Lecture 01

Preface
Donald A. Neamen (2009). Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design,
4th Edition, Mc-Graw-Hill
Prepared by: Dr. Hani Jamleh, School of Engineering, The University of Jordan

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Philosophy and Goals
• Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and
Design is intended as a core text in
electronics for undergraduate
electrical and computer engineering
students.
• The purpose of the fourth edition of
the book is to continue to provide a
foundation for analyzing and designing
both:
1. Analog electronic circuits and
2. Digital electronic circuits.

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Philosophy and Goals
• Most electronic circuit design today involves integrated circuits (ICs):
• The entire circuit is fabricated on a single piece of semiconductor material.
• The IC can contain millions of semiconductor devices and other
elements and can perform complex functions.
• The microprocessor is a classic example of such a circuit.

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Philosophy and Goals
• The ultimate goal of this text is to clearly present the:
1. Operation,
2. Characteristics, and
3. Limitations
of the basic circuits that form these complex integrated circuits.
• Although most engineers will use existing ICs in specialized design
applications, they must be aware of the fundamental circuit's
characteristics in order to understand the operation and limitations of
the IC.

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Computer-Aided Analysis and Design
• Computer analysis and Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) are significant
factors in electronics.
• One of the most prevalent electronic circuit simulation programs is
Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE),
developed at the University of California.

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Computer-Aided Analysis and Design
• The text emphasizes hand analysis and design in order to concentrate
on basic circuit concepts.
• PSPICE results are included and are correlated with the hand analysis
results.
• A separate section, Computer Simulation Problems, is found in the end-of-
chapter problems.

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Prerequisites
• This text-book is intended for junior undergraduates in electrical and
computer engineering.

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Prerequisites
• The prerequisites for understanding the material include:
1. DC analysis of electric circuits,
2. Steady state sinusoidal analysis of electric circuits and
3. The transient analysis of RC circuits.
• Various network concepts are used extensively, such as:
1. Thevenin’s and
2. Norton’s theorems,
• Prior knowledge of semiconductor device physics is not required.

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What is Electronics?
• When most of us hear the word electronics, we think of televisions,
laptop computers, cell phones, or iPods.
• Actually, these items are electronic systems composed of subsystems
or electronic circuits, which include:
• Amplifiers,
• Signal sources,
• Power supplies, and
• Digital logic circuits.

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What is Electronics?
• Electronics is defined as the science of the motion of charges in a gas,
vacuum, or semiconductor.
Note that the charge motion in a metal is excluded from this definition.
• This definition was used early in the 20th century to separate the field
of electrical engineering, which dealt with motors, generators, and
wire communications, from the new field of electronic engineering,
which at that time dealt with vacuum tubes.

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What is Electronics?
• Today, Electronics generally involves:
Transistors and Transistor circuits.
• Microelectronics refers to integrated circuit (IC) technology, which
can produce a circuit with multimillions of components on a single
piece of semiconductor material.

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Brief History
• One dramatic example of IC technology is the small laptop computer,
which today has more capability than the equipment that just a few
years ago would have filled an entire room.
• The cell phone has shown dramatic changes.
• It not only provides for instant messaging, but also includes a camera so that pictures
can be instantly sent to virtually every point on earth.

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IC Chip

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Brief History
• A fundamental breakthrough in electronics came
in December 1947, when:
• The first transistor was demonstrated
• at Bell Telephone Laboratories John Bardeen, William Shockley
• by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs,
Brattain. 1948.

• From then until approximately 1959, the

transistor was available only as a discrete device,
so the fabrication of circuits required that the
transistor terminals be soldered directly to the
terminals of other components.

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Brief History
• In September 1958:
• Jack Kilby
• of Texas Instruments Jack Kilby Robert Noyce

demonstrated the first integrated circuit fabricated in germanium.

• At about the same time (1958):
• Robert Noyce
• of Fairchild Semiconductor
introduced the integrated circuit in silicon.
• The development of the IC continued at a rapid rate through the 1960s, using
primarily bipolar transistor technology.
• Since then, the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and
MOS integrated circuit technology have emerged as a dominant force, especially
in digital integrated circuits.

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Brief History
• Since the first IC, circuit design has become more sophisticated and the
integrated circuit more complex.
• Device size continues to shrink and
• The number of devices fabricated on a single chip continues to increase at a rapid
rate.
• Today, an IC can contain:
• Arithmetic,
• Logic, and
• Memory functions
on a single semiconductor chip.
• The primary example of this type of integrated circuit is the
microprocessor.
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Passive and Active Devices
• In a passive electrical device, the time average power delivered to the
device over an infinite time period is always greater than or equal to
zero.
• Resistors, capacitors, and inductors, are examples of passive devices.
• Inductors and capacitors can store energy, but they cannot deliver an average
power greater than zero over an infinite time interval.

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Passive and Active Devices
• Active devices, such as:
• DC power supplies,
• Batteries, and
• ac signal generators,
are capable of supplying particular types of power.
• Transistors are also considered to be active devices in that they are
capable of supplying more signal power to a load than they receive.
• This phenomenon is called amplification.
• The additional power in the output signal is a result of a redistribution
of ac and DC power within the device.
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Electronic Circuits
Input 1

• In most electronic circuits, there are two

inputs (Figure PR1.1). Input 2 Output
1. One input 1 is from a power supply that
provides DC voltages and currents.
Electronic
• To establish the proper biasing for transistors. System
2. The second input 2 is a signal. Figure PR1.1
• Time-varying signals from a particular source very
often need to be amplified before the signal is
capable of being “useful.”

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Electronic Circuits
Input 1

• For example, Figure PR1.1 shows a signal

source that is the output of a compact disc (CD)
Input 2 Output
system.
• The output music signal from the compact disc
system consists of a small time-varying voltage Electronic
and current. System
• The signal power is relatively small. Figure PR1.1

• The power required to drive the speakers is

larger than the output signal from the compact
disc.
• The CD signal must be amplified before it is
capable of driving the speakers.
• The sound can be heard.
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Electronic Circuits
• The analysis of electronic circuits, then, is divided into two parts:
1. One deals with the DC input and its circuit response, and
2. The other deals with ac signals:
• The signal input and
• The resulting circuit response.
• In this text, we will deal with discrete electronic circuits.
• Circuits that contain discrete components:
1. Resistors,
2. Capacitors,
3. Diodes, and
4. Transistors.

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