CHAPTER 3.

- 15 -
GREEN’S FUNCTIONS AND PROPAGATORS
CHAPTER III: Green Functions and Propagators ∂
T φ(x �
)φ(x) =
∂ � �
θ(t − t)φ(x �
)φ(x) + θ(t − t�
) φ(x)φ(x �
)
�
3. 1. Introduction: Scalar field ∂t� ∂t�
∂φ(x� ) (3.8
=T φ(x) + δ(t� − t)φ(x� )φ(x) − δ(t� − t)φ(x)φ(x� )
∂t � � �� �
• Lagrangian with real scalar field φ(x) and “potential” U (φ). δ(t� −t) [φ(x� ), φ(x)]=0

1� �� � 1
L= ∂µ φ ∂ µ φ − m2 φ2 − U (φ) (3.1) � �
2 2 ∂2
∂ φ(x ) 2 �
∂φ(x ) �

�
T φ(x� )φ(x) = T �
φ(x) + δ(t� − t) , φ(x)
– Field equations ∂t 2 ∂t 2 ∂t�
� �� � (3.9
−iδ 4 (x� −x)
� � ∂U
� + m2 φ + =0 � 2 �
� �x � − m2 φ(x� )φ(x) − iδ 4 (x� − x)
∂φ =T ∇
� � (3.2)
∂U
⇒ � + m2 φ(x) = −J (x) with J (x) =
∂φ
� �
– Free field equation: Klein-Gordon equation ⇒ �x� + m2 T φ(x� )φ(x) = −iδ 4 (x� − x)
(3.10
� � � �
� + m2 φ(x) = 0 (3.3) ⇒ �x� + m ∆F (x� − x) = −δ 4 (x� − x)
2

– Solution: � • Solution of inhomogeneous wave equation:

d3 k � −ik·x † ik·x
�
φ(x) = a e + a e (3.4) �
(2π)3 2ωk k k
φ(x) = d4 x� ∆F (x� − x) J (x� ) (3.11
– Commutation relations for ak and a†k :
� � � � • Propagator ∆F is the Green’s function of the Klein-Gordan equation.
ak , a†k� = (2π)3 2ωk δ 3 �k − �k �
� � � � (3.5)
ak , ak� = a†k , a†k� = 0 • Fourier representation:
� �
• Definition of time-ordered product: � d4 k e−ik·(x −x)
∆F (x − x) = (3.12
(2π)4 k 2 − m2 + i�
T φ(x� )φ(x) = θ(t� − t) φ(x� )φ(x) + θ(t − t� ) φ(x)φ(x� ) (3.6)
� �
2 d4 k (�x� + m2 )e−ik·(x −x)
�
(�x� + m )∆F (x − x) =
(2π)4 k 2 − m2 (+i�)
• Correlation function: � �
d4 k (−k 2 + m2 )e−ik·(x −x)
i∆F (x� − x) = �0|T φ(x� )φ(x)|0� (3.7) =
(2π)4 k 2 − m2 (+i�)
� (3.13
Feynman propagator: Green’s function ↔ time-ordered correlation function d4 k −ik·(x� −x)
=− e
(2π)4
• Apply �x� + m2 to ∆F : = −δ 4 (x� − x)

where • Poles at k 2 = m2 :
∂ 2 �
�x� ≡ � 2 − ∇
� 2�
�
x ωk = �k 2 + m2 ⇒ k0 = ±ωk
∂t
 - 16 -
� Dirac propagator:
• Cauchy’s integral formula:
� � ∞ �
� d3 k dk0 e−ik0 (t −t) i!
k·(!
� x� ! −!
x) iSF (x� − x)αβ = �0|T ψα (x� )ψ̄β (0)|0� (3.16)
∆F (x − x) = ee−ik·(�x −�x) (3.14)
(2π)3 −∞ 2π k02 − �k 2 − m2 + i�
This is the Green’s function of the free Dirac equation:
Im k0
� (iγµ ∂xµ� − m)SF (x� − x)αβ = δ 4 (x� − x)δαβ (3.17)
t % t' f (z)
Using = 2πi f (a)
"Ωk z−a • Fourier representation
! �
Re k0 � � d4 p −ip·(x� −x) γµ pµ + m
! SF (x − x) = e (3.18)
$Ωk ωk = �k 2 + m2 − iδ (2π)3 p2 − m2 + i�

