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Network analysis 3rd sem

Electronic and communication (Visvesvaraya Technological University)

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Network Theorems - II Network Analysis

UNIT 4: NETWORK THEOREMS II

4.1. Thevinin’s Theorem:
Any two terminal, linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a voltage source called Thevinin’s voltage source (VTH)in series with an impedence called
Thevinin’s impedence(ZTH) .Thevinin’s voltage source is the voltage at the load terminals when
the load is open circuited and thevinin’s impedence is the equivalent impedence of the
network when viewed through its load terminals with all the sources being replaced by their
internal impedances.
Explanation:
Consider the network shown in figure 4.1(a)
By mesh analysis Let us find the current IL through the load.
𝑰𝟏 (𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟑 ) − 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟑 = 𝑽 (1)
− 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑰𝟐 (𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝑳 ) = 𝟎 (2)

(𝑹 + 𝑹𝟑 ) −𝑹𝟑
∆= | 𝟏 | = (𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟑 )(𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝑳 ) − 𝑹𝟑 𝟐
−𝑹𝟑 (𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝑳 )

= 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝟑

𝑽 −𝑹𝟑
∆1 = | | = 𝑽(𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 )
𝟎 (𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 )

(𝑹 + 𝑹𝟑 ) 𝑽
∆2 = | 𝟏 | = 𝑽𝑹𝟑
−𝑹𝟑 𝟎
∆2 𝑽𝑹𝟑
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 = =
∆ 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝟑

Now let us apply thevinin’s theorem:

To find VTH:
We open circuit the Load resistance. RL find the voltage
across the load VTH shown in figure 4.1(b). Since loop 2 is now
open circuited we have to find voltage across R3 .
𝑉
𝐼 = (𝑹
𝟏 +𝑹𝟑 )
𝑉𝑹𝟑
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝐼𝑹𝟑 =
(𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟑 )
To find RTH :
Short circuit Voltage sources and open circuit current sources
or replace the sources by internal impedences.Hence the
circuit has been reduced as shown in figure 4.1(c ).
(𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏 )
𝑹𝑻𝑯 = (𝑹𝟏 ||𝑹𝟑 ) + 𝑹𝟐 = (𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟑 )

To find IL: Thevinin’s equivalent

We now replace the circuit across AB by thevein’s equivalent as shown in
figure 4.1(d).

𝑉𝑹𝟑
𝑉𝑇𝐻 (𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟑 ) 𝑉𝑹𝟑
𝑰𝑳 = (𝑹𝑻𝑯 +𝑹𝑳 )
= (𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏 )
=
(𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝑳 𝑹 +𝑹𝑳 𝑹 )
(𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟑 ) 𝟏 𝟑

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P.4.2.1. In the network shown in figure 4.1.1 (a)

determine the current through the load using Thevinin’s
theorem.

To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load(figure 4.1.1(b))
Loop1:
𝑰𝟏 = 𝟐𝑨 (1)
Loop2:
10 = −10𝐼1 + 15𝐼2 (2)
Solving 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟐𝑨
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝟓𝑰𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝑽

To find RTH : (figure 4.1.1(c))

𝑹𝑻𝑯 = (𝟏𝟎||𝟓) = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑

𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏′ 𝒔𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 (figure 4.1.1(d))
𝑉𝑇𝐻 10
𝑰𝑳 = = = 2.3𝐴
(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 ) (3.33 + 1)

P.4.2.2. Obtain the thevinin’s equivalent for

the network shown in figure 4.1.2(a)

To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load(figure 4.1.1(b))
Loop1:
𝟔𝑰𝟏 − 𝟐𝐼2 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (1)
Loop2:
−2𝐼1 + 9𝐼2 = 40 (2)
Solving 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝑨
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝟐(𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏 ) + 𝟓𝑰𝟐 = −𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝑽
To find RTH : (figure 4.1.2(c))
𝑹𝑻𝑯 = {(𝟒||𝟐) + 𝟓}||𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏′ 𝒔𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒆 (𝒅)

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P.4.2.3. In the network shown in figure 4.1.3 (a) determine the current through the load
using Thevinin’s theorem.

To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load as shown in
figure (b)
Loop 1:
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟑𝟎 = 𝟓𝑰𝟏 + 𝟐𝒋𝑰𝟐 (1)
𝟐𝟑𝟎 = 𝟐𝒋𝑰𝟏 − 𝟓𝒋𝑰𝟐 (2)
5 2𝑗
∆= [ ] = 5(-5j) – 2j2j
2𝑗 −5𝑗
= (4 – 25j)
5 (8.267 − 𝑗)
∆2 = [ ] = 5(1.732 + 𝑗) − 2𝑗(8.627 − 𝑗) = (6.66 − 12.25𝑗)
2𝑗 (1.732 + 𝑗)
∆2 (6.66−11.53𝑗)
𝐼2 = ∆
= (4 – 25j)
= (0.491 + 0.187𝑗)𝐴
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = −𝟑𝒋𝑰𝟐 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟑 − 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝒋)𝑽
To find ZTH : (figure 4.1.3(c))
𝒁𝑻𝑯 = [{(5 + 2𝑗)||−𝑗2}||−𝑗3] + 2
= (2.28 − 1.25𝑗)
To find Load current IL : (using thevinin’s
equivalent figure (d))
𝑉𝑇𝐻 (𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟑 − 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝒋)
𝑰𝑳 = =
(𝒁𝑻𝑯 + 𝒁𝑳 ) ((2.28 − 1.25𝑗) + (1 + 𝑗1))
= (0.203 − 0.32𝑗)𝐴

