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The Inferencesssss

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11 views11 pages

The Inferencesssss

Uploaded by

elioadhlor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE INFERENCE

Learning Objectives

Students will be able to define inference.


Students will be able to differentiate between formal
and material sequence.
Students will be able to identify the difference
between immediate and mediate inferences.
Students will be able to distinguish between deduction
and induction.
"HOW DO WE COME TO
CONCLUSIONS ABOUT
THINGS WE DON'T
DIRECTLY OBSERVE?"
INFERENCE
the process of using clues and existing knowledge to draw
conclusions about the unobserved.

Inference is the process of drawing conclusions based on


evidence and reasoning. It's how we use the information we
have (clues, observations, prior knowledge) to understand
something that isn't directly observable. It's like putting together
the pieces of a puzzle to form a bigger picture.
Formal and Material
Formal Sequence:
Thinks about the structure of the argument.
Doesn't care about the meaning of the words used.
Focuses on whether the form of the argument guarantees a
true conclusion if the premises are true.
Like a mathematical equation - if you plug in the right numbers
(true premises), you always get the right answer (true
conclusion).
Formal and Material
Material Sequence:
Looks at the content and meaning of the words used in the
argument.
Asks whether the actual meaning of the premises supports the
conclusion, regardless of the argument's structure.
Like a real-world situation - just because the argument is "well-
structured" doesn't mean the conclusion is true if the premises
don't make sense in the real world.
Immediate and Mediate Inferences
Immediate Inferences:
Involve reformulating existing information in a different way.
They don't provide new knowledge, just a different way of
expressing what's already known.
Typically involve only one proposition (a statement expressing
an idea).
Immediate and Mediate Inferences
Mediate Inferences:
Involve drawing a new conclusion from two or more
propositions.
They provide a new understanding or piece of knowledge based
on the combined information.
Typically involve at least two propositions (premises) leading to
a conclusion.
Deduction vs. Induction
Deduction:
Moves from general truths to specific conclusions.
If the premises (starting statements) are true, the conclusion
must be true (assuming valid logic is used).
Offers a high degree of certainty, like a mathematical equation.

Example
Premise 1: All men are mortal beings. (General truth)
Premise 2: Pedro is a man. (Specific) Therefore: Pedro is a
mortal being. (Specific conclusion based on general truth)
Deduction vs. Induction
Induction:
Moves from specific observations to general conclusions.
There's no guarantee the conclusion is absolutely true, but it's
based on strong evidence.
Offers a level of probability, like a scientific hypothesis.
Example
Observation 1: Bernard wears an insignia with a crucifix and is a Lay Minister.
(Specific)
Observation 2: Albert wears the same insignia and is a Lay Minister. (Specific)
Observation 3 (and so on): Julius and Roel with the same insignia are also Lay
Ministers. (More specifics)
Therefore: Anyone who wears an insignia with a crucifix is likely a Lay Minister.
(General conclusion based on specific observations)
THE INFERENCE

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