Error Analysis of Capacitor Voltage Transformer in

the Operation Environment

Zhang Fuzhou1㸪Liu Kun1㸪Chen Xianshun1㸪Huang Jiapeng1㸪Luo Ruixi1㸪Liu Gang1,2㸪Li Yongsen2㸪Zhou Kai2
1
Sichuan Electric Power Corporation Metering Center of State Grid, Chengdu, 610045, China.
2
School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.

Abstract—The capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a potential transformers fail to power off in fact, otherwise
potential transformer (PT) composed of capacitive voltage production and living power will be impacted [8]. In addition,
divider and electromagnetic unit. In high voltage classes, the error characteristics of the CVT are easily interrupted by
capacitor voltage transformer has the advantage of simpler surroundings, CVT environment is different from actual
structure and lower cost in comparison with electromagnetic operating environment when off-line error detection is made
potential transformer (PT), so potential transformers with according to the verification regulation, which will result in
voltage class of 220kV and above are CVT basically. certain deviations between off-line detection data and actual
Transformer acts as an important link of power trade measuring operation conditions, and the off-line error data fail to
system, and its accuracy is directly related to the justness and
completely reflect error characteristics of potential transformer
fairness of power trade. CVT at transformer substation is usually
installed outdoor and often runs in different natural
during actual operation.
environments, while periodic detection is adopted for CVT, but An online monitoring system for capacitor voltage
there is no relevant research on the impacts of CVT error transformer error is developed in this paper, and it is applied to
characteristics from the natural environment during actual 500kV Xinduqiao Transformer Substation for real-time
operation. In this paper, online monitoring system is used to monitoring of CVT error characteristics.
compare a good-stability bus with line CVT, taking PT as
standard, so as to research the CVT error characteristics in
actual operation cases. As the result indicated, ratio error and II. SYSTEM DESIGNE
angle error of the CVT present regular changes within 24h, two
extreme inflection points of the ratio error respectively occur at A. Selecting a Template (Heading 2)
6:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., representing shifting towards negative Online monitoring system for capacitor voltage transformer
values, similar phase errors, but no out-of-tolerance. error developed in this paper is referred to Fig.1. This online
monitoring system consists of voltage monitoring device ADU-
Keywords—Capacitor voltage transformer; Online monitoring; 100, data processing device DPU-100, clock synchronization
Error; Accuracy; Inflection point
device TDU-200, exchanger, server and remote receiving end.
The integral accuracy of the system is grade 0.05, with
I. INTRODUCTION synchronous error less than 2us.
In comparison with an electromagnetic potential PT A phase PT B phase PT C phase CVT A phase CVT B phase CVT C phase
transformer (PT), the capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) has
such advantages as high insulating strength, generation of no
ferromagnetic resonance, cheaper price and so on. As for ADUˉ100 ˄1˅
Voltage monitoring device
ADUˉ100 ˄2˅
Voltage monitoring device
gateway measuring at transformer substation with voltage class
of 220kV and above, voltages are mostly measured by CVT [1- Synchronous
optical fiber
DPUˉ100
Synchronous
optical fiber
4]. CVT is mainly composed of capacitive voltage divider, Synchronous
optical fiber
Data processing device

intermediate transformer and compensation reactor, and its

structural characteristics cause that its own error characteristics exchanger
TDUˉ200
Clock synchronization device

