IOT AND GSM BASED

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
FAULT MONITORING AND ALERT SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

LITTLE BRUZE S (960618105008)

VELU SANKAR K (960618105021)

KIPSON P (960618105007)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, ARALVAIMOZHI

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

AUGUST 2021
 IOT AND GSM BASED
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
FAULT MONITORING AND ALERT SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

LITTLE BRUZE S (960618105008)

VELU SANKAR K (960618105021)

KIPSON P (960618105007)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, ARALVAIMOZHI

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

AUGUST 2021

i
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “IOT AND GSM BASED

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER FAULT MONITORING AND
ALERT SYSTEM” Is the bonafide work of LITTLE BRUZE S
(960618105008), VELU SANKAR K (960618105021), KIPSON P
(960618105007), carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mr.Binu Packia Ananth, M.E. Mr.T.Bright Fidalis, M.E.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Department of EEE, AP/Department of EEE,

DMI Engineering College, DMI Engineering College,

Aralvaimozhi-629 301 Aralvaimozhi-629301

Anna university project viva-voice held on: 04-08-2021 at DMI Engineering

College, Aralvaimozhi-629301

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful and gifted in taking up this opportunity to thank the

LORD ALMIGHTY for showering his unlimited blessings upon me.

We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to our chairman,

Rev.Fr.Dr.J.E.Arul Raj and DFT managing trustee Rev.Sr.Gnanaselvam
Mary, DMI for facilitate me in the bravura college.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our Principal Dr.V.GOPI,

M.E., Ph.D., and our Vice Principal Dr.P.Nagarajan, M.E., Ph.D., and
Rev.Sr.Xavier Selvi Sathern Superior and our administrator
Rev.Sr.Josphine Mary, DMI for the stable and ethical support to finish my
project success.

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our esteemed Head

of EEE department Mr.Binu Packia Ananth, M.E., for his scintillating
discussions and encouragement towards our project work.

We are immediately pleased to thank our guide Mr.T.Bright Fidalis,

M.E., DMI Engineering College for his excellent guidance and co-operation
during the project work.

It is our pleasure to acknowledge our indebtedness to all the staff

members of our department, who aided us successfully to bring our project
as an effective one. Further thanks to non-teaching staff for extending the
lab facilities.

We thank our family members and friends for their honourable

support.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Transformers are the main building block in a power system. Nowadays,

there is a need for monitoring their health as well as to check for faults and
to send alert notifications if fault occurs. Transformers are the most
important part of transmission and distribution system. Transformer suffers
from various abnormalities which causes sudden shut down of transformer.
Due to frequent power cut because of transformer fault residential areas
suffer from serious problems. Any damages in transformers adversely affects
the balance of a power system. The damages are mainly occurring due to
overloading and inefficient cooling. The main objective of our project is real
time monitoring of the health conditions of the distribution transformer using
IOT technology and to send alert notifications if fault occurs using GSM
technology. In today’s fast changing world everything is becoming compact,
portable. For this purpose, we use three sensors interfaced with Arduino. The
recorded data can be send using Wi-Fi module and accessed from anywhere
around the world using IOT technology using HTTP protocol. Mobile
handsets are a biggest device for communication which made our life
simpler and connected. GSM is link between embedded system and GSM
network. . Arduino has been selected as the processor for the sensed data
while ThingSpeak has been selected as the IOT platform. This low cost
system can be installed in transformer at any location to get monitored
remotely, which not only determines health condition but also is helpful in
predicting its life span as well.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

Abstract iv

List of figures vii

Abbreviations viii

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 1

1.1.1 Benefits of IoT 2

1.2 Applications of Internet of Things (IoT) 2

1.2.1 Application of IoT in Energy Systems 2

1.2.2 IoT Based Monitoring of Transmission Systems 3

1.2.3 Application of IoT in Electrical Distribution System 4

1.3 Transformer Monitoring 6

1.3.1 Transformer Condition Monitoring 7

1.4 Wireless monitoring of distribution transformer 18

1.5 Source of Motivation 19

1.6 Objective of Thesis 20

2. Literature survey 21

3. Proposed system 25

3.1 IoT based transformer’s health monitoring system 25

3.1.1 Cloud Server 25

3.1.2 Workflow of the proposed system 26

3.1.3 Overall System design 27

3.1.4 IoT technology 32

3.1.5 Thingspeak 32

3.2 GSM based transformer’s fault alert system 33

v
 3.2.1 GSM modem 33

3.2.2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) 36

3.2.3 Arduino Uno 38

3.2.4 Power supply 39

a. Step down transformer 40

b. Rectifier unit 41

c. Input filter 41

d. Regulator unit 42

(i) IC voltage regulators 42

(ii) LM 7805 Voltage regulators 43

(iii) Description 43

e. Output filter 44

4. Result and Discussion 46

4.1 Hardware Setup 46

4.2 Testing and Results 46

5. Application and Future scope 47

5.1 Application 47

5.2 Future Scope 47

5.3 Conclusion 47

References 49

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1.1. Overall operation of Internet of Things 1

1.2. Application of IOT in Energy Market 3

1.3. IOT based Transmission Line 4

1.4. Different transformer condition monitoring system 7

1.5. Different offline Parameters 12

1.6. Different online parameters 14

1.7. GSM based transformer monitoring system 18

1.8. Distribution System 19

1.9 An overview of proposed system 20

3.1. Block diagram of proposed system 25

3.2. ThingSpeak cloud server 26

3.3. Workflow of system 27

3.4. Current Sensor 28

3.5. Voltage Sensor 29

3.6. Temperature and humidity sensor 30

3.7. Arduino Nano 30

3.8. Node mcu 32

3.9. Thingspeak showing chart 32

3.10. GSM modem 33

3.11. Pin Diagram of LCD 37

3.12. Arduino UNO 38

vii
3.13. Power supply Circuit Diagram 39

3.14. Step-down Transformer 41

3.15. Regulator Unit 42

3.16. IC Voltage Regulator 43

3.17. Filter circuit 45

4.1. Hardware Setup 46

4.2. 1-phase Transformer's online Parameters 46

viii
 ABBREVIATION

IOT - Internet of Things

ESP8266 - Wi-Fi Microchip

RTU - Remote Terminal Unit

GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications

PLC - Programmable Logic Controller

GUI - Graphic User Interface

PIC - Microcontroller

LV - Low Voltage

LCD - Liquid Crystal Display

DHT11 - Temperature and Humidity sensor

ADC - Analog to Digital Converter

GSM - Global System for Mobile communication

ix
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Internet of Things (IOT)

