having

NUCLEI
Isotones-the nuclides the same number of

neutrons are called isotones ·

e.g 37391
19
↓ Composition of the nucleus : The nucleus of an atom
contains protons and neutrons which are
collectively known Isomers: -
These are the nuclide with same atomic

The number of in a nucleus is called its

as nucleos .
protons number and same mass number but
existing in different

atomic number and is denoted by 2 states·

energy
.

Mass Number (A) The total number of protons and

Average mic
a Mass (Marg
--

neutrons in a nucleus is called its mass number .

Many MMS =
X and Y =
abundance

A N + z and N H 2 M &M2 isotopes

= =
mass of
-

N =
number of neutrons

Nuclear Force Nuclear force is attractive force

: a
strong
Nuclide : It is a
specific nucleus of an atom which is that binds the protons and neutrons
together inside a

characterised
by its atomic number (2) and Mass Number
tiny nucleus .

A * Characteristics : (1 Nuclear forces act between a pair of neutrons ,

X chemical of
symbol the element.
.
=

Z
a pair of protons and also between proton ,
neutron pair with

Atomic Mass Unit : One atomic mass unit is defined as the same strength .
of the actual mass of carbon-12 atom Itisa (2) Nuclear forces independent of charge
↓
. are

denoted by
aomou or (3) Nuclear forces are short
range forces.
very
.
u

of Carbon-12 atom (4) Nuclear forces do not inverse square

1 a m u =

+Mass obey Law ·

. . ·

(5) Variation with distance

X 1 992678X1kg 660565x1527kg
-
: =
1 .
#
P E(MeV)
.

ro =
0 8 .
fir

F
Nuclear Size nucleus is
: The volume of a
directly proportional -> For U< Vo , P E Mes
.

rapidly ·
This
to its mass Number . indicate
strong repulsive force
.

4) if R is the radius is directly proportional to its mass for> % PE yes

gradually
>
-

number A then volume I mass number to zero with It indicates

Using r
.
.

I 23
R (fm)
attractive nuclear force .

R3 < A
=
0 R =
R, A "3 r in -
>
>
-

The attraction is maximum at

where Ro=1 . 2 +m
* 0 .
8 fm .
For r-4fm , the nuclear force become zero -

Sunil Jangra Physics 9 is indicate that nuclear force is a short force

range
.

Nuclear P
density : = Mass of Nucleus
negative sign The of P E .

signifies that the nuclear force is

Volume of nucleus attractive·

of
Mass nucleus
=ma . Saturation
6 effect : -Nuclear forces show saturation effect .

average mass of a nucleon i e a nucleon interacts

only with its
neighbouring nucleon ·
.

Volume (V) R R is the fact that the

= =
This property supported by binding per
nucleon is same over a wide of numbers.
range mass

P m 1
=MNucleardensity,ain
= .
7 Spin dependent character : - The nuclear force between two

4 R ? # nucleons
having parallel spins is
stronger than that between
T
Number . two nucleons
having antiparallel spins .
67X1627 x107
p =
3x1 . =
2 30
.

kgn3 .
8 Exchange forces :The nuclear force between two nucleons

4 x 3 14x(1 2x185, 3
arises from constant of particles called
the
exchange mesons ,
. :

between them
Isotopes atoms of element which have same atomic
.

: The an
9 Non-central forces : - The nuclear forces between two
number but different mass number called isotopes
.

are .

nucleons does not act along the line

joining their centres
g H
·

e .

.
-
protium H2- deuterium
,
Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence : In 1905 , Einstein made
H3- trificem
the
suggestion that energy and mass are equivalent
Isobars : The atoms
having the same mass number but
He predicted that if the energy of a body changes by
different atomic number are called isobars.
its amount m given
an amount E
changes by an
mass
by
.
,
40Ca 40 r
e
g H He
equation X1527 kg
=E Taking
.

2018
the · m M / a m
.U =
. = 1 66
.

