1st Term

SCRIPTED
LESSONS
2024/2025 ACADEMIC SESSION

MATHEMATICS
SS 3 WEEK 5
 MATHEMATICS SS3

1ST TERM WEEK 5

PERIOD 1

SUBJECT MATHEMATICS
Theme NUMBERS AND NUMERATION
Topic MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
Sub-Topic DETERMINATION OF 3X3 MATRIX USING CO-FACTOR
Period 1
Class Level SS3
Lesson Duration 40 minutes
Instructional By the end of this lesson, students should be able to; find the determinant
Objectives/Learning of 3X3 matrix using co-factor
outcomes
Instructional Chalkboard, chalk, textbook, learner’s note, a chart showing a 3X3
Resources/Materials matrix and a co-factor sign chart.
Teacher’s  This lesson requires that you make resources beforehand.
preparation for the  Get ready the previous chart showing 3X3 matrix.
lesson
Teaching Methods Class discussion, Learners report back.
Lesson Procedure Time Teacher’s Activity Students’ Core skill
Activities
Step1: 5 Write the solution to the Student copy and  Commun
Correction of minutes previous lesson ask question ication
previous assignment. assignment on the
board. After marking,
give further examples of
3X3 matrix.
Step 2: 20  Define co-factor 1) Students o Critical
Determination of minutes of a matrices. listen thinking
3X3 matrix using co-  Give examples attentively o Commun
factor with solution 2) Ask ication
question o Collabor
where ation.
necessary
Step 3: 10 If A = 3 -4 2 1) Copy the Critical
Application: In-class minutes 6 1 -1 note from thinking
exercise/Evaluation -2 0 5 the board Imagination
Creativity
Determine Communicati
(a) 1st row on
(b) 2nd row
(c) 3rd row using co-
factor
Step 4: 5 Evaluate the determinant of
Assignment minutes A= 1 2 3
2 1 3
3 1 2
Through (a) 1st row
(b) 2nd row
(c) 3rd row using co-factor

BOARD SUMMARY

Determinant of a 3X3 matrix can be achieved using co-factor of a matrix.

Co-factor of a Matrix: This is the minor of an element in the determinant including its place
sign.

The sign of co-factor = + - +

- + -

+ - +

Example (1): Given A 2 3 5

4 1 6

1 4 0

Determine (a) 1st row

(b) 2nd row

(c) 3rd row using co-factor

Solution

A = 2 3 5

4 1 6

1 4 0

(a) 1st row:

The minor of the element 2 is 1 6

4 0

= (1x0) – (4x6) = -24.

The place sign is +. Therefore the cofactor of the element 2 is + (-24) .i.e -24. Hence, we have
the minor for the 1st row as:

+2 1 6 -3 4 6 +5 4 1

4 0 1 0 1 4

+2 (1x0) – (4x6) -3 (4x0) – (1x6) +5 (4x4) – (1x1)

+2 0 – 24 -3 0 – 6 +5 16 – 1

-48 + 18 + 75 = 45.

Example (2): If A = 3 -4 2

6 1 -1

-2 0 5

Determine (a) 1st row

(b) 2nd row

(c) 3rd row using co-factor

+ - +

3 -4 2

A= - + -

6 1 -1

+ - +

-2 0 5

(a) 1st Row = 1 -1 6 -1 6 1

+3 0 5 -(-4) -2 5 +2 -2 0

+3 (1x5) – (0x-1) +4 (6x5) – (-2x-1) +2 (6x0) – (-2x1)

+3 5 + 0 +4 30 – 2 +2 0 +2

+15 + 112 + 4 = 131

(b) 2nd Row = + -6 -4 2 +1 3 2 -(-1) 3 -4

0 5 -2 5 -2 0

= -6 (-4x5) – (0x2) +1 (3x5) –(-2x2) +1 (3x0) – (-2x-4)

= -6 -20 +1 15 + 4 +1 -18

= 120 + 19 – 8 = 139 – 8 = 131

(c,) 3rd Row = -2 -4 2 -0 3 2 +5 3 -4

1 -1 6 -1 6 1

= -2 (-4x-1) – (1x2) – 0 (3x-1) – (6x2) +5 (3x1) – (6x-4)