An IOT based environment consists of different sensors, communication

medium and devices etc. through which they process information among each
other. IOT based devices share sensor data through cloud and processes
accordingly which can be analysed and can be used for decision making
accordingly. All IOT based devices perform without human intervention, and
even people can interact with devices as shown in Figure 1.1.

The system given below shows an example of IOT environment, where different
IOT based devices are sending data to a hub and here accumulation of data
occurs. Accumulated data can be further processed to be analysed or sent to
different user interfaces like smart-phones, human machines etc. and desired
actions can be taken.

Figure 1.1 Overall operation of Internet of Things

1
It is a big technology advancement; where, a human interacts with the machines
and perform work more accurately and swiftly. As per studies, billions of the
devices will be connected to internet by 2025. Interconnection of devices will
create an intelligent network and will build smart devices. Thus when they are
interconnected they can analyse the data in countless ways which creates better
and faster products at low costs. All tasks can be performed more accurately and
automatically with combination of IOT and automated devices. IOT offers us an
opportunity for saving our time, money and utilizing our resources optimally.

1.1.1 Benefits of IOT

Overall system and process monitoring is faster with the introduction of IOT and
automation. Not only had this, but Internet of Things also improved customer’s
usage experience with a product or service, which provides better value and
higher reliability. IOT also saves time and money of companies for the
establishment of monitoring systems e.g. post-fault clearing time can reduce if
such a monitoring system is used in electrical distribution networks. By the
implementation of IOT based devices in offices or homes, it has been found that
autonomous systems like thermostat, air-conditioners, lightning etc. make the
overall daily routine faster as human can now spend more time in other tasks. An
IOT based system can be operated remotely and is also easy to monitor even in
extreme weather and working conditions. Thus, IOT based systems are more
reliable, fast, accurate, economical and safe to use.

1.2 Applications of Internet of Things (IOT)

1.2.1 Application of IOT in Energy Systems

As shown in Figure 1.2. Australian energy market operator (AEMO), here

electricity market as well as gas market are governed and managed by a single
operator, so use of Internet of things finds a good application. IOT is used to

2
display data at every instant and helps the market participants to keep an eye on
the various data points.

Figure 1.2 Application of IOT in Energy Market

Using IOT system two different distribution companies can get synchronized and
lead to a single management company. Different sensors placed at the different
points in the distribution network can avoid or reduce fault clearance while smart
energy meters speed up billing process. Even, inter-communicating IOT sensors
can vary gas pressure as per limits set while on other side, these sensors can
manage power flow on the basis of sanctioned load to a particular user. As, two
companies are under a single management system, so communication methods
used can be made universal either for gas distribution or for electricity
distribution.
Thus, IOT bypassed need of separate companies which saved time and money.
This system also increased reliability of distribution system. The measuring
sensors placed throughout the distribution system synchronize all the data to the
servers systematically and swiftly.

1.2.2 IOT Based Monitoring of Transmission Systems

A power transmission line is one of the important need and features of an IoT
based monitoring system. High voltage transmission lines come under many
natural disasters which can affect stability and reliability of the system. At

3
present, many wireless network systems have been put into practice, but there
are some problems of high maintenance and operation costs.

Figure 1.3 IOT based Transmission Line

IOT monitoring of transmission lines is composed of two parts: one is to monitor

the transmission line conductor state while the other is to monitor tower
condition state.
Different sensors like temperature, humidity, wind and other meteorological
sensor, vibration sensor, ultrasonic sensor, tower leaning sensor, infrared sensor,
leakage current sensor and camera build the monitoring system of transmission
line and tower.

1.2.3 Application of IOT in Electrical Distribution System

Distribution transformer exist everywhere, from our homes to the industries.

Distribution transformer consists of an electromagnetic circuit within it. Proper
design, good insulation system and selection of particular transformer auxiliaries
increase the reliability of a transformer. Power distribution companies are very

4
keen to monitor transformer to keep up reliability and to extend its usage.
Distribution transformers are most important part of distribution system. Every
electrical work would be at stand still position without distribution transformers.
Distribution’s transformer life can be predicted by monitoring the health of its
oil and winding.
The life of a distribution transformer will be shortened by unexpected high
temperatures. Monitoring vital parameters improves the reliability of a system
by regularly keeping an eye over them. These companies need regular
monitoring system to compete with the competition in the market place. Sudden
breakdowns need to be curtailed in order to minimize the break down time, to
reduce the maintenance cost and to extend the life time of DTs.
The electricity distribution network is mostly monitored in high and medium
voltage areas. In low-voltage networks, where most customers are connected,
there is no monitoring capability, so operators basically do not know what
happens when a client's load profile changes. In addition, the affected network
devices may be 30, 40, or even 50 years old and may have a significant impact
on non-project working conditions, such as reverse energy flow.
As a result, monitoring is needed to understand the design and distribution of
patterns. The maintenance engineers should have ways to ensure the proper
condition of the equipment so that they can manage their property and can avoid
working conditions which are harmful for them.

One option is to connect all electrical systems to the control panel, where the
data is compiled and evaluated. However, this would require a bigger business
to establish communication and thereby generate a lot of growth in staffing
control and consequent increase in operating costs.

