WEEK 01: 29 - 05 JULY 2024

SAMACHAR
MANTHAN
Table of Contents

Economics in CEPA Talks with South Korea 14

01 What is Project Nexus that RBI has signed up for? 3 04 France: India’s steady partner in green growth 15
02 RBI proposes rationalising regulations 05 An overview of the French elections 16
on Export-Import Transactions 4 06 EAM Jaishankar attends SCO Summit 17
03 ICEA calls for reduction in Import Duties 07 What a Labour election win could mean for
to Boost Mobile Phone Sector 5 India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA)? 19
04 Why has SEBI accused Hindenburg
of breaking Indian law?   6 Indian Society
05 Indian Government Bonds in JP Morgan index: 01 [5th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Computer
how much funds could flow into India?    7 literacy in India needs a reboot  20
02 At the end of Pride Month, assessing the
Governance LGBTQIA+ communities’ rights    21
01 [4th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Trials, 03 Education ‘remains the most effective contraceptive 22
medical ethics and the orbit of power 8
02 How urban expansion makes Delhi Security Issues
susceptible to flooding?  9 01 [pib] 13th Edition of Exercise MAITREE in Thailand 24
02 Why stampedes take place? 25
Polity
01 [3rd July 2024] Great expectations, Enviro & Biodiversity
liberalism in dark times 10 01 Why Denmark has taxed cattle burps and farts?     26
02 Climate change forces Panama islanders to relocate 26
International Relations 03 In news: Shyok River 27
01 India achieves an ‘outstanding outcome’ in 04 [pib] Fauna of India Checklist Portal 28
FATF mutual evaluation 2023-24  12 05 Worlds Oldest Prehistoric Ostrich Nest
02 China’s ‘Five Principles’ of Foreign Policy 13 discovered in Andhra  30
03 India seeks Tariff Elimination on key items 06 What are hurricanes, their types?     31

www.civilsdaily.com 1
07 [pib] Metal Oxide Nano-composite developed infectious diseases 44
for Environmental Clean-up 31 07 On Improving Rural Mobile Connectivity  45
08 Great Indian Bustard Recovery Plan 33 08 Digital jurisprudence in India, in an AI era   46
09 Factory accidents, a pointer to rusty inspection reform   34 09 Universe had Spiral Galaxies 4 billion years
10 Afforestation in Delhi Ridge 35 sooner than expected: Study 47
11 Niranjan Panel set up to study Pollution Level in Cauvery 36 10 What makes mosquitoes suck blood? 48
12 Reviving Gharials in Kaziranga 37
13 The shape of a five-year climate agenda for India 38 History and Art & Culture
01 UNESCO World Heritage Site of Somanathapura 48
Science Tech 02 Nouka Baich: Boat Race festival of Bengal    49
01 Motor Neuron Disease (MND) 39 03 In news: Santhal Hul of 1855  50
02 Geoportals for Enhanced Rural Land Records 04 Kozhikode awarded ‘City of Literature’ at UNESCO
and Emergency Management 40 Creative Cities Network Conference 51
03 Why Indian-origin astronaut Sunita 05 Significance of ‘Abhaya Mudra’ 52
Williams is stuck in space?   41
04 Activated Carbon Production from Coconut Trivia
Husks for Supercapacitors 42 01 The story of the American Declaration
05 What was the tussle over Covaxin IPR? 43 of Independence    54
06 India lacks diagnostic tests for emerging

2 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

ECONOMICS

RBI NOTIFICATIONS

What is Project Nexus that RBI has signed up for?

Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy • T he design of FPSs is important, as they have public good
Note4Students characteristics. Factors that contribute to greater adop-
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : tion of FPSs include central bank involvement, inclusion of
Prelims level : Project Nexus; Fast Payments Systems (FPSs); non-bank providers, more use cases, and more cross-border
Mains level : Significance of Fast Payments Systems (FPSs) via connections.
Project Nexus • T he Payment and Settlement Systems Act, of
2007 regulates and supervises payment systems in India. It
designates the Reserve Bank of India has the authority for
Why in the news?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has become a part of Proj- that purpose and all related matters.
ect Nexus, a global initiative aimed at facilitating instant
cross-border retail payments by connecting domestic Fast What are the benefits of the platform?
Payments Systems (FPSs).
• S tandardization: Project Nexus standardizes the way IPS
connect to each other, simplifying the process.
What is Project Nexus? • S ingle Connection: Payment system operators can connect
• P
 roject Nexus is conceptualized by the Innovation Hub of to the Nexus platform once, allowing them to reach all
the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). other countries on the network without building custom
• It is the first BIS Innovation Hub project in the payments connections for each.
area moving towards live implementation. • Instant Payments: Enables cross-border payments from
• A
 im: To enhance cross-border payments by connecting sender to recipient within 60 seconds in most cases.
multiple domestic instant payment systems (IPS) globally. • C ost Efficiency: Provides near-zero cost for sending and
• T he Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has joined Project Nexus, receiving payments.
aiming to interlink India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) • G rowth Acceleration: Significantly accelerates the growth
with the Fast Payments Systems (FPSs) of Malaysia, the of instant cross-border payments by leveraging existing
Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. instant payment systems.
• T he platform is designed to be extended to more countries
in the future. Way forward:
• E
 xpand Membership: Actively encourage more countries
About Fast Payments Systems (FPSs): to join Project Nexus, thereby increasing the global reach
Fast payment systems (FPSs) are real-time payment systems and impact of the platform. (Indonesia is joining in the near
that enable the immediate transfer of funds between ac- future)
counts. Some key points about FPSs: • E
 nhance Technological Infrastructure: Invest in robust and
• F PSs allow for the fast, secure, and low-cost processing of scalable technological infrastructure to support seamless
retail transactions, ensuring funds are immediately avail- integration and interoperability among different FPSs.
able to the recipient.
• F PSs are becoming increasingly popular globally, with Mains PYQ:
over 100 jurisdictions now having access to fast payment Q What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global
systems. They foster competition among payment service society? Has it been affecting Indian society also? (UPSC
providers and serve as a gateway to additional financial IAS/2021)
services.

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TRADE SECTOR UPDATES – FALLING EXPORTS, TIES, MEIS, FOREIGN TRADE POLICY, ETC.

RBI proposes rationalising regulations on Export-Import

Transactions

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy How does FEMA regulate EXIM Transaction?
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : FEMA, 1999 Regulation under FEMA
Defined in Section 2(v) of FEMA;
Why in the News? Resident Indian
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed to ra- Criteria A person residing in India for more
tionalise regulations governing export and import trans- than 182 days during the course of
actions. The aim is to promote ease of doing business and the preceding financial year.
empower banks to provide more efficient service to their Permitted freely for EXIM activities,
foreign exchange customers. Current Account
including trade payments and remit-
Transactions
tances.
RBI Proposal and Directions Capital Account
Regulated by RBI, includes FDI in
• T he RBI issued ‘Regulation of Foreign Trade under Foreign Transactions
export-oriented units and overseas
Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 – Draft Regula- investments by Indian entities.
tions and Directions.’ Exporters and importers must furnish
• K
 ey propositions include: Documentation
declarations to RBI to ensure compli-
and Declarations
o Repatriation Timeline: The full export value of goods ance and monitor foreign exchange.
and services must be realised and repatriated to India
Declare the value of goods/services
within 9 months from the date of shipment for goods
Export Declarations exported, expected earnings, and
and the date of invoice for services.
timeframe for realization.
o Caution Listing: Exporters who fail to realise the full
value within the specified time may be caution-listed Provide details of goods/services
by the authorised dealer. imported, and foreign exchange
Import Declarations
spent, and ensure payments through
o Caution-Listed Exporters: Caution-listed exporters
authorized channels.
can undertake exports only against receipt of advance
payment in full or an irrecoverable letter of credit, to Only RBI-approved dealers (banks/
the satisfaction of the authorised dealer. Authorized Dealers financial institutions) can handle for-
o Advance Remittance Restrictions: No advance remit- eign exchange transactions for EXIM.
tance for the import of gold and silver is permitted Payments must be made through au-
unless specifically approved by the RBI. Import Payment thorized channels within prescribed
Regulations time limits, complying with DGFT
terms.
Expected Benefits
• E
 ase of Doing Business: The proposed regulations are Entities can maintain foreign curren-
Foreign Currency
intended to promote ease of doing business, especially for cy accounts for efficient handling of
Accounts
small exporters and importers. foreign exchange for EXIM activities.
• E
 mpowerment of Banks: The regulations aim to empower
authorised dealer banks to provide quicker and more effi- Significance of FEMA in Regulating EXIM Transactions
cient service to their foreign exchange customers. • F acilitates Trade: By providing a clear regulatory frame-
work, FEMA facilitates smoother and more efficient EXIM
About Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), transactions, contributing to the growth of international
trade.
1999
• E conomic Stability: Ensures that foreign exchange earn-
• T he FEMA, 1999, regulates foreign exchange and trade in
ings and expenditures are monitored and regulated, main-
India.
taining economic stability and preventing illegal outflows.
• F EMA replaced the older Foreign Exchange Regulation
• Investor Confidence: A transparent and regulated foreign
Act (FERA), 1973.
exchange environment boosts investor confidence, attract-
ing more foreign investment.
• L iberalization: Replaces the stringent controls of FERA with
a more liberal approach, encouraging businesses to engage
in global trade.

4 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

 PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following constitutes Capital Account?
1. Foreign Loans
2. Foreign Direct Investment
3. Private Remittances
4. Portfolio Investment
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1, 2 and 4
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 3 and 4

TELECOM AND POSTAL SECTOR – SPECTRUM ALLOCATION, CALL DROPS, PREDATORY PRICING, ETC

ICEA calls for reduction in Import Duties to Boost Mobile

Phone Sector

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberaliza- in import duties on manufacturing inputs for electronics,
tion On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their particularly in the mobile phone sector.
effects on Industrial Growth o Current high tariffs are increasing manufacturing costs
Note4Students in India by 7-7.5% on the bill of materials.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : • A lignment with Global Standards: The demand includes
Prelims level : ICEA and its mandate aligning tariffs with those of countries like China and Viet-
nam, which have lower tariffs on fewer components.
Why in the News? • Improvement of Customs Procedures: ICEA is urging for
streamlined customs procedures to prevent delays in the
• T he Indian Cellular & Electronics Association (ICEA), rep-
shipment of key components.
resenting domestic electronics manufacturers, called for a
reduction of import duties in the upcoming Union budget.
o ICEA highlighted that the growth of the mobile phone Significance of ICEA’s Demands
sector now depends on demand in the global market • R
 educing import duties enhances competitiveness, boosts
rather than domestic demand, facilitated by support- exports, stimulates investment and job creation, reduces
ive policies like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) trade deficit, and fosters long-term growth in India’s elec-
scheme. tronics and mobile phone manufacturing sectors.

About India Cellular and Electronics Association Key Initiatives and Programs by ICEA
(ICEA) • E
 lectronics Manufacturing Clusters: ICEA promotes the
• T he ICEA is the apex industry body representing the development of electronics manufacturing clusters to cre-
interests of the mobile and electronics sector in India. ate a robust supply chain and manufacturing base in India.
• It was established in 2017. • S kill Development: The association emphasizes the need
for skill development in the electronics sector to ensure a
• It plays a crucial role in shaping policies and promoting
skilled workforce capable of supporting industry growth.
the growth of the industry through advocacy, policy
formulation, and strategic initiatives. • R &D and Innovation: ICEA encourages research and devel-
opment (R&D) and innovation within the sector to main-
• M
 embership:
tain competitiveness and technological advancement.
o ICEA comprises leading mobile handset manufac-
turers, electronics companies, and industry stake-
holders. Boost in Mobile Phone Exports from India
o This includes both Indian and global companies • ICEA Report: According to ICEA, mobile phone exports
operating in the electronics sector. from India have doubled to surpass Rs 90,000 crore (about
• C
 ollaborations: USD 11.12 billion) in FY 2022-23 from Rs 45,000 crore in
o ICEA works closely with government bodies, regula- FY22.
tory authorities, and other industry associations to • G
 overnment Targets: The government has set a target of
align its initiatives with national economic goals. USD 10 billion worth of mobile phone exports, with an am-
bitious goal of achieving USD 300 billion worth of electron-
ics manufacturing by 2025-26, of which USD 120 billion is
ICEA’s Key Demands expected from exports.
• R
 eduction of Import Duties: ICEA is calling for a reduction

www.civilsdaily.com 5
Major Contributors to Export Growth: contribute more than USD 50 billion worth of exports by
• A
 pple’s Contribution: Apple is estimated to have a 50% 2025-26.
share of mobile phone exports from India, contributing • O
 verall Contribution: Mobile phone exports now account
USD 5.5 billion (about Rs 45,000 crore). for 46% of the overall electronic goods exports, according
• S amsung’s Contribution: Samsung accounts for approxi- to ICEA.
mately 40% of exports, worth Rs 36,000 crore.
• T hird-Party Exports: Third-party exports contributed PYQ:
around USD 1.1 billion to the total export, comprising [2016] Recently, India’s first ‘National Investment and
phones of various brands made in India. Manufacturing Zone’ was proposed to be set up in:
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Gujarat
Future Projections: (c) Maharashtra
• E
 xport Contribution: Mobile phones are anticipated to (d) Uttar Pradesh

CAPITAL MARKETS: CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENTS

Why has SEBI accused Hindenburg of breaking Indian law?

Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy kers to close short positions in Adani stocks to protect the
Note4Students stock prices.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : SEBI Function and Power
Mains level : Challenges related to the Capital Market Where does Kotak come into this picture?
• Involvement of Kotak: SEBI’s notice did not name Kotak
Bank, which Hindenburg claims created the offshore fund
Why in the news? structure used for shorting Adani stocks.
Hindenburg Research received a SEBI show cause notice for • R
 esponse: Kotak Mahindra Bank stated that Hindenburg
short-selling Adani Enterprises Ltd stock before and after their has never been a client and that their KYC procedures were
report accusing Adani of fraud. followed with regard to clients, with investments made by
Kingdon as a principal.
What is the Hindenburg Report on Adani?
• O
 n January 24, 2023, the New York-based Hindenburg How much profit did Hindenburg earn by short
Research accused the Adani Group of “brazen stock manip- selling Adani stocks?
ulation and accounting fraud scheme over the course of • R
 evenue: Hindenburg earned approximately $4.1 million
decades.” in gross revenue through gains related to Adani shorts
• T he report led to a significant drop in the shares of Adani from its investor relationship.
companies and the calling off of Adani Enterprises Ltd’s • O
 wn Short Position: Hindenburg made about $31,000
Rs 20,000-crore follow-on Public Offer (FPO). Adani Group from their short of Adani US bonds.After legal and research
denied all allegations, claiming the report was a “calculated expenses, Hindenburg indicated they might only slightly
attack on India.” come out ahead of break-even on their Adani short.

What is SEBI’s show cause notice about? Way forward:

• H
 indenburg received a show-cause notice from SEBI on • C
 onduct Investigation: SEBI should initiate an indepen-
June 27, 2024.SEBI alleged that Hindenburg colluded with dent, comprehensive investigation into the allegations
certain entities to use non-public information to short- against both Adani Group and Hindenburg Research. This
sell Adani Enterprises Ltd (AEL) stock before and after the investigation should be conducted by a neutral third party
release of its report, making profits. to ensure impartiality and transparency.
• T he notice named Hindenburg, its founder Nathan Ander- • P
 olicy Review: SEBI could review and possibly update its
son, investor Mark Kingdon, and related entities, accusing regulations on short-selling and market manipulation to
them of sharing the report draft and building short posi- prevent similar incidents in the future. This could include
tions in AEL futures. stricter disclosure requirements for short sellers and en-
hanced monitoring of market activities.
How has Hindenburg responded to the show cause
notice? Mains PYQ:
• H
 indenburg dismissed the notice as an attempt to silence Q The product diversification of financial institutions and
those exposing corruption. They stated their investment insurance companies, resulting in overlapping of products
stance was legal and disclosed, and criticized SEBI for and services strengthens the case for the merger of the two
targeting them instead of investigating the Adani Group’s regulatory agencies, namely SEBI and IRDA. Justify.(UPSC
alleged malpractices. IAS/2013)
• A
 ccusations: Hindenburg accused SEBI of pressuring bro-

6 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

CAPITAL MARKETS: CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENTS

Indian Government Bonds in JP Morgan index: how much

funds could flow into India?

Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy • P

 romotion of Economic Confidence: The inflows signify
Note4Students international investor confidence in India’s economic pros-
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : pects, boosting overall economic sentiment and encourag-
Prelims level : JP Morgan index ing further investments.
Mains level : Benefits of Higher Inflows from the Inclusion of
Indian Government Bonds in JP Morgan’s Emerging Markets
Bond Indices What about the impact on inflation as RBI mops
up the dollars and releases an equivalent amount
in rupees?
Why in the news? • L iquidity Injection: When the RBI mops up dollars from the
JP Morgan is including Indian Government Bonds in its
market, it releases an equivalent amount of rupees into the
emerging markets bond indices starting June 28. This move is
financial system. This injection of liquidity can potentially
expected to attract significant foreign investment, boosting
increase the supply of money circulating in the economy.
India’s bond market and economic stability.
•  emand-Pull Inflation: Increased liquidity can stimulate
D
demand for goods and services, potentially leading to
What would be India’s weight in the index? demand-pull inflation if the production capacity of the
• India is poised to achieve a maximum weighting of 10% economy does not keep pace with the increased demand.
in the GBI-EM Global Diversified Index. This increased •  sset Price Inflation: The influx of liquidity can also inflate
A
allocation is anticipated to attract greater investment from asset prices such as real estate and stocks, impacting afford-
global investors into Indian debt, with analysts projecting ability and potentially creating asset price inflation.
monthly inflows of $2-3 billion. •  xchange Rate Stability: On the flip side, mopping up
E
dollars can help stabilize the exchange rate by reducing
downward pressure on the rupee due to excessive inflows.
Benefits of Higher Inflows from the Inclusion of •  BI’s Policy Response: The RBI has various monetary policy
R
Indian Government Bonds in JP Morgan’s Emerging tools, such as open market operations, repo rates, and
Markets Bond Indices reserve requirements, to manage liquidity and inflationary
• Increase in Foreign Exchange Reserves: The inflows from pressures arising from such inflows. It may use these tools
foreign investments will directly boost India’s foreign to absorb excess liquidity and stabilize inflation.
exchange reserves, providing a stronger buffer against
external economic shocks.
• S trengthening the Rupee: The surge in foreign investment Way forward:
will enhance demand for the rupee, leading to its apprecia- • P
 rudent Monetary Policy Management: The RBI should
tion and contributing to a more stable and robust currency. continue to employ effective monetary policy measures,
• E nhanced External Financial Management: With in- such as open market operations and repo rate adjustments,
creased foreign exchange reserves, India will have greater to carefully manage liquidity and inflationary pressures
flexibility and resilience in managing its external financial stemming from increased foreign inflows.
obligations and mitigating balance of payment issues. • E
 nhanced Economic Diversification: India should use
• R eduction in Borrowing Costs: Higher reserves and a the influx of foreign investment to diversify its economy
stronger rupee can lead to improved credit ratings and further, focusing on infrastructure development, techno-
reduced risk premiums, lowering borrowing costs for the logical advancements, and sustainable growth initiatives to
government and corporates. bolster long-term economic resilience and stability.

www.civilsdaily.com 7
GOVERNANCE

HEALTH SECTOR – UHC, NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY, FAMILY PLANNING, HEALTH INSURANCE, ETC.