= -2 4 – 2 + 5 3 + 24

= -2 2 + 5 27

= -4 + 135 = 135 – 4 = 131

TERM 1: WEEK 5: PERIOD 2

SUBJECT MATHEMATICS
Theme NUMBERS AND NUMERATION
Topic MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
Sub-Topic DETERMINATION OF MATRICES USING CRAMER’S RULE
Period 2
Class Level SS3
Lesson Duration 40 minutes
Instructional By the end of this lesson, students should be able to; find the determinant
Objectives/Learning of 3X3 matrix using Cramer’s rule.
outcomes
Instructional Chalkboard, chalk, textbook, learner’s note, a chart showing a 3X3
Resources/Materials matrix and Cramer’s rule.
Teacher’s  This lesson requires that you make resources beforehand.
preparation for the  Get ready the previous chart showing 3X3 matrix.
lesson
Teaching Methods Class discussion, Learners report back.
Lesson Procedure Time Teacher’s Activity Students’ Core skill
Activities
Step1: 5 Write the solution to the Student copy and  Commun
Correction of minutes previous lesson ask question ication
previous assignment. assignment on the
 board. After marking,
give further examples of
3X3 matrix.
Step 2: 20  Define Cramer’s  Students o Critical
Determination of minutes rule. listen thinking
3X3 matrix using  Give examples attentively o Commun
Cramer’s rule. with solution  Ask question ication
where o Collabor
necessary ation.

Step 3: 10 (1) Find x and y Copy the Critical

Application: In-class minutes using Cramer’s note from thinking
exercise/Evaluation rule: the board Imagination
5x + 2y + 19 = 0 Creativity
3x + 4x + 17 = 0 Communicati
(2) solve by on
determinant the
value of x and y
using Cramer’s
rule:
2x + 3y – 14 = 0
3x – 2y + 5 = 0
Step 4: 5 Using Cramer’s rule, find the value of x and y in the
Assignment minutes following:
4x – 3y + 20 = 0
3x + 2y – 2 = 0

BOARD SUMMARY

CRAMER’S RULE is a method of solving systems of linear equations using determinants, as

long as the coefficient matrix has a non-zero determinant.

Formula: x = -y = 1 -------------------------- (1)

1 2 0

Where 1 or x = the determinant of the coefficients omitting the x-terms.

2 or y = the determinant of the coefficients omitting the y-terms.

0 or c = the determinant of the coefficients omitting the constant terms.

In a simpler form: x = 1 ; y= 2 ------------ (2)

0 0
Example 1: Solve for x and y in the equation using Cramer’s rule:

5x + 2y + 19 = 0

3x + 4y + 17 = 0

Solution

Applying the Cramer’s rule:

To find 0, omit the constant terms.

Hence, 0=5 2 = 5 x 4 – 3 x 2 = 20 – 6

3 4 = 14

To find or x, omit the x-terms

We have, 1=2 19 = 2 x 17 – 4 x 19

4 17 = 34 – 76

= - 42

To find 2 or y, omit the y-terms

We have, 2= 5 19 = 5 x 17 – 3 x 19

3 17 = 85 – 57

= 28.

Substituting the value of 0, 1, and 2 in formula 1; we get:

x = -y = 1

1 2 0

= x = -y = 1

-42 28 14

x = 1 -y = 1

-42 14 28 14
x X 14 = 1 X -42 -y X 14 = 1 X 28

x = -3 -y = 2, y = -2

OR USING FORMULAR 2:

x= 1 ; y=- 2

0 0

x = -42 : y = -28

14 14

x = -3 : y = -2

Example 2: Solve by determinant 2x + 3y – 14 = 0 and 3x – 2y + 5 = 0 using Cramer’s rule.