Another option is to use the industrial internet of things by installing low cost
sensors and wireless communication gates that collect and process the data

5
locally. They can distinguish between important events and warnings to be sent
to the control room, and those that are within the expected operating values and
do not require further action. This option is a more cost effective way to collect
and process the required information.
1.3 Transformer Monitoring

Transformer can undergo two type of faults, which are internal and external
faults. Different causes of internal as well as external faults are given below in
Table 1.1:

Table 1.1: Causes of failures of transformer Faults

Internal External
Partial Discharge Lightning Strike
Insulation Deterioration System Faults
Humidity System Overload
Moisture Switching Operations
Overheating
Winding Resonance
Designing Defects
Loss of winding clamping
Insulating oil solid
contamination

6
1.3.1 Transformer Condition Monitoring

Figure 1.4. Different transformer condition monitoring system

Partial Discharge Analysis

The partial emission or partial discharge (PD) occurs in a transformer, when the
intensity of the electric field exceeds the breakdown intensity in a particular local
area, the electrode partially separates the insulation between the conductors.
Diesel activity of the agent deteriorates if the agent is stopped from regularly
discharging the parts.

Piezo-electric sensors and UHF sensors can be used to measure partial discharge.
Also, optical sensors were being used in the past studies to capture PD signals.
On-site, it is difficult to capture PD signals since it gets coupled with
electromagnetic interference (EMI) that increases the difficulty in signal
capturing. This is because value of PD signal is very low and on-site coupling

7
with EMI can’t be distinguished with simple visual inspector. So, noise reduction
technique is applied on it. The most common method for PD de-noising is the
usage of the Wavelet Transform (WT), the gating method, and the directional
sensing.

Thermography

Infrared emission testing method is used to test the transformer external surface
temperature. Overheating in a transformer is an evidence of improper machinery
condition, progressive deterioration of machinery elements, or bad operating
parameters, such as current, voltage or temperature. Cooling system blockages,
hotspot locations and electrical connection problems can be detected using this
method.
Temperature is a key element in ensuring working status of a distribution
transformer. Regular monitoring can help in catching failures by using an
advanced thermography camera.
Thermal imaging camera can see what naked eye can’t see, so such cameras can
be helpful in detecting different hotspots. The FLIR T660 features options with
a 24° or 45° lens, which will gives a larger field of view when there is limited
space in front of transformers. This thermal camera can measure temperatures
up to 2000°C (3632°F), and it provides 640 x 480 thermal resolution for superior
image quality and clarity.

Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)

Paper and hydrocarbon are main ingredients of winding insulation. Degradation

of insulating paper is observed with high operating temperature. This leads to
emission of different gases.
Transformer fault release these gases which are H2, CO, C02, CH4, C2H2, C2H4
and C2H6 .

8
DGA technique is mostly used for fault analysis.

Dissolved gases are analyzed by the following two methods:

1) Photo-acoustic emission spectroscopy

2) Laboratory gas chromatography (GC)

These steps are involved in performing DGA:

A) Extraction of all gases in oil sample

B) Measurement of quantity of each gas

C) Calculation of concentration of each gas in every sample

Table 1.2. Different faults and gas emission

Gases Faults
1) O2 & N2 Non fault related gases
2) CH4 & C2H6 Low temperature oil breakdown
3) C2H2 Arcing
4) H2 Corona
5) CO and CO2 Cellulose insulation breakdown
6) C2 H4 High temperature oil breakdown

Frequency Response Analysis

Analyzing the frequency response allows the deformation of winding, core and
clamping devices to be detected, which is an effective tool for diagnostics. Cut-
off of transformer for the purpose of FRA is its main drawback, which results

9
interruption in power supply. Determination of type of fault can be done by using
digital image-processing technique.

Health Index Calculations

Health Index (HI) is procedure of connecting dots of complex information and

form a single result which is an indication of transformer’s health. It is calculated
based on formula given below:

(1)

Where, 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum score for influenced parameter, 𝑆𝑝𝑖 score of each
parameter based on permissible limit, 𝑊𝑝𝑖 is the associated weight is taken and
m is no. of parameters involved.
Weightage of parameters decide overall weight of transformer.

Reports say factors like ageing and overload contributes most to failures in
transformer. According to literature, offline parameters contribute 30% to health
monitoring while online parameters contribute 70% to health monitoring. Thus,

(2)
After calculating health index using equations (2), (3) and (4) categorization of
Health index as per transformer’s health state is done considering table 1.3.

10
 Table 1.3. Health Index levels
%HI Health State Requirement
85-100 Good Normal maintenance
65-80 Fair Increase periodic
maintenance
50-65 Poor Replacement required
0-50 very poor Risk of any time
failure

Following are two sources of influenced parameters:

a) Offline Parameters

b) Online Parameters

a) Offline Parameters

These are the parameters which do not change suddenly and have very little
effect on Health index calculations. Health index based on offline parameters is
calculated using given formula:

(3)
Where, 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum score for offline parameter, 𝑆𝑝𝑖 score of each
parameter based on permissible limit, 𝑊𝑝𝑖 is the associated weight is taken and
m is no. of parameters involved.

11
Weights are decided based on influence of a parameter on DT. All permissible
limits are taken from table 1.4.

These are as shown in Figure 1.5 below:

Figure 1.5. Different offline Parameters

1) Age

It is the number of years for which a transformer has actually been put into
service. Normally, for a substation transformer has a life span of 15-30 years and
for distribution transformer it is about 20-30 years. Weight assigned for health
index calculations is minimum for this parameter.

2) Loading History

Reading history provides an important step change in determining fatigue. It has

a direct effect on the flaws as well as the life of the converter. The continuous

12
temperature changes produces a big amount of heat which affects life
expectancy.

