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Introduction To Stats

It involves introduction to statistiscs

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Mahnoor Fatima
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19 views

Introduction To Stats

It involves introduction to statistiscs

Uploaded by

Mahnoor Fatima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name:

Aksha Khan (10)


Maryam Hameed (28)
Class:
BS Educatiom 7th (2021 – 2025)
Department:
Institute of Education
Subject:
Statistics and Data Analysis
Submitted to:
Dr. Nazir Haider Shah
Introduction to Statistics
What is Statistics:

Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,


organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data. It
is used to make decisions or predictions based on data, often in situations of
uncertainty.

Types of Statistics:

Descriptive Statistics:

It involves summarizing and organizing data using tools like charts, graphs,
mean, median, mode, etc.

Inferential Statistics:

It involves making predictions or inferences about a population based on a


sample of data drawn from that population.

Example of Statistics:

Suppose you want to know the average height of students in a school.


Instead of measuring every student’s height, you collect the heights of a
sample of 100 students.

• Descriptive Statistics: You calculate the average height, the


tallest and shortest students, and maybe the range or standard
deviation.

• Inferential Statistics: You might use this sample to infer the


average height of all students in the school.

WHY WE USE STATISTICS IN EDUCATION

Statistics is used in education for various reasons, providing valuable insights


and improving the overall teaching and learning process.

Here’s why statistics is important in education:

A. Measuring Student Performance:

Statistics allows educators to analyze student performance through tests,


assessments, and exams.

B. Educational Research:
Researchers use statistics to gather and analyze data from studies to make
evidence-based conclusions about teaching methods, curriculum
effectiveness, learning behaviors, and more.

C. Policy Making:

Governments and educational institutions use statistics to make informed


decisions on education policies, such as funding allocation, resource
distribution, and setting educational standards.

D. Evaluating Teaching Effectiveness:

By analyzing student performance data over time, statistics can help


evaluate how effective a teacher's methods are. Statistical models can
compare performance before and after a change in teaching strategy.

E. Improving Resource Allocation:

Schools and universities use statistical data to allocate resources efficiently,


ensuring that departments or programs that need more support get the
necessary funding or staff.

F. Predicting Future Educational Trends:

Predictive statistics can help anticipate future needs in education, such as


increasing demand for online learning platforms, enrollment rates, or
changes in subject popularity.

Basic Concepts
 Data
 Population
 Sample
 Parameters
 Statistic
 Variable

Data:

In statistics, data refers to the collection of facts, numbers, or qualitative


information that is used for analysis and interpretation.

Example:
The dataset consists of information on the ages and weights of 8 individuals.
The ages range from 22 to 30 years, with the weights varying between 65
and 80 kilograms. Specifically, the first individual is 22 years old and weighs
70 kg, while the second individual, aged 25, has a weight of 65 kg. The third
individual, at 30 years old, weighs 80 kg. The fourth individual is 28 years old
with a weight of 68 kg, and the fifth, aged 24, weighs 74 kg. Additionally, the
sixth person is 27 years old and weighs 72 kg, while the seventh individual is
26 years old with a weight of 75 kg. Finally, the eighth individual is 29 years
old and weighs 78 kg. This data provides a small snapshot that can be used
to explore relationships or trends between age and weight.

Population:

In statistics, a population refers to the entire group of individuals or items


that share a common characteristic and are the focus of a study.

Example:

Imagine a study is being conducted to understand the average height of


adult men in a specific country. In this case, the population would be all
adult men in that country. Every individual adult man in the country,
regardless of location, ethnicity, or occupation, would be part of the
population.

Sample:

In statistics, a sample is a subset of individuals or items selected from a


larger population, used to make inferences or predictions about the whole
population.

Example:

Suppose researchers want to study the average height of adult men in a


country, but measuring every individual would be time-consuming and
expensive. Instead, they decide to select a sample of 1,000 adult men from
various cities across the country. This group of 1,000 men is the sample,
chosen to represent the entire population of adult men.

Parameters:

In statistics, a parameter is a numerical value that describes a characteristic


of an entire population, such as the population mean or standard deviation.

Statistics:

A descriptive measure of a sample is called statistics.


Variable:

A variable in statistics is a characteristic or attribute that can take on


different values or categories in a data set.

a. Quantitative data
b. Qualitative data

Quantitative data:

Quantitative data is numerical information that can be measured and


expressed mathematically, allowing for statistical analysis.

a. Discrete Variables (are countable quantities that can take on specific


values, often whole numbers e.g., the number of students in a class).
b. Continuous Variables (are measurable quantities that can take on
any value within a given range, including fractions and decimals e.g.,
height or weight)

Qualitative data:

Qualitative data is non-numerical information that describes characteristics


or qualities, often categorized by attributes or labels (e.g., colors, names, or
opinions)

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