P.4.2.4. In the network shown in figure 4.1.4 (a) determine the

current through the load ZL = (1.5+4.5j) using Thevinin’s theorem.
To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load as shown in figure (b)
Loop 1:
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟎 = (𝟖 + 𝟖𝟎𝒋)𝑰𝟏 − 𝟖𝟎𝒋𝑰𝟐 (1)
𝑳𝒐𝒐𝒑𝟐:
𝟎 = −𝟖𝟎𝒋𝑰𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒋𝑰𝟐 (2)

(8 + 80𝑗) −80𝑗
∆= [ ] = (8 + 80𝑗)100𝑗 − 80𝑗80𝑗
−80𝑗 100𝑗
= (−1600 + 800𝑗)

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30030 −80𝑗
∆1 = [ ] = (30030)100𝑗 − 0 = (−15000 + 25980.7𝑗)
0 100𝑗
(8 + 80𝑗) 30030
∆2 = [ ] = 0 + (30030)80𝑗 = (−12000 + 20784.6𝑗)
−80𝑗 0
∆1 (−15000 + 25980.7𝑗)
𝐼1 = = = (13.995 − 9.24𝑗)𝐴
∆ (−1600 + 800𝑗)
∆2 = (−12000 + 20784.6𝑗)
𝐼2 = = = (11.19 − 7.5𝑗)𝐴
∆ (−1600 + 800𝑗)
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝟑𝟎𝒋(𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 ) + 𝟖𝑰𝟐 = (𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝒋)𝑽

To find ZTH : (figure 4.1.4(c))

𝒁𝑻𝑯 = [{(20𝑗||8) + 30𝑗}||50𝑗 ] = (2.5 + 20𝑗)
To find Load current IL : (using thevinin’s equivalent figure (d))
𝑉𝑇𝐻 (𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝒋)
𝑰𝑳 = =
(𝒁𝑻𝑯 + 𝒁𝑳 ) ((2.5 + 20𝑗) + (1.5 + 4.5𝑗))
= (1.88 − 5.477𝑗)𝐴

P.4.2.5. In the network shown in figure 4.1.5 .determine the

power through the load ZL = 1030  connected across AB
using Thevinin’s theorem.
To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load as shown in figure (b)

Loop 1:
𝟓𝟎𝟎 = (𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋)𝑰𝟏 − (𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋)𝑰𝟐 (1)
𝑳𝒐𝒐𝒑𝟐:
𝟎 = −(𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋)𝑰𝟏 + (𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝒋)𝑰𝟐 (2)

(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋) −(𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋)

∆= [ ] = (75 + 200𝑗)
−(𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋) (𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝒋)
𝟓𝟎𝟎 −(𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋)
∆1 = [ ] = (750 + 750𝑗)
0 (𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝒋)
(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋) 𝟓𝟎𝟎
∆2 = [ ] = (250 + 500𝑗)
−(𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋) 𝟎
∆1 (750 + 750𝑗)
𝐼1 = = = (4.52 − 2.05𝑗)𝐴
∆ (75 + 200𝑗)
∆2 (250 + 500𝑗)
𝐼2 = = = (2.603 − 0.274𝑗)𝐴
∆ (75 + 200𝑗)
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝒋(𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏 ) + 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟐 = (𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 − 𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝒋)𝑽

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To find ZTH : (figure 4.1.5(c))

Converting Delta to star as in figure (b) to (C)
5 ×5
𝑍1 = (5+5+j10) = (1.25 − 1.25j)
5 ×j10
𝑍2 = = (2.5 + 2.5j)
(5+5+j10)
5 ×j10
𝑍3 = (5+5+j10)
= (2.5 + 2.5j)
Hence from figure (c) it can be seen
that
𝒁𝑻𝑯 = {(𝑍1 + 5𝑗)||(𝑍2 + 10)} + 𝑍3
𝒁𝑻𝑯 = (4.25 + 5.34𝑗)
To find Load current IL : (using thevinin’s equivalent figure (d))
𝑉𝑇𝐻 (𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 − 𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝒋)
𝑰𝑳 = =
(𝒁𝑻𝑯 + 𝒁𝑳 ) ((4.25 + 5.34𝑗) + (1030))
= (−0.426 − 1.355𝑗)𝐴 = 1.42 − 107 𝐴
𝟐 𝟐
𝑷𝑳 = 𝑰𝑳 𝑹𝑳 = (𝟏. 𝟒𝟐) × 𝟖. 𝟔𝟔 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝑾
(𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒁𝑳 = (𝑹𝑳 + 𝒋𝑿𝑳 )=𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟎 = (𝟖. 𝟔𝟔 + 𝟓𝒋))

P.4.2.6. In the network shown in figure 4.1.6 (a) determine the current I using Thevinin’s
theorem.
To Find VTH :
Since we have to find current in 2. It is considered as
load reisitance. Hence we open the load and find the
voltage VTH. As seen in figure (b) . The circuit is reduced
and since it is open circuited the dependent voltage
source 2i = 0 hence it gets reduced as shown we then convert 3A, 1 to a voltage source
now we can apply node analysis to find VTH.
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎 – 𝟑 = 𝟕𝐕

To find ZTH : we will use V/I method for dependent sources.