Solution

Applying Cramer’s rule:

x= 1 ; y=- 2

0 0

Where: 1=3 -14 = (3 x 5) – (-2 x -14) = 15 – 28

-2 5 = -13

2=2 -14 = (2 x 5) – (3 x -14) = 10 + 42

3 5 = 52

0=2 3 = (2 x -2) – (3 x 3) = -4 – 9

-2 5 = -13

x= 1 ; y=- 2

0 0

x = -13 =1 y = -52 =4

-13 -13
TERM 1: WEEK 5: PERIOD 3

SUBJECT MATHEMATICS
Theme NUMBERS AND NUMERATION
Topic MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
Sub-Topic INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Period 3
Class Level SS3
Lesson Duration 40 minutes
Instructional By the end of this lesson, students should be able to; find the inverse of a
Objectives/Learning matrix.
outcomes
Instructional Chalkboard, chalk, textbook, learner’s note, a chart showing a 2X2
Resources/Materials matrix.
Teacher’s  This lesson requires that you make resources beforehand.
preparation for the  Get ready the previous chart showing 2X2 matrix.
lesson
Teaching Methods Class discussion, Learners report back.
Lesson Procedure Time Teacher’s Activity Students’ Core skill
Activities
Step1: 5 Write the solution to the Student copy and  Commun
Correction of minutes previous lesson ask question ication
previous assignment. assignment on the chalk
board.
Step 2: 20  State the steps  Students o Critical
Inverse of a matrix. minutes involve in listen thinking
finding the attentively o Commun
inverse of a  Ask question ication
matrix. where o Collabor
 Give examples necessary ation.
with solution
Step 3: 10 1. Find the inverse of: Copy the Critical
Application: In-class minutes 3 -2 note from thinking
exercise/Evaluation 4 1 the board Imagination
2. Find the inverse of: Creativity
2 3 5 Communicati
4 1 6 on
1 4 0
Step 4: 5 Find the inverse of
Assignment minutes A = 1 2 3
4 1 5
6 0 2
 BOARD SUMMARY

To find the inverse of a 2X2 matrix, follow the steps below:

(i) Interchange the top left-hand and bottom right-hand elements

(ii) Multiply the other two elements by -1
(iii) Divide the resulting matrix by the determinant of the original matrix.

Example (1): Find the inverse of A = 3 -2

4 1

Solution

The determinant of 3 -2 is (3x1) – (4x-2)

4 1 = 3 – (-8) =3 + 8 = 11

It’s inverse is = 1 1 2

11 -4 3

To find the inverse of a 3X3 matrix, the following steps should be adhered to;

(i) Evaluate the determinant of A i.e. A

(ii) Form a matrix C of the cofactors of the element of A
(iii) Write the transpose of C i.e. CT; to obtain the adjoint of A.
(iv) Divide each element of CT by A
(v) The resulting matrix is the inverse A-1 of the original matrix A.

Example (2): If A = 2 3 5

4 1 6

1 4 0

Find the inverse of the matrix

Solution
+ - +
2 3 5
- + -
A= 4 1 6
+ - +
1 4 0
 = 2 1x0 – 4x6 -3 4x0 – 1x6 +5 4x4 – 1x1

= -48 + 18 + 75 = 93 – 48 = 45

Cofactor of 1st Row = +2 1 6 -3 4 6 +5 4 1

4 0 1 0 1 4

= +2 (1x0) – (4x6) -3 (4x0) – (1x6) +5 (4x4) – (1x1)

= +2 -24 -3 -6 + 5 15

Cofactor of 1st Row = (-24 +6 +15)

Cofactor of 2nd Row = -4 3 5 +1 2 5 +6 2 3

4 0 1 0 1 4

= -4 3x0 – 4x5 +1 2x0 – 1x5 -6 2x4 – 1x3

= -4 -20 +1 -5 -6 5

Cofactor of 2nd Row = (+20 -5 -5)

Cofactor of 3rd Row = + 3 5 -4 2 5 +0 2 3

1 6 4 6 4 1

= +1 3x6 – 1x5 -4 2x6 – 4x5 +0 2x1 – 4x3

= +1 13 -4 -8 +0 -10

Cofactor of 3rd Row = (+13 +8 -10)