[4th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Trials, medical ethics and
the orbit of power

| Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Ethical Abuse

Accountability, Citizens Charters • A
 llegations of Ethical Violations in Covaxin Trial: Irregu-
larities and ethical violations were alleged in the Covaxin
clinical trial conducted by People’s Hospital in Bhopal, Mad-
PYQ Relevance: hya Pradesh. Violations included lack of informed consent,
Mains: enrollment of vulnerable populations, non-reporting of
adverse events, and inadequate monitoring and follow-up.
Q) If an amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Protection
• R egulatory Approval and Ethical Guidelines before the
Act 2011 tabled in the Parliament is passed, there may
completion of Phase III study: The Indian drug regulator,
be no one left to protect. Critically Evaluate. (UPSC CSE
Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO),
2015)
approved Covaxin for “Restricted Use under Clinical
Trial Mode” before the completion of its Phase III study.
Q) With consideration towards the strategy of inclusive
This approval process was not defined in India’s Drug
growth, the new Companies Bill, 2013 has indirectly
Regulatory Framework, creating ambiguity and potential
made CSR a mandatory obligation. Discuss the challenges
ethical lapses.
expected in its implementation in earnest. Also, discuss
other provisions in the Bill and their implications. (UPSC
• L acking in the effectiveness of Ethics Committees: Ethics
committees at trial sites are meant to oversee and ensure
CSE 2013)
ethical conduct in clinical trials. There were issues with the
effectiveness of these committees, with allegations of gross
Note4Students: violations of ethics guidelines.
Prelims: Whistleblowers Protection Act 2011, • W histle-blowers show the various incidents of ethical
Mains: Ethical issues in the Medical sector, violations: Whistle-blowers play a crucial role in exposing
Mentor comment: On January 10, 2021, Rashida Bee, Nawab ethical violations in medical experimentation. Carl Elliott’s
Khan, Rachna Dhingra, and Nausheen Khan alleged ethical book, “The Occasional Human Sacrifice,” details various
violations in Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin trial at People’s Hospital, incidents of ethical violations in medical trials, highlighting
Bhopal. They cited informed consent breaches, enrollment of the courage required to speak out.
vulnerable groups, non-reporting of adverse events, and inad-
equate participant monitoring. They demanded intervention
to halt the study and independent investigation. The outcome Innovative therapies and ethics
of their letter remains undisclosed. • B
 alancing Risk and Benefit: Developing life-saving
medicines involves a delicate balance between the
potential risks to patients and the projected benefits of
Why in the news? the therapeutic candidate. This process requires specialised
In India, the primary safeguards intended to prevent medical knowledge and experience to make informed decisions,
ethics abuse are ineffective. which is often lacking, leading to ethical challenges.
• L ack of Expertise in Clinical Development: India has a
strong generic drug manufacturing industry but lacks
What is the Primary safeguards? deep expertise in developing innovative therapies. The
• P
 rimary safeguards are fundamental measures or systems management of clinical development is often overseen by
put in place to prevent unethical practices and ensure ethi- medical doctors who may not have specialized knowledge
cal standards are maintained. in drug development, leading to ethical violations and
• T hese safeguards are designed to protect individuals and inadequate oversight.
maintain integrity within processes, such as clinical trials. • E thical Violations in Pandemic Response: During the
• T hey typically include regulatory frameworks, oversight COVID-19 pandemic, there were examples of medical
committees, informed consent procedures, transparency ethics being compromised, such as unrealistic projections
requirements, and accountability mechanisms. of case numbers and the creation of terms like “emergency
use authorization in clinical trial mode” to justify prema-
ture decisions. These actions highlight the need for better
guardrails and ethical standards in managing the develop-

8 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

 ment and approval of new therapies. • C
 omparison with Western Systems: Even well-designed
and well-run systems in the West face challenges in
maintaining checks and balances on accountability. India’s
Indian Patients and Clinical Studies systems are far from achieving the same level of function
• V
 iolation of Informed Consent: There is a historic and and effectiveness, highlighting a significant gap in ethical
repeated violation of informed consent in India, with poor standards and accountability in clinical studies.
and uneducated patients being enrolled in clinical studies
without being fully informed of potential harm. Ensuring
informed consent falls under the responsibility of insti- Way forward:
tutional ethics committees, whose effectiveness is often • E
 nhancing Training and Oversight: Provide specialized
questionable. training for members of institutional ethics committees
• Ineffectiveness of Institutional Ethics Commit- to ensure they have the necessary knowledge and skills
tees: Despite existing on paper and in regulations, the to oversee clinical trials effectively. Regular audits and
functioning and effectiveness of institutional ethics monitoring should be conducted to assess the performance
committees in India are patchy. A study by Gayatri and adherence to ethical guidelines.
Saberwal et al. (2022) identified numerous issues, such • Independent Audits: Conduct independent audits
as clinical trials without ethics committees and trials with of clinical trial sites and ethics committees to ensure
more sites than functional ethics committees. compliance with ethical standards and regulatory
• A buse of Regulations by the Industry: A significant requirements. Establish clear consequences for non-
abuser of these regulations is a section of the industry compliance to deter unethical practices.
promoted by the Ministry of AYUSH, which conducts poorly • C lear Guidelines and Definitions: Define clear regulatory
designed and executed clinical studies with zero oversight. pathways and guidelines for clinical trials, including terms
These studies often aim to provide a veneer of scientific like “Restricted Use under Clinical Trial Mode.” This will
validity to various concoctions without proper ethical reduce ambiguity and ensure consistent application of
standards. ethical standards.

URBAN FLOODS

How urban expansion makes Delhi susceptible to flooding?

Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Trans- Principal Reasons Behind Chronic Urban Flooding
parency & Accountability, Citizens Charters in Delhi
Note4Students
• U
 nchecked Urban Expansion: Rapid, ill-planned urban
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
growth without considering natural topography and drain-
Prelims level : Reason behind the heavy rain
age patterns.
Mains level : Principal Reasons Behind Chronic Urban Flood-
• I nadequate Drainage Systems: Existing drainage systems
ing in Delhi
are unable to handle high-intensity rainfall, leading to
significant runoff.
Why in the news? • C oncrete Overdevelopment: Excessive construction on
Heavy rain brought Delhi and NCR to a standstill, causing low-lying areas and flood plains, leaving little room for
severe water-logging, traffic snarls, power cuts, property water absorption.
damage, and 11 deaths from structural collapses and electro- • D estruction of Water Bodies: Reduction of water bodies
cution. that could manage floodwaters, with many converted into
• C limate change and rising temperatures have intensified real estate.
the overflow of rivers and lakes, snowmelt, storm surges • N eglect of Water in Urban Planning: Lack of a compre-
(such as hurricanes and cyclones), and abnormally heavy hensive water masterplan that integrates water manage-
rains. This, coupled with locational vulnerabilities, has ment into urban development.
resulted in increased instances of urban flooding.

Present Scenario of Rapid Urbanization in Delhi NCR

• F astest Urban Expansion: Delhi is one of the fastest-grow-
ing cities globally, with its geographic size almost doubling
between 1991 and 2011.
• P
 opulation Growth: Predicted to overtake Tokyo as the
world’s most populous city by 2030, with an estimated
population of 39 million.
• U
 rban Sprawl: Expansion primarily on the peripheries,
converting rural areas into urban zones, and rapid urban-
ization in NCR cities like Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Noida, and
Gurugram.

www.civilsdaily.com 9
Challenges and Limitations water bodies to manage floodwaters effectively.
• T
 opographical Neglect: Building in low-lying areas and on • S ustainable Development: Implement policies to prevent
flood plains, disrupting natural drainage and increasing construction in low-lying and flood-prone areas.
flood risks. • Infrastructure Improvement: Enhance drainage systems,
• I nadequate Infrastructure: Insufficient desilting of drains, desilting processes, and solid waste management to reduce
inadequate stormwater management systems, and im- water logging.
proper solid waste management. • P
 ublic Awareness: Increase awareness about the im-
• L ack of a Water Masterplan: Absence of comprehensive portance of sustainable urban planning and the risks of
planning for clean and wastewater flows, leading to issues unchecked urbanization.
like the flooding of new infrastructures like the Pragati
Maidan Tunnel.
• R eduction of green space and water bodies: Conversion Case study: Copenhagen, Denmark has an excellent “Five
of green spaces and water bodies into concrete develop- Finger Plan” that integrates urban infrastructure, transport,
ments, further aggravating flood situations. and green spaces. The city emphasizes sustainability, public
life, and sensitive development. Indian Government can
• I nconsistent Urban Planning: No systematic approach to
consider this plane.
integrating natural water flows and gradients into urban
development plans.

Recommendations (Way Forward) Mains PYQ:

• Integrated Urban Planning: Develop a water masterplan Q Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India
that prioritizes water management in urban development. including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest
• P
 rotection of Water Bodies: Preserve and restore existing lasting remedial measures. (UPSC IAS/2020)

POLITY

[3rd July 2024] Great expectations, liberalism in dark times

op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency liberalism, which safeguards against authoritarianism and
& Accountability, Citizens Charters protects civil rights. Amid rising sectarianism, the fundamental
question persists: Who deserves basic rights? This issue
PYQ Relevance: underscores civil discrimination, racial politics, and xenophobia,
Mains: exacerbated by the rise of right-wing nationalism and global
Q. In the context of the neo-liberal paradigm of migration dynamics.
development planning, multi-level planning is expected
to make operations cost-effective and remove many Why in the News?
implementation blockages.” Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2019) There remains a glimmer of hope in the resilience of demo-
Q. ‘Whether National Commission for Scheduled Castes cratic forces, which can effectively counteract and uproot any
(NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional divisive political aberration when the time is ripe.
reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious
minority institutions? Examine.
(UPSC IAS/2018) What is Liberalism?
Note4Students: • L iberalism is a political and philosophical ideology that
Prelims: Definition of Liberalism; emphasizes individual rights, liberty, equality under the
Mains: Challenges to liberalism; law, and limited government intervention in personal and
Mentor comment: Politics, like philosophy, aims to reconcile economic affairs. It advocates for freedoms such as free-
diversity, where contradictions converge in a multicultural dom of speech, press, religion, and assembly, and supports
society. Understanding this harmony reflects an idealistic state democratic processes, rule of law, and protection of civil
that prioritizes coexistence and universal welfare. However, liberties. Liberalism typically promotes social progress
global democratic history reveals ongoing challenges to through tolerance, pluralism, and a commitment to human
rights and justice.

10 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

Electoral outcomes amidst global challenges.
• S hift in Public Opinion: There is a noticeable shift towards • N
 atural vs Civil Order: Drawing from Spinoza, the clash
conservative and right-wing ideologies, marked by senti- between natural self-interest and civil responsibility under-
ments such as climate scepticism, anti-migration views, and scores the necessity of societal order governed by law and
nationalism. This trend was reflected in recent elections morality to prevent chaos and uphold rights.
both in Europe and India. • H
 ope and Scepticism: The Indian electoral outcome re-
• V oter Response: Despite expectations favouring right- flects a dual sentiment of hope and scepticism, shaping the
wing outcomes, the electorate, particularly in India, was future direction of democracy and fostering philosophical
surprised with a strong rejection of what was perceived as introspection.
authoritarianism and communalism. This indicates a robust
defense of democratic values and fundamental rights.
Challenges to liberalism:
• I mpact on Minority Communities: The election results
• R
 ise of Right-Wing Sentiment: There is a global trend to-
have been seen as a reassurance to minority communities,
wards right-wing ideologies, marked by climate scepticism,
particularly Muslims, who felt marginalized and insecure
anti-migration sentiment, and nationalist fervour, posing
due to perceived policies of exclusion and communal
challenges to liberal values and policies.
tension.
• A
 uthoritarianism and Communalism: The resurgence of
• D emocratic Fortitude: The outcome is portrayed as a
authoritarianism and communal politics threatens demo-
reaffirmation of democracy’s strength in allowing for
cratic principles and societal harmony, particularly impact-
checks and balances against oppressive regimes and
ing marginalized communities like Muslims.
divisive politics.
• H
 ope and Despair: The electorate’s response reflects a
• H ope for Robust Opposition: There is optimism about
mix of hope and despair, with optimism placed in a robust
the emergence of a strong opposition capable of holding
opposition and democratic institutions to safeguard
the government accountable, promoting debate, and
fundamental rights and uphold civil society diversity.
safeguarding diverse civil society interests.
• B
 alancing Public and Private: The need for a nuanced
• C hallenges and Aspirations: The electorate expects
approach in reconciling private religious beliefs with public,
rational governance, justice, and responsiveness
politicized lifestyles without diminishing individual rights is
to marginalized groups’ issues such as poverty,
crucial for fostering a tolerant society.
unemployment, and hunger.
• E thical Governance: Emphasis is placed on governance
that respects human rights universally, avoiding Way forward:
discrimination or exclusion based on ethnicity, religion, or • P
 olicy Reforms: Implement inclusive policies that address
political affiliation. economic disparities, social inequalities, and regional
disparities effectively. This includes measures to tackle pov-
erty, unemployment, and hunger through targeted welfare
Verdict and the Advent of Hope programs.
• C
 hallenge to Democracy: The passage highlights a global
• S ocial Integration: Foster initiatives that promote social
erosion of democratic values, with right-wing governments
cohesion and integration across diverse communities.
accused of manipulating truth and resorting to oppressive
Encourage dialogue and understanding among different
tactics to maintain power.
cultural and religious groups to mitigate communal
• C
 all for Tempered Liberalism: There’s a plea for ruling dis- tensions.
pensations to embrace a more moderate form of liberalism,
• D emocratic Checks and Balances: Enhance the autonomy
abandoning illiberal practices that undermine democratic
and effectiveness of democratic institutions such as the
norms and freedoms.
judiciary, election commissions, and anti-corruption bodies.
• R
 ole of Opposition: Expectations are set on opposition Ensure they operate independently and transparently to
alliances to uphold principles of humility, pluralism, and uphold democratic principles.
modesty, providing a counterbalance to dominant political
• D ialogue and Consensus-Building: Foster inclusive de-
forces.
cision-making processes that involve stakeholders from
• P
 hilosophical Reflection: The outcome of elections diverse backgrounds. Encourage political parties to engage
prompts reflection on political astuteness and statesman- in constructive dialogue and seek consensus on key policy
ship, essential for navigating the trajectory of democracy issues.

www.civilsdaily.com 11
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

TERRORISM AND CHALLENGES RELATED TO IT

India achieves an ‘outstanding outcome’ in FATF mutual

evaluation 2023-24

Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilater- and organized crime.
al, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving • D
 igital Economy Transition: Effective measures have been
India implemented to transition from a cash-based to a digital
Note4Students economy, reducing ML/TF risks.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : • J AM Trinity Implementation: The JAM (Jan Dhan, Aad-
Prelims level : FATF, Mutual Evaluation; Grey and Black Lists haar, Mobile) Trinity, along with stringent cash transaction
regulations, has increased financial inclusion and digital
Why in the News? transactions, making them more traceable.
• India has achieved an outstanding outcome in the 2023-
24 Mutual Evaluation by the Financial Action Task Force About Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
(FATF). • F ATF was established in 1989 through the initiative of
o India is placed in the “regular follow-up” category, a the G7 nations.
distinction shared by only four other G-20 countries. • Its Secretariat is headquartered at the OECD headquarters
in Paris, France.
FATF Evaluation: • F ATF conducts 3 Plenary meetings during each of its
12-month rotating presidencies.
• A
 s of 2019, FATF consists of 37 member jurisdictions.
The reason behind India’s Achievements
• H
 igh Level of Compliance: The FATF stated that India
reached a high level of technical compliance with its re- India’s Engagement with FATF
quirements. • O
 bserver Status: India became an Observer at FATF in
• E ffective Regimes: India’s AML (anti-money launder- 2006, marking the beginning of its association with the
ing), CFT (countering the financing of terrorism), and CPF organization.
(counter-proliferation financing) regimes achieved good • F ull Membership: On June 25, 2010, India officially became
results. the 34th country to attain full membership in FATF, signify-
• International Cooperation: Notable achievements include ing its active participation and commitment to the organi-
international cooperation, access to basic and beneficial zation’s objectives.
ownership information, use of financial intelligence, and
depriving criminals of their assets. Understanding the Mutual Evaluation Process
• F ATF’s mutual evaluation assesses countries’ frameworks
Need Improvement against money laundering and terrorist financing, review-
• N
 on-Financial Sectors: The FATF noted that improvements ing compliance with its 40 recommendations and effec-
are needed to strengthen the supervision and implementa- tiveness, resulting in a report with strengths, weaknesses,
tion of preventive measures in some non-financial sectors. and improvement suggestions.
• P
 rosecution Delays: India needs to address delays in con-
cluding ML (money laundering) and TF (terrorist financing) FATF’s Evaluation of India
prosecutions. • C
 omprehensive Assessment: FATF’s evaluation of India
• N
 on-Profit Sector Risks: Ensure CFT measures prevent the encompasses various aspects, including the nation’s legal
non-profit sector from being abused for TF, including con- framework, regulatory system, law enforcement efforts,
ducting outreach to NPOs on their TF risks. and international collaboration.
• A
 lignment with Global Standards: Central agencies in In-
Mitigation Efforts taken dia have been actively working to ensure that the country’s
anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing
• M
 itigating ML/TF Risks: FATF recognized India’s efforts in
laws align with international standards and that their prac-
mitigating risks from ML/TF, including corruption, fraud,
tical implementation is effective.

12 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

Back2Basics: FATF Grey and Black List their AML/CTF regimes and have not made sufficient progress
in addressing these issues. These jurisdictions are subject to
FATF maintains two primary lists to identify countries with de- a call for action to protect the international financial system
ficiencies in their anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist from the risks emanating from these countries.
financing (AML/CTF) regimes: the Grey List and the Black List.

Impact:
Grey List (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring): • C
 ountries on the Black List face severe economic and
It includes countries that have strategic deficiencies in their financial consequences. They are subject to enhanced due
AML/CTF regimes but have committed to resolving these diligence and, in the most serious cases, counter-measures
issues swiftly within agreed timeframes. These jurisdictions by FATF member states.
are subject to increased monitoring by the FATF. Ex. Turkey, • T
 his listing can result in limited access to the international
Panama etc. (Pakistan and UAE have exited this list.) financial system such as IMF, World Bank; reduced foreign
investment, and increased difficulty in conducting interna-
tional business.
Impact:
• C
 ountries on the Grey List are required to work closely with Current Black List Countries:
the FATF to address the identified deficiencies.
• N
 orth Korea
• B eing on the Grey List can lead to economic repercussions • I ran
such as reduced foreign investment and increased scrutiny • M yanmar (Burma) (added in February 2023)
from financial institutions and regulators globally.
• T he FATF regularly reviews the progress of these countries
and updates the list accordingly. PYQ:
[2021] Discuss how emerging technologies and
globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate
Black List (High-Risk Jurisdictions subject to a measures to tackle the problem of money laundering
Call for Action): both at national and international levels.
It includes countries with significant strategic deficiencies in

FOREIGN POLICY WATCH: INDIA-CHINA

China’s ‘Five Principles’ of Foreign Policy

Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Region,” was signed on April 29, 1954. It was intended to
Neighborhood - Relations enhance trade and cooperation, establishing trade centers
Note4Students and pilgrimage routes while recognizing Tibet as part of
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : China.
Prelims level : Panchsheel policy • P
 rinciples: The five guiding principles laid out in the agree-
ment were mutual respect for territorial integrity and sov-
ereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference,
Why in the News? equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
China is set to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Five
• B
 andung Conference: The Five Principles featured prom-
Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, a foreign policy concept
inently in the 1955 Bandung Conference in Indonesia,
initially outlined in a 1954 agreement with India, with special
which included 29 Asian and African countries. The prin-
events scheduled for Friday, June 28th.
ciples were co-opted into a 10-point declaration and later
became central to the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
How it started?
• H
 istorical Context: India attained independence from Present Scenario:
British rule in 1947, and the People’s Republic of China was
• A
 fter the India-China War of 1962: The principles of
established in 1949 after a civil war victory by the Chinese
Panchsheel were severely undermined by the Sino-Indian
communists. Nehru aimed to establish good relations with
War in 1962, leading to criticism of Nehru for misjudging
China based on trust and mutual respect, a sentiment
Chinese intentions.
reciprocated by China initially.
• C
 hina’s Foreign Policy Shift: Over the past three decades,
• O
 rigins and Proposal: The Five Principles of Peaceful Co-
especially under President Xi Jinping, China has adopted
existence, known as Panchsheel in India, were proposed by
a more aggressive foreign policy. This includes territorial
Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai during bilateral talks with India
claims in the South China Sea and hostile situations with
over Tibet in 1954. This initiative was favored by Indian
neighbouring countries.
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
• C
 hina’s Relations with the U.S: China’s relationship with
• P
 anchsheel Agreement: The agreement, formally titled
the United States has been marked by hostility, charac-
“The Agreement on Trade and Intercourse with Tibet
terized by trade and diplomatic challenges to American

www.civilsdaily.com 13
 dominance globally. • S trengthen Regional Alliances: Enhancing partnerships
• India-China Relations Today: Since 2020, Indian and with other countries in the region and beyond can pro-
Chinese forces have been in a standoff along the Line of vide India with strategic leverage. Strengthening alliances
Actual Control (LAC) in Ladakh, with repeated but unsuc- through economic cooperation, military partnerships, and
cessful attempts to resolve the conflict. cultural exchanges can help counterbalance China’s influ-
• C
 ommemoration of 5 Principles by China: Despite the ence and foster stability in the region.
current strained relations, China commemorates the 70th • F ocus on Economic and Technological Development: In-
anniversary of the Five Principles with a forward-looking vesting in economic growth and technological advance-
theme, emphasizing building a community with a shared ment can bolster India’s position on the global stage. De-
future for mankind. veloping robust infrastructure, promoting innovation and
entrepreneurship, and advancing sustainable development
goals can strengthen India’s resilience and competitiveness
Way forward: (What can India do?) in the face of geopolitical challenges.
• E
 ngage in Diplomatic Dialogue: Despite historical ten-
sions, maintaining open lines of diplomatic communication Mains PYQ:
with China is crucial. India can continue efforts to engage Q China is using its economic relations and positive trade
in dialogue at multiple levels to manage and resolve bilat- surplus as tools to develop potential military power status
eral disputes, including the ongoing situation along the in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on
Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Ladakh. India as her neighbor. (UPSC IAS/2017)

FOREIGN POLICY WATCH: INDIA-SOUTH KOREA

India seeks Tariff Elimination on key items in CEPA Talks

with South Korea

Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilater- • T

 rade in Goods: Reduction/elim-
al, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving ination of tariffs and non-tariff
India barriers.
Note4Students • T rade in Services: Liberalization of
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : service sectors.
Prelims level : Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agree- • I nvestment: Protection and promo-
ment (CEPA) tion of investments.
Mains level : India’s trade deficit Key Components
• I ntellectual Property Rights (IPR):
Strengthening protection of IPR.
Why in the News? • E conomic Cooperation: Collabo-
• India wants, South Korea to eliminate tariffs on items such ration on economic and technical
as varieties of meat, milk, fruits, fish, stones, yarn, and aspects.
petroleum products. • D ispute Resolution: Mechanisms
o These items were previously exempted or protected for resolving disputes.
against steep cuts in the India-Korea Comprehensive • E nhance bilateral trade.
Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA). • P
 romote investment.
Objectives • F
 oster economic integration.
• E
 ncourage innovation and econom-
What is CEPA? ic growth.
• India-Japan CEPA: Signed in 2011,
A CEPA is a broad trade agreement focuses on tariff reduction, service
that encompasses trade in goods and trade liberalization, and investment
Definition promotion.
services, investments, intellectual prop-
erty rights, and economic cooperation. • India-Mauritius CECPA: Effective
Examples
from April 2021, includes provisions
on trade in goods, services, and
investment.
• India-UAE CEPA: Entered into force
on May 1, 2022

14 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

 • E
 conomic Growth: Provides new pests, and contaminants.
markets for Indian goods and • T hese measures are primarily focused on ensuring the
services. safety of food products and preventing the spread of
• J ob Creation: Increased trade and diseases and pests across borders.
Significance for investment can create jobs. • S PS measures must be based on scientific evidence and
India • T echnological Advancements: Ac- risk assessments to ensure they are appropriate and
cess to new technologies and best effective.
practices. • E xamples: quarantine requirements for imported plants
• S trategic Partnerships: Strengthens and animals, limits on pesticide residues in food, and
economic and strategic ties. import bans from regions affected by specific diseases.

