Eogineenng Groth Coirocton

REYNOLD'S APPARATUS

1. OBJECTIVE:
To study different types of flow.

2. AIM:

Todetermine the Reynold's Number.

3. INTRODUCTION:
From an engineering viewpoint, many variables that affect velocity profile cannot be
evaluated for all possible flow meters and for all pipe conditions. For this reason, steady
flow and a fully developed flow profile as defined by a newtonian, homogeneous fluid.
are initially assumed. Co-efficient variation can then be predicted with the dimensionless
reynolds number. This number has been found to be an acceptable correlating
parameter that combine the effects of viscosity, density and pipeline velocity.

4. THEORY:
In reynolds experiments, the ratio of inertia to viscous forces was observed to be

dimensionless and related to viscosity, average pipeline velocity, and geometrically

similar boundary conditions. For a homogeneous newtonian fluid, this dimensionless

ratio is Re is expressed as:

DVp (1)
Re

Where,v=

DV
Re = (2)

Where,

Density of fluid in kg/m

Average velocity of fluid flow in m/sec.

D Diameter of glass tube in m

REYNOL0S PPARATL S
KC Engineers Pt Limited Ambala Page No 1of 6 (Rev 1)
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Viscosity of fluid in N-sec/m

= Kinematic viscosity of fluid, m/sec

2100 for laminar flow
Re
Re 4000 for turbulernt flow

Re 2100-4000 in transition zone

When the dye filament flows in the reynolds experiment, it indicates critical state of flow,
and the corresponding reynolds number is called the critical reynolds number Rez 2000,
beyond which the flow is in transition state and then becomes turbulent.

Depending upon the relative magnitudes of viscous and inertial forces, flow can occur in
two different manners. Laminar flow is defined as a line. which lies in the direction of flow
at every point at a given instant. Transition flow is defined 2s 2 fow in which the
streamlines needs not be straight as the flow steady as long as this criterion is fulfilled.
Eddies generated in the initial zone of instability spread rapidly throughout the iluid,
thereby producing adisruption of the entire flow pattern. The result is fluid turbuience
superimposed upon the primary motion of translation, producing what is called turbulent
flow.

5. DESCRIPTION:

The apparatus consists of sump tank with centrifugal pump, a glass tube with one end
having bell mouth entrance connected to a constant head tank. At the other end of the

glass tube a valve is provided to regulate flow. Flow rate of water can be measured with
the help of measuring cylinder and stop watch, supplied with the set-up. A needle is
introduced centrally in the bell mouth. Dye is fed to the needle from asmall container,
placed at the top of constant head tank, through polythene tubing.
6. UTILITIEs REQUIRED:

6.1 Electricity Supply: Single Phase 220 V AC, 50Hz, 5-15 Amp. combined socket
with eath connection.

6.2 Water Supply (Initial Fil).

6.3 Floor Drain Reguired.

RE YNOLDS APPARATUS
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6.4 Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m

6.5 Chemical Required: Dye (KMnO4) -10 gm

7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

7.1 STARTING PROCEDURE:

7.1.1 Close all the valves V, to Vs.

7.1.2 Fill sump tank 3/4 with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are
there.

7.1.3 Prepare dye solution (KMnO, in water) in a beaker. Put this solution in Dye
vessel after ensuring that there are no solid particles in solution.

7.1.4 Open by pass valve V2.

7.1.5 Ensure that On/Off switch given on the panel is at OFF position.

7.1.6 Switch ON the main power supply and then switch on the pump.

7.1.7 Open control valve Vi for water supply to constant head tank, partialy close
by pass valve V2 and wait till overflow ocCurs.

7.1.8 Regulate minimum flow of water through glass tube by partial opening of
control valve V3 provided at the end of tube.

7.1.9 Then adjust the flow of dye through needle by knob, so that a fine colour
thread is observed.

7.1.10 Note the flow pattern observed (laminar, transition or turbulent).

7.1.11 Measure flow Rate using measuringcylinder and stop watch.

7.1.12 Repeat the experiment for different flow rate.

7.2 CLOSING PROCEDURE:

7.2.1 Switch off pump.

7.2.2 Switch off power supply to panel.

7.2.3 Drain the apparatus completely by drain valves V4 & V,.

KC Engineers Pv Limited, Ambala REYNOLD S APPARATUS

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8. OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:

8.1 DATA:
m'/sec
Kinematic viscosity of water at ambient temp. v= 1.01E-06
Dia. of glass tube d =0.010 m

8.2 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. t (sec) Vo (ml) Observed Flow Type

(Laminar/Transítion/Turbulant)

8.3 CALCULATIONS:

V, x10-6
Q (m'/sec)

a-d'
4
(m)

V= (m'/sec)

dxV
Re

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9. NOMENCLATURE:

Nom Column Headings Units Type

Cross-sectional area of glass tube m Calculated

d Diameter of glass tube m Given

Discharge m°sec Calculated

Re Reynold's number Calculated

t Time taken for Vo sec Measured

Average velocity of fluid flow m/sec Calculated

Vo Volume of water collected in measuring cylinder m Measured

Kinematic viscosity of water m'Isec Given

10. PRECAUTION & ViAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

10.1 Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200 Volts and above
230 Volts

10.2 Conduct the experiment when water gets stable.

10.3 Always use clean water.

10.4 To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a fortnight.
11. TROUBLESHOOTING:

11.1 If dye blocks the needle, remove the needle by disconnecting it from constant
head tank and pass air at some pressure through it.

12. REFERENCES:
12.1 Streeter, Victor L. Wylie, E. Benjamin (1983). Fluid Mechanics. 1t Ed. NY:
McGrawHill. pp 195-198.

12.2
Modi, P.N. Seth, P.N. (2005). Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic
Machines. 15" Ed. ND: Rajinder Kumar Jain. pp 454-455.

REYNOD S APPARAIUS
KC Engreers PM imted, Ambala Page No 5of6 (Rev )
 REYNOLD'S
APPARATUS
1)
(Rev.
DIAGRAM
BLOCK
REYNOLD'S
APPARATUS
NAME-
SUMP
TANK 6
of
6
No.
V2 VS
V3 Page
HO-11o
CODE-

TANK
DYE OVERHEAD
TANK
TANK
HEAD
OVER OVER
FLOW
PIPE GLASS
TUBE V4 CONTROL
PANEL PUMP

TO
SUPPLY
TANK

TANK
WATER OVERHEAD
VALVES

13.
BLOCK
DIAGRAM: FOR
8UMP
V3-FLow
cONTROL
VALVE
FOR
FOR
VALVE Armbala
VALVE
VALVE
VALYE
coNTROL
PASS
IN V5.DRAIN
Limited,
V4DRA
6Y
V3 v2
Pt
Engineers
2

KC