IoT and Applications

UNIT-III
IoT Applications, Sensing, Actuation, I/O interfaces. Software Components-
Programming API’s (using Python/Node.js/Arduino) for Communication Protocols-
MQTT, ZigBee, CoAP, UDP, TCP, Bluetooth.
Bluetooth Smart Connectivity: Bluetooth overview, Bluetooth Key Versions,
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Protocol, Bluetooth, Low Energy Architecture, PSoC4
BLE architecture and Component Overview.

IoT Applications:
The Internet of Things (IoT) provides the ability to interconnect computing devices,
mechanical machines, objects, animals or unique identifiers and people to transfer data
across a network without the need for human-to-human or human-to-computer is a
system of conversation. IoT applications bring a lot of value in our lives. The Internet
of Things provides objects, computing devices, or unique identifiers and people's
ability to transfer data across a network without the human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.
1. Wearables
Wearable technology is the hallmark of IoT applications and one of the earliest
industries to deploy IoT. We have fit bits, heart rate monitors and smartwatches these
days.
Guardian glucose monitoring device has been developed to help people with
diabetes. It detects glucose levels in our body, uses a small electrode called the glucose
sensor under the skin, and relates it to a radiofrequency monitoring device.
2. Smart Home Applications
The smart home is probably the first thing when we talk about the IoT
application. The example we see the AI home automation is employed by Mark
Zuckerberg. Alan Pan's home automation system, where a string of musical notes uses
in-house functions.
3. Health care
IoT applications can transform reactive medical-based systems into active
wellness-based systems. Resources that are used in current medical research lack
important real-world information. It uses controlled environments, leftover data, and
volunteers for clinical trials. The Internet of Things improves the device's power,
precision and availability. IoT focuses on building systems rather than just tools. Here's
how the IoT-enabled care device works.
4. Smart Cities
Most of you have heard about the term smart city. Smart city uses technology to
provide services. The smart city includes improving transportation and social services,
promoting stability and giving voice to their citizens.
The problems faced by Mumbai are very different from Delhi. Even global
issues, such as clean drinking water, declining air quality, and increasing urban density,
occur in varying intensity cities. Therefore, they affect every city.
Governments and engineers use the Internet of Things to analyze the complex
factors of town and each city. IoT applications help in the area of water management,
waste control and emergencies.
5. Agriculture
By the year 2050, the world's growing population is estimated to have reached
about 10 billion. To feed such a large population, agriculture needs to marry technology
and get the best results. There are many possibilities in this area. One of them is Smart
Greenhouse.
Farming techniques grow crops by environmental parameters. However,
manual handling results in production losses, energy losses and labor costs, making it
less effective.
6. Healthcare
Healthcare do real-time monitoring with the help of smart devices. It gathers
and transfers health data such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, weight, oxygen,
and ECG. The patient can contact the doctor by the smart mobile application in case of
any emergency.
7. Smart Retail
IoT applications in retail give shoppers a new experience. Customers do not
have to stand in long queues as the checkout system can read the tags of the products
and deduct the total amount from the customer's payment app with IoT applications'
help.
8. Smart Supply Chain
Customers automate the delivery and shipping with a smart supply chain. It also
provides details of real-time conditions and supply networks.
9. Smart Farming
 Farmers can minimize waste and increase productivity. The system allows the
monitoring of fields with the help of sensors. Farmers can monitor the status of the area.

Sensing or Sensors:
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical
environment.
The input can be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure or any number of other
environmental phenomena.
Sensors play a pivotal role in the internet of things (IoT). They make it possible to
create an ecosystem for collecting and processing data about a specific environment
so it can be monitored, managed and controlled more easily and efficiently.
IoT sensors are used in homes, health care equipment's, in automobiles, on airplanes,
in industrial settings and in other environments.
Types of sensors
Sensors can be categorized in multiple ways. One common approach is to classify
them as either active or passive.
An active sensor is one that requires an external power source to be able to respond
to environmental input and generate output.
Ex: light switch
A passive sensor, on the other hand, doesn't require an external power source to
detect environmental input
Ex: metal detector
➢ Temperature Sensor
➢ Proximity Sensor
➢ Accelerometer
➢ IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
➢ Ultrasonic Sensor
➢ Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
➢ Touch Sensor
➢ Colour Sensor
 ➢ Humidity Sensor
➢ Pressure Sensor
➢ Light Sensor
➢ Position Sensor
➢ Magnetic Sensor (Hall Effect Sensor)
➢ Microphone (Sound Sensor)
➢ Tilt Sensor
➢ Flow and Level Sensor
➢ PIR Sensor
➢ Strain and Weight Sensor
Advantages and Disadvantages of Sensors:
The Advantages of a sensor are
❖ Automation
❖ Data collection
❖ Accuracy
❖ Cost saving.
The disadvantages of sensors are it is
❖ Calibrating or measuring
❖ Maintenance
❖ Expensive
❖ Response Time