• Implementation Issues: Requires

robust legal and institutional Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT):
frameworks. • T BT are regulations and standards related to product safe-
• D
 omestic Industry Impact: Con- ty, quality, and environmental impact.
Challenges
cerns about increased competition. • T hey aim to protect human health and safety, animal
• R
 egulatory Harmonization: Differ- and plant life, the environment, and to prevent deceptive
ences in regulatory standards can practices.
pose challenges. • T hese measures should not create unnecessary obsta-
cles to international trade and must be transparent and
non-discriminatory.
India-South Korea CEPA: A quick recap • E xamples: Labeling requirements for food products, safety
• T he India-South Korea CEPA was signed in August standards for electrical appliances, and environmental
2009 and implemented in January 2010.
regulations for vehicle emissions.
• It covers trade in goods, investments, services, and bilateral
cooperation.
• T
 ariff Concessions: Major Issue: Trade Deficit Concerns
o India offered tariff elimination or concessions on 83.8% • T
 rade Deficit Focus: Reducing the trade deficit with South
of tariff lines from South Korea. Korea is a key discussion point for India.
o While South Korea offered concessions on 93.2% of o Before CEPA (2007-09), India’s average exports to
tariff lines. South Korea were $3.4 billion, with imports at $7.3
billion, leading to an average trade deficit of $4 billion.
• T
 rade Statistics: In 2023-24, India’s imports from South
Upcoming Negotiations Korea were $21.13 billion, while exports were only $6.41
• T
 rade Deficit Focus: Narrowing the trade deficit with South billion.
Korea is high on India’s agenda. • P
 ost-CEPA Data: After CEPA (2022-24), average exports in-
• S takeholder Involvement: Indian industry stakeholders creased to $7.1 billion, and imports surged to $19.9 billion,
have been provided with a draft request list and asked to resulting in an average trade deficit of $12.8 billion.
suggest more items for tariff cuts or propose deletions if • G
 TRI Analysis: The Global Trade and Research Initiative
needed. (GTRI) report indicates a 220% increase in the trade deficit
• S tandards and Technical Barriers: The Department of from the pre-CEPA period to the post-CEPA period.
Commerce has requested the industry to share issues relat-
ed to SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) and TBT (Technical
Barriers to Trade) standards faced while exporting to South PYQ:
Korea. [2015] The terms ‘Agreement on Agriculture’,
‘Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Measures’ and Peace Clause’ appear in the
Back2Basics: news frequently in the context of the affairs of the:
(a) Food and Agriculture Organization
(b) United Nations Framework Conference on Climate
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures: Change
• S PS measures are protocols implemented by countries to (c) World Trade Organization
protect human, animal, and plant life from diseases, (d) United Nations Environment Programme

FOREIGN POLICY WATCH: INDIA-FRANCE

France: India’s steady partner in green growth

Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Note4Students

Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
India Prelims level : Bordering countries of France

www.civilsdaily.com 15
Mains level : How France is India’s steadfast partner in achiev- on climate change mitigation and adaptation.
ing its sustainability goals? • S trategic Focus Areas: Cooperation spans key sectors like
energy transition, sustainable urban development, biodi-
versity conservation, resilience of territories, and reduction
Why in the news? of inequalities. These efforts contribute directly to India’s
On July 14, 2023, in Paris, President Emmanuel Macron and sustainable development agenda.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi elevated the ‘Partnership for
• P roject Implementation: AFD’s involvement in projects
the Planet’ to one of the three central pillars of the In-
such as metro systems in Pune and Nagpur, forest conser-
do-French Horizon 2047 Roadmap.
vation in Rajasthan, and urban water management across
20 cities demonstrates tangible contributions to India’s
environmental and social sustainability.
Indo-French Horizon 2047 Roadmap are: • P artnership in Innovation: Collaborative initiatives un-
• S trategic Partnership: Enhancing defense, security, and derpinning innovation, including the Indo-French Year of
geopolitical ties. Innovation in 2026, aimed at fostering solutions that inte-
• E
 conomic Partnership: Promoting trade, investments, grate social inclusion with environmental sustainability.
and sustainable development. • Indo-Pacific Engagement: Strengthening bilateral ties with
• P
 artnership for the Planet: Focusing on environmental an Indo-Pacific dimension, focusing on initiatives like the
sustainability and green technologies. Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership and joint funds for scaling up
green technologies, showcasing France’s commitment to
regional sustainability efforts.
India- France Bilateral Ties
• S trategic Partnership: India and France established a
strategic partnership in 1998, which covers cooperation in Private sector-led projects
defense, civil nuclear energy, space, and security. This part- • Investment in Agriculture: Proparco’s €11.2 million invest-
nership is considered a cornerstone of their bilateral ties. ment in Sahyadri, supports farmer-led initiatives to reduce
•  igh-Level Exchanges: There have been frequent high-lev-
H farm losses, pesticide and fertilizer use, and enhance yields
el exchanges between the leaders of both countries, and produce quality.
including state visits and participation in each other’s • H ealthcare Investments: Proparco’s €33 million equity in-
national events like the Republic Day parade. This demon- vestment in Quadria, aimed at improving access to afford-
strates the close political ties. able quality healthcare in underserved regions of India and
•  efense Cooperation: Defense is a major pillar of the
D Southeast Asia.
India-France partnership. The two countries conduct joint • Innovation and Sustainability: Emphasis on innovative
military exercises, collaborate on defense equipment solutions blending social inclusion with sustainability, such
manufacturing, and have an “intelligence and information as through the Indo-French Year of Innovation in 2026 and
exchange” mechanism. joint efforts to scale up green technologies in the Indo-Pa-
•  pace Cooperation: India and France have robust space co-
S cific region.
operation, including co-development and launch of satel-
lites, research on new launch technologies, and connecting
startups. They recently launched a Strategic Space Dialogue Way forward:
to guide their space partnership. • S trengthen bilateral agreements to facilitate smoother
•  onvergence on Indo-Pacific: Both countries share con-
C cooperation and ensure compliance with international
cerns over China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. sustainability standards.
They have agreed to intensify cooperation in the strate- • F oster deeper public-private partnerships to leverage
gically important Southwest Indian Ocean and work with expertise, funding, and innovation for sustainable develop-
other like-minded countries to address regional security ment projects.
challenges. • P romote continuous high-level dialogues and joint ini-
tiatives to address global challenges, enhance regional
security, and drive economic growth and environmental
How France is India’s steadfast partner to achieve sustainability.
its sustainability goals?
• F inancial Support: France, through the French Develop- Mains PYQ:
ment Agency (AFD) and Proparco, has committed substan- Q What were the events that led to the Suez Crisis in 1956?
tial financial resources to India. This includes over €4 billion How did it deal a final blow to Britain’s self-image as a
since 2008 for nearly 100 projects, with a significant focus world power? (UPSC IAS/2014)

FOREIGN POLICY WATCH: INDIA-FRANCE

An overview of the French elections

Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, India

Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving Note4Students

16 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : How are the two rounds of elections conducted in
Prelims level : Election of French President France?
Mains level : Impact of French on India
• F irst Phase: Equivalent to a qualifying round where candi-
dates need at least 12.5% of locally registered votes.Candi-
Why in the news? dates who get more than half the votes win outright.
On June 30, during the first phase of the French elections • S econd Phase: Candidates meeting the qualifying cri-
called after President Emmanuel Macron unexpectedly teria move to the second round. Common practice of
dissolved parliament, the far-right National Rally (RN) and its ‘horse-trading’ where parties form alliances to avoid split-
allies emerged as frontrunners with a 33% vote share. ting votes.
• O verall Structure:577 seats in the French parliament. A
party needs 289 seats for an absolute majority.
Why did French President Emmanuel Macron decide
to dissolve parliament and call for snap elections?
• S trategic Decision: Macron dissolved parliament three Why have left-wing parties also formed a bloc?
years early to seek a clear majority for governance. His • R
 epublican Front Strategy: Centrist and left-wing parties
centrist bloc suffered a major defeat in the European team up to prevent right-wing parties from gaining power.
Parliament elections against the RN. The decision aimed to Formation of the New Popular Front is a reference to the
consolidate votes against the rising far-right influence. 1936 alliance against far-right rioters.
• L ow Approval Ratings: Macron’s approval ratings plum- • E lectoral Tactics: Over 200 candidates from centre and left
meted to 36%. The snap election was seen as a gamble to alliances have dropped out to consolidate votes against
prevent the RN from gaining more power. the RN. Aimed at countering the RN’s rise and preventing
fragmentation of the anti-RN vote.
• C hallenges and Unity: Presence of controversial leftist
How did the far-right National Rally become so figures like Jean-Luc Mélenchon has made the unity fragile.
popular? Despite internal differences, the bloc aims to present a
• R
 ebranding and Policy Changes: Under Marine Le Pen, united front against the far-right surge.
the RN rebranded from the National Front (FN). The party Conclusion: The rise of the far-right National Rally in France
softened its stance on extreme policies, like leaving the EU. may lead to stricter immigration policies, affecting Indian
• R
 esponse to Societal Issues: Capitalized on fears of cul- students, workers, and diaspora. Economic relations could
tural clashes, cost-of-living crises, and dissatisfaction with face uncertainties, impacting trade and bilateral cooperation.
Macron’s policies. Opposed immigration and advocated for So,India’s diplomatic strategies may need adjustments to navi-
‘national priority’ policies favoring French citizens in social gate the changing political landscape in France.
services.
• P
 olitical Strategy: Increased its presence in provincial Mains PYQ:
towns and among blue-collar workers. Rose from 7 seats Q Critically examine the procedures through which
to 89 in the French parliament in 2022, aiming for 240-300 the Presidents of India and France are elected. (UPSC
seats now. IAS/2022)

FOREIGN POLICY WATCH: INDIA-SCO

EAM Jaishankar attends SCO Summit

Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilater- About Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
al, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving
India
Note4Students • Established in 2001 by China and
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : Russia, the SCO is a Eurasian political,
Prelims level : SCO and its expansion economic, and security organization.
Introduction • It spans about 80% of Eurasia and
encompasses 40% of the world’s pop-
Why in the News? ulation, with a GDP of around 20% of
External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar addressed the Shang- global GDP as of 2021.
hai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit in Kazakhstan’s
capital Astana on behalf of Prime Minister Modi. • Successor to the Shanghai Five,
formed in 1996 by China, Kazakhstan,
Origins Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan.
• It evolved into the SCO in 2001 with
the inclusion of Uzbekistan.

www.civilsdaily.com 17
 • India and Pakistan joined in June engagement with Central Asian nations and major regional
2017, followed by Iran in July 2023, powers like China and Russia on shared security challenges.
Expansion and Belarus in July 2024. • C
 hina-Russia Dynamics: SCO serves as a platform for China
• Several other countries participate as and Russia to assert influence and counter Western domi-
observers and dialogue partners. nance in international forums.
• B
 elt and Road Initiative (BRI) Dispute: India’s stance
• Governed by the Heads of State Coun- against endorsing BRI projects through SCO reflects its con-
cil (HSC), the supreme decision-making
cerns over sovereignty, particularly regarding CPEC passing
body that meets annually.
Governance through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
• Includes the Regional Anti-Terrorist
Structure (RATS) as a key component
for security coordination.
• Heads of State Council: Supreme
decision-making body.
• Heads of Government Coun-
cil: Discusses multilateral cooperation
Key Structures and approves budgets.
• Council of Foreign Ministers: Regular
meetings on international affairs.
• Council of National Coordina-
tors: Coordinates multilateral efforts.
• Headquartered in Beijing, China, the
Secretariat executes organizational
Secretariat decisions, drafts documents, and pro-
motes SCO activities.
• Secretary-General serves a 3-year term.
• Based in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, RATS
fosters cooperation against terrorism,
RATS Executive
separatism, and extremism.
Committee
• The director serves a three-year term
overseeing these efforts.
Official Lan- Chinese and Russian are the SCO’s official
guages languages.
• Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in
Border Regions (1996)
About Kazakhstan
• K
 azakhstan is the world’s largest landlocked country and
Key Agree- • Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces
the ninth-largest country by land area, spanning an area
ments in Border Regions (1997)
of 2.7 million square kilometres.
• Declaration on a “multipolar world”
• It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east,
(1997)
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to the south,
• Annual summits and meetings across and the Caspian Sea to the southwest
member states;
Major Activi- • Initiatives in transportation, energy,
ties and telecommunications; PYQ:
• Regular gatherings of security, defence, [2022] Consider the following:
economic, and cultural officials. 1. A sian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2. M issile Technology Control Regime
Established partnerships with various 3. S hanghai Cooperation Organisation
global bodies including the UN, ASEAN, India is a member of which of the above?
International
CIS, CSTO, ECO, and CICA, reflecting its (a) 1 and 2 only
Relations
broad engagement in regional and inter- (b) 3 only
national affairs. (c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Strategic Significance of SCO for India [2021] Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO.
What importance does it hold for India?
• O
 pen-door for bilateral: Membership facilitates India’s

18 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

TRADE SECTOR UPDATES – FALLING EXPORTS, TIES, MEIS, FOREIGN TRADE POLICY, ETC.

What a Labour election win could mean for India-UK Free

Trade Agreement (FTA)?

Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral,

Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India-UK Relation:
India • S trong historical ties: India and the UK share deep
Note4Students historical and cultural connections dating back to the
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : colonial era. The UK has a large Indian diaspora of over
Prelims level : Geographical features of UK 1.5 million people.
Mains level : India UK Relation •  trategic partnership: In 2004, India and the UK upgrad-
S
ed their relationship to a Strategic Partnership. This was
further strengthened by the ‘2030 Roadmap for India-UK
Why in the news? Future Relations’ agreed in 2021, which outlined co-
New Delhi and London have been engaged in negotiations operation across 5 pillars- people-to-people ties, trade,
for over two years to discuss a proposed free trade agreement defence and security, climate change, and health.
(FTA) aimed at enhancing bilateral trade between the two •  rowing trade and investment: The UK is one of India’s
G
nations. major trading partners. Bilateral trade reached £38.1bn
in the year to Q3 2023, making India the UK’s 12th larg-
est trading partner. India is the 3rd largest foreign inves-
What does the agreement could result? tor in the UK. Both countries are negotiating an India-UK
• M
 utual Tariff Reductions: Both countries may agree to Free Trade Agreement to further boost economic ties.
lower tariffs on a wide range of goods, including auto-
•  ooperation in new frontiers: India and the UK are col-
C
mobiles, textiles, alcoholic beverages, and medical instru-
laborating in emerging areas like fintech, green finance,
ments, facilitating increased trade flows.
cyber security, and critical technologies. They plan to
• M
 arket Access: Improved market access could benefit hold the first Strategic Tech Dialogue to deepen coopera-
industries in both countries, particularly India’s IT and tion in areas like semiconductors, 5G, and AI.
services sectors, which are seeking expanded opportunities
•  hared global outlook: India and the UK have con-
S
in the UK market.
vergent views on many global issues and support a
• E
 conomic Growth: The FTA aims to stimulate economic rules-based international order. The UK supports India’s
growth by promoting trade and investment, potentially permanent membership of the UN Security Council.
boosting employment and productivity in relevant sectors. They also cooperate closely on maritime security in the
• P
 olitical Relations: Strengthening economic ties could lead Indo-Pacific
to closer political cooperation between India and the UK,
influencing bilateral relations on international platforms.
Way forward:
• A
 ddressing Key Negotiation Points: Focus on resolving
Impact on Global Geopolitics and Indian Scenario critical issues such as tariff reductions, market access for
• G
 lobal Trade Alliances: Strengthening economic ties IT and services sectors, and alignment on environmental
between India and the UK could enhance their geopolitical standards to expedite FTA conclusion.
influence, potentially shaping global trade alliances and
• E
 nhancing Strategic Partnerships: Strengthen bilateral
partnerships in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond.
economic and political cooperation through sustained
• D iversification of Trade Partnerships: For India, the FTA dialogue and proactive engagement, aiming to maximize
represents a strategic move to diversify its trade partner- mutual benefits and ensure the long-term sustainability of
ships beyond traditional allies, thereby reducing depen- the FTA.
dency and enhancing economic resilience.
• I mprove Bilateral Relations: Improved economic cooper-
ation could foster closer political relations between India
Mains PYQ:
Q The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be
and the UK, influencing diplomatic engagements and
converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight
collaboration on global issues such as climate change and
the key points of convergence and divergence between
security.
the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (UPSC
• R egional Economic Impact: The agreement may spur eco- IAS/2020)
nomic growth in India, particularly benefiting sectors like IT
and services, while also contributing to the UK’s post-Brexit
economic strategy and trade diversification efforts.
• I nfluence the Environmental and Regulatory Stan-
dards: Negotiations over environmental standards, includ-
ing India’s concerns over carbon taxes and the UK’s climate
goals, highlight the FTA’s potential to influence global
environmental policies and regulatory frameworks.

www.civilsdaily.com 19
INDIAN SOCIETY

DIGITAL INDIA INITIATIVES

[5th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Computer literacy in India

needs a reboot

| Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Social Empowerment paign of 2015;

Mains: Social Issues and Justice; Education; Population; Literacy
Rate;
PYQ Relevance: Mentors Comment: Digital literacy is essential for full partici-
pation in India’s rapidly digitizing society and economy. As crit-
Mains: ical services like banking, healthcare, and government services
Q) National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with have become increasingly digitized, the ability to effectively
the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends use computers and technology is crucial for accessing these
to restructure and reorient education system in India. essential services and enhancing quality of life. The COVID-19
Critically examine the statement. (UPSC CSE 2020) pandemic further highlighted the importance of digital skills,
Q) “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only from online education to managing financial and medical
theoretical unless our manpower becomes more needs remotely. However, India’s computer literacy rate stands
educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures at just 24.7%, with wide disparities between urban and rural
have been taken by the government to enhance the areas as well as across age groups and socioeconomic status.
capacity of our population to be more productive and Unless serious efforts are made to universalize digital literacy,
employable? (UPSC CSE 2016) a significant portion of the population, especially in rural and
marginalized communities, will face exclusion from the digital
Prelims: economy and public services.

Q) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2018)

1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible Why in the News?
for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-
be required to possess the minimum qualification 5) and National Statistical Office, India still has lower levels of
laid down by the concerned State Council of Teacher literacy than many other nations, though.
Education. • T he literacy rate is 77.70%, with literate males at 84.70%
2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a and literate females at 70.30%,
candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test
conducted in accordance with the National Council of
Teacher Education guidelines. Context:
3. In India, more than 90% of teacher -5 education • T he latest NSS survey shows computer literacy in India
institutions are directly under the State Governments. stands at only 24.7% among individuals aged 15 and
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? above, with rural areas lagging behind at 18.1%. This
(a) 1 and 2 digital divide puts a significant portion of the population at
(b) 2 only risk of exclusion from digital public services.
(c) 1 and 3 • T he COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of
(d) 3 only computer and internet access for everyday tasks.
• U nless serious measures are taken to universalize digital
literacy, rural India’s population, which is nearly 70%, will
Note4Students: face significant disadvantages in accessing critical services.
Prelims: National Education Policy 2020; Digital India Cam-

20 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

 Initiatives taken up by government:
o Economically disadvantaged states like Assam, Bihar,
Madhya Pradesh have very low rates (under 30%).
Prosperous states like Kerala have much higher rates
Digital India campaign in 2015:
(72.7%)
The Digital India campaign launched by the Indian
government in 2015 has had a mixed impact on o Bridging the digital divide requires sustained efforts by
computer literacy rates in the country. government, private sector and civil society.
The campaign aimed to transform India into a digitally
empowered society and improve digital infrastructure Understanding the Causes:
and services.
• L ack of infrastructure and qualified teachers in schools/
colleges for adequate computer training limits job
National Education Policy (2020):
prospects and employment opportunities. It creates a
digital divide and skill gap in the job market.
The NEP 2020 lays emphasis on the use of technology to
provide high-quality education to students, irrespective • G aps in access and quality of computer education in the
of their geographical location. formal education system leads to social isolation and
Digital education will be an integral part of the financial exclusion from online services.
curriculum, with a focus on developing digital literacy, • L ack of motivation and access to learning resources
critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. among older age groups restricts access to information and
resources in the digital age.

