CENTAL BOARD OF SENIOR

SECONDARY EXAMINATION
AISSCS
Session –2024-25
PHYSICS INVESTIGATE PROJECT
Topic - To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i)
output and input voltage and (ii) number of turns in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed
transformer.

NAME- JIAUL HAQUE

CLASS- XII
STREAM- SCIENCE
ROLL NO-
REGISTRATION NO-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessing and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with physics
project. Primarily I would thank God for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I would like to
thank my principal Mr. BIPIN BIHARI SINGH and physics
teacher Mr. Sukhendu Chakraborty whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this
project and make it full proof success his suggestions and
instructions has served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project. Then I would like to thank
my parents and friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of this project.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:
1. Output and Input Voltage.
2. Number of turns in the secondary coil and the
primary coil of a self-designed transformer.
 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-
versa. A Transformer based on the principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an emf is
induced in the neighboring coil. A transformer is an
electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is the most widely used device in
both low and high current circuits. As such transformers
are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, transformer size may
be so small that it weighs only a few tens of grams
whereas in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundreds of tones. In a transformer, the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts. A transformer which
increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer. A
transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.

THEORY
When an altering emf is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good
transformer, the whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced emf induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus, if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the emf’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and
d 𝜙/ dt = rate of change of flux in each turn off the coil at
this instant,
We have,

Ep = -Np d 𝜙𝜙/dt--------------(1)
and
Es = - Ns d 𝜙/dt---------------(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np --------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back emf induced in
the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back emf further
if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back emf= input emf Hence equation 3 can be
written as Es / Ep = Es / E
= output emf/ input emf
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

PROCUDURE
 Take a laminated iron core and wind a small
number [say about 2000] of turns of thick
insulated copper wire uniformly on it leaving two
free ends P1 P2.
 Wind many turns [say 100] of thin insulated copper
wire on the opposite arm of the core leaving two
free end S1 & S2.

 Connect the primary coil to a variable ac supply

source and secondary to ac voltmeter of suitable
range.

 Connect an ac voltmeter across the primary to

measure the input voltage.

OBSERVATIONS
No. of turns in primary, NP = 2000
No. of turns in secondary, NS = 100
SL no. Input voltage Ep Output voltage Es Es/Ep
(v) (v)
1. 12v 240v 1/20
 2. 240v 12v 20

RESULT
Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental
error.

PRECUTATION
 Keep yourself safe from voltage.
 While taking readings of current and voltage the ac
should remain constant.

SOURCE OF ERROR
 The value of eddy current can be changed due to
heating effect.
 Eddy current can change the reading.