C =
3x108 mis
E = 1049X16 >
-
E = 931 25 MeY
. - i.e lam . u =
931 Mel
 defect : The difference between the of of all Nuclear Fission : The phenomena
#Mass sum masses in which a
heavy nucleus

nucleons (M) and mass of the nucleus (m) is called Mass splits into two lighter and amount
as or more nucleus
large
defect: of released is called nuclear fission reaction ·
energy
xm = [2mp + (A-2) mn -

Mi 191

ne
92
-
Ba + kr + 3n + 200 Mel
Binding Energy -
The binding energy of a nucleus may be 92 56 36

(Krypton)astEnergSeed
↓
defined as the
energy required to break up a nucleus into Slow (Barium)
n extron
its constituent (i .
e protons and neutrons) and to separate
>
The
Fragment Nuclei produced in fission are
highly
-

them to such a
large distance that
they may not interact

with other.
neutron-rich and unstable · They are radioactive and emit
each
beta particles in succession until each reaches a stable
In terms of Einstein's mass energy equivalence
Amxc2 defect end product.
AEp =
#m =
mass
Uranium Fission Reacter :
C speed of light
= .

i .
e AEb =
[[mp + (A-2) Mn-MiTc 233r >
-

Fission Material --
Highly Fissionable - Not found in Nature .

Binding Energy per nucleon : The

binding energy per
Natural Uranium - 99 3 % of
.
3 0 .7% of
nucleon is the
average energy required
to extract one
Uranium has large probability of absorbing a slow

nucleon from the nucleus . neutron and forming 336 .

NEb Note: The

-Ep =

binding energy per nucleon In general , two or three neutron are emitted .
i.e
Average 2 3
.

#
gives a measure of the force which binds
neutrons produced per fission .
the nucleous inside
together a nucleus ·
fast moving neutrons-slow down- Moderator Particle
Note : Higher the value of JEp ,
more stable the Nucleus is .

(D20 Graphite Beryllium) , ,

Eliminates the possibility of neutron being absorbed by

#Nuclear Neutron-Proton Ratio- for lighter
. one neutron is used to
trigger the next tission
Stability -> -
without
>
#

remaining are lost

triggering fission
nuclei , greatest
stability is achieved when the number of due to geometry of core cadmium is
very good
protons and neutrons are approximately equal i e NZ 1 .
=

neutron absorber;.
The ratio N2 increases for the heavier nuclides
>
Multiplication factor (K)
-

and becomes about 16 for heaviest stable nuclides .

stable nuclei for 2-83· The heaviest

k =
no of neutrons present at the beginning of one
generation
>
-

There are no
no of neutrons present at the beginning of previous generation
Stable nuclide
isB ·

neutrons gives
Sunil Jangra Physics
and a measure of
growth rate of neutron in fissionable mass
The nuclides
having protons even
.

>
-
even

are most Stable

if K31 chain reaction if K 1 chain reaction
grows
=
, ,
Variation of Binding Per Nucleon
Energy with mass Number
if KI dies out
gradually remains steady.
.

86 #Nuclear Fusion : It is the phenomenon of fusing two or more

7 6 MeV
.
lighter nuclei to form a single heavy Nucleus·
is released.
>
-

very large amount of energy

Heveruseeatm
& He + &H -He + 24 MeV
veryhigh pressure
Stellar is the
Energy :
energy obtained
continuously from the sun

Main features of the plot and stars. Nuclear fusion reaction is source of stellar energy
·
.

(i). the
binding energy per nucleon ,
Ed is practically constant Energy released
during nuclear fusion is known as

i of the atomic number for nuclei

.

e
practically independent thermonuclear energy
.

of middle mass number (30 <

A(170) -Hydrogen bomb is based on nuclear fusion
fusion
Note: source of SUN's
energy is the nuclear
-

(i) En is lower for both

light nuclei (Al30) and
heavy taking place in the interior of SUN.

nuclei (A) 170) ·