Present Scenario: Progress of Digital India campaign

and present literacy rates in India: Way Forward: There are some focus areas where
The Digital India campaign launched by the Indian government we can concentrate:
in 2015 has had a mixed impact on computer literacy rates in • F or School level: School education should ensure that all
the country: graduating students possess computer literacy skills, as
• L imited Success: The latest National Sample Survey (NSS) this is crucial to bridge the digital divide. The government
data shows that computer literacy in India remains low at should allocate resources towards the training of computer
just 24.7% among individuals aged 15 and above . personnel and ensure sufficient staffing levels.
o While this represents an increase from 18.4% in 2017- • F or Old-aged people: For the older population outside
18, the figures still highlight a significant digital divide. the formal education system, targeted programmes are
o In rural areas, computer literacy stands at only 18.1%, essential.
compared to 39.6% in urban areas. o These should involve various institutions, includ-
o Nearly 70% living in rural areas, remain excluded from ing local governing bodies such as panchayats and
accessing digital services and public amenities. non-governmental organisations, to effectively reach
• C ohort Effect: and empower older individuals with computer literacy
skills.
o Computer literacy peaks at 45.9% among 20-24 year
olds, but drops to just 4.4% for 65-69 year olds. • Q uality Control and Monitoring: The government should
also conduct a thorough review of such computer literacy
o Even among younger working-age cohorts (20-39
and develop strategies to achieve higher literacy and
years), computer literacy is only 34.8% on average.
reduce disparities in the coming years.
• V ariations in computer literacy across Indian states:

LGBT RIGHTS – TRANSGENDER BILL, SEC. 377, ETC.

At the end of Pride Month, assessing the LGBTQIA+

communities’ rights

Explained | Indian Society | Mains Paper 2: Laws, Institutions & Why in the news?
Bodies Constituted For The Vulnerable Sections Every June, Pride Month is celebrated globally to honour the
Note4Students contributions of LGBTQIA+ community members and to pro-
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : mote love, diversity, and acceptance.
Mains level : Varying rights and status of LGBTQIA+ communi- Varying rights and status of LGBTQIA+ communities across
ties across the world the world:

www.civilsdaily.com 21
 Indian Scenario
• D
 ecriminalization of Homosexuality: In 2018, the Su-
preme Court of India partially struck down Section 377
of the Indian Penal Code, decriminalizing homosexuality.
Same-sex couples have the right to cohabitation but not to
legal marriage or unions.
• D iscrimination and Harassment: Queer individuals in
India still face significant discrimination, harassment, and
exclusion.
• L egal Protections for Transgender and Intersex Individ-
uals: The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act,
2019, prohibits unfair treatment in employment, edu-
cation, healthcare, public facilities, and residence. Legal
recourse is available for discrimination based on gender
identity but not sexual orientation.
• A doption Rights: Same-sex couples cannot be recognized
as co-parents to an adopted child. Single prospective
adoptive parents, regardless of marital status, are allowed
to adopt under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
Children) Act, 2015.

• L egalization and Criminalization of Same-Sex Acts: The Way forward:

legal status of same-sex acts varies significantly while 37 • E
 xpand Legal Recognition: Countries should work towards
countries have fully legalized same-sex marriage, 59 coun- fully recognizing same-sex marriages and providing com-
tries still penalize any expression of queerness, with severe prehensive legal protections against discrimination based
punishments in some regions. on sexual orientation and gender identity.
•  arriage Rights: Same-sex marriage is legal in 37 coun-
M • E
 ducation and Awareness: Implement nationwide educa-
tries, banned in 79 countries, and in some places, same-sex tional programs to raise awareness about LGBTQIA+ issues,
couples can only opt for civil unions, leaving their status combat stereotypes, and promote understanding and ac-
partially recognized. ceptance. This can involve incorporating LGBTQIA+ history
•  mployee Protections: Legal protections for queer em-
E and rights into school curriculums and conducting public
ployees are inconsistent. While 27 countries offer legal aid awareness campaigns.
based on sexual orientation, 90 countries lack any legal • E
 conomic Opportunities: Ensure equal opportunities
protections for queer employees. India and three other in the workplace by promoting diversity and inclusion
countries provide legal aid based on gender identity, in- policies, providing sensitivity training for employers, and
cluding transgender persons. supporting LGBTQIA+ entrepreneurs. Governments and
•  doption Rights: Adoption rights for same-sex couples
A organizations can offer grants, mentorship programs, and
also vary. In 39 countries, same-sex parents can adopt chil- other resources to empower LGBTQIA+ individuals eco-
dren, while 45 countries ban this practice. In 100 countries, nomically.
single parents can adopt under certain conditions, similar
to India’s laws.
•  ocial and Legal Challenges: Despite legal advancements
S
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Women’s movement in India has not addressed the
in some areas, LGBTQIA+ individuals globally continue to
issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your
face significant social and legal challenges, including dis-
view. (UPSC 2018)
crimination, harassment, and exclusion, with varying levels
of legal aid and recognition depending on the country.

POVERTY ERADICATION – DEFINITION, DEBATES, ETC.

Education ‘remains the most effective contraceptive

Explained | Indian Society | Mains Paper 2: Poverty & Hunger Why in the news?
Note4Students India’s current population of 1.4 billion is projected to peak
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : at 1.7 billion by 2064, then stabilize at 1.53 billion by 2100, as
Prelims level : Observation by National Family Health Surveys fertility rates decline below replacement level.
(NFHS)
Mains level : Challenges faced by deprived section of the
society What does the United Nations speak on Indian
demographics?
• India overtook China as the world’s most populous country.

22 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

 UN estimates project India’s population to peak at 1.7 bil- served areas.
lion around 2064, then settle at 1.53 billion by 2100. • R
 eforming Legal Frameworks: Reform laws and policies
• P
 opulation growth is slowing, with the total fertility rate related to reproductive rights and access to safe abortion
dipping below the replacement level of 2.1. services to ensure women have autonomy over their repro-
ductive decisions and can access safe and legal abortion
services without unnecessary restrictions.
What do the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS)
observed recently?
• A
 ssociation with Education: There is a significant correla- Steps taken by the government related to health:
tion between levels of education and unmet needs for fam- • A
 yushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
ily planning among married women in India, highlighting (AB PM-JAY): This scheme aims to provide health cover-
the importance of education in addressing reproductive age to over 500 million people, offering a cover of Rs. 5
health issues. lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care
• H
 igh Demand for Family Planning: There remains a hospitalization. Over 4.68 crore cards have been issued
notable demand for family planning services, particularly under the scheme.
among young women aged 15-24, indicating ongoing • C
 omprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) through
challenges in meeting reproductive health needs effectively Ayushman Bharat-Health and Wellness Centres
across different age groups. (HWCs): Launched in February 2018, this initiative aims
to provide an expanded range of services closer to the
Challenges faced by a deprived section of society community, including care for non-communicable dis-
eases, palliative and rehabilitative care, oral, eye and ENT
• L imited Access to Family Planning Services: Women
care, and mental health services.
from disadvantaged backgrounds often face barriers in
accessing contraceptives and family planning services due • P
 radhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMS-
to social norms, lack of education, and cultural taboos SY): This scheme, launched in 2003, aims to correct
surrounding contraception. regional imbalances in the availability of affordable/
reliable tertiary healthcare services and also to augment
• T eenage Pregnancies and Early Marriages: High rates
facilities for quality medical education in the country. Un-
of teenage pregnancies and early marriages contribute
der this, new AIIMS are being set up and existing medical
to health risks for young women, exacerbated by limited
colleges are being upgraded
awareness about sexual and reproductive health rights and
options.
• S ocial Stigma and Cultural Norms: Deep-rooted societal Way forward:
attitudes and stigmas surrounding sexual activity, con- • Integrated Approach to Education and Healthcare: Imple-
traception, and abortion hinder open discussions and ment integrated programs that combine comprehensive
access to comprehensive sexual education and healthcare sex education in schools with improved access to health-
services, particularly for unmarried individuals. care services, ensuring young people are empowered with
knowledge and resources for reproductive health.
What can India do to improve social conditions? • C
 ommunity Engagement and Advocacy: Foster communi-
ty dialogues and advocacy campaigns to challenge cultural
• E
 nhancing Education and Awareness: Increase access to
norms and stigma around reproductive health, promoting
comprehensive sex education in schools and communities
open discussions and awareness-building initiatives across
to empower young people with knowledge about contra-
all demographics.
ception, family planning, and reproductive health rights.
• A
 ddressing Cultural Norms and Stigma: Challenge socie-
tal taboos and misconceptions surrounding contraception Mains PYQ:
and sexual activity through culturally sensitive communica- Q Demographic Dividend in India will remain only
tion and advocacy efforts. theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated,
• E
 xpanding Healthcare Access: Ensure equitable access to aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been
affordable and quality healthcare services, including re- taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our
productive health services, particularly in rural and under- population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC
IAS/2016)

www.civilsdaily.com 23
SECURITY ISSUES

INDIAN ARMY UPDATES

[pib] 13th Edition of Exercise MAITREE in Thailand

PIB | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces,

Agencies & Their Mandates India’s Defence Exercises with SE Asian Neighbours:
Note4Students India has conducted several joint military exercises with its
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : Southeast Asian neighbors in recent years to strengthen
Prelims level : Exercise MAITREE defense cooperation and interoperability:
• E xercise Garuda Shakti: This is a bilateral exercise be-
tween the Indian and Indonesian Special Forces. The lat-
Why in the News? est iteration was held in November 2022 at the Sangga
The Indian Army contingent departed for the 13th edition of Buana Training Area in Indonesia.
the India-Thailand joint military Exercise MAITREE. • E xercise Mitra Shakti: This is a joint exercise between
the Indian and Sri Lankan armies. The latest edition was
conducted in 2022.
About Exercise Maitree • E xercise VINBAX: This is a joint military exercise between
• M
 aitree is an annual bilateral military exercise between India and Vietnam. The 2022 edition was the 3rd itera-
the Indian Army and the Royal Thai Army that has tion of this exercise.
been conducted since 2006. • IMBEX: This is a joint military exercise between India and
• It is conducted alternatively in India and Thailand each Myanmar. The latest edition was held in 2017-18.
year • E KUVERIN: This is a joint military exercise between the
• T he latest edition in 2019 took place in Umroi, Indian and Maldivian forces. The 11th edition was con-
Meghalaya ducted in 2022.
• T he exercise involves company-level joint training in • C ORPAT: India conducts Coordinated Patrol (CORPAT)
jungle and urban scenarios exercises with maritime neighbors like Indonesia, Thai-
o Objective: Enhancing combined capabilities in land, and Malaysia to enhance maritime cooperation and
executing joint counter-insurgency and terrorist security in the region.
operations in jungle and urban environments under • A IME 2023: This was the first ASEAN-India Maritime Ex-
Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. ercise, held in May 2023 with the participation of navies
from India, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Training Focus:
• It focuses on joint planning, tactical drills, physical fitness
exercises, and sharing best practices. PYQ:
[2024] Which of the following statements about
• K
 ey activities include setting up joint operation centres, in-
‘Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023’ are correct?
telligence gathering, using drones, securing landing zones,
1. T his was a joint military exercise between India and
and conducting special heliborne operations.
Bangladesh.
2. I t commenced in Aundh (Pune).
Significance: 3. J oint response during counter-terrorism operation
• E xercise Maitree is significant as both India and Thailand was a goal of this operation.
face security challenges from terrorism, especially in south- 4. I ndian Air Force was a part of this exercise.
ern Thailand which is prone to attacks. Select the answer using the code given below :
• It is part of the growing defense cooperation between (a) 1, 2 and 3
India and Thailand, which signed an MoU on defense coop- (b) 1, 2 and 4
eration in 2012. (c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 4

24 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

DISASTERS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT – SENDAI FRAMEWORK, FLOODS, CYCLONES, ETC.

Why stampedes take place?

Explained | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security poor crowd flow management, structural collapses,
Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates blocked exits, and inadequate design of hardware (like
Note4Students doors and barriers) increase stampede risks.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : • C
 rowd Density: High density can lead to prolonged evacu-
Prelims level : What is a Stampede and cases related to Stam- ation times and increased panic.
pede
Mains level : Preventive Measures to avoid stampedes
How to Better Prevent or Mitigate Stampedes?
• P
 lanning and Design: Ensure adequate exit points relative
Why in the news? to crowd size, improve crowd flow management, and use
On Tuesday, July 2, a stampede during a religious gathering in technologies for real-time crowd monitoring.
Uttar Pradesh’s Hathras district resulted in the tragic deaths of • C
 ommunication and Coordination: Effective communica-
at least 121 individuals, predominantly women. tion between organizers and attendees is crucial for issuing
warnings and managing crowd movements.
What is a Stampede?
A stampede is an impulsive mass movement of a crowd that Notable Deadly Stampedes and Their Causes:
often results in injuries and deaths.It disrupts the orderly
• M
 oscow, Russia (1896): Rumors of souvenir shortages led
movement of crowds, leading to injuries and fatalities, often
to a deadly surge.
triggered by panic, perceived danger, or the pursuit of some-
thing gratifying.
• A
 llahabad, India (1954): Lack of crowd control and barri-
ers led to a surge at the Kumbh Mela.
• L ima, Peru (1963): Tear gas used during a football match
Why do Stampedes Kill? triggered panic in enclosed spaces.
• P
 rimary Cause: Most stampede casualties result from trau- • W
 ai, India (2005): Slippery steps during a pilgrimage re-
matic asphyxia, where external compression of the chest or sulted in a tragic stampede.
abdomen restricts breathing.
• O
 ther Causes: Include myocardial infarction (heart attacks),
direct crushing injuries, head injuries, and neck compres-
Way forward:
sion. • C
 rowd Monitoring Systems: Implement technologies such
as CCTV cameras, crowd density sensors, and real-time
monitoring software to detect and respond to overcrowd-
How Does Human Psychology Lead to Stampedes? ing or sudden surges in crowd movement.
• P
 anic and lacking in Cooperation: In panic-inducing • C
 ommunication Systems: Establish robust communication
situations, cooperative behavior is initially beneficial, but networks between event organizers, security personnel,
if disrupted, can lead to chaotic actions like pushing and and attendees. Use public address systems and mobile
shoving. alerts to convey emergency instructions and warnings
• P
 ositive Wish-Fulfillment Beliefs: A collective belief, ratio- promptly.
nal or irrational, can mobilize large groups into actions that • E
 mergency Response Plans: Develop and rehearse com-
may compromise individual safety. prehensive emergency response plans that include rapid
evacuation procedures, medical assistance points, and
coordination with local emergency services.
How Does the Physical Organization of Spaces
Contribute to Stampedes?
• F actors Contributing to Stampede Risks: Lack of light,

www.civilsdaily.com 25
ENVIRO & BIODIVERSITY

AIR POLLUTION

Why Denmark has taxed cattle burps and farts?

Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, digestive process. Ruminant digestive systems are respon-
Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia sible for 27% of all methane emissions from human activity.
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Why Are Methane Emissions a Problem? Why Are Methane Emissions a Problem?
Mains level : Significance of tax • C
 limate Impact: Methane is a potent greenhouse gas,
responsible for 30% of warming since preindustrial times,
second only to carbon dioxide. Over a 20-year period,
Why in the news? methane is 80 times more potent at warming than carbon
Denmark will impose a tax on its livestock farmers for the dioxide.
greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by their cows, sheep, and • G
 round-Level Ozone: Methane is the primary contributor
pigs from 2030. to ground-level ozone formation, a highly irritating gas just
above the Earth’s surface, contributing to 1 million prema-
ture deaths annually.
What is it?
Denmark plans to impose a tax on livestock farmers for green- • R
 ising Levels: Atmospheric methane levels have dramati-
house gases (GHGs) emitted by their cows, sheep, and pigs cally increased in recent years, with the NOAA reporting a
starting in 2030. record 17 parts per billion increase in 2021, surpassing the
previous record set in 2020.
• T ax Rates: Farmers would initially pay about $43 per metric
ton of carbon dioxide equivalent produced by their live-
stock, increasing to around $108 by 2035. Way forward:
• A ctual Cost: Due to a 60% income tax deduction, the ac- • D
 ietary Adjustments: Introduce feed additives, such as
tual cost per ton will start at 120 kroner ($17.3) and rise to seaweed or other natural supplements, that can reduce
300 kroner ($43) by 2035. methane emissions during digestion in ruminants. This
• U se of Tax Collection: The funds collected from the tax approach can significantly lower methane production with-
between 2030 and 2031 will be returned to the industry to out negatively impacting livestock health or productivity.
support its green transition. The handling of proceeds will • Improved Manure Management: Utilize advanced manure
be revisited in 2032. The proposal includes the develop- management practices, such as anaerobic digestion, to
ment of over 600,000 acres of new forest areas. capture and convert methane emissions from decomposing
animal waste into biogas. This not only reduces methane
emissions but also provides a renewable energy source.
How Do Cows and Sheep Produce Methane?
• R
 uminants like cows, sheep, goats, and buffaloes have a
specialized digestive system with four stomach compart- Mains PYQ:
ments, including the rumen. In the rumen, partially digest- Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the
ed food ferments, producing methane. Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations
• M
 ethane is released primarily through burping and farting Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
as the animals regurgitate and chew cud to complete the What are the commitments made by India in this
conference? (UPSC IAS/2021)

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON INDIA AND WORLD – INTERNATIONAL REPORTS, KEY OBSERVATIONS, ETC.

Climate change forces Panama islanders to relocate

Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia Prelims level : Location of Gardi Sugdub
Note4Students Mains level : How fast is the global sea level rising?

26 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

 nerable due to their low elevation and reliance on marine
resources. SIDS in the Caribbean, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian
Ocean, and South China Sea face existential threats from
rising sea levels.
• E
 xamples of Impact: Islands such as Tuvalu, the Marshall
Islands, and Kiribati are experiencing significant land loss
and threats to their culture and economies.
• C
 onsequences: Coastal erosion, salinization of freshwater
resources, and increased vulnerability to extreme weath-
er events due to rising sea levels, storm surges, and ‘king
tides.’

How fast is the global sea level rising?

• S ince 1880, global sea levels have risen by approximately
21–24 centimeters. The rate of increase has accelerated in
recent decades.
Why in the news? • C
 auses: The primary drivers are global warming, thermal
In early June, approximately 300 families were relocated from expansion of seawater, and the melting of land-based ice
the island of Gardi Sugdub in Panama’s Guna Yala province such as glaciers and ice sheets.
due to concerns about rising sea levels. • D
 ue to the Global Temperature Increase: The global
average temperature has increased by at least 1.1 degrees
Celsius since 1880, contributing to rising sea levels.
What is happening in Gardi Sugdub?
• L ocation and Community: Gardi Sugdub, home to about
1,300 members of the Guna community, is an island in Way forward:
Panama’s Guna Yala province. • S trengthen Coastal and Environmental Defenses: Con-
• S ea Level Rise: The Caribbean region, where Panama is sit- struct seawalls, breakwaters, and other barriers to protect
uated, is experiencing sea level rise at an average rate of 3 against storm surges and coastal erosion. Restore and
to 4 millimetres per year. This rate is expected to accelerate preserve natural coastal barriers such as mangroves, coral
to 1 centimetre per year or more by 2100. reefs, and wetlands to enhance natural protection.
• F looding: Annually, particularly in November and Decem- • D
 evelop and Implement Climate Adaptation Strate-
ber, seawater floods houses and streets on Gardi Sugdub, gies: Create comprehensive climate adaptation plans that
despite efforts to fortify the island. include relocation strategies for vulnerable communities.
• R elocation: The Panamanian government constructed
300 new houses on the mainland in a development called Mains PYQ:
Nuevo Cartí to relocate affected families. Q Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India.
What are the available coastal management techniques for
combating the hazard? (UPSC IAS/2022)
How are other island nations affected by sea level
rise?
• S mall island developing states (SIDS) are particularly vul-

WATER MANAGEMENT – INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS, CONSERVATION EFFORTS, ETC.

In news: Shyok River

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geograph- Why in the News?
ical Features & Their Location Five soldiers lost their lives when a tank was drowned away by
Note4Students powerful water currents in the Shyok River during a military
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : training exercise in Ladakh.
Prelims level : Shyok and other tributaries of Indus River

www.civilsdaily.com 27
 Source and Course:
• T he river originates from the Rimo Glacier, located to the
southeast of the Karakoram Pass.
• It flows northwest to enter the Nubra Valley in Ladakh,
a region known for its picturesque landscapes and sand
dunes.
• T he river then turns southwest and flows through the dis-
puted region of Gilgit-Baltistan, eventually joins the Indus
River near Skardu.

Tributaries:
• T he Shyok River has several tributaries, the most notable
being the Nubra River, which flows through the Nubra
Valley.
• O
 ther significant tributaries include the Saltoro River, orig-
inating from the Siachen Glacier region.