Since the circuit contains a dependent source .we will use
V/I method.(dependent sources must be kept as it is. i.e.
𝑉
neither shorted nor opened) we will use 𝐼
method. Define v
and I at load terminals
𝑉
𝒁𝑻𝑯 = 𝐼
𝑽 = 𝟏𝑰 + 𝟐𝑰 = 𝟑𝑰
𝑉
Hence 𝒁𝑻𝑯 = = 3
𝐼
𝑻𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑰 ∶ ( 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒈 (𝒅)
𝟏𝟎
𝑰= = 𝟐𝑨
𝟑+𝟐

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P.4.2.7. In the network shown in figure 4.1.7.find the Theveinin’s equivalent. Using
Thevinin’s theorem.

To find VTH : Since there is no independent

source in the given network VTH = 0

To find ZTH: .(dependent sources must

be kept as it is. Ie neither shorted nor
opened) Figure (b) shows RTH circuit.
𝑉
We will use 𝐼
method. Define v and I at
load terminals
𝑉
𝒁𝑻𝑯 = 𝐼
2

Mesh analysis to loop 1:

50𝐼1 − 0.2𝑣 + 100(𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) + 200(𝐼1 − 0.01𝑣) = 0

𝟑𝟓𝟎𝑰𝟏 − 𝟐. 𝟐𝒗 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎 (1)

Loop 2: 𝟏𝟎𝟎(𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟏 ) = 𝒗 (2)

𝟏𝟎𝟎(𝑰𝟐 + 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒗 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟔𝑰𝟐 ) − 𝒗 = 𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒𝑰𝟐 ) − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝒗 = 𝟎

𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝒗

𝑉 71.4
𝒁𝑻𝑯 = = = 191.9
𝐼 0.377

P.4.2.8. In the network shown in figure 4.1.8

.determine the current through the load ZL = (10-
j7.5)  connected across AB using Thevinin’s
theorem.

To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load as shown in figure (b)
𝟐𝟎𝟎 = −𝒋𝟐𝟎𝑰𝟏 + 𝟐𝟎𝒋𝑰𝟐 (1)
𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝒋𝑰𝟏 − 𝟑𝟎𝒋𝑰𝟐 (2)

−𝑗20 20𝑗
∆= [ ] = −200
20𝑗 −30𝑗

−𝑗20 200
∆2 = [ ] = −4000𝑗
20𝑗 0
∆2 (−4000𝑗)
𝐼2 = = = 20𝑗
∆ (−200)
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = −𝟏𝟓𝒋𝑰𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑽

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To find ZTH:

𝒁𝑻𝑯 = (𝑗5 ||−𝑗15) = 7.5𝑖

To find Load current IL :

(using thevinin’s equivalent
figure (d))

𝑉𝑇𝐻 (𝟑𝟎𝟎)
𝑰𝑳 = = = 30𝐴
(𝒁𝑻𝑯 + 𝒁𝑳 ) ((10 − 7.5𝑗 + 7.5𝑗)

P.4.2.9. In the network shown in figure 4.1.9.find the

Theveinin’s equivalent. Using Thevinin’s theorem.

To find VTH :
As seen from Figure (b) .It is seen that VTH is the node
voltage itself hence we can write
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝟓 + 𝒗𝒊 (1)
𝑽𝑻𝑯 + 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒗𝒊 = 𝟎 (2)
−𝑽𝑻𝑯
(2)→ 𝒗𝒊 =
𝟏𝟎𝟒
Substituting (2) in (1)
𝑽𝑻𝑯
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝟒
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 4.99V
To find ZTH: .(dependent sources must be kept as it is.
𝑉
i.e. neither shorted nor opened) Figure (c) shows RTH circuit. We will use 𝐼
method. Define v
and I at load terminals
𝑉
𝒁𝑻𝑯 = 𝐼
2
Loop1: 𝒗𝒊 = 𝐯
Loop2:
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐈 = 𝐯 + 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒗𝒊

𝑉 2000
𝒁𝑻𝑯 = = = 0.199
𝐼 (1 + 𝟏𝟎𝟒 )

Figure (d) shows thevinin’s equivalent

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4.2. Norton’s Theorem:

Any two terminal, linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source called Norton’s Current source (IN) in parallel with an
impedence called Norton’s impedence (ZN). Norton’s Current source is the current at the
load terminals when the load is short circuited and Norton’s impedence is the equivalent
impedence of the network when viewed through its load terminals with all the sources
being replaced by their internal impedances.
Explanation: Consider the network shown in figure 4.2(a)
By mesh analysis Let us find the current IL through the load.
𝑰𝟏 (𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟑 ) − 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟑 = 𝑽 (1)
− 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑰𝟐 (𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝑳 ) = 𝟎 (2)

(𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟑 ) −𝑹𝟑
∆= | | = (𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟑 )(𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝑳 ) − 𝑹𝟑 𝟐
−𝑹𝟑 (𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝑳 )

= 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝟑

𝑽 −𝑹𝟑
∆1 = | | = 𝑽(𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 )
𝟎 (𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 )

(𝑹 + 𝑹𝟑 ) 𝑽 ∆
∆2 = | 𝟏 | = 𝑽𝑹𝟑 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 = ∆2 =
−𝑹𝟑 𝟎
𝑽𝑹𝟑
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑 +𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 +𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝟑

Now let us apply Norton’s theorem:

To find IN:
We short circuit the Load resistance. RL find the current IN in
the load shown in figure 4.2(b). (We use branch current
formula)
(𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏 )
𝑹𝒑𝒒 = (𝑹𝟐 ||𝑹𝟑 ) + 𝑹𝟏 = (𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 )
𝑽 𝑽(𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 )
𝑰𝑻 = = (𝑹 (5)
𝑹𝒑𝒒 𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏 )

𝑰 𝑹 𝑽𝑹𝟑
𝑰𝑵 = (𝑹 𝑻+𝑹𝟑 ) = (𝑹 (6)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏 )

To find RN :
Short circuit Voltage sources and open circuit current sources
or replace the sources by internal impedences.Hence the
circuit has been reduced as shown in figure 4.2(c ).
(𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏 )
𝑹𝑵 = (𝑹𝟏 ||𝑹𝟑 ) + 𝑹𝟐 = (𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟑 )
To find IL : Norton’s equivalent
We now replace the circuit across Load by Norton’s equivalent as shown in
figure 4.2(d).
𝑽𝑹𝟑 (𝑹 𝑹 +𝑹 𝑹 +𝑹 𝑹 )
𝐼𝑁 𝑅𝑁 [ ] [ 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 ]
(𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏 ) (𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟑 )
𝑰𝑳 = (𝑹𝑵 +𝑹𝑳 )
= (𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏 )
[ +𝑹𝑳 ]
(𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟑 )

𝑉𝑹𝟑
 𝑰𝑳 = (𝑹
𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝑳 +𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝑳 )

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P.4.2.1. Find the current through 200 resistor applying Norton’s

theorem in the circuit shown in figure 4.2.1.

To find IN:
We short circuit the Load resistance. RL find the current IN in
the load shown in figure 4.2.1(b).

Applying mesh analysis

𝟏𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝑰𝟏 − 𝟔𝟎𝑰𝟑 (1)
−𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗𝑰𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎𝑰𝟑 (2)
𝟎 = −𝟔𝟎𝑰𝟏 − 𝟒𝟎𝑰𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑰𝟑 (3)

𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟔𝑨 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟔𝒎𝑨

To find RN :
Short circuit Voltage sources and open circuit current
sources or replace the sources by internal
impedences.Hence the circuit has been reduced as shown
in figure (c ).
𝑹𝑵 = (𝟏𝟎𝟎||𝟔𝟎) + (𝟏𝟓𝟎||𝟒𝟎)
= 𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟖

To find IL : Norton’s equivalent

We now replace the circuit across Load by Norton’s equivalent as shown in figure (d).
𝑰 𝑹 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟔  𝟔𝟗.𝟎𝟖
𝑰𝑳 = (𝑹 𝑵+𝑹𝑵 ) = (𝟔𝟗.𝟎𝟖+𝟐𝟎𝟎)
= 𝟕. 𝟑𝟒𝒎𝑨
𝑵 𝑳

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P.4.2.2. Find the current through (2+j2) applying

Norton’s theorem in the circuit shown in
figure 4.2.2.

To find IN:
We short circuit the Load impedance. ZL find the
current IN in the load shown in figure 4.2.2(b).
Loop1:
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = (𝟔 + 𝒋𝟐)𝑰𝟏 −𝟐𝒋𝑰𝟐 − 𝟓𝑰𝟑 (1)
Loop2:
𝟎 = −𝟐𝐣𝑰𝟏 −𝟏𝒋𝑰𝟐 (2)
Loop3:
𝟎 = −𝟓𝑰𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟑 (3)
𝑰𝟏 = 𝟐𝑰𝟑
Substituting in equation (1) and (2)
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = −𝟐𝒋𝑰𝟐 + (𝟕 + 𝒋𝟒)𝑰𝟑 (4)
𝟎 = −𝟏𝒋𝑰𝟐 − 𝟒𝐣𝑰𝟑 (5)
𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 (𝟒)𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟓)
−𝑗2 (7 + 4𝑗)
∆= [ ] = (−12 + 7𝑖)
−𝑗 −4𝑗

100 (7 + 4𝑗)
∆2 = [ ] = −400𝑗
0 −4𝑗
−𝑗2 100
∆3 = [ ] = 100𝑗
−𝑗 0

∆2 (−400𝑗)
𝐼2 = = = (−14.51 + 24.87𝑗)𝐴
∆ (−12 + 7𝑖)
∆3 (100𝑗)
𝐼3 = = = (3.63 − 6.21𝑗)𝐴
∆ (−12 + 7𝑖)
𝐼𝑁 = 𝐼3 − 𝐼2 = (18.13 − 31.08𝑗)𝐴
To find ZN :
Short circuit Voltage sources and open circuit current sources or replace the sources by internal
impedences. Hence the circuit has been reduced as shown in figure (c ).

𝟓𝟐𝐣 𝟓𝟏
Z1= (𝟓+𝟏+𝟐𝐣) = (𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝒋) Z2= (𝟓+𝟏+𝟐𝐣) = (𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒋)
𝟐𝐣𝟏
Z3= = (𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝒋)
(𝟓+𝟏+𝟐𝐣)
𝒁𝑵 = [(𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒋) + 𝟓]||[(𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝒋) − 𝒋𝟑] + (𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝒋)=(1.055-2.126j)

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To find IL : Norton’s equivalent

We now replace the circuit across Load by Norton’s equivalent as
shown in figure (d).
𝑰𝑵 𝒁𝑵 (18.13 − 31.08𝑗)  (𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟓 − 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝐣)
𝑰𝑳 = =
(𝒁𝑵 + 𝒁𝑳 ) ((𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟓 − 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝐣) + (𝟐 + 𝐣𝟐))
= (−𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟖 − 𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟒𝒋)𝑨

P.4.2.3. Determine the Norton’s equivalent across AB. applying

Norton’s theorem in the circuit shown in figure 4.2.3.