Hence, matrix cofactor C = 24 6 15

20 -5 -5

13 +8 -10

Adjoint of cofactor i.e. CT = -24 20 13

6 -5 8

15 -5 -10
Inverse of A is given by A-1 = -24/45 20/45 13/45

6/45 -5/45 8/45

15/45 -5/45 -10/45

A-1 = 1/45 -24 20 13

6 -5 8

15 -5 10

TERM 1: WEEK 5: PERIOD 4

SUBJECT MATHEMATICS
Theme NUMBERS AND NUMERATION
Topic MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
Sub-Topic SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION USING INVERSE
METHOD
Period 4
Class Level SS3
Lesson Duration 40 minutes
Instructional By the end of this lesson, students should be able to; solve simultaneous
Objectives/Learning equation using inverse method.
outcomes
Instructional Chalkboard, chalk, textbook, learner’s note, a chart simultaneous
Resources/Materials equation.
Teacher’s This lesson requires that you make resources beforehand of illustration of
preparation for the simultaneous equations.
lesson
Teaching Methods Class discussion, Learners report back.
Lesson Procedure Time Teacher’s Activity Students’ Core skill
Activities
Step1: 5 Write the solution to the Student copy and  Commun
Correction of minutes previous lesson ask question ication
previous assignment. assignment on the chalk
board.
Step 2: 8 1. Explain what  Students o Critical
Simultaneous minutes simultaneous equation listen thinking
equation with two means attentively o Commun
variables. 2. Give examples with  Ask question ication
solution using either where o Collabor
 elimination or necessary ation.
substitution method. e.g
3x – 2y = 14
5x – y = 35
Step 3: 16 Write examples of  Listen Critical
Using inverse minutes simultaneous equation attentively thinking
method to solve with two variables and  Ask Imagination
simultaneous give solution. question Creativity
equation with two where Communicati
(2) unknown necessary on
Step 4: 8 Using matrix method to
In-class minutes solve the following:
Exercise/Evaluation. (a) 3x – 4y = 1
7x + y = 23
(b) 1/2U – 1/3V = 4
1/3U + 1/2V = 7
Step 5: 3 Use matrix method to
Assignment minutes solve:
(a) 21x – 2y = 15
13x – y = 10
(b) 3x + 4y = 10
2x + 5y = 9

BOARD SUMMARY

Simultaneous equations are two or more equations that contain multiple variables and are true at
the same time. To solve simultaneous equation, we need to find the values of the variables that
make both equations true at the same time. There are several method used to solve simultaneous
equation, these are:

 Substitution method
 Elimination method
 Graphical method
 Cramer’s Rule
 Inverse of a matrix method

Example (1): Use matrix method to solve:

3x – 4y = 1

7x + y = 23
 Solution

3x – 4y = 1 ---------------------------------- (i)

7x + y = 23 --------------------------------- (ii)

3 -4 = 1 ------------------ (iii)

7 1 23

The determinant of 3 -4 is (3x1) – (7x-4)

7 1 = 3 – (-28)

3 + 28 = 31

Its inverse is 1 1 4

31 -7 3

Pre-multiply both side of the equation (iii) by its inverse:

1 1 4 3 -4 x = 1 1 4 1

31 -7 3 7 1 y 31 -7 3 23

1 1x3 + 4x7 1x-4 + 4x1 x 1 1x1 + 4x23

31 -7x3 + 3x7 -7x-4 + 3x1 y 31 -7x1 + 3x23

1 3 + 28 -4+4 x = 1 1 + 92

31 -21+21 28+3 y 31 -7+69

= 1 31 0 x = 1 93

31 0 31 y 31 62

= 1 0 x = 3

0 1 y 2

Hence, x = 3

y 2
 i.e x = 3 and y = 2.