Cultural and Historical Significance:

• T he river flows through that have been part of ancient
trade routes between Central Asia and South Asia.
• T he Nubra Valley, through which the Shyok flows, is also
known for its ancient monasteries and the Bactrian cam-
els, which were used for trade along the Silk Route.

Geographical significance of Shyok River

• S trategic Location: The Shyok River flows through the La-
dakh region of India and serves as a vital geographical fea-
ture due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control (LAC)
between India and China. Its strategic location influences
military deployments and infrastructure development in
the region, particularly in the context of border disputes
and security concerns.
• G
 lacial Melt and Water Resources: Originating from the
About Shyok River Rimo Glacier and fed by numerous tributaries, the Shyok
River contributes significantly to the water resources of
• T he Shyok River is a significant river flowing through the
the region. Its flow is crucial for agriculture, hydroelectric
Ladakh region of India and the Gilgit-Baltistan region of
power generation, and sustenance of local ecosystems,
Pakistan.
impacting the livelihoods and socio-economic activities of
• It is a tributary of the Indus River and is known for its communities along its banks.
length and the rugged terrain it traverses.
• T he Shyok River spans approximately 550 kilometres in
length. PYQ:
• It has a drainage basin covering parts of both In- [2020] Siachen Glacier is situated to the
dia and Pakistan, making it an essential water source for (a) East of Aksai Chin
the regions it traverses. (b) East of Leh
(c) North of Gilgit
(d) North of Nubra Valley

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION EFFORTS

[pib] Fauna of India Checklist Portal

PIB | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Envi- From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
ronmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia Prelims level : Fauna of India Checklist Portal, ZSI
Note4Students

28 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

 • It provides essential data for conservation and manage-
ment efforts, forming the basis for all biological sciences.
• S ignificance of Portal:
o With this, India has become the first country to
prepare a checklist of its entire fauna, covering
104,561 species, positioning itself as a global leader in
biodiversity conservation.
o The comprehensive documentation of India’s fauna
aligns with Mission LiFE by providing crucial data for
biodiversity conservation.

Details from the ZSI Report

• A
 2023 ZSI report highlights that India is one of the
world’s 17 megadiverse nations, hosting around 7-8%
of the world’s documented species and containing four
of the 34 globally recognised biodiversity hotspots.
• T he report lists 641 discoveries made by scientists and
experts from India during 2023 with Kerala topping the
list, followed by West Bengal.
• It includes 442 new species globally and 199 newly re-
corded species in India.
Why in the News?
• T he Union Minister of Environment, Forest, and Climate Significant Discoveries in 2023
Change (MoEFCC) has launched a portal documenting all
• N
 ew Species: The 2023 findings include 112 hymenopter-
animal species in India.
ans, 86 arachnids, 47 new fishes, 20 reptiles, and two
o The Portal was launched on the 109th Foundation Day mammals.
of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) in Kolkata.
• N ew Mammals: An ibex species found in Himachal Pradesh
and Ladakh, named Capra himalayensis, and a new bat
species, Miniopterus srinii, was discovered in Kodagu dis-
Back2Basics: Zoological Survey of India trict, Karnataka.
• T he ZSI was set up by British zoologist Thomas Nelson • S tate Rankings: Kerala recorded the highest number of
Annandale, in 1916. new discoveries with 101, followed by West Bengal with
• It is the premier taxonomic research organisation in India 72, Tamil Nadu with 62, and Arunachal Pradesh and Karna-
based in Kolkata. taka with 45 each.
• It was established to promote surveys, exploration and
research leading to the advancement of our knowledge
of various aspects of the exceptionally rich animal life of About Mission LiFE
India. • M
 ission LiFE, or Lifestyle for Environment, is a global
• T he ZSI had its genesis as the Zoological Section of mass movement initiated by India to encourage indi-
the Indian Museum at Calcutta in 1875. vidual and community action towards environmental
protection and preservation.
• S ince its inception, the ZSI has been documenting the di-
versity and distribution of the fauna of India towards • It was inaugurated by the PM Modi at the 26th UN
carrying out its mandate of conducting exploration-cum- Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in
taxonomic-research programmes. Glasgow in November 2021.
• T he ZSI has published an extremely large amount of • T he program aims to mobilise one billion Indians and
information on all animal taxa, from Protozoa to Mam- individuals worldwide to adopt sustainable lifestyles.
malia. • It aligns with the P3 model, promoting Pro Planet People
and fostering a sense of collective responsibility.
• It operates based on the principles of ‘Lifestyle of the
About the Fauna of India Checklist Portal planet, for the planet, and by the planet’.
• T he portal consists of records of more than 100,000 animal
species, prepared by over 150 scientists of the Zoological
Survey of India (ZSI) over two years. PYQ:
[2020] With reference to India’s Biodiversity, Ceylon
• T his checklist is the first comprehensive document on
frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Gray-chinned minivet
faunal species in India, covering 121 checklists of all known
and White-throated redstart are:
taxa across 36 phyla, including endemic, threatened, and
(a) Birds
scheduled species.
(b) Primates
• It is a compilation of all animal species recorded in India (c) Reptiles
since the 1750s, including endemic, threatened, and
(d) Amphibians
scheduled species.

www.civilsdaily.com 29
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION EFFORTS

Worlds Oldest Prehistoric Ostrich Nest discovered in Andhra

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conserva- ed the earliest documented evidence of ostriches in the
tion, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia subcontinent, identifying the extinct Struthio asiaticus in
Note4Students the Dhok Pathan deposits in Upper Siwalik Hills, pres-
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : ent-day Pakistan.
Prelims level : Megafauna, Archaeological evidence of Os- • D
 iscoveries in Maharashtra: Archaeologist S A Sali in
trichs in India 1989 reported ostrich eggshell beads and engraved pieces
dating back to 50,000–40,000 years ago at Patne, Maha-
rashtra.
• C
 CMB Research in 2017: Researchers at the Centre for
Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in Hyderabad
established the presence of ostriches in Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, and Gujarat 25,000 years ago.

Broader Implications and Studies

• B
 iogeographical Dispersion: The presence of ostriches in
India is attributed to bio-geographical dispersion from the
continental drifting of Gondwanaland.
• L ate Quaternary Extinctions: The study, titled ‘Late Qua-
ternary extinctions in the Indian Subcontinent,’ established
PC: India Today that the disappearance of large animals began around
30,000 years ago, coinciding with the arrival of humans.
• C o-Evolution Hypothesis: The study supports the hypoth-
Why in the News? esis that fauna and their resilience to extinction resulted
Archaeologists have discovered a 41,000-year-old ostrich from coevolution with hominins, with geographic isolation
nest in Prakasam, Andhra Pradesh. and abiotic factors accelerating extinction.

Prehistoric Ostrich Nest: Details of the Discovery PYQ:

• T he nest, identified as the world’s oldest known ostrich [2018] The term “sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction”
nest, measures 9-10 feet in width. is often mentioned in the news in the context of the
• T he nest was once home to 9-11 eggs but was capable of discussion of:
holding 30-40 eggs at a time. (a) Widespread monoculture practices in agriculture and
large-scale commercial farming with indiscriminate use
• O striches are mega omnivores, weighing between 90 and
of chemicals in many parts of the world that may result in
140 kg and standing seven to nine feet tall.
the loss of good native ecosystems.
(b) Fears of a possible collision of a meteorite with the
What are Megafauna? Earth in the near future in the manner it happened 65
• M
 egafauna generally refers to animals weighing more million years ago that caused the mass extinction of
than 50 kg, though scientific definitions vary. many species including those of dinosaurs.
• T he term was first used by Alfred Russel Wallace in (c) Large-scale cultivation of genetically modified crops in
his 1876 book, “The Geographical Distribution of Animals.” many parts of the world and promoting their cultivation
in other parts of the world which may cause the
• M
 egafauna can be classified into:
disappearance of good native crop plants and the loss of
o Megaherbivores (plant-eaters), food biodiversity.
o Megacarnivores (meat-eaters), and (d) Mankind’s over-exploitation/misuse of natural
o Megaomnivores (who eat both plants and meat). resources, fragmentation/loss of natural habitats,
destruction of ecosystems, pollution and global climate
change.
Historical Evidence of Megafauna
• E
 arly Documentation: Richard Lydekker in 1884 present-

30 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

GLOBAL GEOLOGICAL AND CLIMATIC EVENTS

What are hurricanes, their types?

Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical • Impact of Warming World: Warmer sea surface tempera-
Features & Their Location tures due to climate change may lead to slower decay
Note4Students of hurricanes upon landfall, potentially increasing their
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : severity.
Prelims level : Difference between a hurricane and a tropical
storm
Mains level : What are hurricanes and how do they form? Are hurricanes becoming more severe now?
• R
 esearch Findings: Studies suggest that warmer sea
surface temperatures contribute to the slower decay of
Why in the news? hurricanes, potentially prolonging their destructive impacts
Due to Hurricane Beryl sweeping through the Windward inland.
Islands, the Indian Men’s cricket team, victorious in the T20 • R
 ecord-Breaking Seasons: The 2020 Atlantic Hurricane
World Cup, finds itself stranded in Barbados. season has seen a record number of named storms, indicat-
ing a trend towards more frequent and intense hurricane
What do we know about Hurricane Beryl? activity.
• E
 arly Category 4 Storm: Hurricane Beryl is the earliest
category 4 storm of the Atlantic hurricane season, sustain- What is the difference between a hurricane and a
ing winds of at least 130 miles per hour (209 kilometres per tropical storm?
hour).
• N
 o Fundamental Difference: Hurricanes, typhoons, and
•  ocation and Impact: It is currently affecting the Wind-
L cyclones are all types of tropical cyclones, named differently
ward Islands in the southern part of the Lesser Antilles, based on their location:
including Barbados, Grenada, and Trinidad and Tobago.
•  urricanes: Form over the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern
H
•  orecast: The National Hurricane Centre has issued warn-
F Pacific Ocean.
ings for life-threatening winds and storm surges in the
•  yphoons: Form in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.
T
affected islands, with the potential for violent winds and
flash flooding. •  yclones: Form in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
C
•  reparations: Local authorities in Barbados have sus-
P •  aming Conventions: The different names signify regional
N
pended school classes and taken other precautions, such differences but refer to the same meteorological phenome-
as shutting down the water supply, in anticipation of the non of tropical cyclones.
hurricane’s impact.
•  istorical Context: Hurricane Beryl is noted as the stron-
H Way forward:
gest storm to impact the Windward Islands since Hurricane • Implementation of Advanced Forecasting Technolo-
Ivan in September 2004. gies: Invest in state-of-the-art meteorological tools and
satellite technology to enhance the accuracy and lead time
What are hurricanes and how do they form? of hurricane forecasts.
• F ormation: Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters near • C
 ommunity Preparedness Programs: Establish compre-
the equator where warm, moist air rises from the ocean’s hensive community outreach programs to educate resi-
surface, creating low air pressure. dents about hurricane risks, evacuation procedures, and
emergency shelter locations.
• F uel: They are fueled by the heat and moisture evaporating
from the ocean, forming clouds and spinning due to the
Earth’s rotation. Mains PYQ:
• E ye Formation: As the storm system intensifies, an eye Q Discuss the meaning of colour-coded weather warnings
forms at its centre, with storms rotating counterclockwise for cyclone prone areas given by India Meteorological
north of the equator and clockwise south of it. Department. (UPSC IAS/2014)

INNOVATIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

[pib] Metal Oxide Nano-composite developed for

Environmental Clean-up

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conserva- Note4Students

tion, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

www.civilsdaily.com 31
Prelims level : NiTF Nanocomposite; Nanotechnology. erties of titanium dioxide with the adsorption capabilities
of Fuller’s earth, a type of natural clay.

Why in the News?

A new metal oxide nanocomposite has been developed
by The Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Tech-
What is Fuller Earth?
nology (IASST) that can help photocatalytic degradation of • F uller’s earth is a term for various clays used as an absor-
organic pollutants like dyes and pharmaceuticals and hence bent, filter, or bleaching agent.
can be used as sustainable technologies for cleaning up the • P
 roducts labeled fuller’s earth typically consist of paly-
environment. gorskite or bentonite.
• P
 rimary modern uses include as absorbents for oil,
grease, and animal waste, and as a carrier for pesticides
Understanding Photocatalysis and Metal Oxides and fertilizers
• P
 hotocatalysis is a process that uses light to accelerate
chemical reactions, particularly useful for degrading harm-
ful substances in water and air. Testing and Results
• T hey facilitate this reaction without being consumed. • T he NiTF nanocomposite was tested for its ability to decol-
• E xamples: Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and orize methylene blue, a common dye.
Tungsten Trioxide (WO3) o Methylene blue is a persistent pollutant toxic to
aquatic life, harmful to human health, and causes
colour pollution in water bodies.
• T he results were impressive, with the composite achieving
a 96.15% decolorization of the dye solution at a pH of 9.0
under visible light within 90 minutes.
• F uller’s earth enhanced the TiO2’s ability to adsorb
pollutants, even in the absence of light.
• T his suggests that the NiTF nanocomposite could be
a cost-effective solution for environmental photocatalysis,
providing benefits even in low-light conditions.

Potential Applications
• C
 atalysis: The nanocomposite can enhance the efficiency
of various chemical reactions.
• E
 nergy Storage: It has the potential to improve systems for
storing energy.
• S ensors: The material can be used to develop highly sensi-
tive detection devices.
• O
 ptoelectronics: The nanocomposite can advance technol-
How do they work? ogies that use light for electronic devices.
• W
 hen exposed to light, these metal oxides generate elec- • B
 iomedical Fields: It can be applied in medical treatments
tron-hole pairs. and diagnostics.
• T hese pairs are highly reactive and can break down pollut- • C
 oatings: The material can be used to create protective
ants into harmless by-products. and functional surfaces.
o Work Efficiency: The overall efficiency of this process • R
 enewable Energy: It can facilitate water splitting to pro-
depends on several factors, including the choice duce renewable energy.
of metal oxide, its crystal structure, light intensity,
pollutant concentration, pH level, and the amount of
catalyst used.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to the use of nanotechnology in
o Optimisation: Optimizing these factors is crucial for the health sector, which of the following statements is/
maximising the degradation rates of pollutants. Adjust- are correct?
ments in the type of metal oxide, light parameters, and 1. T argeted drug delivery is made possible by
other conditions can significantly enhance the photo- nanotechnology.
catalytic efficiency. 2. N anotechnology can largely contribute to gene
therapy.
Breakthrough by IASST: NiTF Composite Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
• T he team developed a nanocomposite called NiTF, which
(b) 2 only
stands for Nickel-doped Titanium Dioxide on Fuller’s
(c) Both 1 and 2
Earth.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
• T his innovative material combines the photocatalytic prop-

32 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION EFFORTS

Great Indian Bustard Recovery Plan

Species | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Funds are used for afforestation,
Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia forest ecosystem regeneration,
Note4Students Fund Utilization wildlife protection, forest in-
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : frastructure, and conservation
Prelims level : Great Indian Bustard and its recovery activities.
• A
 fforestation and reforestation
• W
 ildlife management
Key Activities
• F
 orest management
• S
 oil and moisture conservation
• M
 anaged by CAMPA at nation-
al and state levels;
Financial Manage-
ment
• F unds are non-lapsable and
specifically allocated for
forestry and wildlife activities.
Includes regular audits and prog-
ress reports to ensure transpar-
Monitoring and Re-
ency and accountability in fund
porting
utilization and project implemen-
tation.
Why in the News?
• T he Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Governed by the Compensatory
Planning Authority (CAMPA) approved Rs 56 crore for Legal Framework Afforestation Fund Act, 2016
the next phase of the conservation program for the Great CAMPA Guidelines.
Indian Bustard (GIB) and the Lesser Florican for the 2024- Crucial for mitigating deforesta-
2029 period. tion impacts, supporting ecolog-
Note: Both the Bustard and Lesser Florican are critically en- Impact and Signifi-
ical balance, biodiversity conser-
dangered, with only 140 Bustards and less than 1,000 Lesser cance
vation, and sustainable forest
Floricans surviving. management.

Back2Basics: Compensatory Afforestation Fund About Great Indian Bustards

Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) • G
 IBs are the largest among the four bustard species
found in India, the other three being MacQueen’s bustard,
• E stablished by the MoEFCC. the lesser florican, and the Bengal florican.
Establishment • Legal Basis: Compensatory •  IBs’ historic range included much of the Indian sub-conti-
G
Afforestation Fund Act, 2016. nent but it has now shrunken to just 10 percent of it.
Ensure effective utilization of o Among the heaviest birds with flight, GIBs prefer
funds for compensatory afforesta- grasslands as their habitats.
Objective tion, catchment area treatment, •  IBs are mainly found in Desert National Park, Rajasthan.
G
wildlife management, and forest •  ustards face major threats, including habitat chang-
B
resource development. es and collisions with power lines.
Created due to the diversion of •  rotection accorded:
P
forest land for non-forest purpos- o Birdlife International: uplisted from Endangered to
Background es; aimed at mitigating the loss of Critically Endangered (2011)
forest cover through compensato- o Protection under CITES: Appendix I
ry afforestation. o IUCN status: Critically Endangered
National CAMPA Advisory Coun- o Protection under Wildlife (Protection) Act: Schedule I
cil: Provides policy advice and
ensures inter-ministerial coordi-
Structure nation. What is the GIB Recovery Plan?
State CAMPAs: Manage funds and • T he proposal was prepared by the Wildlife Institute of
oversee implementation at the India (WII).
state level. • T he proposal includes:
o Rewilding Bustards bred in ex-situ conservation cen-
tres,
o Conducting detailed population studies, and
o Developing artificial insemination techniques.

www.civilsdaily.com 33
 • S cientific Reasoning: Creating a founder population pre-
Back2Basics: Wildlife Institute of India (WII) vents extirpation and captures genetic variability. The goal
• W
 II is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of is to have at least 20 adult birds including 15 females.
Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
• It was established in 1982.
• It is based in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Future Plans
o Functions: It offers training programs, academic • N
 ext Phase (2024-2033): The immediate next phase will
courses, and advisory in wildlife research and run until 2029, targeting the upgradation of the CBC at
management. Ramdevra and the development of the Lesser Florican CBC
at Sorsan.
• P
 opulation Surveys: Surveys will be conducted in Rajas-
Why such a move? than and other range states to monitor population status.
• Indicator Species: The GIB is a key indicator species of • R
 elease into the Wild: The most important target is
grassland habitat, signalling the health of these environ- releasing captive-bred GIBs into the wild, preceded by soft
ments. release in enclosures.
• P opulation Decline: The population has declined from
around 700 individuals to less than 150 due to habitat loss,
predation, and death by overhead power lines. PYQ:
[2020] With reference to India’s Desert National Park,
• S upreme Court Order: The Supreme Court recognized the
which of the following statements are correct?
threat from power lines and constituted an expert commit-
1. It is spread over two districts.
tee to assess the feasibility of overhead and underground
2. There is no human habitation inside the Park.
electric lines in the bustard’s habitats.
3. It is one of the natural habitats of the Great Indian
Bustard.
Conservation Efforts and Achievements Select the correct answer using the code given below:
• R
 ecovery Plan: Initial efforts began between 2012-2013 (a) 1 and 2 only
with a long-term recovery project, which firmed up in 2016 (b) 2 and 3 only
with a Rs 33.85 crore funding outlay. (c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
• F unding and Agreements: The project was funded by
[2019] Consider the following statements:
the Compensatory Afforestation Fund, with a tripartite
1. A  s per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund
agreement in 2018 involving the Environment Ministry,
Management and Planning Authority exists at both
Rajasthan Forest Department, and WII.
National and State levels.
• In-Situ Breeding: Conservation breeding began in 2019, re- 2. P  eople’s participation is mandatory in the
sulting in a founder population of 40 GIBs at the Ramdevra
compensatory afforestation programmes carried out
centre.
under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act,
2016.
Achievements at Breeding Centres Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
• S uccessful Breeding: Eggs collected from the wild were (a) 1 only
incubated and chicks were hand-reared. The breeding cen- (b) 2 only
tres now have a founder population of 40 GIBs. (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

DISASTERS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT – SENDAI FRAMEWORK, FLOODS, CYCLONES, ETC.

Factory accidents, a pointer to rusty inspection reform

Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Disaster Present Scenario in India
Management • India continues to witness frequent fatal industrial acci-
Note4Students dents, often due to non-compliance with safety regula-
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : tions, inadequate inspections, and compromised safety
Prelims level : Government steps taken to deal with fatal practices.
industrial accidents • R ecent incidents, such as the Dombivli MIDC chemical
Mains level : Causes of the fatal industrial accidents factory explosion, highlight the recurring nature of these
accidents and their devastating impact on lives and infra-
Why in the news? structure.
In May 2024, an explosion at a reactor in a chemical factory • T here is a significant disparity between the number of reg-
within the Dombivli Maharashtra Industrial Development istered factories and the inspection rates across states like
Corporation (MIDC) area caused fatalities and injuries among Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu.
workers and local residents.