To find IN:
We short circuit AB. ZL find the current IN shown in figure
4.2.3(b).

𝟒𝑰𝐍 = 6ix − 20
Since it is short circuited all the source current flows through
short hence current through 4 resistance is zero i.e. 𝐢𝐱 = 𝟎
𝟒𝑰𝐍 = −20
𝑰𝐍 = −5A
To find RN: .(dependent sources must be kept as it is. i.e. neither shorted nor opened) Figure
𝑉
(c) shows RN circuit. We will use 𝐼
method. Define v and I at load terminals
𝑉
𝑹𝑵 =
𝐼2
6ix = 10𝑰𝟏 +6𝑰𝟐 (1)
V = 6𝑰𝟏 +6𝑰𝟐 (2)
ix = 𝑰𝟏 +𝑰𝟐 (3)
Sub (3) in (1)
6(𝑰𝟏 +𝑰𝟐 ) = 10𝑰𝟏 +6𝑰𝟐
I1 = 0
V = 6𝑰𝟐
𝑉
𝑹𝑵 = = 6
𝐼2
To find IL : Norton’s equivalent
We now replace the circuit across Load by Norton’s equivalent as shown in figure (d).

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P.4.2.4. Find the current through 2 resistor applying Norton’s theorem in the circuit shown in
figure 4.2.4

To find IN:
We short circuit the Load resistance. RL find the
current IN in the load shown in figure (b).

𝟓 = 𝟔𝑰𝟏 −𝟓𝑰𝟐 (1)

𝟑𝒗𝟏 = −𝟓𝑰𝟏 +𝟖𝑰𝟐 (2)
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟓(𝑰𝟏 −𝑰𝟐 ) (3)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (3)𝑖𝑛 (2)
𝟓(𝑰𝟏 −𝑰𝟐 ) = −𝟓𝑰𝟏 +8𝑰𝟐
−𝟐𝟎𝑰𝟏 +𝟐𝟑𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎 (4)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝟏)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟒)
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝐍 = 2.63A

To find RN: .(dependent sources must be kept as it is. i.e. neither shorted nor opened) Figure
𝑉
(c) shows RN circuit. We will use method. Define v and I at load terminals
𝐼
𝑉
𝑹𝑵 = 𝐼
2
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟓(𝑰𝟏 +𝑰𝟐 ) (a)
𝟎 = 𝟔𝑰𝟏 +𝟓𝑰𝟐 (b)
𝐕 − 𝟑𝒗𝟏 = 𝟓𝑰𝟏 +𝟖𝑰𝟐 (c)
𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 (𝐚) in (c)
𝐕 − 𝟏𝟓(𝑰𝟏 +𝑰𝟐 ) = 𝟓𝑰𝟏 +𝟖𝑰𝟐
𝐕 = 𝟐𝟎𝑰𝟏 +𝟐𝟑𝑰𝟐 (d)
𝟓
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰 (e)
𝟔 𝟐
𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 (𝐞) in (d)
𝐕 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝑰𝟐
𝑉
𝑹𝑵 = = 6.33 
𝐼2
To find IL : Norton’s equivalent
We now replace the circuit across Load by Norton’s equivalent as shown in figure (d).

𝑰𝑵 𝑹𝑵 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑  𝟔. 𝟑𝟑
𝑰𝑳 = = = 𝟐𝑨
(𝑹𝑵 + 𝑹𝑳 ) (𝟔. 𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐)

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P.4.2.5. Find the current through 16 resistor applying Norton’s theorem in the circuit shown in
figure 4.2.4

To find IN:
We short circuit the Load resistance. RL find the current
IN in the load shown in figure (b).
Current source between two loops
𝟎. 𝟖𝐢𝐱 = 𝑰𝟏 −𝑰𝟐 (1)
𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐬𝐡 𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐩(𝟏)𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟐)
𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 +𝟔𝑰𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎 (2)
𝐰𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞
𝐢𝐱 = 𝑰𝟐
𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝟏) 𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬
𝑰𝟏 −𝟏. 𝟖𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎 (3)
𝐢𝐱 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟕𝐀

To find RN: .(dependent sources must be kept as it is. i.e. neither shorted nor opened) Figure
𝑉
(c) shows RN circuit. We will use 𝐼
method. Define v and I at load terminals
𝑉
𝑹𝑵 = 𝐼
2
𝟎. 𝟖𝐢𝐱 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 (a)
𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 − 𝟔𝑰𝟐 = −𝐕 (b)
𝐢𝐱 = −𝑰𝟐 (c)
𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝐚) 𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬
𝑰𝟏 +𝟏. 𝟖𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎 (d)
𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(𝒅)𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 +𝟏𝟖𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎 (e)
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝒃) − (𝒅)
− 𝟐𝟒𝑰𝟐 = −𝐕
𝑉
𝑹𝑵 = = 24
𝐼2

To find IL : Norton’s equivalent

We now replace the circuit across Load by Norton’s equivalent as shown in figure (d).

𝑰𝑵 𝑹𝑵 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟕  𝟐𝟒
𝑰𝑳 = = = 𝟏𝑨
(𝑹𝑵 + 𝑹𝑳 ) (𝟐𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔)

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P.4.2.6. Find the current through (2+j2) applying

Norton’s theorem in the circuit shown in
figure 4.2.6.