Actuators:
 Actuator is a device that converts the electrical signals into the physical events
or characteristics. It takes the input from the system and gives output to the
environment.
 An actuator is a machine component or system that moves or controls the
mechanism of the system.
 Actuators are used to produce the actions or motions.
  After receiving a control signal, actuator responds by converting the energy into
mechanical motion.
 A servo motor is an example of an actuator.

Types of Actuators:
 Electrical Actuators
 Mechanical Actuators
 Fluid Power Actuators
 Thermal Actuators
 Piezoelectric Actuators
 Pneumatic Actuators
 Hydraulic ActuatorsHydraulic Actuators
 Hydraulic Actuators
These actuators utilize hydraulic energy for automation.
A hydraulic actuator consists of piston cylinder or fluid motor that uses
hydraulic power to facilitate mechanical action.
The mechanical motion is converted into linear motion or rotatory motion or
oscillatory motion.
These actuators can generate large output force for small input force and are
also able to maintain its mechanical stiffness.
Example: steering gear of ship
Pneumatic Actuators
Pneumatic actuators convert energy of vacuum or compressed air at high
pressure into either linear motion or rotatory motion
similar to hydraulic motors pneumatic actuators also contain a piston
cylinder arrangement but they also have values or parts to control the inflow and
outflow of the air to increase or decrease the pressure.
Examples: air compressor, exercise equipment and air guns
Electric Actuators
These actuators are powered by electric source.
Electric actuator is actuated by electric motor that converts electrical energy
into mechanical torque.
The electrical energy is used to actuate equipment such as solenoid valves to
control the flow of water in the pipes in response to electrical signals.
Electric actuators consist of electric motors, speed reduce, position limit
mechanism

I/O Interface:
Input-Output Interface is used as a method which helps in transferring of information
between the internal storage devices i.e. CPU, memory and the external storage
devices i.e peripheral device.
A peripheral device is that which provide input and output for the computer, it is also
called Input-Output devices.
Example: A keyboard and mouse provide Input to the computer are called input devices
while a monitor and printer that provide output to the computer are called output
devices.
In micro-computer base system, the only purpose of peripheral devices is just to
provide special communication links for the interfacing them with the CPU.
 The major differences are as follows:
1. The nature of peripheral devices is electromagnetic and electro-mechanical. The
nature of the CPU is electronic. There is a lot of difference in the mode of
operation of both peripheral devices and CPU
2. There is also a synchronization mechanism because the data transfer rate of
peripheral devices are slow than CPU.
3. In peripheral devices, data code and formats are differ from the format in the
CPU and memory.
To Resolve these differences, computer systems include special hardware components
between the CPU and Peripherals to supervises and synchronizes all input and out
transfers.
I/O interface Module
 The control lines are referred as I/O command. The commands are as following:
Control command- A control command is issued to activate the peripheral and to
inform it what to do.
Status command- A status command is used to test various status conditions in the
interface and the peripheral.
Data Output command- A data output command causes the interface to respond by
transferring data from the bus into one of its registers.
Data Input command- The data input command is the opposite of the data output.
Functions of Input-Output Interface
1. It is used to synchronize the operating speed of CPU with respect to input-output
devices.
2. It selects the input-output device which is appropriate for the interpretation of
the input-output device.
3. It is capable of providing signals like control and timing signals.
4. In this data buffering can be possible through data bus.
5. There are various error detectors.
6. It converts serial data into parallel data and vice-versa.