NOTES BASED ON NETWORKING

INTERNET

The internet is defined as a network of millions of computers

connected worldwide through a telephone lines or cables. We can
relate the term internet to the telephone network or the interstate
highway system, which is spread across and interconnected to each
other

Compared to a small network of two computers, the internet is

much broader network that uses common communication standard
and interfaces to provide the physical backbone for many interesting
applications

WWW

The WWW (World Wide Web) commonly known as the Web, is a way
of accessing information over the internet. It contains millions of
documents called Web pages.

Sir Tim Berners Lee, along with Robert Cailliau invented the
World Wide Web while working at CERN (European Council of Nuclear
research) in 1990.

HOW DOES THE WWW WORK

The web browser connects to the web server and sends an HTTP
request (via the protocol stack) for the desired web page. The web
server receives the request and checks for the desired page. If the
page exists, the web server sends it. If the server cannot find the
requested page, it will send an HTTP 404 error message.

BASIC INTERNET TERMINOLOGY

SERVER: A server is a computer or system that provides resources,

data services, or programs to other computers.

CLIENT: A client is a computer that connects to and uses the resources

of a remote computer, or server.
WEB CLIENT: A Web client typically refers to the Web browser in the
user's machine or mobile device. It may also refer to extensions and
helper applications that enhance the browser to support special
services from the site.

WEB BROWSER: A web browser is application software for accessing

the World Wide Web. When a user follows the URL of a web page from
a particular website, the web browser retrieves the necessary content
from the website's web server and then displays the page on the
user's device.

WEB PAGE: A Web page is document commonly written in HTML that

is hosted on the Internet.

Content elements of a web page:

1. Hypertext: It refers to a digital text that has a unique feature of

linking to other documents or web pages. It is generally
highlighted in some different colors on a web page.
2. Hyperlink: A hyperlink is a word, phrase, or image that you can
click on to jump to a new document or a new section within the
current document. Hyperlinks are found in nearly all Web pages,
allowing users to click their way from page to page.
3. Source Code: Source code is generally understood to mean
programming statements that are created by a programmer
with a text editor or a visual programming tool and then saved
in a file.

WEB SITE: A website is a collection of web pages and related content

that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least
one web server.

COMPONENT OF A WEB SITE:

1. DOMAIN NAME: It is a unique name given to each web site.

2. Sites Files: A site file have all the elements of your websites
which may include images, documents, templates and HTML
Files.
3. Web Host: A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting
service that hosts websites for clients, i.e. it offers the facilities
 required for them to create and maintain a site and makes it
accessible on the World Wide Web. Companies providing web
hosting services are sometimes called web hosts
4. Content management system: A content management system is a
computer software used to manage the creation and
modification of digital content

URL: A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique identifier used to

locate a resource on the Internet. It is also referred to as a web
address.

ELEMENTS OF URL:

1. The Scheme: This is the first part of a Web address, also known
as the protocol identifier.

EXAMPLE: http://www.India.gov.in/india-glance/states-India

2. The Host: The second part of the web address identifies the host.
The host starts typically with WWW. This tells the browsers

WEB PORTAL: It is a gateway to a wide range of Internet services, such

as an e-mail, search engines-commerce etc.

BLOG OR WEB LOG: A blog is derived from the short form of a web
blog. It is an online journal where people can share their experiences
or share information with other readers on any topic.

BLOGGER: The author of a blog is known as blogger who regularly

writes updates the blog.

BLOGGING: The act of writing a Blog is called Blogging.

NEWSGROUP: It is an online platform where people can exchange

information on any topic.

WEB SERVER: A web server is a computer that runs websites. It's a

computer program that distributes web pages as they are
requisitioned. The basic objective of the web server is to store,
process and deliver web pages to the users.

A web server is a computer that runs websites. It's a computer

program that distributes web pages as they are requisitioned. The
basic objective of the web server is to store, process and deliver web
pages to the users.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SERVER AND WEB SERVER:

SERVER WEB SERVER

A Server is a type of computer or A web server is a computer that
device on a network that provides runs websites. It's a computer
services to machines (clients) program that distributes web
connected to it. pages as they are requisitioned.
The basic objective of the web
server is to store, process and
deliver web pages to the users.
Servers manage hardware and A web server is designed to serve
software resources in a network. only HTTP requests from a web
browser and respond with an
HTTP response, such as sending
back an HTML Page.
A server can be shared server and A web server is a dedicated
a dedicated server. server.

PROTOCOL

Protocol is a set of rules or procedures for transmitting data between

electronic devices, such as computers. In order for computers to
exchange information, there must be a pre-existing agreement as to
how the information will be structured and how each side will send
and receive it.

1. DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROTOCOL:

TCP/IP: TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol. TCP/IP is a set of standardized rules that allow computers to
communicate on a network such as the internet.

HOW DOES TCP/IP WORK?

TCP/IP is a two-layered program: the higher layer (TCP) disassembles

message content into small "data packets" that are then transmitted
over the Internet to be re-assembled by the receiving computer's TCP
back into the message's original form. The lower layer (IP) plays the
role of "address manager" and gets each data packet to the correct
destination. IP addresses are checked by every computer in a network
to ensure messages are forwarded as needed.

2. HTTP: It stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. It determines

how different program exchange over the internet. The HTTP is
the standard protocol used by the World Wide Web. It defines
how message are formatted and transmitted and what actions
the web server browsers should take in response to various
commands.
3. HTTPS: It stands for Hypertext transfer protocol secure. While
HTTP is a protocol which allows the fetching of WWW resources,
such as HTML documents. HTTPs used for secure
communication and is widely used on the Internet.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HTTP AND HTTPs:

It is the foundation of any data It is variant of HTTP.

exchange on the web.
The information or data flows HTTP protocol encrypts the
from server to browser information or data using
encrypted. Transport Layer Security (TLS).
It allows access to hypertext files. HTTPs are used to transfer
confidential information over the
internet. E.g.: Financial
information, login credential,

BLOGS: A blog is an easy to create website that allows user to share

their thoughts with the world. The word “blog” comes from “weblog”
consists of signed and dated log of individual posting.
TYPES OF BLOGS:

1. Personal Blog: This is the most common and popular type of

blog. It is a journal or diary that is on the internet. Personal blog
encompasses personal views on any chosen subject like health,
politics, travel etc.
2. Company Blog: This category is used by professionals or
companies to let their customers or clients know about their
upcoming products and the progress being made on some
project.
3. Non-profit blog: This category incorporates non-profit
organizations which use blogging to create awareness and raise
money for their cause.
4. Politics blog: The category incorporates are the political parties
or members of parliaments, who use blogging to remain
connected with their constituencies.
5. News and views blog: This type of blog is normally used by the
journalist to post factual stories and views about latest events.

NEWSGROUP: A newsgroup is a discussion about a particular

subject consisting of notes written to a central Internet site and
redistributed through USENET, a worldwide network of news
discussion groups. Users can post to existing newsgroups, respond
to previous posts, and create new newsgroups.