To find IN:
We short circuit the Load impedance. ZL find
the current IN in the load
shown in figure 4.2.6(b).

100
𝑰𝐍 = = 2A
5

To find ZN :
Short circuit Voltage sources and open circuit current sources or
replace the sources by internal impedences. Hence the circuit
has been reduced as shown in figure (c ).
𝒁𝑵 = 𝟓||(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋) =(𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝒋)

To find IL : Norton’s equivalent

We now replace the circuit across Load by Norton’s
equivalent as shown in figure (d).
𝑰𝑵 𝒁𝑵 2  (𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝐣)
𝑰𝑳 = =
(𝒁𝑵 + 𝒁𝑳 ) ((𝟓 + 𝟓𝐣) + (𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝐣))
= (𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟗 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝒋)𝑨

P.4.2.7. Determine the Thevinin’s and Norton’s

equivalent across AB. For the circuit shown in
figure 4 .2.7

To find IN:
We short circuit the Load impedance. ZL find
the current IN in the load shown in figure
4.2.7(b). we will
apply branch
current formula

5 𝟑𝟎 (𝟓 + 𝟓𝐣)
𝑰𝑵 == = (𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝒋)𝑨
((𝟓 + 𝟓𝐣) + 𝟏𝟎)

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To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load as shown in figure (c)
(20 + 𝑗10)𝐼 − 530((5 + 𝑗5) = 0
530((5 + 𝑗5)
𝐼= = (1.049 + 1.18𝑖)𝐴
(20 + 𝑗10)
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = (𝟓 + 𝟓𝒋)𝑰 = (−𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟔𝒋)𝑽

To find ZN or ZTH:
Short circuit Voltage sources and open circuit current sources or
replace the sources by internal impedences. Hence the circuit
has been reduced as shown in figure (d ).
𝒁𝑻𝑯 = 𝒁𝑵 = (𝟓 + 𝟓𝒋)||(𝟏𝟓 + 𝟓𝒋) =(𝟒 + 𝟑𝒋)

Norton’s and Thevinin’s equivalent

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4.3. Maximum Power transfer Theorem:

The statement of this theorem is slightly different for D.C. circuits and A.C circuits

4.3.1. Statement For D.C. Circuits: Maximum power will be transferred to the load by the
network when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance (=R TH) of the
network.
Consider the Thevinin’s equivalent circuit of a given network as in figure 4.3(a)

𝑽𝑻𝑯
𝑰𝑳 = (𝑹
𝑻𝑯 +𝑹𝑳 )
𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐
𝑷𝑳 = 𝑰𝑳 𝟐 𝑹𝑳 = ((𝑹 +𝑹 )
) 𝑹𝑳
𝑻𝑯 𝑳
𝑹𝑳
𝑷𝑳 = 𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐 ( )
(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝟐

𝑑𝑷𝑳
For 𝑷𝑳 to be maximum 𝑑𝑹𝑳
=0
𝑑𝑷𝑳 (𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝟐 − 𝟐(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝑹𝑳
= 𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐 { }=0
𝑑𝑹𝑳 (𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝟒
𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 − 𝟐𝑹𝑳 = 𝟎
i.e.
𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝑹𝑳
Hence the theorem.
𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐
The value of maximum power in the load = 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝑳 𝟐 𝑹𝑳 = ((𝑹 ) 𝑹𝑳
𝑻𝑯 +𝑹𝒕𝒉 )

𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐 𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 =( ) 𝑹𝑳 =
𝟐𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝟒𝑹𝑻𝑯

P.4.3.1. Find the maximum power that active network to

the left of terminals AB can deliver to the adjustable resistor
R in figure 4.3.1.
To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load as shown in figure (b)

𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝑽𝑻𝑯 − 𝟗𝟎

+ + =𝟎
𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟎 𝟔𝟎
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝑽

𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝟔𝟎||𝟔𝟎||𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓

𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐𝟐.𝟓
𝑰𝑳 = (𝑹 = (𝟏𝟓+𝟏𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝑻𝑯 +𝑹𝑳 )

𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝑳 𝟐 𝑹𝑳 = (𝟎. 𝟕𝟓)𝟐 × 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔.

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4.3.2. Statement For A.C. Circuits:

Case (i): Load consists of resistance and reactance: Maximum power will be transferred to
the load by the network when the load impedance is equal to the complex conjugate of the
internal impedence of the network.
Consider the Thevinin’s equivalent circuit of a given network as in
figure 4.3(b)
Let 𝒁𝑻𝑯 = 𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝒋 𝑿𝑻𝑯
Let ZL consists of RL and XL i.e. Let 𝒁𝑳 = 𝑹𝑳 + 𝒋 𝑿𝑳
Then
𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝑽𝑻𝑯
𝑰𝑳 = =
(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 ) + 𝒋(𝑿𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑳 ) √(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑳 )𝟐

𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐
𝑷𝑳 = 𝑰𝑳 𝟐 𝑹𝑳 = ((𝑹 𝟐 𝟐 ) 𝑹𝑳 (1)
𝑻𝑯 +𝑹 )
𝑳 +(𝑿𝑻𝑯 +𝑿𝑳 )

𝑑𝑷𝑳 𝑑𝑷
For 𝑷𝑳 to be maximum 𝑑𝑿𝑳
= 0 and 𝑑𝑹𝑳 =0
𝑳
𝑑𝑷𝑳 𝟎−𝟐(𝑿 +𝑿𝑳 )𝑹𝑳
= 𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐 {((𝑹 +𝑹 )𝟐𝑻𝑯 𝟐 𝟐} = 0
𝑑𝑿𝑳 𝑻𝑯 𝑳 +(𝑿𝑻𝑯 +𝑿𝑳 ) )