3) Location

Based on reports, it is noted that transformers at different locations have different

failure cycles. This parameter has most high weight assigned.

4) Type of transformer

Age of transformer is indicated by this parameter. Generally, old transformers

bear internal winding failures. They are repaired and re-installed in system.

5) Inspection and Maintenance

Substation as well as service transformers above 100kVA are scheduled to be

serviced at least once in a year. These transformers are to be maintained per
annum for maintenance. As per report, delay in inspection may cause failures.

Offline Parameter Values as Per Electricity Distribution Company

a) Weight is abbreviated as W.

b) is score of each parameter is based on permissible limit.

c) Offline parameters are abbreviated as OFP.

Table 4 : Offline Parameters

Pi OFP 4(S) 3(S) 2(S) 1(S) W

1. Age 0-5 6-10 11- 16- 4

(years) 15 20
2. Average <60 61- 76- >85 2
loading,% 75 85
3. MPA 1 2 3 >3 3
4. Type of 0 1 2 >2 4
transformer
5. Location A I R B 1

13
b) Online Parameters

Heat produced by transformer under particular limit define its good health
condition. Increment in losses leads to more production of heat which ultimately
effects life expectancy of transformer.

Health index based on online parameters is calculated based on formula given

below:

(4)

Where, 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum score for online parameter, 𝑆𝑝𝑖 score of each
parameter based on permissible limit, 𝑊𝑝𝑖 is the associated weight is taken and
m is no. of parameters involved. Weights are decided based on influence of a
parameter on DT. All permissible limits are taken from Table 5.

Following are the parameters which may be the reason for involvement in over-
heating of transformer:

Figure 1.6. Different online parameters

14
1) Unbalanced Voltage levels

Increased over voltage cause high change in flux and lead high iron losses.
Voltage variations of ±6% is allowed in distribution transformer.

Voltage condition varies with load variations. Reducing the voltage deviation
and attenuating the voltage dispersion is one of the most important goals that
needs to be done by engineers.
Measured secondary side voltages of distribution transformers are termed as Va ,
Vb and Vc..

(5)

2) Harmonic load currents

At overload conditions, copper losses get increased by high currents. Heat

generation also gets incremented by the increment of these losses. Further this
results in increasing winding temperature. Different phase currents are termed as
Ia, Ib and Ic . Rated value of secondary current is termed as Irated .

(6)

1) Winding Temperature

Thermal behaviour of hottest portion of winding is detected using winding

temperature indicator .Winding temperature limits loading capability of power
15
transformer i.e. with the increase in loading of transformer, winding temperature
also increases.

(7)

Where ∆∅𝑇𝑂,𝑈 is the ultimate top ambient temperature for load in ℃, ∆∅𝑇𝑂,𝑖 is
earlier temperature at beginning i.e. t = 0, t is time in durations in hours, 𝜏𝑇𝑜 is
time constant of DT for any load L, and Δ∅𝑇𝑂,𝑖 is specific temperature difference
between high top and initial top temperature.

1) Efficiency deviation due to internal faults

Overall efficiency of transformer gets deviated by generation of internal faults

in transformer.
Electronic energy meter measure transformer’s input as well as output power.
Ratio of output power to input power determines the efficiency of a transformer
measured by an electronic energy meter, which is given as

(8)

Efficiency deviation at a particular load condition i.e. 𝜂𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 𝜂𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝜂𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐 , is

also a parameter for health index calculations. This parameter indicates changes

in losses.

16
Online Parameter values as per electricity Distribution Company

Different abbreviations used are following:

a) Weight is abbreviated as W.

b) 𝑆 is score of each parameter based on permissible limit.

c) Offline parameters are abbreviated as OFP.

Table 1.5. Online parameters data

Pi ONP, 4 (S) 3(S) 2(S) 1(S) W
pu
6 Vu <0.05 0.05- 0.075- >0.1 4
0.075 0.1
7 Ih <0.6 0.6- 0.85- >0.95 2
0.85 0.95
10 Wdg.Temp <0.6 0.6- 0.8- >0.1 1
0.8 1.0

1.4 Wireless monitoring of distribution transformer

Technologies used:

1) GPRS Technology

2) GSM based online condition monitoring system

In above technologies, GPRS/GSM technology is used to monitor all online

parameters of distribution transformer. Online parameters like voltage, current,
winding temperature, oil level sensors etc. are used to calculate health index of
transformer. Health index calculations are based on parameters taken from table
1.4.

17
In GPRS technology, whenever certain limits of health index are crossed, a
message is sent to operator for further actions and maintenance. This is as
shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. GSM based transformer monitoring system

1.5 Source of Motivation

Power distribution companies try to maximize profits by attracting customers
and ensure a regular, reliable and high-quality power. Even utilities minimize
their maintenance costs. The main component of the distribution company is the
transformer, the distribution transformer and the high voltage wires. Reliable
substations in distribution companies are numerous and even in urban or rural
areas. The distribution or service transformers for these substations are in
quantum of number. Substation transformers are equipped with overcurrent
protection, ground protection and differential power protection, while service
transformers use horn fault protection. As the amount of service transformers is
optimal, regular maintenance will be difficult. In this way, most of the time
troubleshooting is reactive Maintenance. The current trend is utilizing devices to
highest potential and the repayment of all capital investments offered for
renovation or installation. Figure 8 shows the general problem of distribution
companies.

18
 Figure 1.8. Distribution System

1.6 Objective of Thesis

Our aim is to develop an IoT based remote monitoring system for multiple
distribution transformers of an area, so that life expectancy of distribution
transformer can increase with regular maintenance which could help companies
to reimburse their capital investment on transformers. Remote monitoring is
based on health index calculations of transformers based on parameters like
current, voltage and winding temperature. Data syncing is done through a web
server called as data hub, and synced data is processed in MATLAB software at
a utility substation based all-in one server which calculates health of distribution
transformers. Health index can be used to predict life expectancy of transformer
and can prevent reactive maintenance. An overview of operation is given as in
figure below.