t & t' �
d4 p ν
−ip·(x� −x) γν p + m
� � (iγµ ∂xµ� �
− m)SF (x − x) = (iγ ∂ µ
µ x� − m) e
� � d3 k e−iωk (t −t) i�k·(�x � −�x) (2π)4 p2 − m2 + i�
• t > t ; ∆F (x − x) = −i e �
(2π)3 2ωk d4 p (γµ pµ − m)(γν pν + m) −ip·(x� −x)
= e
� � (2π)4 p2 − m2 + i� (3.19)
� � d3 k eiωk (t −t) i�k·(�x � −�x) �
• t < t ; ∆F (x − x) = i e d4 p p2 − m 2 �
(2π)3 −2ωk = 4 2 2
e−ip·(x −x)
(2π) p − m + i�
• For all t, t� :
= δ 4 (x� − x)
�
� d3 k i�k·(�x � −�x) 1 � � −iωk (t� −t) � iωk (t� −t)
�
∆F (x − x) = −i e θ(t − t)e + θ(t − t )e (3.15) • Feynman propagator of spin- 12 particle in momentum space:
(2π)3 2ωk �
�
– The first term on the r.h.s. of (3.15) describes a particle running forward time S̃F (p) = d4 x eip·(x −x) SF (x� − x)
� � (3.20)
with positive energy ωk and t� − t > 0. p/ + m
= 2 p/ ≡ γµ pµ
p − m2 + i�
– The second term describes a “particle” running backward time with negative ωk
and t − t� > 0: antiparticle. 3. 3. Free gluon propagator

! Particle " ! Antiparticle "

time time • Free gluon Green’s function:
t' t µν
iDab (x� − x) = �0|T Aµa (x� )Aνb (x)|0� (3.21)

t t'
space space �
x x' x x' µν d4 q dµν (q)
Dab (x� − x) = δab
(2π)4 q 2
(3.22)
µν µν qµqν
with d (q) = −g + (1 − ξ) 2
3. 2. Dirac propagator q + i�

�  ξ = 1 : Feynman gauge
• Time ordered product of Dirac fields: T ψα (x )ψ̄β (x)
 ξ = 0 : Landau gauge

27
28
 B 
CHAPTER 4. - 17 -
S-MATRIX AND FEYNMAN RULES  in A : u(p, s)
CHAPTER IV: S-Matrix and Feynman Rules a ) Incoming quark lines
 in B : v(p, s)

4. 1. Definition: S-matrix, T-matrix and cross section 

TBA  in A : v̄(p, s)
b ) Outgoing quark lines
• S-matrix  in B : ū(p, s)

SBA = ! B, t → ∞|A, t → −∞% (4.1) c ) External gluon lines: Polarization vector: !µ

A
|A% and |B% are asymptotic states:
• Remember QCD Lagrangian
|A, t% = eiHt |A, t = 0%  
 % λa µ & 
 µ 
LQCD = ψ̄(x) iγ
 µ
 ∂ − ig Aa (x) − mψ(x)


• T-matrix 2
1
4 4 − Gµν (x)Gaµν (x)
!B|S|A% ≡ SBA = δBA + i(2π) δ (pA − pB )TBA 4 a
(4.2) 1
!B|T |A% ≡ TBA = −MBA − (∂µ Aµa (x))2
2ξ
µ
• Differential cross section for A → B Gµν µ ν ν µ ν
a (x) = ∂ Aa (x) − ∂ Aa (x) + gfabc Ab (x)Ac (x)

– Prototype: two particles colliding in initial state: A = a1 + a2 m: quark mass matrix

 
W(a1 + a2 → B)  mu 0 0 0 0 0 
dσ(a1 + a2 → B) = dNB (4.3) 





JA 
 



 0 md 0 0 0 0 



 

– W(a1 + a2 → B): Transition probability for A → B per unit time.  0

 0 ms 0 0 0 


m=





– dNB : Phase space element in the final state B.


 0 0 0 mc 0 0 



 

 


 0 0 0 0 mb 0 


– JA : Flux of incoming particles in state A. 





