in AR/VR for 6G: It is all about making digital experiences
feel so real like it's actually there. Imagine a VR environment where not only are
visuals and sounds ultra-realistic, but all the senses are engaged—touch, smell, and
even haptic feedback to make the brain believe we're in a different place entirely.
This is a big leap from current AR/VR tech, where visuals and sound are immersive,
but other senses are mostly left out.

6G is expected to enable holograms and multi-sensory data transmission, so not

only can you see and hear the environment, but you might also get haptic
feedback, like the feel of virtual objects. Future devices could even transmit smells
or environmental conditions like warmth or coolness, enhancing realism and
making you feel physically in the virtual space.
Quantum computing in 6G refers to leveraging quantum technologies to enhance the
processing power, security, and efficiency of 6G networks.

Quantum computing brings the possibility of new types of encryption, like Quantum Key
Distribution (QKD), which uses quantum mechanics to secure communication. In simple
terms, QKD allows two parties to share an encryption key in such a way that any attempt
to eavesdrop on the transmission disrupts the data and reveals the presence of the
intruder. This level of security would be valuable in 6G, especially as data privacy
becomes even more crucial with billions of devices and sensors transmitting sensitive
information.
Quantum computing could accelerate complex AI and machine learning models,
enabling faster analysis and better decision-making for network optimizations, which is
essential for handling the sheer volume and diversity of 6G data.

Quantum computing in 6G remains largely theoretical for now, but research and
development in this area are rapidly progressing.
THANK YOU!