19
Figure 1.9. An overview of proposed system

20
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

The main aim of IoT is to unify real world objects and create an intelligent virtual
world of it. An overview of IoT and its uses which can be implemented in real
world have been discussed in literature. Many technologies like NFC, ZigBee,
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc. were discussed, these technologies find a big application
in building IoT environment.

Millions of heterogeneous devices connect peer to peer to form a wide virtual

network. Different applications of IoT in power systems were discussed. IoT can
be used in smart grid and solve problems related to energy by compacting energy
demand. Implementation of IoT in creating sophisticated market were discussed.

In literature and in actual practice, there are several methods which have been
prescribed for assessment of condition of a transformer. There is an increasing
need for better and non-invasive diagnostic and control tools to assess the
internal state of transducers.
CIGRE Working Group, has identified and elaborated upon the causes of failures
of the transformers. Problems related with the reliability of power transformer in
service have been studied.
Many aspects of sample storage, gas-in-oil extraction and analysis and
interpretation techniques have been studied. These are important for the
diagnostic significance of the gas-in oil analysis results.

Utility experience with different faults and non-faulty conditions of power

transformers and reactors has also been studied. It is noted that the most powerful
diagnostic tool is DGA. Can be used to identify dielectric, thermal and chemical
aging problems. Methods such as dissolved gas analysis, flow response reaction
analysis, partial discharge analysis, analysis of transformation conditions.

21
But these are offline methods and need expert analysis. Very costly and not
suitable for the monitoring of distribution systems.
In literature, application of UHF measurement of partial discharge in the
monitoring of transformers has been discussed. A condition monitoring
methodology has also been described, which is good at diagnosing data.
Development and implementation of the transformer inter turn fault detection
system (TIFDS) for power transformers have been studied. The algorithm
eliminates the necessity of secondary side current transformers; however at the
same time, the preliminary recognition of the load profile encountered by the
transformer is required to determine the turning error. An approach based on the
use of transformer no-load and light load current harmonic analysis to detect the
presence of an inter turn fault at the incipient stage has also been investigated.
This paper also presents offline to online transformation of the no-load current
harmonic analysis method by demonstrating applicability at reduced load
conditions. At high load, this no-load harmonic analysis is of no use since no-
load current is constant regardless of load.
A simple algorithm based on existing current and voltage sensors has been
proposed. This use of algorithm is used to calculate the different numbers for
identifying the error and twisting of the line, regardless of the OLTC on-line tap
changer issue.
A sensitive, simple and stable approach based on symmetric components before
troubleshooting between speeds before the severe short circuit occurred has been
discussed.
This paper describes the calculation of (Health Index) HI for oil-immersed
transformers using fuzzy set theory. This is an offline method which needs usage
of furan analysis, and DGA. A technique to formulate the HI based on load data
and results of different tests of transformer has been proposed.

22
In this literature, development and implementation of transformer’s HI
determination has been proposed. Information is sent to asset owner or utility
engineer in case of abnormality by SMS.
Completion of the state-of-the-art industrial application monitoring, distribution
monitoring system and state analysis has been introduced in the literature. Health
Index (HI) stress is calculated from weight gain associated with healthy sensor
input optimized by genetic algorithm
(GA).
Development of an embedded cellular system for monitoring and recording of
distribution transformer parameters such as currents, temperature, height or drop
in oil, vibration and humidity. In the event of any deficiencies, the body sends
certified messages to mobile phones as well as verification of units containing
information about disability in some packets of information attached to a
microcontroller.
In the literature, the design and implementation of a mobile license system were
used to monitor the load currents, overvoltage, voltage oil and oil temperature.
The on-line monitoring system integrates Global Service Mobile (GSM)
Modem, with single chip microcontroller and sensors. Unusual information
about operational parameters has been sent to the mobile device via the GSM
network.

The literature related to the research topic has been reviewed for last twenty years
in order to find out work carried out by various researchers.

M.Anand, R.Sumi, G.Nithya (2014) : In this paper authors tells objective of this
to monitor the transformer parameters such as voltage, current, frequency and
temperature and to control using microcontroller with the help of zigbee
transceiver. It explains how to monitor the above parameters and isolate the
power supply during emergencies. Zigbee is wireless transceiver where we can
send and receive the data through this module. The monitored parameters will

23
be sent to the PC through zigbee. The cooling system of the transformer is
performed if winding temperature exceeds a certain value.

Rakesh Kumar Pandey, Dilip Kumar (2013): In this paper authors explains the
distributed transformer networks remote monitoring system (DTRMS) is
developed and constructed, for monitor and record the parameters like
temperature, oil level status, of a distribution transformer. The system consists
of a microcontroller based circuit, with solid-state components for handling
sensors, power back-up, real time clock and data communication module which
based on Zigbee protocol. Sensors, including a Resistance Temperature Detector
(RTD) and a Liquid level sensor performs according to manufacturers’
specifications are calibrated and tested using Lab VIEW software.

24
 CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED SYSTEM

3.1 IOT BASED TRANSFORMER’S HEALTH MONITORING

SYSTEM (THMS)

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 3.1. Block diagram of proposed system

It consists of Arduino board, node mcu, voltage sensor, temperature

sensor, current sensor and power supply as shown in the fig 1. The sensors sense
the parameters and send this to Arduino Nano. It processes it and send to Wi-Fi
module.

3.1.1 Cloud Server

In this system, ThingSpeak platform is used for data analytics and

processing. ThingSpeak retrieve data from things in the form of small messages

25
through HTTP protocol over Internet. ThingSpeak provide an instant
visualization of data uploaded, location tracking and a link with social network.
ThingSpeak also provides a MATLAB tool for data processing either over cloud
or in our all-in one data server. Proposed system sends data to ThingSpeak at a
rate of 3000 bytes per 15 seconds.