𝟐(𝑿𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑳 ) = 𝟎
i.e.
𝑿𝑻𝑯 = −𝑿𝑳 (2)
Substituting equation (2) in (1)
𝑹𝑳
𝑷𝑳 = 𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐 ((𝑹 𝟐 )
𝑻𝑯 +𝑹𝑳 )
𝑑𝑷𝑳 (𝑹𝑻𝑯 +𝑹𝑳 )𝟐 −𝟐(𝑹𝑻𝑯 +𝑹𝑳 )𝑹𝑳
𝑑𝑹𝑳
= 𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐 { (𝑹𝑻𝑯 +𝑹𝑳 )𝟒
} =0
𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 − 𝟐𝑹𝑳 = 𝟎
i.e. 𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝑹𝑳 (3)
from equations(2) and (3)
𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝒋 𝑿𝑻𝑯 = 𝑹𝑳 − 𝒋 𝑿𝑳
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒁𝑳 = 𝒁𝑻𝑯 ∗ Hence the theorem

Case (ii):Load consists of pure resistance only: Maximum power will be transferred to the load
by the network when the load resistance is equal to the magnitude of the internal impedence
of the network.
Consider the Thevinin’s equivalent circuit of a given network as in figure 4.3(b)
Let 𝒁𝑻𝑯 = 𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝒋 𝑿𝑻𝑯
Let 𝒁𝑳 = 𝑹𝑳
Then
𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝑽𝑻𝑯
𝑰𝑳 = =
(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 ) + 𝒋(𝑿𝑻𝑯 ) √(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 )𝟐

𝟐 𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐
𝑷𝑳 = 𝑰𝑳 𝑹𝑳 = ( )𝑹
(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 )𝟐 𝑳
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝑳 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚
𝑑𝑷𝑳
For 𝑷𝑳 to be maximum 𝑑𝑹𝑳
=0

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𝑑𝑷𝑳 [(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 )𝟐 ] − 𝟐(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝑹𝑳

= 𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐 { }=0
𝑑𝑹𝑳 ((𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 )𝟐 )𝟐
𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝟐 + 𝑹𝑳 𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑻𝑯 𝟐 − 𝟐𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝑻𝑯 − 𝟐𝑹𝑳 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝟐 + 𝑿𝑻𝑯 𝟐 − 𝑹𝑳 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝟐 + 𝑿𝑻𝑯 𝟐 = 𝑹𝑳 𝟐

𝑹𝑳 = √(𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝟐 + 𝑿𝑻𝑯 𝟐 ) = |𝒁𝑻𝑯 |

Case (iii):Load consists of variable resistance but fixed reactance:

Let ZL consists of RL and XL i.e. Let 𝒁𝑳 = 𝑹𝑳 + 𝒋 𝑿𝑳 but 𝑿𝑳 is fixed
𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐
𝑷𝑳 = 𝑰𝑳 𝟐 𝑹𝑳 = ((𝑹 𝟐 𝟐 ) 𝑹𝑳
𝑻𝑯 +𝑹𝑳 ) +(𝑿𝑻𝑯 +𝑿𝑳 )

𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑹𝑳

𝑑𝑷𝑳
For 𝑷𝑳 to be maximum 𝑑𝑹𝑳
=0

𝑑𝑷𝑳 [(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑳 )𝟐 ] − 𝟐(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝑹𝑳

= 𝑽𝑻𝑯 𝟐 { }=0
𝑑𝑹𝑳 ((𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑳 )𝟐 )𝟐
[(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑳 )𝟐 ] − 𝟐(𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 )𝑹𝑳 = 𝟎
𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝟐 + 𝑹𝑳 𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝑻𝑯 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑳 )𝟐 − 𝟐𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝑻𝑯 − 𝟐𝑹𝑳 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑳 )𝟐 = 𝑹𝑳 𝟐

𝑹𝑳 = √(𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑳 )𝟐 )

P.4.3.2. Find the maximum power that active

network that can deliver to the adjustable resistor RL
in figure 4.3.2.

To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load as shown in figure (b)
𝑽𝑻𝑯 − 𝟐𝟎
= (𝟎. 𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝒋)𝑨
𝟖

𝑽𝑻𝑯 = (𝟐𝟑. 𝟐 − 𝟐. 𝟒𝒋)𝑨

To find ZTH : figure(c)

𝒁𝑻𝑯 = (𝟖 + 𝟐𝟎𝒋)
𝑹𝑳 = |𝒁𝑻𝑯 | = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝟒
𝑉𝑇𝐻 (𝟐𝟑. 𝟐 − 𝟐. 𝟒𝒋)
𝑰𝑳 = = = (0.5 − 0.2𝑗)𝐴 = 0.653 − 40
(𝒁𝑻𝑯 + 𝑹𝑳 ) ((𝟖 + 𝟐𝟎𝒋) + 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝟒)
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝑳 𝟐 𝑹𝑳 = (𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟑)𝟐  𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝟒 = 𝟗. 𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

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P.4.3.3. Find the maximum power that

active network that can deliver to the
adjustable resistor ZL in figure 4.3.3.