are easily impacted by surroundings (e.g., temperature,

frequency, surrounding electric field). There is no capacitive Remote receiving
end
server
Synchronous
optical fiber
voltage division of PT available, and its error characteristics
show few impacts from surroundings so that the measuring Fig.1 System structure diagram
stability of PT gets an advantage over CVT [5, 6].
Voltage monitoring device ADU-100 is installed inside the
In order to ensure the accuracy of the gateway measuring, intelligent cabinet in the PT and CVT field at transformer
the potential transformer for gateway measuring in the grid substation, while data processing device DPU-100, clock
must carry out a periodic detection on errors [7] according to synchronization device TDU-200, exchanger and server are
the existing National Metrological Verification Regulation for installed inside the screen cabinet in communication room, and
Power Transformer, the current verification regulation is JJG the remote receiving end can be installed in any position of
1021-2007 Power Transformer, where the detection method local area network (LAN) to remotely receive real-time online
shall not be used until power-off, but most online operating monitoring data.
978-1-5090-0496-6/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
 III. SYSTEM TESTING Tab.3 The experiment result˄69.2V˅
standard indication voltage indication voltage
In order to verify properties, products are hereby send to a values˄V˅ U1˄V˅ U2˄V˅
domestic authority for third-party testing, with testing contents MAX 69.2058 69.207
including accuracy, frequency impacts, electromagnetic 69.2000
MIN 69.2021 69.2032
compatibility test, etc, all of which meet the standard variation 0.0037 0.0038
requirements, and results of accuracy test and frequency impact avg 69.2046 69.2056
test are as follows. variation/avg
0.0053 0.0055
˄%˅
ratio error
A. Test design 0.0066 0.0081
˄%˅
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are
used in the text, even after they have been defined in the Based on analysis of results, the ratio of the variation of
abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, measured value of the system to the average is extremely
and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in small, totaling 0.0117% at most, which indicates that the
the title or heads unless they are unavoidable. stability of this system is very high. In accordance with ratio
During the test, voltage monitoring device ADU-100 and difference data defined, the maximum value is only 0.0081%.
data processing device DPU-100 compose a system, and the Therefore, the online error monitoring system developed is
synchronization clock carried by DPU-100 is used to very stable and accurate, and the stability and accuracy
synchronize such two devices, plus a standard power source, to achieve the design requirements.
test this system. During the test, a standard power source is
used to input the same standard voltage signal U to two ports in C. Frequency impacts
ADU-100, two voltage signals monitored after passing through The rated grid frequency is 50Hz, but slight fluctuations
the system are respectively defined as indication voltage U1, occur due to balance impacts of electric load and energy
U2, then the difference between standard values is divided by output during actual operation, CVT measurement winding
standard value of the standard source, which is defined as ratio shall meet measurement accuracy requirements in the grid
error. Test time totals 1min and data points acquired are up to frequency of 49.5~50.5Hz [9]. In order to verify the
60. properties of the system under different frequencies, thus,
the frequency of power source is changed to make a system
B. Accuracy test frequency impact test. During the test, the standard voltage
The accuracy of this online monitoring system is designed is set as 57.7V, and frequencies are set as 49.5Hz and
as grade 0.05. In order to verify its accuracy, the output of the 50.5Hz respectively for two tests because 50Hz test has
power source is set as rated secondary output voltage of CVT, been competed during accuracy verification, the results are
totaling 57.7V. Considering the secondary voltage of CVT referred to Table 4 and 5.
may fluctuate during actual operation, however, the frequency
of the power source is set as 50Hz and the standard output
voltage is set as 80% of rated value (46.2V), 100% (57.7V), Tab.4 The experiment result˄49.5Hz˅
standard values indication voltage indication voltage
120% (69.2V) for three tests when a standard power source is
˄V˅ U1˄V˅ U2˄V˅
added, the results are referred to Table 1, 2 and 3. MAX 57.7050 57.7064
57.7000
MIN 57.6998 57.7012
Tab.1 The experiment result˄80%˅ variation 0.0052 0.0052
standard values indication voltage indication voltage avg 57.7026 57.7039
˄V˅ U1˄V˅ U2˄V˅ variation/avg
0.0090 0.0090
MAX 46.2046 46.2052 ˄%˅
46.2000
MIN 46.1990 46.1998 ratio error
0.0045 0.0052
variation 0.0056 0.0054 ˄%˅
avg 46.2017 46.2024
variation/avg Tab.5 The experiment result˄50.5 Hz˅
0.0112 0.0117
˄%˅ standard values indication voltage indication voltage
ratio error ˄V˅ U1˄V˅ U2˄V˅
0.0036 0.0052
˄%˅ MAX 57.7050 57.7056
57.7000
MIN 57.7002 57.7009
Tab.2 The experiment result˄57.7V˅ variation 0.0048 0.0047
standard values indication voltage indication voltage avg 57.7024 57.7031
˄V˅ U1˄V˅ U2˄V˅ variation/avg
0.0083 0.0081
MAX 57.7063 57.7065 ˄%˅
57.7000
MIN 57.7014 57.7015 ratio error
0.0053 0.0053
variation 0.0049 0.0050 ˄%˅
avg 57.7031 57.7032
variation/avg
0.0085 0.0087
˄%˅ By comparing Table 2, 4 and 5 and analyzing the data of
ratio error
0.0053 0.0056 variation / average data, frequency change has no effect on
˄%˅
stability of the system. According to the ratio error, frequency V. DATA ANALYSIS
effect on the system accuracy is very small, error data are Taking representative data in a day at 500kV Xinduqiao
changeless comparatively when positive and negative change Transformer Substation for example, error changes of CVT are
as 0.5Hz. Therefore, the online error monitoring system gets analyzed. Line CVT is two-wire and A-phase in Ganqiao
few impacts from frequency changes, the stability and accuracy Village, where I-bus and A-phase are selected for bus PT, both
under different frequencies comply with the design two accuracies are grade 0.2. Therefore, monitoring data are
requirements. only analyzed correlatively according to the change trend,
absolute values are not significant and cannot be used as
IV. FIELD INSTALLATION calibration data.

A. Installation of voltage monitoring device ADU-100

Voltage monitoring device ADU-100 is installed inside the
intelligent cabinet at CVT site (similar to bus PT), this device
carries out a field acquisition of CVT secondary voltage data,
receives IRIG-B synchronous signals from the communication
room and transmits data and messages to the communication
room via fibers. The field installation diagram is as follows:

Fig.4 Curves of ratio error


Fig.2 Scene drawing of ADU-100

B. Installation of screen cabinet

Fig.5 Curves of phase error
Data processing device DPU-100, clock synchronization
device TDU-200, exchanger and server are all centralized in From Fig.4, CVT ratio error changes in the range of -
the screen cabinet, which is installed in the communication 0.015%~-0.002%, with change range of 0.013%. Two extreme
room in order for communication. The field installation inflection points of the ratio error occur at 6:00 a.m. and 4:00
diagram is as follows: p.m., both of which shift towards negative values. Based on
temperature data in the current day, inflection points for
temperature rise and fall also occur at 6:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m.
Due to sunshine, the temperature of high voltage capacitance
above CVT starts to rise and is higher than the medium voltage
capacitance below when the temperature rises in the morning,
while no sunshine for the low voltage capacitance below when
temperature falls in the afternoon, which causes a quick fall of
temperature so that the temperature is lower than the medium
voltage capacitance above. Accordingly, at two temperature
inflection points, the change directions of the ratio error are the
same, and the ratio error shifts towards negative value due to
temperature coefficients of capacitance material.
From Fig.5, the angle error changes in the range of 0.9ƍ~
1.6ƍ, with change range of 0.7ƍ, its change trend is similar to the
ratio error, and two extreme inflection points respectively occur
Fig.3 Scene drawing of equipment cabinet near 6:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. In accordance with two Figures,
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day, which indicates that CVT has a good stability. the measurement of self-excited capacitance CVT[J]. Electrical
Measurement & Instrumentation, 2013,50(570):49-52.
[5] Ling Zishu. High Voltage Transformer Electric Manual[M]. China
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