Figure 3.2. ThingSpeak cloud server

3.1.2 Workflow of the proposed system

Workflow of system is completed in following steps:

a) Collect sensor based data

b) Deploy data to cloud and data visualization

c) Develop health index algorithm

26
 Figure 3.3. workflow of system

3.1.3 Overall system design

Overall system’s design is split into two parts:

1) Hardware design and implementation

2) Software coding

Hardware design and implementation

Hardware components used in implementation are following:

a) Current sensor
b) Voltage sensor
c) Temerature and humidity sensor
d) Arduino Nano
e) Node MCU

a) Current Sensor:

Sensing the current flow is an important thing in many power and

general electronics applications. Often, current sensing is required to monitor
and control an application, for example, a battery charger circuit requires current
sensing technique to properly charge the battery and to determine the charge
27
current from the driver, controller perspective. Depending on the type of
application, there are many types of current sensors with different current
sensing techniques that are used to measure or detect current flow. The most
commonly used and cost-effective solutions for current sensing is the shunt
current sensor method.

The shunt current sensor, also known as sense resistor is similar to a

basic resistor but with very low resistance value Current Sense Resistors are
similar to normal resistors but with very low resistance rating and high-power
rating. These shunt resistors of known resistor value (R) are placed in a current
conducting path so that the entire current (I) which is to be measured flows
through the resistors. Now by measuring the voltage drop (V) across the resistor
and by using simple Ohms Law (I=V/R), we can calculate the amount of current
that flows through the circuit.

Figure 3.4. Current Sensor

b) Voltage Sensor:

A voltage sensor is a sensor used to calculate and monitor the amount

of voltage in an object. Voltage sensors can determine the AC voltage or DC

28
voltage level. The input of this sensor is the voltage, whereas the output is the
switches, analog voltage signal, a current signal, or an audible signal.

Voltage Sensor is a precise low-cost sensor for measuring voltage.

It is based on the principle of resistive voltage divider design. It can make the
red terminal connector input voltage to 5 times smaller. This allows us to use the
Analog input pin of a microcontroller to monitor voltages higher than it capable
of sensing. For example, with a 0V - 5V Analog input range, you are able to
measure a voltage up to 25V. This module also includes convenient screw
terminals for easy and secure connections of a wire.

Figure 3.5. Voltage Sensor

c) Temperature and humidity sensor:

DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and

humidity. This sensor can be easily interfaced with any micro-controller such as
Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure humidity and temperature
instantaneously.

DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor and as

a module. The difference between this sensor and module is the pull-up resistor
and a power-on LED. DHT11 is a relative humidity sensor. To measure the
surrounding air this sensor uses a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor.
The sensor comes with a dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit
microcontroller to output the values of temperature and humidity as serial data.

29
The sensor is also factory calibrated and hence easy to interface with other
microcontrollers. The sensor can measure temperature from 0°C to 50°C and
humidity from 20% to 90% with an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1%.

Figure 3.6. Temperature and humidity sensor

d) Arduino Nano:

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly

board based on the ATmega328 (Arduino Nano 3.x). It has more or less the same
functionality of the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package. It lacks
only a DC power jack, and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard
one.

Figure 3.7. Arduino Nano

The Arduino Nano is a board based on the ATmega328P released

in 2008. It offers the same connectivity and specs of the Arduino Uno board in a
smaller form factor.The Arduino Nano is equipped with 30 male I/O headers, in
a DIP30-like configuration, which can be programmed using the Arduino
Software integrated development environment (IDE), which is common to all
30
Arduino boards and running both online and offline. The board can be powered
through a type-B micro-USB cable or from a 9 V battery.

e) Node MCU:

NodeMCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and development

board specially targeted for IoT based Applications. It includes firmware that
runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is
based on the ESP-12 module.

NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source

prototyping board designs are available. The name "NodeMCU" combines
"node" and "MCU" (micro-controller unit). The term "NodeMCU" strictly
speaking refers to the firmware rather than the associated development kits. Both
the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.

The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is

based on the eLua project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266.
It uses many open source projects, such as lua-cjson and SPIFFS. Due to resource
constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for their project and build
a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been
implemented.

The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board

functioning as a dual in-line package (DIP) which integrates a USB controller
with a smaller surface-mounted board containing the MCU and antenna. The
choice of the DIP format allows for easy prototyping on breadboards. The design
was initially based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi-Fi SoC
integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT applications

31
 Figure 3.8. Node MCU

3.1.4 IoT TECHNOLOGY:

IoT is an interconnection of many physical devices by using internet.

The controlling and monitoring of any physical devices or parameters are
possible with the help of IoT technology.

3.1.5 ThingSpeak:

It is an open – source internet of things applications. This provides with some

apps that let analysing and visualising the data send by Wi-Fi module. There is
a ThingSpeak channel provided. These channels store the data. The channel
provide provision for sending, processing and accessing the data when needed.
The master device Node MCU sends the data using HTTP protocol.

Figure 3.9. Thingspeak showing chart

32
3.2 GSM BASED TRANSFORMER’S FAULT ALERT SYSTEM

Hardware design and implementation:

3.2.1 GSM Modem:
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM
wireless network. A wireless modem is like a dial-up modem. The basic
difference between them is the dial-up modem sends and receives data through
a fixed telephone line while the wireless modem sends and receives data through
waves. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem also requires a SIM card from
a wireless carrier to operate.

SIM 300 is a Fixed Cellular Terminal (FCT) used for data

applications. It is a compact and portable terminal which satisfy various data
communication over GSM. It also can be connected to a computer with a
standard RS232C serial port.

Figure 3.10. GSM modem

SIM 300 offers features like Short Message Services (SMS), Data
Services (sending and receiving data files), Fax Services and data file
connectivity through wire is not available or not possible. The SIM 300 is very

33
easy to set up. It also finds its applications in IT companies, Banks, Financial
Institutions, Service Providers, Far away Project Sites, and other business
establishments.