0 0 0 0 0 mt
number of particles
JA =
time × unit area • Interaction vertices

• Assume n particles in final state:

n # ∼g ∼g ∼ g2
! d3 pi "
2 2
$
dNB = Ei = p$i + mi (4.4)
i=1
(2π)3 2Ei
Quark-gluon vertex 3-gluon vertex 4-gluon vertex

4. 2. Feynman rules (for the calculation of invariant amplitude TBA ) • Consider QCD in its perturbative domain (“Perturbative QCD”):
g2
αs = # 1 ⇒ Perturbative expansion of observables in powers of αs .
• Factors to be applied for each external lines 4π
 - 18 -

mu md ms mc mb mt e ) 4-gluon vertex:

4 (±2) MeV 7 (±2) MeV 120 (±5) MeV 1.3 (±0.1) GeV 4.3 (±0.1) GeV 174 (±5) GeV a1 , µ1 a4 , µ4
!
factor: − g 2 fa1 a2 a fa3 a4 a (g µ1 µ3 g µ2 µ4 − g µ1 µ4 g µ2 µ3 )
TABLE 4.1: Values of quark masses
+ fa1 a3 a fa2 a4 a (g µ1 µ2 g µ3 µ4 − g µ1 µ4 g µ2 µ3 )
• Internal lines + fa1 a4 a fa2 a3 a (g µ1 µ2 g µ3 µ4 − g µ1 µ3 g µ2 µ4 )
a2 , µ2 a3 , µ3
a ) Quark: (a, b: color indices; i, j: flavor indices)
j, b
! "ij i
p iSF (p) ab = δab δij
/p − m + i" 4. 3. Examples: Quark-quark and quark-antiquark scattering
i, a i(/p + m)
= δab δij 2 in one gluon exchange approximation
p − m2 + i"

a ) T-matrix for qq-scattering:

b ) Gluon: (a, b: color indices; µ, ν: Lorentz indices)
p!1 p!2
ν, b # &
p µν
$ % pµ pν i
= δab − g + 1−ξ Feynman gauge (ξ = 1)
p2 p2 + i"
µ, a q q = p1 − p!1 = p!2 − p2

p1 p2
2
! " −ig µν δab ! "
c ) Quark-gluon vertex: iT = (ig) ū(p!1 ) γµ ta u(p1 ) ū(p !
2 ) γ t
ν b u(p 2 ) (4.
q 2 + i$

a, µ b ) T-matrix for q q̄-scattering to order αs :

p!2 −p!1
factor: igγ µ ta −p!1 p!2

− p1 + p2
p1 − p!1

−p1 p2
d ) 3-gluon vertex: p2 −p1
a3 , µ3
2
! −ig µν δab
" ! "
factor: gfa1 a2 a3 g
! µ1 µ2
(p1 − p2 ) µ3 iT = (ig) v̄(p1 ) γµ ta v(p!1 ) ū(p !
2 ) γ ν tb u(p 2 )
(p1 − p!1 )2 + i$
p1 p3 (4.
a1 , µ1 µ2 µ3 µ1 ! " −ig µν δab ! "
+g (p2 − p3 ) 2 ! !
− (ig) ū(p2 ) γµ ta v(p1 ) v̄(p 1 ) γ ν tb u(p 2 )
(p1 + p2 )2 + i$
p2 + g µ3 µ1 (p3 − p1 )µ2
"
a2 , µ2
 - 19 -

4. 4. Sketch of path integrals (Functional integrals) • Definition of functional (path) integral:

Φφ
Systematic method for derivation of Feynman rules Consider infinitesimal volume in space-time is

• Illustration: example of scalar field theory ∆v = δxi δyj δzk δtl

x!
1 Infinitesimal volume attached to a point (xi , yj , zk , tl ) with field
L(φ, ∂ µ φ) = (∂µ φ∂ µ φ − m2 φ2 ) − V (φ) (4.9)
2 φ(xi , yj , zk , tl ) and its differential dφ defined
t
• Action functional: at that point.
!
S= d4 x L(φ, ∂ µ φ) = S[φ, ∂ µ φ] (4.10)

• Basic relation for calculating n-point Green’s functions (correlation function) ! "! +∞
" Dφ = lim dφ(xi yj zk tl ) (4.
iS[φ,∂ µ φ ] ∆v→0
Dφ φ(x1 ) · · · φ(xn ) e ijkl −∞
"0|T φ(x1 )φ(x2 ) · · · φ(xn )|0# = " (4.11)
Dφ eiS[φ,∂ µφ ]
• Starting point: Generating functional
For n = 2: “2-point function” !
iS i d4 x φ(x)J(x)
R
x1 Z[J] = Dφ e e (4.