34 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

Causes of fatal industrial accidents implementing advanced inspection techniques like digital
• N
 on-compliance with Safety Regulations: Many industrial monitoring and real-time compliance checks.
accidents occur due to the failure of companies to adhere • P
 romoting Transparency and Accountability: Establishing
to mandated safety regulations and standards. Examples transparent mechanisms for reporting and investigating
include improper maintenance of machinery, lack of safety industrial accidents to identify root causes and prevent
equipment, and inadequate training of personnel in han- recurrence.
dling hazardous materials.
• Inadequate Maintenance and Inspection Practices: Poor What can be the solution? (Way forward)
maintenance of industrial equipment and facilities can
• E
 nhanced Regulatory Oversight: Strengthening and
lead to malfunctions and accidents. Insufficient or irregular
strictly enforcing safety regulations and standards across all
inspection practices contribute to undetected hazards and
industries. Regular updates to ensure regulations are com-
safety violations that increase the risk of accidents.
prehensive, up-to-date with technological advancements,
• H uman Error and Unsafe Practices: Accidents often result and aligned with international best practices.
from human errors such as negligence, fatigue, or lack of
• Improving Inspection and Compliance: Increasing the
training. Unsafe work practices, including shortcuts taken
number of qualified inspectors and improving their train-
to save time or reduce costs, can compromise safety stan-
ing and capabilities.Implementing regular and surprise
dards and escalate the likelihood of accidents.
inspections using modern technologies such as digital
monitoring and remote sensing to ensure compliance with
Need for the right reforms safety standards.
• S trengthening Regulatory Framework: Reforms should • P romoting Safety Culture: Encouraging a proactive safety
focus on updating and strengthening safety regulations to culture within industries through training, awareness pro-
align with international standards and best practices. There grams, and incentives for compliance.
is a need to close loopholes and ambiguities in existing
laws to enhance clarity and enforceability. Mains PYQ:
• Improving Inspection and Enforcement: Enhancing the Q What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in
capacity and effectiveness of regulatory bodies responsible India? Identifying industrial corridors, explain their main
for inspecting industrial facilities. Increasing the num- characteristics. (UPSC IAS/2018)
ber of qualified inspectors, improving their training, and

FOREST CONSERVATION EFFORTS – NFP, WESTERN GHATS, ETC.

Afforestation in Delhi Ridge

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conserva- area has been encroached and another 183 hectares “divert-
tion, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia ed” for “non-forestry purposes”. ( Data by Central Empowered
Note4Students Committee (CEC) report to the Supreme Court, 2023.)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Delhi Ridge, Aravalli
About Delhi Ridge
• D
 elhi Ridge is located in the National Capital Territory
of Delhi, extending as a northern extension of the
ancient Aravalli Range.
o Composed primarily of quartzite rocks, it spans ap-
proximately 35 kilometres from Tughlaqabad in the
southeast to Wazirabad in the north along the Yamu-
na River.
• E
 cological Significance:
o It acts as the “green lungs” of Delhi, providing crucial
ecological services such as carbon sequestration and
habitat for wildlife.
Why in the News? o It protects Delhi from the hot desert
The Delhi High Court is set to physically inspect the Central winds originating from Rajasthan to the west.
and Southern parts of Delhi Ridge to assess the extent of o It supports diverse flora and fauna, making Delhi one
afforestation and cutting of trees in the area. of the world’s most bird-rich capital cities.
o Efforts are ongoing to maintain biodiversity through
Deforestation in Delhi Ridge: biodiversity parks and wildlife sanctuaries like the
Northern Ridge Biodiversity Park and Asola Bhatti
Over 308 hectares of the ecologically sensitive Delhi Ridge Wildlife Sanctuary.

www.civilsdaily.com 35
Geographical Features Administrative Divisions:
• T he ridge is believed to be over 1.5 billion years old, • D
 ivided into four main zones: Northern, Central,
making it an ancient geological formation compared to South-Central, and Southern Ridge.
the Himalayas (50 million years old). • E ach zone has distinct characteristics and faces varying
• It functions as a watershed, dividing the Indus Plain to degrees of urban encroachment and conservation efforts.
the west from the Gangetic Plain to the east within the
Indo-Gangetic Plain.

WATER MANAGEMENT – INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS, CONSERVATION EFFORTS, ETC.

Niranjan Panel set up to study Pollution Level in Cauvery

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conserva-

tion, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Cauvery River and its Catchment, Cauvery
Dispute

Why in the News?

The Karnataka government has formed an expert commit-
tee, headed by Niranjan, Chief Environment Officer of Kar-
nataka State Pollution Control Board, to study the pollution
level in the Cauvery.

About Niranjan Panel

• T he panel will review and submit a report within 10 days
to ascertain whether the Cauvery River water is polluted
due to the inflow of sewage water, solid waste, industrial
waste, and other types of pollutants.
• T he Cauvery water has lost its natural quality due to the Challenges associated with the Cauvery River:
pollutants and the health of citizens and aquatic animals
• D
 irect discharge of untreated sewage and domestic
are being adversely affected.
waste from towns and cities along the Cauvery
contaminates the water, leading to high bacterial loads
About Cauvery River and nutrient pollution.
• T he Cauvery River, also spelled as ‘Kaveri’ and known as • I ndustries along the Cauvery, including textiles, dyeing,
‘Ponni’ in Tamil, originates from Talakaveri in the Brahm- pharmaceuticals, and others, discharge effluents directly
agiri range located in Karnataka’s Kodagu district. into the river.
• It spans approximately 800 km, traversing through the • P esticides, herbicides, and fertilizers used in agricultural
states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, until it eventually fields adjacent to the river are washed into the Cauvery
reaches the Bay of Bengal. during rain and irrigation.
• T he river’s catchment area covers regions in Tamil Nadu, • U nregulated sand mining and dredging activities disrupt
Kerala, Karnataka, and the Union Territory of Pondicher- riverbeds and banks, altering natural flow patterns and
ry. habitat structures.
• K ey tributaries that join the Cauvery include Harangi, • I ntroduction of non-native species like tilapia and
Hemavati, Kabini, Suvarnavathi, and Bhavani. African catfish, initially for aquaculture, has led to their
• It remains perennial due to its dual reliance on both proliferation in the Cauvery.
advancing and retreating monsoons for rainfall.
• P rotected areas in its basin: Cauvery WLS, Biligirirangan Cauvery Water Dispute:
Hills WLS, Pushpagiri WLS, Muthathi WLS, Ranganathittu • S ince 1892, tensions existed between British-ruled Madras
Bird Sanctuary, Bhimeshwari WLS, Nagarhole NP; Bandipur and Mysore.
NP.
• 1
 924 Agreement aimed to resolve but set the stage
for future conflicts. Post-Independence, dam construc-
tions sparked TN appeal.
• C auvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) was established.
• Interim orders by the Cauvery River Authority (CRA) in
1998.

36 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

• C
 WDT’s 2013 award allocated water quantities among • C
 WMA and CWRC were established for water regulation
states. and data collection.
•  onthly and annual water shares by Karnataka to Tamil
M
Nadu.
PYQ:
[2020] Which of the following Protected Areas are
•  ormal Year, Karnataka must give 177.25 TMC to Tamil
N located in the Cauvery basin?
Nadu. 1. N agarhole National Park
•  hallenges arise during monsoons due to varying rainfall.
C 2. P apikonda National Park
•  rticle 262 empowers Parliament for inter-state river
A 3. S athyamangalam Tiger Reserve
disputes. The Seventh Schedule defines legislative 4. W ayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
authority over water resources. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
•  018: Cauvery was termed a “national asset” by SC with
2 (a) 1 and 2 only
river water equality upheld. (b) 3 and 4 only
•  he Cauvery Management Board (CMB) was estab-
T (c) 1, 3 and 4 only
lished by the Court for implementation. (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION EFFORTS

Reviving Gharials in Kaziranga

Places in newsPrelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Pa- About Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve:
per 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, • L ocated in the state of Assam, Kaziranga is renowned for
Eia its biodiversity and conservation efforts.
Note4Students • E
 stablished in 1905 as a reserve forest and declared a
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : national park in 1974.
Prelims level : Gharial and its conservation, Kaziranga NP
• D
 esignated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 for
its unique natural environment and successful conservation
of the Great One-Horned Rhinoceros.
• K aziranga is home to the highest density of tigers among
protected areas in the world.
• It hosts two-thirds of the world’s Great One-Horned
Rhinoceros population, a significant conservation success
story.
• T he park spans approximately 430 square kilometers (166
square miles) of grasslands, wetlands, and forests.

One-Horned Rhinoceros:
• O
 ne–Horned Rhinos: IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable;
CITES: Appendix I ; WPA, 1972: Schedule I.
• M
 ainly found in Assam, West Bengal.
• A
 ssam hosts about 2,640 rhinos across Pobitora WLS,
Rajiv Gandhi Orang NP, Kaziranga NP, and Manas NP.

About Gharial
• T he Gharial is a fish-eating crocodile native to the Indian
subcontinent.
• T hey are a crucial indicator of clean river water.
• It is also found in the rainforest biome of Mahanadi in
Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary, Odisha.
• G
 harials are ‘Critically Endangered’ in the IUCN Red
List of Species.
• T he species is also listed under Schedule I of the Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972.
• N
 ational Chambal Sanctuary along the river Cham-
bal in Madhya Pradesh is the biggest protected area of
the species.
Why in the News?
In Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve, a lone female
gharial has emerged as a significant presence, marking a po- Recent findings of Gharial in Kaziranga
tential revival for the species in the Brahmaputra River. • G
 harials, distinguished by their long, narrow snouts, were

www.civilsdaily.com 37
 believed to have disappeared from the Brahmaputra by the
1950s. PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following fauna of India :
• T he female gharial, initially spotted in 2021, has grown to
1. Gharial
nearly adult size, providing hope for their reintroduction
2. Leatherback turtle
into the ecosystem.
3. Swamp deer
Which of the above is/are endangered?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON INDIA AND WORLD – INTERNATIONAL REPORTS, KEY OBSERVATIONS, ETC.

The shape of a five-year climate agenda for India

Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, provide a platform to showcase its climate leadership and
Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia set ambitious global climate agendas. Successful hosting,
Note4Students akin to its G-20 Presidency, would strengthen India’s influ-
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : ence in global climate policy.
Prelims level : Initiative related to climate change • A
 dvocacy and Consensus Building: India should start early
Mains level : Role of Federal Entities in Enhancing Climate to build consensus on critical climate issues, such as ending
Action new investments in oil and gas post-2030 and securing
significant commitments for adaptation finance. Proactive-
ly engaging in dialogues, forming alliances, and addressing
Why in the news? concerns of other nations will help India lead negotiations
The new government’s climate actions will impact all sectors, and drive meaningful outcomes.
shaping India’s sustainable economic path, global leadership,
• P
 romoting Equity and Climate Finance: India should
and fight for climate finance and justice.
continue to emphasize equity in climate action and finance
in international forums. Advocating for fair treatment of
Initiatives Taken by the Indian Government in the developing countries and pushing for enhanced climate
Last Decade and Their Significant Results finance mechanisms will strengthen India’s position as a
leader of the Global South.
• International Solar Alliance (ISA): Promotes the wide-
spread adoption of solar energy, enhancing global cooper-
ation in renewable energy. Role of Federal Entities in Enhancing Climate Action
• C oalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI): Fo- • C
 ollaboration on Long-Term Climate Strategies: Federal
cuses on building resilient infrastructure to withstand entities can work with state governments to develop and
climate-induced disasters. implement long-term climate and energy models. Exam-
• Net-Zero by 2070: India’s commitment to achieve net-zero ples include supporting states like Tamil Nadu and Bihar in
emissions by 2070 marks a significant shift towards abso- crafting their net-zero plans.
lute emission reductions. • E nhanced Coordination and Policy Alignment: Form-
• E nhanced Nationally Determined Contributions ing a Centre-State coordination group can ensure better
(NDCs): Setting ambitious targets for reducing emissions synchronization of climate actions across states. This group
intensity and increasing renewable energy capacity. can facilitate regular communication and policy alignment
• I ndian Emissions Carbon Trading Scheme: Establishing a while respecting the autonomy of each state.
carbon trading system to incentivize emission reductions • F inancial Incentives through the Sixteenth Finance
and support sustainable economic growth. Commission: Federal entities can use financial mechanisms
• S ignificant Growth in Renewable Energy Capacity: Rapid like the Finance Commission to incentivize states for their
expansion in solar and wind energy installations, contribut- climate initiatives. This can include grants or additional
ing to India’s international non-fossil fuel energy targets. funding for states that demonstrate significant progress in
• G reen Development Pact under G-20 Presidency: Inte- climate action.
grating green development principles into global economic • I ntegration of Scientific Capabilities in Policymaking: En-
practices, showcasing India’s leadership in sustainable couraging states to incorporate scientific modelling and
development. data analysis into their climate policies. Federal support
can enhance the technical capabilities of states, ensuring
data-driven and effective climate strategies.
How India can enhance it’s Global negotiations wrt • C onsistent and Accurate Climate Data Management: De-
Climate change? veloping a unified MRV architecture at the state level to
• H
 osting International Climate Summits: India should aim standardize data collection and reporting. This system can
to host a major international climate summit like the Unit- help track progress, ensure accountability, and facilitate
ed Nations Conference of Parties (COP) in 2028. This would better policy adjustments based on reliable data.

38 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

The Indian government has taken several initiatives knowledge networks to enhance understanding of climate
to address climate change, but their effectiveness change impacts and responses. These include the National
Network Programmes on Climate Change Modelling,
is still being evaluated: Aerosols, and Coastal Vulnerability. While these networks
• N
 ational Action Plan on Climate Change (NAP- have generated valuable knowledge, their ability to inform
CC): Launched in 2008, the NAPCC identified eight national policy and action is still being evaluated Conclusion: India
missions to promote understanding of climate change, should expand its climate targets beyond the power sector
adaptation and mitigation, energy efficiency, and natural to include other key areas such as transportation, industry,
resource conservation. While these missions have led to and agriculture. Clear and ambitious targets for zero-car-
some progress, such as the ambitious targets set under the bon two- and four-wheelers, as well as other sectors, will
National Solar Mission, their overall impact is still being drive comprehensive decarbonization efforts.
assessed.
• S tate Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs): Under
the NAPCC, states are required to develop their own action
Mains PYQ:
Q Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched
plans. As of 2022, 33 states and union territories have
at World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change
prepared their SAPCCs. However, the implementation and
Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was
monitoring of these plans remain a challenge.
this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance
• C limate change research and knowledge networks: The (ISA)? (UPSC IAS/2021)
government has supported various research initiatives and

SCIENCE TECH

INNOVATIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

Motor Neuron Disease (MND)

Prelims Onlyworld map | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Aware- wasting.

ness in various sc and tech fields 4. Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS): Affects only the upper
Note4Students motor neurons, causing stiffness and movement difficul-
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : ties.
Prelims level : MND and its causes; NIMHANS.

Causes of MND:
Why in the News? • G
 enetic Factors: In some families, MND can be inherited
The annual conference on Motor Neuron Disease (MND) due to specific gene mutations.
‘Awareness, Care and Management’ was held at NIMHANS.
• E
 nvironmental Factors: Exposure to certain toxins, viruses,
or physical injuries might contribute, but this is less clear.
What is Motor Neuron Disease (MND)? • A
 ge and Gender: It usually affects people between the
• M
 ND is a condition that affects the nerves in the brain ages of 50 and 70 and is slightly more common in men.
and spinal cord, which are responsible for controlling your
muscles.
Symptoms:
• O
 ver time, these nerves (called motor neurons) stop • M
 uscle Weakness: Starts in one part of the body, like an
working properly, leading to muscle weakness and wasting
arm or leg, and gradually spreads.
away.
• M
 uscle Cramps and Twitching: Small, involuntary muscle
movements.
Types of MND: • D
 ifficulty Speaking and Swallowing: Due to weakness in
1. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): The most common the muscles used for these functions.
type. It affects both upper and lower motor neurons, lead- • B
 reathing Problems: In advanced stages, muscles that
ing to weakness in various body parts. control breathing can be affected.
2. Progressive Bulbar Palsy (PBP): Affects the nerves in • E
 motional Changes: Some people might experience
changes in behavior or thinking.
the brainstem, leading to problems with speaking
and swallowing.
3. Progressive Muscular Atrophy (PMA): Affects only the Diagnosis:
lower motor neurons, causing muscle weakness and • C
 linical Examination: A doctor examines your symptoms

www.civilsdaily.com 39
 and medical history. Ranked 4th best medical institute in India
• E
 lectromyography (EMG): Tests the electrical activity of Ranking by the “National Institutional Ranking
your muscles. Framework (NIRF)”
• N
 erve Conduction Studies (NCS): Checks how well your
nerves send signals.
• F ounded in 1847 as the Bangalore Luna-
tic Asylum.
• M
 RI: Scans to rule out other conditions.
• R
 enamed as the Mental Hospital in
• G
 enetic Testing: To check for inherited forms of MND. 1925.
• A
 malgamated with the All India Insti-
Treatment: History
tute of Mental Health (AIIMH) in 1974 to
There is no cure for MND, but treatments can help manage form NIMHANS.
symptoms and improve quality of life. • C
 onferred with deemed university status
1. Medications: by the University Grants Commission in
o Riluzole: Can slow down the progression of ALS. 1994.
o Edaravone: Another drug that may slow down the • D
 eclared an Institute of National Impor-
decline in daily activities. tance by an act of parliament in 2012.
o Symptomatic Treatments: For muscle cramps, excess • O
 perates with academic autonomy
saliva, and emotional symptoms. under the “Societies Registration Act,
2. Therapies: 1860”.
o Physical Therapy: Helps maintain muscle strength and • P
 rioritises service, manpower develop-
mobility. Governance ment, and research in mental health and
neurosciences.
o Occupational Therapy: Aids in performing daily activi-
ties. • A
 multidisciplinary integrated approach
was adopted for translating research
o Speech Therapy: Assists with speech and swallowing
results into practice.
difficulties.
o Respiratory Therapy: Supports breathing issues. Receives resources for academic and re-
Funding search activities from national and interna-
tional funding organisations.
• E ngages in mental health outreach
Back2Basics: National Institute of Mental Health initiatives including critiquing mental
and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS) health reports and collaborating with
government agencies for training and
Outreach counseling.
Location Bangalore, India
• K
 nown for diagnosing and treating var-
Autonomous institute under the Ministry ious mental health conditions including
Affiliation of Health and Family Welfare, Government depression and neurobiological disor-
of India ders.

LAND REFORMS

Geoportals for Enhanced Rural Land Records and Emergency

Management

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in vari- country.

ous sc and tech fields
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : About Bhuvan Panchayat (Ver. 4.0)
Prelims level : Bhuvan Panchayat; NDEM • T his portal supports “Space-based Information Sup-
port for Decentralized Planning (SISDP)”.
• It aims to empower citizens at the grassroots level by
Why in the News? providing real-time land record data and reducing
• T he Union Ministry of Science and Technology launched dependency on local administration and corruption.
two Geoportals: ‘Bhuvan Panchayat (Ver. 4.0)’ for rural • It promotes ease of living through digitalisation and better
land records and ‘National Database for Emergency Man- land revenue management.
agement (NDEM Ver. 5.0)’. • B y providing real-time data accessible to citizens, it reduces
o These portals were developed by the Indian Space opportunities for corruption at the local level.
Research Organization (ISRO). • It enhances transparency and efficiency in land record
o These geospatial tools provide high-resolution satellite management, aiding in effective governance and plan-
imagery of 1:10K scale for various locations across the ning.

40 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

About National Database for Emergency Management PYQ:
(NDEM Ver. 5.0) [2023] With reference to the Digital India Land Records
• T his portal provides space-based inputs on natural disas- Modernisation Programme, consider the following
ters, aiding in disaster risk reduction in India and neigh- statements :
bouring countries. 1. T o implement the scheme, the Central Government
• It establishes an effective early warning system to provides 100% funding.
proactively prevent disasters and monitor land use 2. U nder the Scheme, Cadastral Maps are digitized.
changes. 3. A n initiative has been undertaken to transliterate
• A command centre has been established to monitor the Records of Rights from local language to any
situations and provide valuable inputs continuously. of the languages recognized by the Constitution of
• T he portal is designed to assist not only India but India.
also neighbouring countries in disaster management. Which of the statements given above are correct?
• It enhances coordination between various agencies and (a) 1 and 2 only
local authorities for effective disaster response and (b) 2 and 3 only
management. (c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3

INTERNATIONAL SPACE AGENCIES – MISSIONS AND DISCOVERIES

Why Indian-origin astronaut Sunita Williams is stuck in

space?

Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various with a spacecraft valve regulating oxidisers.
sc and tech fields • S pecific Challenges: Post-launch, Starliner encountered
Note4Students five helium leaks, malfunctioning maneuvering thrusters,
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : and a propellant valve failure, necessitating mid-mission
Prelims level : Starliner mission fixes and assessments.
Mains level : Cause of delay of Starliner Crew Flight Test
mission
What would happen to the astronauts?
• C
 urrent Status: Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore remain
Why in the News? aboard the ISS, where they are conducting research and
The scheduled return of the Starliner spacecraft, which trans- experiments. The spacecraft can stay docked for up to
ported NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore 45 days, and the ISS has sufficient supplies for extended
to the International Space Station (ISS) earlier this month, has periods.
been delayed. • C
 ontingency Plan: If safety concerns persist or the Starliner
issues cannot be resolved in time, the astronauts may re-
What is the Starliner mission? turn to Earth aboard SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft, currently
also docked at the ISS.
• O
 bjective: The Starliner Crew Flight Test mission aimed
to transport NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch
Wilmore to the International Space Station (ISS) and Way forward ( what can NASA do?)
demonstrate the spacecraft’s capability to safely ferry crew • T
 horough Technical Review: NASA should conduct a com-
to and from low-Earth orbit (LEO). prehensive technical review of the Starliner spacecraft’s
• C raft Description: CST-100 Starliner, developed by Boeing systems and components to identify the root causes of the
in collaboration with NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, is multiple issues encountered during the mission.
designed to accommodate up to seven passengers or a mix • E
 nhanced Mission Preparedness: NASA should prioritise
of crew and cargo for LEO missions. It is reusable up to 10 enhancing mission preparedness protocols for commercial
times with a turnaround time of six months. crew missions, including stricter pre-launch checks, con-
• S ignificance: Marks Boeing’s contribution to NASA’s efforts tingency planning for mid-mission anomalies, and robust
since the retirement of the Space Shuttle Program in 2011, communication and coordination between mission control
alongside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft, which first delivered and astronauts aboard the ISS. This proactive approach can
cargo in 2012 and transported astronauts in 2020. mitigate risks and ensure smoother operations in future
missions.
What has caused the delay?
• T
 echnical Issues: Multiple setbacks delayed the mission, in- Mains PYQ:
cluding a faulty pressure valve on the Atlas V upper stage, Q What is India’s plan to have its own space station and
engineering problems with other mechanisms, and issues how will it benefit our space programme? (UPSC IAS/2019)

www.civilsdaily.com 41
INNOVATIONS IN SCIENCES, IT, COMPUTERS, ROBOTICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

Activated Carbon Production from Coconut Husks for

Supercapacitors

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in vari- • It is processed to have small, low-volume pores with in-
ous sc and tech fields creased surface area available for adsorption or chemical
Note4Students reactions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : • It is widely used for purification, decontamination, and as a
Prelims level : Activated Carbon, Supercapacitors filtration medium.
• K ey Characteristics:
Why in the News? o High Surface Area: Due to its extensive network of
Researchers at Government College for Women, Thiru- pores, activated carbon has a very high surface area,
vananthapuram, have developed a way to make activated typically ranging from 500 to 1500 m²/g.
carbon from coconut husks, which are a common leftover o Porosity: The structure includes micropores, meso-
from farming in Kerala. This activated carbon is well-suited pores, and macropores, allowing it to adsorb a variety
for making supercapacitors. of molecules.

Back2Basics: Supercapacitors How is it produced?

• A
 ctivated carbon is produced from carbonaceous source
materials such as coconut shells, peat, wood, coir, lignite,
coal, and petroleum pitch.
• T he production involves two main steps:
1. Carbonization: The raw material is subjected to high
temperatures (600-900°C) in an inert atmosphere
(usually nitrogen or argon) to remove volatile compo-
nents.
2. Activation/Oxidation: The carbonized material is treated
with oxidizing agents (such as steam or carbon dioxide)
at high temperatures (800-1000°C) to develop a porous
structure.

• S upercapacitors, also known as ultra-capacitors or electro-

chemical capacitors, are energy storage devices that bridge
the gap between conventional capacitors and batteries.
• T hey store energy through the electrostatic separation
of charges rather than through chemical reactions as in
batteries.
• T his allows supercapacitors to charge and discharge much
faster than batteries.

Key Characteristics:
• H
 igh Power Density: Supercapacitors can deliver and ac-
cept charge much more rapidly than batteries.
• L ong Cycle Life: They can endure millions of charge-dis-
charge cycles without significant degradation.
• W
 ide Operating Temperature Range: Supercapacitors per-
form well in a broad range of temperatures, making them
suitable for various applications.

Structure and Components: Types:

• E
 lectrodes: Made of materials like activated carbon, carbon • P
 owdered Activated Carbon (PAC): Finely ground carbon
aerogels, or graphene, which have high surface areas. particles primarily used in liquid phase applications.
• E lectrolyte: The medium that allows ionic conductivity • G
 ranular Activated Carbon (GAC): Larger particles used in
between the electrodes, typically a liquid or gel. both liquid and gas phase applications, such as water and
• S eparator: A porous membrane that prevents electrical air filtration.
contact between the electrodes but allows ionic move- • E xtruded Activated Carbon (EAC): Cylindrical pellets used
ment. What is Activated Carbon? mainly for gas phase applications due to their low pressure
• A ctivated Carbon, also known as activated charcoal, is drop and high mechanical strength.
a highly porous form of carbon. • Impregnated Activated Carbon: Activated carbon treat-

42 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

 ed with chemicals to enhance its adsorption capacity for • T his material is readily available, low-cost, and eco-friendly.
specific contaminants. • It was produced by Microwave-Assisted Method designed
at the Centralised Common Instrumentation Facility (CCIF)
at the college.
Applications:
• W
 ater Treatment: Removes contaminants like chlorine,
odors, and organic compounds from drinking water. Importance of Supercapacitors
• A
 ir Purification: Adsorbs volatile organic compounds • E
 nergy Storage: Supercapacitors have significantly higher
(VOCs), odors, and airborne pollutants. capacitance and energy storage capacity compared to
• M edical Uses: Used in poisoning cases to absorb toxins in conventional capacitors.
the gastrointestinal tract. • S earch for Ideal Material: Finding the ideal supercapaci-
• Industrial Processes: Utilized in the recovery of solvents, tor electrode material has been a significant challenge in
purification of gases, and in gold purification. sustainable energy storage solutions.
• F ood and Beverage: Helps in decolorization and purifica-
tion processes in sugar, wine, and juice production.
Research Findings:
• E
 fficiency: Prototype supercapacitors made from coconut
About Coconut Husk-Derived Activated Carbon husk-derived activated carbon are four times more efficient
• C
 oconut husk-derived activated carbon is a sustainable and than existing supercapacitors.
efficient green solution for high-performance supercapac- • C
 ost-Effective and Efficient: Activated carbon produced
itors. using this technology is inexpensive and exhibits excep-
tional supercapacitor capability.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN INDIA

What was the tussle over Covaxin IPR?

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Intellectual Prop- Key Provisions of the Patents Act, 1970:
erty Rights • P
 atentable Inventions:
Note4Students  An invention must be novel, involve an inventive step,
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : and be capable of industrial application.
Prelims level : Patent process in India, COVAXIN
 Section 3 of the Patents Act outlines what are not con-
sidered inventions, which includes methods of treat-
Why in the News? ment, and processes for medicinal, surgical, curative,
• B
 harat Biotech International Limited (BBIL), maker of prophylactic, diagnostic, therapeutic, or other treat-
the indigenous coronavirus vaccine Covaxin, admitted to ments of human beings.
an “inadvertent error” in patent filings. The error involved • India grants both process and product patents:
failing to include scientists from the Indian Council of o Product Patents: Grant a monopoly over a specific
Medical Research (ICMR) as co-inventors in the patent drug.
filings. o Process Patents: Prevent competitors from using the
same sequence of steps to create a similar product.
• C ompulsory Licensing:
COVAXIN Story o Under Section 84, compulsory licenses can be issued if
• B
 BIL patented the process of making a batch of vaccines the patented invention is not available to the public
from virus strains provided by ICMR-NIV (National Insti- at a reasonably affordable price, or if the reasonable
tute of Virology). requirements of the public are not being met.
• ICMR-NIV’s role involved extracting viruses, identifying • B olar Provision:
characteristics, conducting tests, and qualifying strains o Section 107A allows the use of patented inventions,
for vaccine development. including vaccines, for the purpose of research and
o ICMR funded these clinical trials with ₹35 crore and development to obtain regulatory approval before the
incurred costs in developing Covaxin. patent expires.
o In return, ICMR was to receive 5% of the royalties
BBIL earned from the sale of Covaxin.
Why was the ICMR not included?
• B
 harat Biotech initially excluded ICMR from patent appli-
Vaccine Patents in India cations because they viewed the ICMR’s role primarily as
• In India, patents, including those for vaccines, are governed providing virus strains and conducting clinical trials, rather
by the Patents Act, 1970, and its subsequent amendments. than being directly involved in the technical processes of
• T his act aligns with the TRIPS Agreement (Trade-Related vaccine development.
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) under the World • T here might have been a miscommunication or oversight
Trade Organization (WTO). regarding the understanding of intellectual property rights
and inventorship between BBIL and ICMR initially.

www.civilsdaily.com 43
 PYQ:
[2013] Bringing out the circumstances in 2005 which
forced amendment to the section 3(d) in Indian Patent
Law, 1970, discuss how it has been utilized by the
Supreme Court in its judgement in rejecting Novartis’
patent application for ‘Glivec’. Discuss briefly the pros
and cons of the decision. (200 words)
[2014] In a globalized world, Intellectual Property
Rights assume significance and are a source of litigation.
Broadly distinguish between the terms—Copyrights,
Patents and Trade Secrets.

ZIKA VIRUS OUTBREAK

India lacks diagnostic tests for emerging infectious diseases

Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various diseases like Zika, Nipah, and avian influenza.
sc and tech fields • D
 ependency on Apex Institutes: Diagnostic facilities are
Note4Students largely concentrated in apex national institutes, limiting
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : accessibility and delaying the implementation of crucial
Prelims level : About Zika Virus public health measures during outbreaks.
Mains level : India’s Lack of Significant Zika Surveillance and
Other Diseases
Impacts of Unavailability of Infrastructure
• D
 elayed Response: Lack of accessible diagnostics delays
Why in the news? the identification and isolation of cases, contact tracing,
The detection of a Zika virus infection in Pune has once again and implementation of containment measures during
raised concerns regarding India’s readiness to diagnose outbreaks.
emerging infectious diseases. • L oss of Time: Delays in releasing genomic sequences and
validating diagnostic tests impede the rapid development
Recent Outbreaks in Various Regions of India and deployment of effective diagnostics.
• Z
 ika Virus: Recent cases of Zika virus in Pune and previous
outbreaks in Kerala and Uttar Pradesh highlight sporadic Way Forward (Role of ICMR)
but concerning outbreaks across India. • E
 nhanced Surveillance: ICMR (Indian Council of Medical
• A
 vian Influenza: Ongoing outbreaks affecting poultry, Research) should lead efforts to decentralize testing facili-
with occasional human cases reported, indicating challeng- ties, ensuring availability at district and sub-district levels.
es in surveillance and testing. • C
 apacity Building: Develop accessible and affordable diag-
• N
 ipah Virus: Multiple outbreaks in Kerala and sporadic cas- nostic tests for Zika, Nipah, and avian influenza, leveraging
es in West Bengal underscore the recurrent nature of Nipah lessons from COVID-19 testing infrastructure expansion.
virus outbreaks in India. • G
 enomic Surveillance: Establish a system for the rapid
release of whole genome sequences into public reposito-
India’s Lack of Significant Zika Surveillance and ries like GISAID to enhance understanding and response
capabilities.
Other Diseases • C
 ollaboration: Foster collaboration with industry and
• L imited Diagnostic Capabilities: India faces challenges research institutions to streamline diagnostic test approvals
with the absence of approved diagnostic tests for the Zika
and improve preparedness for future outbreaks.
virus, relying on clinical symptoms and selective testing,
which may lead to underreporting.
• S urveillance Gaps: There is a notable gap in systematic Mains PYQ:
surveillance systems specifically tailored for Zika and other Q COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented
emerging infectious diseases, hampering early detection devastation worldwide. However, technological
and containment efforts. advancements are being availed readily to win over the
crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid
• Infrastructure Deficiencies: The country’s diagnostic infra-
the management of the pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020)
structure outside major institutes is inadequate, affecting
the timely identification and response to outbreaks of

44 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

TELECOM AND POSTAL SECTOR – SPECTRUM ALLOCATION, CALL DROPS, PREDATORY PRICING, ETC

On Improving Rural Mobile Connectivity

Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various What is the IEEE 2061-2024 standard? (Its working
sc and tech fields and architecture)
Note4Students
• IEEE 2061-2024 aims to establish a standardized wireless
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
network architecture for affordable broadband access in
Prelims level : What is a middle-mile network?
rural areas.
Mains level : What impedes rural connectivity?
• It defines a heterogeneous Access Network (AN) compris-
ing macro base stations (Macro-BS) and Wi-Fi base sta-
Why in the news? tions, integrated with a flexible Core Network (CN) bypass
On June 6, IEEE endorsed a wireless network structure aimed capability.
at providing economical broadband access in rural areas, for-
mulated at IIT Bombay.

About the latest Telecom Subscription Data

• U
 rban Tele-density: Urban tele-density in India is 127%,
indicating that on average, each urban user has more than
one mobile connection.
• R
 ural Tele-density: Rural tele-density is significantly lower
at 58%, meaning only about one in two rural residents has
a mobile connection.
• U
 rban-Rural Digital Divide: The data highlights a stark
contrast between urban and rural areas, with urban areas
having much higher mobile connectivity compared to rural
regions, reflecting a significant digital divide.
Architecture:
• H
 eterogeneous AN: Includes Macro-BS covering large
What are access and core networks? areas with potentially lower data rates, complemented by
• A
 ccess Network (AN): The AN consists of base stations Wi-Fi base stations deployed within villages for high-speed
that provide wireless connectivity to mobile devices within connectivity.
a limited geographical area. It interfaces directly with mo- • C
 N Bypass: Allows direct Internet access from the AN,
bile devices, facilitating communication and data transfer bypassing the centralized Core Network for certain com-
between devices and the wider network. munications. This enhances efficiency and reduces latency,
• C
 ore Network (CN): The CN comprises centralized network catering to stationary users common in rural settings.
equipment that manages and directs data traffic between • M
 iddle-Mile Connectivity: Utilizes multi-hop wireless net-
the access network, other networks (like the Internet), and works (e.g., satellites, long-range Wi-Fi) to extend connec-
service providers. It handles tasks such as routing, switch- tivity over long distances where optical fibre deployment is
ing, and managing connectivity across the broader net- impractical or costly.
work infrastructure.

What is a middle-mile network?

What impedes rural connectivity? • A
 middle-mile network refers to the infrastructure that
• A
 ffordability: Lower income levels in rural areas make mo- connects core network hubs to local access points, span-
bile services relatively expensive, limiting access for many ning intermediate distances. It uses technologies like fibre
rural residents. optics, microwave links, or satellites to transport data be-
•  ost of Infrastructure: Installing and maintaining network
C tween central and regional locations, facilitating efficient
infrastructure like fibre optics in remote rural areas is costly connectivity over longer distances without the need for
and may not be economically viable for service providers. direct local access networks.
•  ow Population Density: Rural areas often have sparse
L
populations spread over large geographic areas, making it Conclude: To bridge the urban-rural digital divide in telecom,
less profitable for network operators to invest in infrastruc- measures should focus on affordability through subsidized
ture deployment. services, incentivizing infrastructure investment in rural areas,
•  eographical Barriers: Difficult terrains and remote loca-
G promoting research on rural-specific technologies, and ensur-
tions further complicate the installation of base stations ing equitable access to advanced wireless standards like IEEE
and backhaul infrastructure necessary for robust network 2061-2024.
coverage.
•  rban Bias in Technology: Most advancements in cellular
U Mains PYQ:
networks, such as 5G, prioritize high data rates and low Q Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled
latency suitable for urban environments, neglecting the with a lack of Information and Communication Technology
unique challenges of rural areas. (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development?
•  imited Research: There has been insufficient research
L Examine with justification. (UPSC IAS/2021)
focused on developing cost-effective solutions that can ef-
ficiently cover large rural areas with adequate connectivity.

www.civilsdaily.com 45
INNOVATIONS IN SCIENCES, IT, COMPUTERS, ROBOTICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

Digital jurisprudence in India, in an AI era

Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various What Does the Indian Copyright Act 1957 Say?
sc and tech fields • S ection 16 specifies that copyright protection is granted
Note4Students only under the provisions of the Act, with reluctance glob-
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : ally to extend protection to AI-generated works.
Prelims level : What is Generative AI? • C ritical questions include whether existing copyright laws
Mains level : Persistent and Contentious Issues in Internet should be revised for AI, the need for co-authorship with
Governance humans, and the responsibility for copyright infringement
by AI tools.
Why in the news? • T he 161st Parliamentary Standing Committee Report high-
Generative AI’s transformative potential challenges existing lights the inadequacy of the Copyright Act to facilitate AI
legal frameworks and judicial precedents, which are inade- authorship and ownership.
quate for effectively governing this rapidly-evolving technolo- • C urrent Indian law allows copyright owners to take legal
gy designed for a pre-AI world. action against infringement, but liability for AI-generated
content remains unclear.

What is Generative AI?

• G
 enerative AI refers to artificial intelligence models that Steps to Pursue (Way forward)
can generate original content like text, images, videos, and • L earning by Doing: Implement a sandbox approach, grant-
audio in response to prompts or requests. ing temporary immunity from liability to GAI platforms for
• T hese models learn patterns from large datasets and use responsible development and data gathering to inform
that knowledge to create new content that resembles the future regulations.
training data. • D ata Rights and Responsibilities: Overhaul the data acqui-
sition process for GAI training, ensuring legal compliance,
proper licensing, and compensation for intellectual prop-
Persistent and Contentious Issues in Internet erty used in training models. Potential solutions include
Governance revenue-sharing or licensing agreements with data owners.
• S implify the Licensing: Licensing data for GAI is complex
due to the lack of a centralized licensing body for web
Safe Harbour and Liability Fixation: data. The creation of centralized platforms, similar to stock
• T he Shreya Singhal judgment upholds Section 79 of the photo websites, can simplify licensing, streamline access to
IT Act, granting intermediaries ‘safe harbour’ protection data, and ensure data integrity against bias and discrimina-
against liability for hosted content, contingent upon meet- tion.
ing due diligence requirements. • G overnment and Judicial Approach to maximize the
• C hallenges arise in applying these provisions to GAI tools, benefits of GAI: A comprehensive re-evaluation of existing
with debates on whether they should be classified as inter- digital jurisprudence is needed, requiring a holistic, gov-
mediaries, conduits, or active creators. ernment-wide approach and judicious interpretations by
• T he Delhi High Court’s ruling in the Christian Loubou- constitutional courts. The aim is to maximize the benefits
tin Sas vs Nakul Bajaj and Ors (2018) case limited safe of GAI while safeguarding individual rights and protecting
harbour protection to “passive” intermediaries. against unwelcome harm.
• T he classification of GAI tools complicates the assignment
of liability, especially in cases of user reposts. Mains PYQ:
Q The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Generative AI and Legal Conflicts: (Digital Revolution) hasinitiated e-Governance as an
integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
• G
 AI outputs have led to legal conflicts, such as a lawsuit in
the U.S. against OpenAI for defamation by ChatGPT.
• A
 mbiguities in classifying GAI tools complicate legal deci-
sions regarding liability.

46 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

INTERNATIONAL SPACE AGENCIES – MISSIONS AND DISCOVERIES

Universe had Spiral Galaxies 4 billion years sooner than

expected: Study

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in vari- collapse of gas and dust in the early universe.
ous sc and tech fields • T hey maintain their structure through the rotation of the
Note4Students disk and the gravitational influence of the central bulge
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : and halo.
Prelims level : Formation of Universe; Spiral Galaxy. • Interactions and mergers with other galaxies can distort
or destroy their spiral structure, potentially transforming
Why in the News? them into elliptical galaxies.
A new study has revealed more spiral galaxies in the universe’s
youth than astronomers had previously expected. Formation of Galaxies
• A
 s the universe cooled from a dense plasma state, hot gas
Universe’s Age and Galaxy Types formed clumps that became galaxies.
• T he universe is about 13.8 billion years old and hosts • T hese early galaxies had irregular shapes and lacked disks.
various kinds of galaxies, from spiral to elliptical. • S piral Formation Theory:
• A
 stronomers believed spiral galaxies formed about 6 bil- o The traditional theory suggested that it took billions of
lion years ago, but the new study calls this into question. years for hot, thick disks to become thinner and form
• Y
 ounger galaxies tend to spiral, while older ones have a spiral arms.
variety of shapes, making the study of older galaxies more o The new study suggests that cooling and spiral forma-
challenging due to fainter light. tion occur around the same cosmic time.

Back2Basics: Spiral Galaxy How is this verified?

• S piral galaxies are a type of galaxy characterized by • A
 stronomers observe star formation in real time but study
their spiral structure. galaxy evolution through “astronomical archaeology.”
• T hey are among the most common types of galaxies in the o Understanding the fraction of spiral galaxies helps
universe. astronomers trace the biography of galaxies.
• O ur own Milky Way is a classic example of a spiral galaxy. o Infrared and optical wavelengths are used to detect
early galaxies, requiring powerful telescopes due to the
faint light of older galaxies.
• J ames Webb Space Telescope (JWST) launched
in 2021 has enabled astronomers to study deeper into
the universe’s past.
• S tudy Methodology:
• 
o The University of Missouri team used the JWST to study
873 galaxies and identified at least 216 spiral galaxies,
some dating to 1.5 billion years after the universe’s
birth.
o Each of the six authors classified the images as spiral or
non-spiral, ensuring the result is free of human bias.
Key Characteristics:
• C
 entral Bulge: A dense, spherical structure at the centre Findings and Implications
composed mainly of older stars.
• T he fraction of spiral galaxies increased from about 8% to
• D isk: Surrounding the bulge is a flat, rotating disk of stars, 48% between 3 billion and 7 billion years after the Big
gas, and dust. The disk contains younger stars and spiral Bang, higher than previously observed.
arms.
• T he study challenges existing models and suggests that
• S piral Arms: These are the defining features, winding galaxy formation theories need to be more complex.
outward from the central bulge. The arms are sites of active
star formation and appear brighter due to the presence of
young, hot stars. PYQ:
• H alo: A roughly spherical region surrounding the disk, [2022] Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb
containing old stars and globular clusters. Space Telescope has been much in the news since then.
What are its unique features which make it superior to its
predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of
Formation and Evolution: this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the
• S piral galaxies are thought to form from the gravitational human race?

www.civilsdaily.com 47
INNOVATIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

What makes mosquitoes suck blood?