Product concept:

SIM300 designed for global market is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine

which works on the frequencies 900MHz EGSM, 1800MHz DCS and 1900MHz
PCS. SIM300 features GPRS multi slot class10/ class8 and supports the GPRS
coding schemes CS-i, CS-ii, CS-iii and CSiv.

SIM card interface:

We can use AT Command for getting information in SIM card. The

SIM interface supports the operation of the GSM Phase 1 specification and also
supports the operation of the new GSM Phase 2 and specification for FAST
64kbps SIM (intended to use having a SIM application Tool-kit). Both the 1.8V
and 3.0V SIM Cards are supported. The SIM interface get its power from an
internal regulator in the module having nominal voltage 2.8V. All the pins are
reset as outputs driving low.

Operation:

AT commands are used by the computers to control modems. Both

the GSM modems and dial-up modems support a fixed set of standard AT
commands. GSM modem can be used like a dial-up modem. Apart from the
standard AT commands, GSM modems also support an extended set of AT
commands. These extended set of AT commands are defined in the GSM
standards. With the extended AT commands, several things are done:

• To read, write and delete SMS messages.

• To send SMS messages.

• To monitor the signal strength.

34
 • To monitor the charging status and charge level of the battery.

• Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.

The number of SMS messages processed by a GSM modem per minute is very
low -- only six to ten SMS messages per minute. Network status indication LED
lamp

State SIM300 function

Off- SIM300 is not running

64 ms On/ 0.8 sec Off- SIM300 does not find the network

64 ms On/ 3Sec off- SIM300 find the network

64 ms on / 0.3sec Off- GPRS communication

INSTRUCTION OF GSM MODEM

AT commands: AT commands are the instructions used for controlling a modem.

AT stands for Attention. Each and every command line starts with "AT" or "at".
Because of this modem commands are called AT commands. Many of the
commands are also used for controlling wired dial-up modems. These are
supported by GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones. Apart from this common
AT command set, GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones also support an AT
command sets which are specific to the GSM technology, which also includes
SMS-related commands.

Basic Commands and Extended Commands:

There are two types of AT commands: They are basic commands and extended
commands.

• Basic commands are AT commands that do not start with "+". For
example, D (Dial), A (Answer), H (Hook control) and O (Return to online
data state) are basic commands.

35
 • Extended commands are AT commands that start with "+". All GSM AT
commands are extended commands. For example, +CMGS (Send SMS
message), +CMSS (Send SMS message from storage), +CMGL (List SMS
messages) and +CMGR (Read SMS messages) are extended commands.

SERIAL COMMUNICATION:

In our model serial communication from modem to microcontroller are done by

connecting Txd and Rxd pins to modem Rxd and Txd pin respectively. And the
third pin of modem is grounded. In our hardware architecture we have interface
modem to microcontroller directly without the use of Max232 or RS232 and
having proper results with proper communication. Max232 or RS232 both are
used as logic converter. They both can work in CMOS logic level or TTL logic
level. If microcontroller works in TTL level and GSM Modem works in CMOS
level then logic converter like RS232 is interfaced to bring same logic level. But
in our model both Microcontroller and GSM Modem works in TTL logic level
so here we have not used Max232 0r RS232.Direct connections between modem
and microcontroller is done.

3.2.2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):

The display used is 16x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display); which

means 16 characters per line by 2 lines. The standard is referred as HD44780U,
which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source
(Here Atmega16) and communicates directly with the LCD. Here 8-bit mode of
LCD is used, i.e., using 8-bit data bus.

The three control lines are EN, RS, and RW.

The EN line is called "Enable". This control line is used for telling the LCD that
we are sending data. For sending data to the LCD, the program should make sure
that the line is low (0) and then set the other two control lines or put data on the
data bus. When the other lines are ready completely, bring EN high (1) and
36
should wait for the minimum time required by the LCD datasheet and end by
bringing it low (0) again.

The RS line is "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is treated as
a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.).
When the RS is high (1), the data sent is text data which is displayed on the
screen. For example, to display the letter "B" on the screen you would set RS
high.

The RW line is "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information
on the data bus is written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is
effectively questioning (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD
status") is read command. All the others are write commands--so RW will always
be low.

In case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1,
DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

Figure 3.11. Pin Diagram of LCD

37
3.2.3 Arduino UNO:

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P.

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started... You can tinker with your Uno without worrying too much about
doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few
dollars and start over again. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark
the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of
Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved
to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards,
and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current,
past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards

Figure 3.12. Arduino UNO

38
3.2.4 POWER SUPPLY:

Figure 3.13. Power supply Circuit Diagram

An Introduction:

The power supply is very important section of all electronic devices as all the
electronic devices works only in DC. One important aspect of the project is that
the power supply should be compact. Most electronic devices need a source of
DC power.

Power supply unit consists of following units:

1. Step down transformer.

2. Rectifier unit.

3. Input filter.

4. Regulator unit.

5. Output filter.

The circuit is powered by a 12V dc adapter, which is given to LM7805 voltage

regulator by means of a forward voltage protection diode and is decoupled by

39
means of a 0.1 uf capacitor. The voltage regulator gives an output of exactly 5V
dc supply. The 5V dc supply is given to all the components including the
Microcontroller, the serial port, and the IR transmitters and sensors.
The AC supply which when fed to the step down transformer is levelled down
to 12 volts AC. This is then fed to full wave rectifier which converts it in to 12
volts DC. This is then passed to a filter to remove the ripples. Then it is fed to a
voltage regulator that converts 12 V to 5 V stable voltages and currents.
A. Step-down Transformer

The step down transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from
230AC to lower value. This 230AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus its
stepped down. The transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To
reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less
number of turns in its secondary core. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is
essential. This conversion is achieved by using the rectifier circuit.