CHEER:

3x – 4y = 1 ------------- (i) 7x + y = 23 ----------------- (ii)

3(3) – 4(2) = 1 7(3) + (2) = 23

9–8=1 21 + 2 = 23

TERM 1: WEEK 5: PERIOD 5

SUBJECT MATHEMATICS
Theme NUMBERS AND NUMERATION
Topic MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
Sub-Topic SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS INVOLVING THREE UNKNOWN
USING DETERMINANT METHOD.
Period 5
Class Level SS3
Lesson Duration 40 minutes
Instructional By the end of this lesson, students should be able to; solve simultaneous
Objectives/Learning equations of three unknown using determinant method (Cramer’s Rule).
outcomes
Instructional Chalkboard, chalk, textbook, learner’s note, a chart showing simple
Resources/Materials illustration on simultaneous equation.
Teacher’s This lesson requires that you make resources beforehand.
preparation for the Previous chart of simultaneous equation.
lesson
Teaching Methods Class discussion, Learners report back.
Lesson Procedure Time Teacher’s Activity Students’ Core skill
Activities
Step1: 5 Write the solution to the Student copy and  Commun
Correction of minutes previous lesson ask question ication
previous assignment. assignment on the chalk
board.
Step 2: 20 Write examples of  Students o Critical
Using determinant minutes simultaneous equation listen thinking
method to solve with 3 unknown and attentively o Commun
simultaneous give solution  Ask question ication
equation with 3 where .
unknown. necessary
Step 3: 12 Use Cramer’s rule to  Provide Critical
Evaluation minutes solve the following: solution thinking
2x – 5y + 2z = 7 inside their Imagination
x + y – 4z = 3 notes Creativity
3x + 4y – 6z = 5
Step 4: 3 Use matrix method to
Assignment minutes solve:
x+y+z–2=0
2x – 3y – z – 3 = 0
3x + 2y – 4z + 27 =0

BOARD SUMMARY

Simultaneous equations involving 3 unknown variables can be solved using Cramer’s Rule.

Example (1): Find the value of x. y and z from the equation:

2x + 3y – z – 4 = 0

3x + y + 2z – 13 = 0

x + 2y – 5z + 11 = 0

Solution

Cramer’s Rule: x = -y = z = -1 --------------------------- (i)

1 2 3 0

OR x =- 1 ; y= 2 ; z= - 3 --------------- (ii)

0 0 0

Where 1 or x = the determinant of the coefficients omitting the x-terms.

2 or y = the determinant of the coefficients omitting the y-terms.

3 or z = the determinant of the coefficients omitting the z-terms

0 or c = the determinant of the coefficients omitting the constant terms.

From the equation,

0 or c= 2 3 -1

3 1 2

1 2 -5

0=2 1 2 -3 3 2 + -1 3 1

2 -5 1 -5 1 2

= 2 1 x -5 + 2 x 2 -3 3 x -5 + 1 x 2 -1 3 x 2 + 1 x 1

= 2 -5 – 4 -3 -15 – 2 -1 6 – 1

0 = -18 + 51 – 5 = 28.

1 or x = 3 -1 -4

1 2 -13

2 -5 11

1 = 3(22 – 65) + 1(11 + 26) -4(-5 – 4)

= 3(-43) +1(37) – 4(-9)

1 = -129 + 37 + 36 = -129 + 73 = -56.

2 or y = 2 -1 -4

3 2 -13

1 -5 11

2 = 2 (2 x 11) - (-5 x -13) - -1 (3 x 11) - (1 x -13) + -4 (3 x-5) - (1 x2)

= 2 22 – (+65) + 1 33- (-13) -4 -15 – 2

= 2 -43 +1 46 – 4 -17

2 = -86 + 46 + 68 = 28.
 3 or z = 2 3 -4

3 1 -13

1 2 11

3 = 2 (1 x 11) - (2 x -13) - 3 (3 x 11) - (1 x -13) + -4 (3 x2) - (1 x1)

= 2 11 + 26 -3 33 + 13 -4 6 – 1

= 2 37 -3 46 – 4 5

= 74 – 138 - 20

3 = -84.

Hence, if 0 = 28 ; 1 = -56 ; 2 = 28 ; 3 = -84

To find x, y and z

x=- 1 = -(-56) = 56 =2

0 28 28

y= 2 = 28 = 1

0 28

z=- 3 = -(-84) = 84 =3

0 28 28

Therefore, x = 2, y = 1, z = 3

CHECK:

Where x = 2, y = 1, z = 3

2x + 3y – z – 4 = 0

2(2) + 3 (1) – 3 – 4

4+3–3-4

4 – 4 + 3 – 3 = 0 Q.E.D.