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in vari- o Another gut hormone, RYamide, was found to influ-
ous sc and tech fields ence mosquitoes’ blood lust. As NPF levels decreased
Note4Students after a blood meal, RYamide levels increased, and vice
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : versa.
Prelims level : Diseases spread by Mosquitoes; Factors driving o The researchers concluded that NPF and RYamide
mosquito evolution. work together to regulate mosquitoes’ attraction to
humans and other hosts.
Why in the News?
A study published in the Proceedings of the National Acad- Implications of the Study
emy of Sciences (PNAS) 1 has suggested that a pair of • C
 ontrolling the Deadliest Animal: Mosquitoes are the
hormones work together to activate or suppress mosquitoes’ deadliest animal on the planet, acting as vectors for diseas-
blood cravings. es such as malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, yellow fever,
Zika, chikungunya, and lymphatic filariasis, which collec-
Mosquito Species and Behavior tively kill more people than any other creature.
• T here are around 3500 mosquito species globally, found • P
 esticide Development: The discovery could lead to new
on every continent except Antarctica. pesticide targets for preventing mosquito reproduction
and disease transmission.
• F emale mosquitoes consume blood to aid in egg
development.
Note: Mosquitoes are responsible for over 1 million human
• A
 fter feeding, female mosquitoes lose their appetite for deaths per year worldwide. They transmit deadly diseases
blood until they lay their eggs. like malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Zika virus
Research by Michael Strand and Team
• S trand observed that levels of the mosquito gut hormone
F (NPF) spiked when mosquitoes were seeking a host and PYQ:
dropped after feeding. [2023] ‘Wolbachia method’ is sometimes talked about
• T heir study analyzed mosquito enteroendocrine with reference to which one of the following?
cells responsible for gut hormone production. (a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes
• H ormonal Mechanisms: (b) Converting crop residues into packing material
(c) Producing biodegradable plastics
o NPF levels increased before blood meals and
(d) Producing biochar from thermo-chemical conversion
decreased six hours after feeding.
of biomass

HISTORY AND ART & CULTURE

HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN NEWS

UNESCO World Heritage Site of Somanathapura

Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Culture Prelims level : Keshava Temple, Somanathapura; Hoysala
Note4Students Architecture.

48 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

 resources to build this grand temple.
• W
 ith the king’s blessing, construction commenced and
was completed in 1268 AD.
• A
 n inscription in old Kannada on a stone slab in
the temple provides details of its construction and
consecration.
• A
 fter demolitions by invaders, it no longer serves as
a place of worship.

Architecture:
• T he temple is constructed from soapstone, which allows
for the fine detailing seen in the carvings.
• It is built on a raised platform with an outer Pradakshi-
na pathway, allowing devotees to circum-ambulate the
Why in the News? sanctum.
• K
 arnataka’s Tourism Department plans to highlight •  he temple features a stellar (star-shaped) plan, which
T
Somanathapura Temple, part of the Hoysala temples, in creates multiple corners and niches, providing numerous
the Mysuru tourism circuit ahead of Dasara, leveraging its canvases for the sculptors to showcase their intricate work.
UNESCO World Heritage status. •  he temple has three shrines, each crowned with a Vima-
T
o The Somanathapura Temple, along with other Hoysala na (tower).
temples such as the Chennakeshava Temple at Belur •  he Hoysala emblem, depicting a warrior fighting a lion,
T
and the Hoysaleshwara Temple at Halebid, (called ‘Sa- is prominently displayed.
cred Ensembles of the Hoysala’) was granted UNESCO
•  he walls of the temple are adorned with beautiful friezes
T
WHS in September 2023.
depicting scenes from Hindu epics, figures of elephants,
and battle scenes with cavalry.
Note: There are 42 World Heritage Sites in India. Out
of these, 34 are cultural, seven are natural, and one, Tap to read more about:
Khangchendzonga National Park, is of mixed type. UNESCO Heritage Status for Hoysala Temples in Karnataka

About Keshava Temple, Somanathapura PYQ:

• T he Keshava Temple is considered one of the last grand [2019] Building ‘Kalyana Mandapas’ was a notable
structures built by the Hoysala dynasty. feature in the temple construction in the kingdom of
• T his Trikuta (three-shrined) temple is dedicated to Lord (a) Chalukya
Krishna and is represented in three forms: Janardhana, (b) Chandela
Keshava, and Venugopala. (c) Rashtrakuta
• T he main Keshava idol is missing, and the Janardhana (d) Vijayanagara
and Venugopala idols are damaged. [2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
(a) three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) three main linguistic divisions into which the
Historical Background: languages of India can be classified
• T he Keshava Temple was constructed by Somanatha, (c) three main styles of Indian temple architecture
a commander of the Hoysala Army, during the reign (d) three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India
of Hoysala King Narasimha III. [2013] Chola architecture represents a high watermark in
• S omanatha, who had established a town named Somana- the evolution of temple architecture. Discuss.
thapura after himself, sought the king’s permission and

FESTIVALS, DANCES, THEATRE, LITERATURE, ART IN NEWS

Nouka Baich: Boat Race festival of Bengal

Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Why in the News?
Culture With the southwest monsoon gradually setting in, Nouka
Note4Students Baich boat races will soon commence in West Bengal and
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : Bangladesh.
Prelims level : Nouka Baich

About Nouka Baich

• N ouka Baich is the traditional boat race of Bengal.
• It is predominantly held in the rural pockets of West Ben-

www.civilsdaily.com 49
 gal, including Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, and Types of Boats Used:
South 24 Parganas. • D
 iverse Fleet: Unlike Kerala’s boat races, which typically
• H
 istorically male-dominated, recent years have seen in- feature a single type of boat, Bengal’s races use various
creasing participation by women. traditional boats.
• T
 iming and Duration: • C
 ommon Boat Types: Chhip, Kaile Bachhari, Chande Bach-
•  hari, Chitoi, Sorpi, and Sorengi are commonly used in the
o Monsoon Season: The races commence with the onset races.
of the south-west monsoon, usually starting in the • U
 nique Features: Each boat type has unique design fea-
middle of the rainy season. tures and historical significance, with some boats like the
o Extended Period: The events continue until September, Sorengi being over 90 feet long and designed to mimic
with some races extending into October and Novem- natural forms.
ber, depending on the region.

Similar festivals celebrated in other parts that highlight cultural similarities in India:

Location Occasion Highlights

Nehru Trophy Boat Punnamada Lake, Second Saturday Named after Jawaharlal Nehru; features snake boats
Race Alappuzha, Kerala of August (Chundan Vallams) accommodating over 100 rowers.
Champakulam Mool- Pampa River, Alap- One of the oldest boat races, commemorates the installa-
June or July
am Boat Race puzha, Kerala tion of Lord Krishna’s idol at Ambalappuzha Temple.
Aranmula Uthrattadi Pampa River, Aran- Onam (August Features Palliyodams (large snake boats); significant for
Vallamkali mula, Kerala or September) the Parthasarathy Temple.
Payippad Lake, Onam (August Celebrates the installation of deity at Subramanya Swamy
Payippad Jalotsavam
Alappuzha, Kerala or September) Temple; features snake boats and canoes.
Indira Gandhi Boat Ernakulam, Kochi, Last week of Part of Cochin Carnival; attracts tourists, named after
Race Kerala December Indira Gandhi.
Bhuvanagiri, Tamil Pongal festival
Pongal Boat Race Vibrant cultural displays; local fishermen participate.
Nadu (January)
Lai Haraoba Traditional boat race with long narrow boats, reflecting
Hiyang Tannaba Manipur
festival the Meitei community’s traditions.
Chennai, Tamil Highlights the maritime culture of the region; attracts
Sithargal Boat Race Pongal festival
Nadu numerous participants and spectators.

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY-EVENTS AND PERSONALITIES

In news: Santhal Hul of 1855

Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Mod- • M
 artial Law was imposed on November 10, 1855, by the
ern Indian History East India Company, lasting until January 3, 1856, when the
Note4Students rebellion was suppressed.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Santhal Hul
Who are the Santhals?
• S anthals were agricultural people living in the Rajmahal
Why in the News? Hills of Bihar.
• T he Santhal Revolt of 1855 was a revolt against impe- • O l Chiki (Ol Chemet) is the writing script of Santhals.
rialism led by four brothers, Sidho, Kanho, Chand, and • T he British asked them to clear forests for agriculture to
Bhairav Murmu, along with sisters Phulo and Jhano. increase revenue.
o June 30 marks the 169th anniversary of the beginning • D
 amin-i-Koh (1832) was created as a designated area for
of the revolt. Santhals, now known as Santhal Pargana.
• O
 ver time, the British began exploiting the Santhals, lead-
About Santhal Hul ing to the Santhal Rebellion.
• T he Santhal people revolted against the British East India
Company and the Zamindari system, also known as the What makes the revolt so unique?
Santhal Rebellion or Santhal Hul.
• M
 arginalized Indigenous Community: Led by the Santhal
• T he rebellion began on June 30, 1855.

50 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

 tribe, a marginalized indigenous community in mid-19th ish as a result of the Hul.
century India. o Land Inheritance: Prohibits the transfer of Adivasi
• A
 grarian Uprising: Primarily a fight against exploitative lands to non-Adivasis and allows land to be inherited
land laws, high taxes, and forced labor rather than political only as per the Act.
or religious issues. o Self-Governance: Retains the rights of Santhals to
• T
 ribal Unity and Guerrilla Tactics: Characterized by a self-govern their land.
strong sense of tribal unity and guerrilla warfare tactics, • C
 hhotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908): Result of the Birsa
making it unique and significant. Movement.
o Land Transfer Restrictions: Allows land transfers with-
in the same caste and geographical areas with District
Causes of the Santhal Revolt: Collector’s approval.
• P
 ermanent Settlement System (1793): Introduced by the
o Protection of Adivasi and Dalit Land: Restricts the sale
British East India Company, giving Zamindars long-lasting
of Adivasi and Dalit land but allows transfers within the
property rights.
same community.
•  ppression by Zamindars: Zamindars misused their power
O
to oppress and enslave peasants, leading to resentment.
•  xploitation and Debt: Santhals faced exploitation
E PYQ:
through high-interest loans and lost their land and free- [2018] After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/
dom. were the measure/measures taken by the colonial
•  iolent Suppressions: British police supported Zamindars
V government?
and moneylenders in evicting Santhals violently. 1. T he territories called `Santhal Parganas’ were created.
•  isruption of Traditional Structures: Traditional social and
D 2. I t became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a
political structures of the Santhals were disrupted, pushing non-Santhal.
them into debt and poverty. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
•  conomic Hardship: Led to the Santhals revolting against
E
(b) 2 only
the British and Zamindars to escape their predicament.
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
About the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act (1876) and
Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908)
• S anthal Pargana Tenancy Act (1876): Enacted by the Brit-

FESTIVALS, DANCES, THEATRE, LITERATURE, ART IN NEWS

Kozhikode awarded ‘City of Literature’ at UNESCO Creative

Cities Network Conference

Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & • S ector-Specific Excellence: Prominence in
Culture one of the seven creative fields: Craft and
Note4Students Folk Art, Media Arts, Film, Design, Gastron-
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : omy, Literature, or Music.
Prelims level : UCCN, Indian cities recognized by UCCN • C ommitment to Creativity: Long-term
dedication to creativity and culture as key
drivers for urban development.
Why in the News? Seven Cat-
• S upportive Infrastructure: Established
• “ Kozhikode” was awarded the title of ‘City of Liter- egories/
cultural institutions, educational programs,
ature’ at the 16th annual conference of the UNESCO Criteria
and events promoting creativity.
Creative Cities Network (UCCN) in Braga, Portugal.
• A lignment with SDG 11: Initiatives sup-
o The theme of this year’s UCCN conference is ‘Bringing porting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
youth to the table for the next decade’.
Development.
• I nclusivity: Ensuring creative activities
About UNESCO Creative Cities Network are inclusive and accessible to all societal
segments.
Member
To promote cooperation among cities for cul- Over 250 cities from around the world
Purpose Cities
tural and creative industry development
Foster innovation, cultural diversity, and sus-
Initiation Established by UNESCO in 2004 Objectives
tainable urban development

www.civilsdaily.com 51
 Collaborative projects, cultural events, and many renowned authors, poets, and scholars who have
Activities significantly contributed to Malayalam literature.
initiatives
•  ultural Festivals and Events: Kozhikode hosts various lit-
C
Selection Cities apply and are designated by UNESCO erary festivals, book fairs, and cultural events that promote
Process based on criteria related to creativity literature and reading among the community.
Network •  ducational Institutions: The presence of several presti-
E
Coordina- UNESCO provides coordination and support gious educational institutions that emphasise literature
tion and the arts played a crucial role in its selection.
Enhances cities’ cultural identity, economy, and •  ommunity Engagement: Active involvement of local
C
Impact communities in promoting and preserving literary culture
international visibility
through libraries, reading clubs, and literary societies.
• Gwalior – Music Category (2023)
•  iterary Infrastructure: Well-established libraries, publish-
L
• Srinagar– Crafts and Folk Arts (2022) ing houses, and bookshops that support and nurture the
Other In- • Jaipur– Crafts and Folk Arts (2015) scholarly ecosystem.
dian Cities • Varanasi– Creative City of Music (2015)
in UCCN • Chennai– Creative City of Music (2017)
• Mumbai– Film (2019) Historic Contributions of Kozhikode
• Hyderabad– Gastronomy/Food (2019) • M
 alayalam Literature: Kozhikode has been a centre for
Malayalam literature and scholarly activities. It has pro-
duced notable literary figures and is a hub for literary
Reasons for Kozhikode’s Selection festivals and cultural events.
• R
 ich Literary Tradition: Kozhikode has a deep and rich • A
 stronomy and Mathematics: The region, under the pa-
literary heritage that spans centuries, contributing signifi- tronage of the Zamorins, was a centre for advancements in
cantly to the cultural and intellectual life of the region. astronomy and mathematics, contributing significantly to
• P
 rominent Literary Figures: The city has been home to the fields through scholars like the 14th-century mathema-
tician and astronomer Madhava of Sangamagrama.

HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN NEWS

Significance of ‘Abhaya Mudra’

Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Why in the News?
Culture The Leader of Opposition invoked the Abhaya Mudra in his
Note4Students inaugural address as Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Various mudras of Buddha
What is Abhay Mudra?
• A
 bhaya mudra, the motif of an open palm (gesturing
to stop), is prevalent across many South Asian religions,
including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.
• K nown as the ‘fearlessness gesture’, ‘abhaya’ in Sanskrit
means fearlessness. The gesture symbolizes protection and
peace.
• In yoga circles, the abhaya mudra is believed to promote
courage and reduce fear and anxiety.
• W hile common across many religions, the abhaya mudra
is most prominently featured in Buddhism, especially in
Thailand and Laos, where it is associated with images of
the walking Buddha.

Origins of the Gesture

• A
 ccording to Stanford University, the gesture of an open
palm pointed outwards appears to be a natural gesture
used since prehistoric times as a sign of good intentions
and peace.
• T he gesture also asserted power in antiquity, similar to
the magna manus of the Roman Emperors who legislated
and gave peace simultaneously.
• T he motif likely originated from a universal ges-
ture associated with human communication, eventually

52 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)

 integrating into major South Asian religions. Significance of ‘Abhaya Mudra’ in Hindu Religion:
• T he Buddha was absorbed into the Hindu pantheon as
Evolution of Mudras in Buddhism the 9th incarnation of Vishnu.
• F or about 500 years after the Buddha, he was not depicted • H
 indus regarded the Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu be-
in physical form. tween AD 450 and the sixth century, with the first men-
tion in the Vishnu Purana (400-500 CE).
• E arly representations appeared around the first millenni-
um, influenced by Gandhara and Gupta art. • T he abhaya mudra appears in depictions of Hindu deities,
commonly seen in images of Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu, and
• W ith the evolution of these Buddhist traditions, hundreds
Lord Ganesha.
of mudras entered Buddhist iconography.
• In tantric Buddhist traditions, mudras symbolized material
offerings, enacted forms of worship, or relationships with PYQ:
visualized deities. (as shown in the above diagram) [2014] Lord Buddha’s image is sometimes shown with a
hand gesture called ‘Bhumisparsha Mudra’. It symbolizes:
(a) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to watch over Mara and
Significance of ‘Abhaya Mudra’ in Buddhism: to prevent Mara from disturbing his meditation
• In Buddhism, the abhaya mudra is linked to a legend in- (b) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to witness his purity and
volving Devadatta, a cousin of the Buddha, who tried to chastity despite the temptations of Mara
murder the Buddha by losing a rampaging elephant into (c) Buddha’s reminder to his followers that they all arise
his path. from the Earth and finally dissolve into the Earth and
• T he Buddha calmed the elephant by displaying the abha- thus this life is transitory
ya mudra, indicating appeasement of the senses and the (d) Both the statements ‘a’ and ‘b’ are correct in this
absence of fear. context
• T he gesture is popularly pronounced in Buddhist cultures, [2014] Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans
symbolizing fearlessness and peace. as to the Greeks. Explain.
[2016] Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk
motifs and narratives, successfully expounds Buddhist
ideals. Elucidate.

www.civilsdaily.com 53
TRIVIA

The story of the American Declaration of Independence

Explained | Trivia | Mains Paper 1: World History oppressive British policies, marking a period of growing
Note4Students dissent and opposition.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : • O
 utbreak of War: By 1775, clashes between colonial
Prelims level : Bordering countries of the USA and compare militias and British troops erupted into open warfare,
length of border solidifying the shift from grievances to armed struggle for
Mains level : American Revolution independence.
• D
 eclaration of Independence: The Continental Congress
formally declared the colonies’ independence on July 2,
Why in the news? 1776, followed by the adoption and signing of the Declara-
July 4 commemorates the 248th Independence Day of the
tion of Independence on July 4, 1776.
United States, celebrating the signing of the Declaration of
Independence, the foundational document that established • C
 ontinental Army and Allies: The colonies secured military
the US as a union of states freed from British rule. support and alliances, crucially from France, which helped
sustain their war effort against British forces.

Why did the colonists want Independence from

How was the Declaration of Independence formulated?
Britain? • C
 ommittee of Five: A committee including Thomas Jeffer-
• L ack of Representation: Colonists were discontented with son, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and
British policies that imposed taxes and laws without colo-
Robert R. Livingston was appointed to draft the Declara-
nial representation in the British Parliament, which they
tion of Independence.
viewed as unjust and oppressive.
•  homas Jefferson’s Role: Jefferson, primarily responsible
T
• P olicy Shifts: After the French and Indian War, Britain for drafting, drew on Enlightenment philosophy and his
ended its policy of salutary neglect and imposed stricter
earlier writings to articulate the principles of natural rights
controls on the colonies, including prohibitions on west-
and grievances against British tyranny.
ward expansion and new taxes through acts like the Stamp
Act and Tea Act.
•  rafting Process: The committee reviewed Jefferson’s
D
draft, incorporating edits and revisions suggested by
• I deas of Freedom: Influenced by Enlightenment ideals of
Adams, Franklin, and others before presenting the final
liberty and equality, colonists began to articulate griev-
version to the Continental Congress.
ances against monarchical rule and asserted their natural
rights to self-governance.
•  doption and Signing: On July 4, 1776, the Continental
A
Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Indepen-
• R esistance Movements: Events like the Boston Tea Party dence, which was signed by 56 delegates representing the
symbolized widespread resistance to British taxation and
thirteen colonies, solidifying their break from British rule.
policies, galvanizing colonial unity and determination for
independence.
•  egacy of equality and rights as a foundation: The
L
Declaration’s proclamation of equality and rights laid the
• A rmed Conflict: The escalation from protests and boycotts foundation for American ideals of democracy and indepen-
to armed conflict (beginning in 1775) underscored the
dence, shaping the course of American history and inspir-
colonies’ resolve to break away from British control and
ing similar movements worldwide.
establish their own governance.
Conclusion: The Declaration of Independence, adopted
What happened in the lead up to American on July 4, 1776, marked a pivotal moment as the American
colonies asserted their sovereignty, based on Enlightenment
independence? ideals, igniting a global pursuit of liberty and democratic
• F ormation of Continental Congress: Colonists formed the principles.
Continental Congress to coordinate resistance efforts and
explore avenues for negotiation with Britain, which ulti-
mately failed due to British refusal to grant representation. Mains PYQ:
• B
 oycotts and Protests: Colonists attempted economic Q American Revolution was an economic revolt against
boycotts of British goods and engaged in protests against mercantilism. Substantiate. (UPSC IAS/2013)

54 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 01 (JULY)