Figure 3.14. Step-down Transformer

B. Rectifier Unit

The Rectifier circuit is used to convert AC voltage into its corresponding DC

voltage. There are Half-Wave and Full-Wave rectifiers available for this specific
function. The most important and simple device used in rectifier circuit is the
diode. The simple function of the diode is to conduct when forward biased and

40
not to conduct when reverse biased. The forward bias is achieved by connecting
the diode’s positive with of positive of battery and negative with battery’s
negative. The efficient circuit used is full wave bridge rectifier circuit. The
output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the ripples from the obtained
DC voltage are removed using other circuits available. The circuit used for
removing the ripples is called Filter circuit.

C. Input Filter

Capacitors are used as filters. The ripples from the DC voltage are removed and
pure DC voltage is obtained. The primary action performed by capacitor is
charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and
it will discharge in its negative half cycle, so it allows only ACC voltage and
does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Thus the
output is free from ripples.

D. Regulator Unit

Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output voltage
is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage. As and
then the AC voltage changes, the DC voltage also changes. To avoid this,
regulators are used. Also when the internal resistance of the power supply is
greater than 30 ohms, the pull up gets affected. Thus this can be successfully
reduced here. The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and for high
voltage.

41
 Figure 3.15: Regulator Unit

i. IC Voltage Regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device
and overload protection all in a single IC. Although the internal construction of
the IC somewhat is different from that described for discrete voltage regulator
circuits, the external operation is much the same. IC units provide the regulation
of a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage or an adjustably set voltage.

A Power Supply can be built using a transformer connected to the AC supply

line to step the ac voltage to desired amplitude, then rectifying that ac voltage
using IC regulator. The regulators can be selected for operation with load
currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to
power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts.

The purpose of the regulator is to maintain the output voltage constant

irrespective of the fluctuations in the input voltage. The Micro controller and PC
work at a constant supply voltage of +5V,-5Vand +12V and -12V respectively.
The regulators are mainly classified for positive and negative voltage.

42
 Figure 3.16: IC Voltage Regulator

ii. LM 7805 Voltage Regulator:

Features:

1. Output Current up to 1A.

2. Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 24V.

3. Thermal Overload Protection.

4. Short Circuit Protection.

5. Output Transistor Safe Operating area Protection.

iii. Description:

The MC78XX/LM78XX series of three-terminal positive regulators are

available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages,
making them useful in a wide range of application.

43
Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe
operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat
sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.

E) Output Filter:

The filter circuit is often fixed after the regulator circuit. Capacitor is most often
used as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It charges
during the positive half cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the
negative half cycle. So it allows AC voltage and not DC voltage. This filter is
fixed after the regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the
output received finally.

All the electronic components from diode to Intel IC’s only work with a DC
supply ranging from -+5v to -+12v.

This voltage achieved by step down, rectification and filtering process.

The input supply to this power supply circuit is 230V & 50Hz.

The primary purpose of a regulator is to aid the rectifier and filter circuit in
providing a constant DC voltage to the device.

44
 Figure 3.17: Filter circuit

IC7812 and 7912 is used in this project for providing +12v and –12v DC supply

The rectifier converts AC into DC.

Rectification is normally achieved using a solid state diode.

The rectifier used here is Bridge Rectifier.

45
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Hardware Setup

Figure 27 shown below is hardware setup for IoT based system, which includes
whole circuitry, Internet modem fitted with 3G modem and Microcontroller.

Figure 4.1. Hardware Setup

4.2 Testing and Results

Online parameters of 1 - transformer are given as shown in figure 28, field chart
1 displays temperature variations, field 2 display voltage variations while field 3
displays current variations.

Figure 4.2. 1-phase Transformer's online Parameters

46
 CHAPTER 5

APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 APPLICATION:

Substations under distribution companies are large in number and so

do the distribution transformers, even they are at different
geographical areas, thus system introduced can be used in monitoring
all distribution transformers of an area under a substation
autonomously.

Distribution companies usually have large number of substations.

These substations are situated at remote areas from urban headquarters
of utilities. Moreover, these substations are situated at geographically
dispersed locations.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

1) This system finds a big scope in transmission lines by using other

communication protocols like Laura, rf 434 MHz etc.

2) Using genetic algorithm in determining best sensor readings or faulty

sensor readings can be helpful in calculating accurate health index during faulty
sensor situations.

3) This system can be expanded to big campuses or societies with many acute
substations which can be operated and monitored remotely.

4) This system can help in reducing post-fault clearing time in distribution

network.
47
5) This system can be expanded to 3-phase transformer, which will display
more accurate health indices.

5.3 CONCLUSION:

In this work, the development and implementation of real time

monitoring and control systems for transformer protection and recording have
been presented. This system is designed to protect the distribution transformer
from overloading, overheating, and other abnormalities. An IOT system is
employed to monitor and control the operational parameters of the transformer.
The IOT system is located close to the transformer base, and the above
parameters are sensed and then transmitted to the centralized web server. Thus,
the data is utilized to know the transformer condition on a real-time basis and are
stored within a server-based database for future analysis and immediate
protective precautions.

The GSM based monitoring of power transformer is quite useful as

compared to manual monitoring and also it is reliable as it is not possible to
monitor always the oil level, oil temperature rise, ambient temperature rise, load
current manually. After receiving of message of any abnormality we can take
action immediately to prevent any catastrophic failures of distribution
transformers. In a distribution network there are many distribution transformers
and associating each transformer with such system, we can easily figure out that
which 42 transformer is undergoing fault from the message sent to mobile. We
need not have to check all transformers and corresponding phase currents and
voltages and thus we can recover the system in less time. The time for receiving
messages may vary due to the public GSM network traffic but still then it is
effective than manual monitoring.

48
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