“Propagator” J(x): auxiliary source function.

x2 Then the n-point function (4.11) becomes

For n = 3: “3-point function”

G (n) (x1 x2 · · · xn ) ≡ "0|T φ(x1 )φ(x2 ) · · · φ(xn )|0#
x3 #
(−i) n
δZ[J] # (4.
#
= #
Z[0] δJ(x1 ) · · · δJ(xn ) #
J=0
“Vertex”
x1 x2
with the functional derivative:
For n = 4: “4-point function”
δZ[J(x)] Z[J(x) + #δ 4 (x − y)] − Z[J(x)]
= lim+ (4.
x4 x3 δJ(y) "→0 #
$ δJ(x) %
“Scattering amplitude” in particular: 4
= δ (x − y)
δJ(y)
x1 x2
 - 20 -
Example. Free scalar field
1& ' 4. 5. Appendix: Useful
4. 5.relations
Appendix: Useful relations
L0 = ∂µ φ ∂ µ φ − m2 φ2 (4.16)
2
When dealing
When dealing with path integrals, somewith path
basic integrals, some basic formulae:
formulae:
! " ! %
4 34
# $ (1) (4.17)
Important matrix identity: let M be a diagonalizable matrix
Z0 [J] = Dφ exp i d(1)
x LImportant
0 + φ(x)J(x)matrix identity: let M be a diagonalizable matrix
Using ln det M = tr ln M
! ! ! ln det M = tr ln M - .
d4 x ∂µ φ∂ µ φ = d4 x ∂µ (φ∂ µ φ) − d4 x φ!φ (4.18) - ⇒.det M = exp tr ln M (4.22)
& '( ) ⇒ det M = exp tr ln M
surface integral =0
35
it follows that (2) Gaussian integral: 35 ! +∞ " 1 #
! " !
*1 # +% dx 1
$ √ exp − ax2 = √ (4.23)
4
⇒ Z0 [J] = Dφ exp − i d x φ ! + m2 φ − Jφ (4.19) −∞ 2π 2 a
2
# $
equation of motion: ! + m2 φ(x) = −J(x) • Let M be real, symmetric N × N matrix and XT = (x1 , · · · , xN )
!
φ(x) = − d4 y ∆F (x − y)J(y) ⇒ Generalization of Gaussian integral
! +∞ ! +∞ " 1 #
! dx1 dxN 1
d4 k e−ik·(x−y) √ ··· √ T
exp − X MX = √ (4.24)
with ∆F (x − y) = −∞ 2π −∞ 2π 2 det M
(2π)4 k 2 − m2 + i$
" ! ! %
i • In functional integrals: often encounter
⇒ Z0 [J] = exp − d4 x d4 y J(x) ∆F (x − y) J(y)
2 ! $
1
! ! %
! " ! % 4 4 # # #
i Dφ exp − d x d x φ(x )M(x , x)φ(x) (4.25)
× Dφ exp − d4 x φ(x)(! + m2 )φ(x) (4.20) 2
2 ! ' (4
4
& L
Approximate d x→ ∆vi by sum over finite number N = of little cubes
Now calculate 2-point function as example: i
#
and use Eq. (4.24):
! $ ! ! %
1 1
G (2) (x1 , x2 ) = $0|T φ(x1 )φ(x2 )|0% Dφ exp − d4 x# d4 x φ(x# )M(x# , x)φ(x) = √ (4.26)
, 2 det M
2
1 δ Z0 [J] ,,
=− , (4.21) scalar fields
• Complex
Z0 [0] δJ(x1 )δJ(x2 ) ,
J=0 ! ! $ ! ! %
i
1 1
Dφ Dφ∗ exp − d4 x d4 x# φ∗ (x# )M(x# , x)φ(x) =&
= i∆F (x1 − x2 ) 2 det M (4.27)
) *
= exp − tr ln M

Analogous procedures for n-point functions ⇒ Feynman rules for scalar field theory.
4. 6. Fermion fields

& ! 3 " #
 T
4. 6. Fermion fields
!- 21 - ! da1 · · ·! daN exp !
− a A a = det A
2 $ %
(
n • Path integrals with fermion fields: 1 √
a = 0 for n > 1, dai = 0;! dai ai != 1da1 · · · daN exp − a A a = det A
4. 6. Fermion fields i
T