To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load as shown in figure (b)
1000 − 5090
𝐼= = (14.28 − 7.14𝑗)𝐴
(4 − 𝑗4 + 3 + 𝑗4)
𝑽𝑻𝑯 − 5090 = 𝑰(𝟑 + 𝒋𝟒)
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = (𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟐 + 𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝒋)𝑽

To find ZTH : figure(c)

𝒁𝑻𝑯 = ((𝟒 − 𝟒𝒋)||(𝟑 + 𝟒𝒋) = (𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝒋)
∗
𝒁𝑳 = 𝒁𝑻𝑯 = (𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝒋)
𝑉𝑇𝐻 (𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟐 + 𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝒋)
𝑰𝑳 = = = (8.925 + 10.7125𝑗)𝐴
(𝒁𝑻𝑯 + 𝒁𝑳 ) (𝟖)
= 13.9550.19𝐴
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝑳 𝟐 𝑹𝑳 = (𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟓)𝟐 × 𝟒 = 𝟕𝟕𝟖. 𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

P.4.3.4. Find the maximum power that active

network that can deliver to the adjustable
resistor RL in figure 4.3.2.
To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load as shown in figure (b)
200
𝐼= = (1 − 1𝑗)𝐴
(10 + 𝑗10)
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝑰(𝒋𝟏𝟎) = (𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋)𝑽

To find ZTH : figure(c)

𝒁𝑻𝑯 = (𝟏𝟎||𝒋𝟏𝟎) = (𝟓 + 𝟓𝒋)

𝑹𝑳 = √(𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑳 )𝟐 )

𝑹𝑳 = √(𝟓𝟐 + (𝟓 + 𝟑)𝟐 ) =9.43

𝑉𝑇𝐻 (𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝒋)
𝑰𝑳 = =
(𝒁𝑻𝑯 + 𝒁𝑳 ) ((𝟓 + 𝟓𝒋) + (𝟗. 𝟒𝟑 + 𝟑𝒋))
= (0.823 + 0.236𝑗)𝐴 = 0.85716
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝑳 𝟐 𝑹𝑳 = (0.857)𝟐 × 𝟗. 𝟒𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

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P.4.3.5. Calculate the value of ZL such that maximum power is transferred to the
load ZL if it consists of
(a) Pure variable resistance RL.
(b) A variable resistance RL but fixed
reactance of j2.
(c) A variable resistance RL and a variable
reactance XL.

To find VTH :
Open circuiting the load as shown in figure (b)
𝟏𝟎𝟎 = (𝟐 + 𝐣𝟑)𝑰𝟏 −𝐣𝟑𝑰𝟐 (1)
𝟎 = −𝟑𝒋𝑰𝟏 +𝟒𝐣𝑰𝟐 (2)

(2 + 3𝑗) −3𝑗
∆= [ ] = (2 + 3𝑗)4𝑗 − 3𝑗3𝑗 = (−3 + 8𝑗)
−3𝑗 4𝑗
(2 + 3𝑗) 10
∆2 = [ ] = 0 + (10)3𝑗 = (30𝑗)
−3𝑗 0
∆2 (30𝑗)
𝐼2 = = (−3+8𝑗) = (3.287 − 1.233𝑗)𝐴
∆
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝑰𝟐 (𝟑𝒋) = (𝟑. 𝟔𝟗𝟗 + 𝟗. 𝟖𝟔𝒋)𝑽
To find ZTH : figure(c)
𝒁𝑻𝑯 = {(𝟐||𝒋𝟑) + (−𝒋𝟐)}||𝒋𝟑 = (𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟗 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝒋)

Applying maximum power transfer theorem

(a) Pure variable resistance RL.
𝑹𝑳 = |𝒁𝑻𝑯 | = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑
𝑉𝑇𝐻 (𝟑.𝟔𝟗𝟗+𝟗.𝟖𝟔𝒋)
𝑰𝑳 = (𝒁 = = (0.791 + 2.23𝑗𝑗)𝐴 =
𝑻𝑯 +𝑹𝑳 ) ((𝟐.𝟐𝟏𝟗−𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝒋)+𝟐.𝟐𝟑)

2.3670.46
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝑳 𝟐 𝑹𝑳 = (𝟐. 𝟑𝟔)𝟐  𝟐. 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
(b) A variable resistance RL but fixed reactance of j2.

𝑹𝑳 = √(𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝟐 + (𝑿𝑻𝑯 + 𝑿𝑳 )𝟐 )

𝑹𝑳 = √(𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟐 + (−𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 + 𝟐)𝟐 ) =2.94

𝑉𝑇𝐻 (𝟑. 𝟔𝟗𝟗 + 𝟗. 𝟖𝟔𝒋)
𝑰𝑳 = =
(𝒁𝑻𝑯 + 𝒁𝑳 ) ((𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟗 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝒋) + (𝟐. 𝟗𝟑 + 𝟐𝒋))
= (𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟕 + 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝒋)𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟗
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝑳 𝟐 𝑹𝑳 = (𝟏. 𝟗𝟏)𝟐  𝟐. 𝟗𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

(c) A variable resistance RL and a variable reactance XL.

𝒁𝑳 = 𝒁𝑻𝑯 ∗= (𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝒋)
𝑉𝑇𝐻 (𝟑. 𝟔𝟗𝟗 + 𝟗. 𝟖𝟔𝒋)
𝑰𝑳 = = = (𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝒋)𝑨
(𝒁𝑻𝑯 + 𝒁𝑳 ) (𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟗 + 𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟗)
= 𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝑨
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝑳 𝟐 𝑹𝑳 = (𝟐. 𝟑𝟕)𝟐 × 𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟗 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟔 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

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