T
2
ani = 0 for n > 1, Given dai =an0;!antisymmetric
dai ai !=matrix1 A with a = (a1 , · · · , aN )
& ! d3 p• Complex
" fermion fields: n
# ! ! $
1 T
%
√
ψ(x) = ap,s us (p)e −ip·x ∗ a
+ bp,s vs (p)e
i =
ip·x0 for n > 1, da
(4.28)i = 0; da 1 da
· · · i a da
i =N 1exp − a A a = det A
3 • Complex fermion fields: 2
& !
d3 p s=±" 1 (2π) 2Ep #! ! ! ! ! $ %
−ip·x ∗ ip·x
!1, ∗dai != 0; dai a1i =$†1
!
ψ(x) = ap,s
2
us (p)e + bp,s vs (p)e • Complex!(4.28)
∗ fermion
n! fields: %
(2π)
! Grassmann-Algebra:
3 2E p da 1 da 1 · · ·
ai = 0da
for
N
n > da N exp − a A a
1 = det A (4.3
s=± 21 da1 da ! ∗1 · · ·! daN ! da∗N exp !2 − a$† A a = det %A (
• Complex da fermionda fields:
∗ 2 1
Algebra: 1 1··· daN da∗N exp − a† A a = det A
n $ 2
{ai , aj } = {bi , b• j} = · · · = 0 ; a
Functional• integrals = 0, n > 1 (4.29)
! ! ! ! %
Functionalinvolving fermion fields:
i ∗ 1
integrals involving fermion
da1 da fields:
1··· daN da∗N exp − a† A a = det A
2
n
{a , aj } = {bi , bj } = · · · = 0 ; ai = 0, n > 1 • Functional
(4.29) integrals involving fermion fields:
! Mosti general form of function of two Grassmann variables
! ! ! !$ •! Functional $ !integrals involving fermion fields: % %
∗ Dψ ! ∗ !4 − $
4 " d∗4 xd"4 x" ψ ∗ (x
! " " )A(x" , x)ψ(x) = det %
al form of function of two Grassmann = c0 + c1 a1 + cDψ
f (a1 , a2 )variables 2 a2 + c3Dψ
Dψ
a1 a2 exp − Dψd xd exp ! x ψ (x )A(x $ !, x)ψ(x) 4 " ∗ " = "det A %
A
Dψ ∗ !exp ∗− d4 xd x ψ (x )A(x , x)ψ(x) = det A
Dψ(4.30) Dψ exp − d4 xd4 x" ψ ∗ (x" )A(x" , x)ψ(x) = det A
& ' (4.3(
f (a1 , a2 ) = c0 + c1 a1 + c2 a=2 c+0 + c3 ac11aa12 + c2 a2 − c3 a2 a1 =&exp tr 'ln& A & ' '
= exp tr ln==A exp tr tr
exp ln A
ln A
(4.30)
• Derivative: = c0 + c1 a1 + c2 a2 − c3 a2 a1
∂f 36
4. 7. Generating functional of QCD
= c1 + c3 a2 4. 7. Generating functional
4. 7. Generating of QCD
functional of QCD
a∂a1
4. 7. Generating
(4.31) functional of QCD
36 ∂f = c − c a ! Lagrangian density (without gauge fixing):
2 3 1
a∂a2 ! Lagrangian density (without
! Lagrangian gauge fixing):
density (without gauge fixing):
& ' 1
LQCD = ψ̄ iγµ D µ − m ψ − Gaµν Gµν
∂ 2 ! Lagrangian density (without gauge fixing): a
∂2 4
& µψ̄ iγµ D µ − 1
& ' 1
'
a − µνGa Gµν
=− (4.32)
L L = m ψ
= ψ̄ iγµ D − m ψ − 37Gµν Ga4 µν a
QCD (
∂a1 ∂a2 ∂a2 ∂a1 QCD
& ' 1 a µν 4
µ
• Integration: LQCD = ψ̄ iγµ D − m ψ − Gµν37Ga (4.3
! Generating functional: 37 4
! ! "! #
da1 da2 F ≡ da1 da2 F (4.33)
! ! !
ZQCD [J, η, η̄] = DA Dψ D ψ̄
! "! #2 "! #2 37
" ! % (4.39)
da = 0 because da = − da = 0 (4.34) #
× exp i d4 x LQCD (x) + Aaµ (x)Jaµ (x) + ψ̄(x)η(x) + η̄(x)ψ(x)
$

!
Definition: da a = 1 as a normalization • Generate n-point functions by taking functional derivatives with respect to source
fields J(x), η(x) and η̄(x).
• Path integrals with fermion fields:

Given an antisymmetric matrix A with aT = (a1 , · · · , aN )

! ! $ % Example-1. 2-point functions:
1 T √
&
 - 22 -
Example-1. 2-point functions:
& 4. 8. Gauge invariance and gauge fixing (Sketch)
2 &
δ &
- Quark propagator: ZQCD &
δη(x)δ η̄(x) & • Pure gluon theory:
η, η̄=0
1
LG = − Gaµν Gµν
a (4.
4
= "0|T ψ(x)ψ̄(y)|0# = iSF (y − x) where Gaµν = ∂µ Aaν − ∂ν Aaµ + gfabc Abµ Acν .
Quark (4.40)
!
d4 p −ip·(y−x) /p + m
=i e • Action functional:
(2π)4 p2 − m2 + i% #
& SG [A, ∂A] = d4 x LG (A, ∂A) (4.
2 &
δ &
- Gluon propagator: ZQCD & • Generating functional:
δJµa (x)δJνb (y) & # $ # '
J=0
4
% µ a
&
ZG [J] = DA exp i d x LG + Aa Jµ (4.
µν
= "0|T Aµa (x)Aνb (y)|0# = iDab (y − x)
Gluon • Functional
(4.41) integral covers arbitrarily many gauge-equivalent field configurations.
!
d4 q dµν (q) 
= iδab
(2π)4 q 2 + i% ( i )  Aµ ≡ Aµa λa

õ = U Aµ − U † ∂ µ U U † 2. (4.
g λ /
 U = exp − iθa (x) a

Example-2. 3-point functions: 2
&
δ 3 &
& • Gauge fixing needs a constraint.
- Quark-gluon vertex: a
ZQCD &
δJµ (x) δη(x) δ η̄(x) &
η,η̄,J=0
∂ µ Aaµ (x) = B a (x) (4.

µ
(In particular Lorenz condition B a (x) ≡ 0)
= igγ ta (4.42)
• Insert “unity”:
8 #
0 % &
& = det M Dθa δ ∂ µ Aaµ (x) − B a (x) (4.
3 &
δ & a=1
- 3-gluon vertex: ZQCD &
δJµa (x) δJνb (x) δJλc (x) & with Jacobian of gauge transformation:
J=0 % µ a &
p2 δ ∂ Aµ (x)
Mab (x, y) =
δθb (y)
! "
p1 = gfabc g µν (p1 −38
p2 )λ + cycl.perm. (4.43) • Problem: to calculate Jacobian det M

39
p3
 with LQCD = ψ̄ iγµ D µ − m ψ − Gaµν Gµν
a − ∂µ Aµa +L
- 23 - 4 2ξ
4. 4.
9. 9.Faddeev-Popov
Fadeev-Popovmethod
method(sketch)
(Sketch)
• Additional Feynman rules associated with ghost:
a ∗a
• Introduce a set of (unphysical) auxiliary fields: χ (x), χ (x): anticommuting Bose
fields (“ghost f ields”) – Ghost propagator in momentum space:
! ! " ! #
∗ 4 µ ∗ ab iδab
det M = i Dχ Dχ exp i d x ∂ χa (x)Dµ χb (y) (4.50) a b =
p p2 + i(
with gauge covariant derivative:
40
Dµab ab
= δ ∂µ − gf abc
Acµ
– Ghost-gluon vertex: a
• Result: Gauge fixing condition ⇒ extra term in Lagrangian density.

! QCD Lagrangian including gauge fixing: b = gfabc pµ

1 1 $ µ a %2
LQCD = − Gaµν (x)Gµν
a (x) − ∂ Aµ + LFP (4.51)
4 2ξ c, µ
with
with Faddeev-Popov term
Fadeev-Popov term:
LFP = ∂ µ χ∗ a (x)Dµab χb (x) (4.52)

4. 10. Complete generating functional of QCD

(including gauge fixing)

ZQCD [J, η, η̄; j, j ∗ ]

! ! ! ! !
= DA Dψ D ψ̄ Dχ Dχ∗
" ! #
$ %
× exp i d4 x LQCD + Aaµ Jaµ + ψ̄η + η̄ψ + χ∗ a ja + ja∗ χa (4.53)

& ' 1 1$ %2
with LQCD = ψ̄ iγµ D µ − m ψ − Gaµν Gµν
a − ∂µ Aµa + LFP
4 2ξ

• Additional Feynman rules associated with ghost:

– Ghost propagator in momentum space: