Lecture 2:

Modeling of Power System Components

Acknowledgement: The slides are developed based on parts in

Power System Analysis, Hadi Saadat, McGraw-Hill, 2002

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 1

System Modeling
z Systems are represented on a per-phase basis
‹ A single-phase representation is used for a balanced system
„ the system is modeled as one phase of a wye-connected network
‹ Symmetrical components are used for unbalanced systems
„ unbalance systems may be caused by: generation, network
components, loads, or unusual operating conditions such as faults
‹ The per-unit system of measurements is used
z Review of basic network component models
‹ generators
‹ transformers
‹ loads
‹ transmission lines

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 2

Generator Models
z Generator may be modeled in three different ways
‹ Power Injection Model - the real, P, and reactive, Q, power of the
generator is specified at the node that the generator is connected
„ either the voltage or injected current is specified at the connected
node, allowing the other quantity to be determined
‹ Thevenin Model - induced AC voltage, E, behind the synchronous
reactance, Xd
E Xd Node

‹ Norton Model - injected AC current, IG, in parallel with the

synchronous reactance
IG
Node
Xd

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 3

Transformer Model
z Equivalent circuit of a two winding transformer

R1 X1 R2 X2
N1 : N2

E1 E2
V1 Rc Xm V2

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 4

Transformer Model
z Approximate circuit referred to the primary

REQ1 XEQ1

V1 N1
Rc Xm V2′ = V2
N2

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 5

Load Models
z Models are selected based on both the type of analysis
and the load characteristics
z Constant impedance, Zload
‹ Load is made up of R, L, and C elements connected to a network
node and the ground (or neutral point of the system)
z Constant current, Iload
‹ The load has a constant current magnitude I, and a constant
power factor, independent of the nodal voltage
‹ Also considered as a current injection into the network
z Constant power, Sload
‹ The load has a constant real, P, and reactive, Q, power
component independent of nodal voltage or current injection
‹ Also considered as a negative power injection into the network

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 6

Per Unit System
z Almost all power system analyses are performed in per-
units x ( engr. unit )
engineering ( actual ) x%
x per unit ( pu ) = =
xbase ( engr. unit ) 100
z Per unit system for power systems
‹ Based on a per-phase, wye-connect, three-phase system
‹ 3-phase power base, S3φ
„ common power base is 100 MVA
‹ Line-to-line voltage base, VLL S3φ −base
„ voltage base is usually selected I L−base =
from the equipment rated voltage 3 VLL−base
Phase current base, IL
(VLL−base ) (VLN −base )
‹ 2 2
‹ Phase impedance base, Z Z base = =
S3φ −base S1φ −base

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 7

Per Unit System
z Equipment impedances are frequently given in per units
or percentages of the impedance base
‹ The impedance base for equipment is derived from the rated
power and the rated voltage
‹ When modeling equipment in a system, the per unit impedance
must be converted so that the equipment and the system are on
a common base
old new
old ZΩ Sbase new ZΩ Sbase
Z = old = Z Ω old 2 Z = new = Z Ω new 2
pu
Z base (Vbase ) pu
Z base (Vbase )
new
Z pu =
S new
base
⋅
(V )
old 2
base
⋅ Z old = Z old S new
base
§V
⋅ ¨¨
old
base
·
¸¸
2

(V )
new 2
base
S old
base
pu pu
S old
base ©V
new
base ¹
new
new old Sbase
‹ It is normal for the voltage bases to be the same: Z pu =Z pu old
Sbase

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 8

Per Unit System
z The advantages of the per unit system for analysis
‹ Gives a clear idea of relative magnitudes of various quantities
‹ The per-unit impedance of equipment of the same general type
based upon their own ratings fall in a narrow range regardless of
the rating of equipment.
„ Whereas their impedances in ohms vary greatly with the ratings.
‹ The per-unit impedance, voltages, and currents of transformers
are the same regardless of whether they are referred to the
primary or the secondary side.
„ Different voltage levels disappear across the entire system.
„ The system reduces to a system of simple impedances
‹ The circuit laws are valid in per-unit systems, and the power and
voltages equations are simplified since the factors of √3 and 3
are eliminated in the per-unit system

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 9

Example 1: Per Unit System
z Example
‹ the one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown
‹ use a common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV at the generator
„ draw an impedance diagram with all impedances marked in per-unit
„ the manufacturer’s data for each apparatus is given as follows
† G: 90 MVA 22 kV 18% G
† T1: 50 MVA 22/220 kV 10%
† L1: 48.4 ohms
† T2: 40 MVA 220/11 kV 6% T1 T3
† T3: 40 MVA 22/110 kV 6.4%
† L2: 65.43 ohms L1 L2
† T4: 40 MVA 110/11 kV 8%
† M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV 18.5% T2 T4
† Ld: 57 MVA 10.45 kV 0.6 pf lag

M Ld

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 10

 Transmission Lines
l Overhead Conductor
l Overhead Spacer Cable
l Underground Cable
l Three-Conductor Cable
l Service Cables

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 11

 Overhead Conductors
l ACSR
Aluminum Conductor with
inner Steel Reinforced strands
l ACAR
Aluminum Conductor with
inner Al allow Reinforced
strands
l ACSR/AW
Aluminum Conductor with
inner Alumoweld Steel
Reiforced strands
l Aluminum - current carrying
member
l Steel - structural support

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 12

 Overhead Cable
l Where conductor close
proximity is required
l Insulating jacket
surrounds each conductor
l Plastic spacers keep
conductors from coming in
contact with one another

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 13

 Cables
l Underground
transmission and
distribution cables
l Semiconducting material
surrounds the conductor
to grade the electric field
l Plastic jacket provides
insulation and protection
l Neutral strands for an
outer shell for protection
and return currents

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 14

 Transmission Line Parameters
l Line resistance
dc resistance ρl ρ = conductor resistivity
Rdc =
u

A l = conductor length
u ac resistance A = conductor cross-
n skin effect sectional area
n at 60 Hz:
Rac = 1.02 ⋅ Rdc

l Temperature effects
u increased resistance at conductor temperature rises
u wiring is rated for 65°C, 75°C, or 90°C
ambient temperature is 20°C T + t new
Rnew = Rold
u

T + told
TAl = 228°C

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 15

 Review of Magnetics and Inductance
Ampere’s circuital law Γ=
F = ∫ H ⋅ d l = ie H=
Γ
Integral of the scalar
product of a closed path
ie H
and the magnetic field
equals the encircled current A
B=
Magnetic Flux
B = µH A=
Integral of the
φ = ∫ B ⋅ da φ
flux density that A
is normal to a
defined area
B
GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 16
 Review of Magnetics and Inductance

Flux Linkage
N
λ = ∑ φi
i =1

Inductance

λ
L=
I
∑
=
φ
=
∑ ∫ B ⋅ da ∑ ∫ µH ⋅ da
=
I I I

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 17

 Inductance of a Single Conductor

l Conditions:
u infinite straight wire is an approximation of a
reasonably long wire
l Assumptions:
u Image the wire to close at +/- infinity, establishing a
kind of “one-turn coil” with the return path at infinity
u Straight infinitely long wire of radius r
u Uniform current density in the wire. Total current is Ix
u Flux lines form concentric circles (i.e. H is tangential)
u Angular symmetry - it suffices to consider Hx

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 18

 Inductance of a Single Conductor
2πx
Ix
∫H
General:
l

⋅ dl = I x ⇒ Hx =
2π x
x
0

l Case 1: Points inside of the conductor (x < r)

I Ix I µ0 I
= → Hx = x → B = x
π r 2 π x2 2π r 2π r
2 x 2

µ0 I x2 µ0 I 3
dφ x = Bx dx = xdx → dλx = 2 dφ x = x dx
2π r 2
r 2π r 4

r
µ0 I r 3 µ0 I µ0
λint =∫ dλx = 4 ∫
x dx = → Lint = = 0.5 ×10 −7
0
2π r 0 8π 8π

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 19

 Inductance of a Single Conductor
l Case 2: Points outside of the conductor (x > r)
µ0 I
I x = I → Bx = µ 0 H x =
2π x
µ I µ I
dφ x = Bx dx = 0 dx → dλx = dφ x = 0 dx
2π x 2π x
µ0 I µ 0 I D2
D2 D2
1 D2
λext =∫ dλx = ∫D x d x = ln → Lext = 2 × 10 −7 ln
D1
2π 1
2π D1 D1

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 20

 Inductance of a Single-Phase Line
l conductors of radii r1 and r2, separated by a distance D
D
L1( ext ) = 2 × 10 −7 ln
r1 r1 r2
D
L1 = L1(int ) + L1( ext ) = 0.5 × 10 −7 + 2 × 10 −7 ln
r1
D
 1 
L1 = 2 × 10  ln −1 4 + ln D 
 −7

 r1e 
r1 = r2 L1 = L2 = L r ′ = re −1 4 = DS
 D  −7  D −7  D 
−7

L = 2 ×10  ln −1 4  = 2 × 10  ln  = 2 × 10  ln  [H/m]
 re   r′   DS 

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 21

 Flux Linkage - Self and Mutual Inductances

From the 2 conductor case:

λ1 = L11 I1 + L12 I 2 λ1 = L11 I1 − L12 I1

I1 = − I 2 →
λ2 = L21 I1 + L22 I 2 λ2 = − L21 I 2 + L22 I 2

 1  1
L11 = 2 ×10 −7
 ln  L22 = 2 ×10 −7  ln 
 r1′   r2′ 
 1
L12 = L21 = −2 ×10 −7 (ln D ) = 2 ×10 −7  ln 
 D

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 22

 Total Inductance
General Case:

I1 + I 2 + L + I i + L + I n = 0
n
λi = Lii I i + ∑ Lij I j j≠i
j =1

 1 n
1 
λi = 2 ×10 −7  I i ln + ∑ I j  j≠i
 r ′ D 
 i j = 1 ij 

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 23

 Inductance of Three-Phase Lines
l Symmetrical spacing Ia
I a + Ib + Ic = 0
 1 1 1 D D
λa = 2 × 10  I a ln + I b ln + I c ln 
−7

 r′ D D
D
 1 1 Ib
λa = 2 × 10 −7  I a ln − I a ln  Ic
 r′ D
D
λa = 2 × 10 I a ln
−7

r′
−7 D
L = 2×10 ln [H/m]
DS

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 24

 Inductance of Three-Phase Lines
l Asymmetrical spacing Ia
 1 1 1 

λa = 2 ×10  I a ln + I b ln
−7
+ I c ln  D12
 r′ D12 D13 
 1 1 1 
λb = 2 ×10 −7  I b ln + I a ln + I c ln  D31
 r ′ D21 D23  D23 Ib
 1 1 1 
λc = 2 ×10 −7  I c ln + I a ln + I b ln 
 r′ D31 D32 
Ic
= LI
 1 1 1 
 ln ′ ln ln 
 r D12 D13 
L = 2 × 10 −7 ln
1 1 1 
ln ln
 D21 r′ D23 
 1 1 1 
 ln
 D31 D32 r ′ 
GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 25
 Transposition
l The practice of equilateral arrangement of phases is not
convenient
u horizontal or vertical configurations are most popular
u Symmetry is lost - unbalanced conditions
l restore balanced conditions by the method of
transposition of lines
u Average inductance of each phase will be the same
position
a c b a c b
1
b a c b a c
2
c b a c b a
3

u Each phase occupies each position for the same fraction of the
total length of the line

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 26

 Review of Electric Fields
Gauss’s law
q e = ∫ D ⋅ da h
A

Electric field R
D=εE
Electric field
D
v12 = vD1 − vD2 = − ∫ E ⋅ dl
D2
Gaussian Surface
D1

Capacitance

q =Cv

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 27

 Infinite Straight Wire

q q D2
v12 = ∫
D2
dx = ln
D1 2πε 0 x 2πε 0 D1 h
Infinite wire
q1 D
v12 (q1) = ln R of radius r
2πε 0 r
q2 r
v21(q 2 ) = ln
2πε 0 D D
q1 D q2 r q
v12 = v12(q1) + v21(q 2 ) = ln + ln C12=
2πε 0 r 2πε 0 D v12
v12 =
q D π ε0 [F/m]
ln C12=
πε 0 r D
ln
r
GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 28
 Three-Phase Capacitance
l Equilateral spacing
a
C
GMDφ = geometeric mean distance
between conductors
C n C rφ= conductor radius

c b

C= 2π ε0 [F/m]
 GMDφ 
ln  
 r 
 φ 
GMDφ = 3 d12 d 23 d13
GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 29
 Example 2: Line Parameters
Calculate the resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive
reactance per phase for the overhead line shown. Assume
the line operates at 50 Hz
GMDφ = 3 d12 d 23 d13 =?
1.1 m 1.1 m 0.3 m Z a = R a + j X=?
a

rφ = 12 dia =?

C =?
conductor
R: 0.2028 Ω/km XC = ?
GMR: 7.44 mm
Dia.: 18.3 mm

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 30

 Conductor Bundling
l Commonly used to reduce the electric field strength at the
conductor surface
l Used on overhead lines above 230 kV
l Conductors are connected in parallel
l Typical bundled conductor configurations

D14
D13 D13
D12 D12 D12

2 conductors 3 conductors 4 conductors

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 31

 Conductor Bundling
l The use of bundled conductors effects the impedance of
the line, the GMRφ , the GMDφ , and the equivalent radius
l GMDφ : the distance between the center of each bundle is
used
l GMRφ :
n
GMRφ′ = n GMRφ ⋅ ∏ D1i
i=2

l Equivalent radius
n
rφ′ = n rφ ⋅ ∏ D1i
i=2

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 32

 Example 3: Line Parameters
Calculate the resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive
reactance of the overhead line shown. Assume the line
operates at 50 Hz
0.51m

0.51m Conductor
R: 0.075 Ω/km
GMR: 12.28mm
3.05m Dia.: 30.38mm

9.15m

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 33

 Example 3: Line Parameters
R′ =?
GMDφ =?
GMRφ =?

Z a = R a + j X=?
a

rφ = 12 dia =?
rφ′ =?

C =?
XC =?

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 34

Double Circuit Lines
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
• Inductance : 𝐿𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 ln [𝐻𝐻/𝑚𝑚]
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿
2𝜋𝜋𝜀𝜀0
• Capacitance: 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 [𝐹𝐹/𝑚𝑚]
ln
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
3
• 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐷𝐷 = 𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶
4 4
 𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎1𝑏𝑏1 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏2 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏1 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎2𝑏𝑏2 , 𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐷𝐷𝑏𝑏1 𝑐𝑐1 𝐷𝐷𝑏𝑏1 𝑐𝑐2 𝐷𝐷𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐1 𝐷𝐷𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐2
4
 𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎1𝑐𝑐1 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎1𝑐𝑐2 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎2 𝑐𝑐1 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎2 𝑐𝑐2
3
• 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿 = 𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
4 2
 𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎1 𝑎𝑎2 = 𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎1 𝑎𝑎2
4 2
 𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 = 𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷𝑏𝑏1 𝑏𝑏2 = 𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷𝑏𝑏1 𝑏𝑏2
4 2
 𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 = 𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐1 𝑐𝑐2 = 𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐1 𝑐𝑐2

• 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 = 3
𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝐶𝐶
Operation system with
 𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴 = 𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎1 𝑎𝑎2 , 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵 = 𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷𝑏𝑏1 𝑏𝑏2 , 𝑟𝑟𝐶𝐶 = 𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐1 𝑐𝑐2
𝑎𝑎1 − 𝑎𝑎2 , 𝑏𝑏1 − 𝑏𝑏2 , and 𝑐𝑐1 − 𝑐𝑐2 in parallel

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 35

 Transmission Line Modeling
l Transmission lines are represented by an equivalent
circuit with parameters on a per-phase basis
u Voltages are expressed as phase-to-neutral
u Currents are expressed for one phase
u The three phase system is reduced to an equivalent single-phase
l All lines are made up of distributed series inductance and
resistance, and shunt capacitance and conductance
u Line parameters: R, L, C, & G
l Three types of models
u depend on the length and the voltage level
u short, medium, and long length line models

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 36

 ABCD Two-Port Network
l All transmission line models may be described as a two-
port network
l The ABCD two-port network is the most common
representation
l The network is described by the four constants: A, B, C, & D
l Network equations:

u circuit equations VS = A VR + B I R
I S = C VR + D I R
u matrix form VS   A B  VR 
 I  = C D   I 
 S    R

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 37

 Short Transmission Line Model
l The short transmission line model may be used when
u The line length is less than 50 miles (80 km), or
u The line voltage is not over 69 kV
l Modeling of the transmission line parameters
u The shunt capacitance and conductance are ignored
u The line resistance and reactance are treated as lumped
parameters
l Circuit of the short model
RL XL

VS VR

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 38

 Short Transmission Line Model
l Circuit analysis of the short line model
IS IR
Z=R+jωL

Gen.
VS VR Load

IS = IR
VS = VR + I R ( R + j ω s L)
= VR + I R Z

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 39

 Two-Port Representation
l Circuit Equations: VS = VR + Z line I R
IS = IR
u Matrix representation:
VS  1 Z line  VR 
 I  = 0 1   I 
 S    R
u ABCD values: A=1
B = Z line
C =0
D = A=1

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 40

 Example 4: Short Transmission Line
l 40 km, 220 kV transmission line has per phase
u R = 0.15 Ω/km L = 1.3263 mH/km
l Find V, S, V.R., and η at the sending end of the line for
u 381 MVA load at 0.8 lagging pf at 220 kV

( )
Z = (r + j ω L ) l = 0.15 Ω + j 2 π × 60 ×1.3263 ×10 −3 ⋅ 40
Z = 6 + j 20 Ω
220,000∠0°
VR = = 127,000∠0°
3
( )
S R ( 3φ ) = 381∠ cos −1 0.8 = 381∠36.9° = 304.8 + j 228.6 MVA

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 41

 Example 4: Short Transmission Line
S R* ( 3φ ) 381× 106 ∠ − 36.9°
IR = = = 1000∠ − 36.9° A
3 VR* 3 × 127,000∠0°
VS = VR + Z I R = 127,000∠0° + (6 + j 20)(1000∠ − 36.9°)
= 144,330∠4.93°
VS − LL = 3 ⋅ VS = 250 kV
S S (3φ ) = 3 ⋅ VS ⋅ I S* = 3 ⋅ (144,330∠4.93°)(1000 ∠ − 36.9°)
= 322.8 + j 288.6 = 433∠41.8° MVA
250 - 220 304.8
VR% = × 100% = 13.6% η = ×100% = 94.4%
220 322.8

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 42

 Medium Transmission Line Model
l The medium transmission line model may be used when
u The line length is greater than 50 miles (80 km)
u The line length is less than 150 miles (250 km)
l Modeling of the transmission line parameters
u Half of the shunt capacitance is considered to be lumped at each
end of the line
u The line resistance and reactance are treated as lumped
parameters
RL XL
l Circuit model:

VS VR
YC/2 YC/2

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 43

 Medium Transmission Line Model
l Circuit analysis of the short line model
IS IR
Z=R+jωL

Gen.
VS ½ YC ½ YC VR Load

( )
VS = VR + Z line I R + Y2C VR
= (1 + )V + Z I
Z line YC
2 R line R

IS = (I + V ) + V
R
YC
2 R
YC
2 S

= Y (1 +
C )V + (1 +
Z line YC
4 R
Z line YC
2
)I R

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 44

 Two-Port Representation
l Circuit Equations: ( )
VS = VR + Z line I R + Y2C VR
= (1 + )V + Z I
Z line YC
2 R line R

IS = (I + V ) + V
R
YC
2 R
YC
2 S

= Y (1 +
C )V + (1 +
Z line YC
4 R
Z line YC
2 )I R

u Matrix representation: VS   1 + Z line2 YC Z line  VR 

I  = 
 S  CY 1 + (
Z line YC
4 ) Z line YC  
1 + 2  IR 


u ABCD values: A = 1+ Z line YC

B = Z line
( )
2

C = YC 1 + Z line YC
4 D = 1 + Zline2 YC

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 45

 Example 5: Medium Transmission Line
l 130 km, 345 kV transmission line has per phase
u R = 0.036 Ω/km L = 0.80 mH/km C = 0.0112 uF/km
l Find V and S at the sending end of the line for
u 270 MVA load at 0.8 lagging pf at 325 kV

(
Z = (r + j ω L ) l = 0.036 Ω + j 2 π × 60 × 0.8 ×10 −3 ⋅130 )
= 4.68 + j 39.2 Ω
( )
Y = ( j ω C ) l = j 2 π × 60 × 0.0112 × 10 −6 ⋅130 = j 0.549 siemens
325,000∠0°
VR = = 187,600∠0°
3
( )
S R (3φ ) = 270∠ cos −1 0.8 = 270∠36.9° = 216 + j162 MVA

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 46

 Example 5: Medium Transmission Line
S R* (3φ ) 270 ×106 ∠ − 36.9°
IR = = = 480∠ − 36.9° A
3 VR* 3 ×187,600∠0°
 0.989 + j 0.001284 4.68 + j 39.2 
ABCD =  −7 −4 
 − 3 . 53 × 10 + j 5. 46 × 10 0 . 989 + j 0 . 001284 
VS = A VR + B I R = (187,600∠0°)(0.989 + j 0.001284 ) +
(480∠ − 36.9°)(4.68 + j39.2)
= 199,160∠4.02°
(
I S = C VR + D I R = (187,600∠0°) − 3.53 ×10 −7 + j 5.46 ×10 − 4 + )
(480∠ − 36.9°)(0.989 + j 0.001284)
= 421.5∠ − 25.58°

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 47

 Example 5: Medium Transmission Line
VS − LL = 3 ⋅ VS = 345 kV
S S (3φ ) = 3 ⋅ VS ⋅ I S* = 3 ⋅ (199,160∠4.02°)(421 ∠ − 25.58°)
= 218.9 + j124.2 MVA pf = 0.87
VR ( NL ) − VR ( FL ) VS ( FL ) / A − VR ( FL )
VR% = ×100% = × 100%
VR ( FL ) VR ( FL )
345 0.989 + j 0.001284 - 325
= ×100% = 7.3%
325

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 48

 Long Transmission Line Model
l The long transmission line model are used when
u The line length is greater than 150 miles (250 km)
l Modeling of the transmission line parameters
u Accuracy obtained by using distributed parameters
u The series impedance per unit length is z
u The shunt admittance per unit length is y

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 49

 Long Transmission Line Model
z ∆x
IS I(x + ∆x) I(x) IR

VS V(x + ∆x) y ∆x y ∆x V(x) VR

∆x x
l
V ( x + ∆x) = V ( x) + z ∆x I ( x) I ( x + ∆x) = I ( x) + y ∆x V ( x + ∆x)
V ( x + ∆x) − V ( x) I ( x + ∆x) − I ( x)
= z I ( x) = y V ( x + ∆x)
∆x ∆x
dV ( x) dI ( x)
limit as ∆x → 0 = z I ( x) limit as ∆x → 0 = y V ( x)
dx dx

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 50

 Long Transmission Line Model
IS IR
I+∆I I

Gen.
VS V+∆V V VR Load

∆x x

d 2V ( x) dI ( x) d 2 I ( x) dV ( x )
2
=z 2
=y
dx dx dx dx
d 2V ( x) d 2 I ( x)
2
= z ( y V ( x) ) 2
= y ( z I ( x) )
dx dx
γ 2 = z y propagation constant
GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 51
 Long Transmission Line Model
d 2V ( x)
2
= γ 2
V ( x)
dx
V = A1 eγ x + A2 e −γ x
γ = α + jβ = z y = (r + jωL )(g + jωC )
1 dV ( x) γ
I ( x) =
z dx
( )
= A1 eγ x − A2 e −γ x = yz A1 eγ x − A2 e −γ x
z
( )
Zc = z y I ( x) =
1
Zc
( )
A1 eγ x − A2 e −γ x characteristic impedance

VR + I R Z c VR − I R Z c
@x=0⇒ A1 = A2 =
2 2

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 52

 Long Transmission Line Model
VR + Z c I R x y z VR − Z c I R − x y z
V ( x) = e + e
2 2 Hyperbolic Functions
V Z +I V Z −I
I ( x) = R c R e x y z − R c R e − x y z
2 2 eθ − e −θ
sinh θ =
ex yz
+ e−x yz
ex yz
− e−x yz 2
V ( x) = VR + Z c IR
2 2
x yz
−e −x y z x yz
+e −x y z eθ + e −θ
I ( x) =
1 e
VR +
e
IR cosh θ =
Zc 2 2 2

( ()
V ( x) = cosh x y z VR + Z c sinh x y z I R )
sinh (x y z )V + cosh (x y z)I
1
I ( x) = R R
Z c

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 53

 Two-Port Representation
let x→l
VS = cosh (γ l ) VR + Z c sinh (γ l ) I R

sinh (γ l ) VR + cosh (γ l ) I R
1
IS =
Zc
 cosh (γ l ) Z c sinh (γ l )
ABCD =  1 
 sinh (γ l ) cosh (γ l ) 
 Zc 
z
γ = zy Zc =
y

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 54

 Pi-Model of a Long Transmission Line
l Represent a long transmission line as a pi-model for
circuit analysis Z’
l The circuit:
VS VR
Y’/2 Y’/2

l Find the values for Z’ and Y’

( ′ ′
VS = 1 + Z 2Y VR + Z ′I R) → Z ′ = Z c sinh (γ l )
′ (
Z′Y′ Z′Y′
I S = Y 1 + 4 VR + 1 + 2 I R) ( ) →
Y′ 1 cosh (γ l ) − 1 1 γ l
= (cosh (γ l ) − 1) = = tanh  
2 Z′ Z c sinh (γ l ) Z c  2 

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 55

 Example 6: Long Transmission Line
l 250 km, 500 kV transmission line has per phase
u z = 0.045 + j 0.4 Ω/km Y = j 4. 0 uS/km
l Find ABCD for a pi model of the long transmission line

z 0.045 + j 0.4
Zc = = −6
= 316.7 - j17.76
y 4 × 10
γ = zy = (0.045 + j 0.4 )(4 × 10 −6 ) = 7.104 × 10 −5 + j 0.001267
Z ′ = Z c sinh (γ l ) = 10.88 + j 98.36
Y′ 1 γ l
= tanh  = j 0.001008
2 Zc  2 

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 56

 Example 6: Long Transmission Line

Z ′ = 10.88 + j 98.36
Y′
= j 0.001008
2
(
′ ′
)
A = D = 1 + Z 2Y = 0.9504 + j 0.0055
B = Z ′ = 10.88 + j 98.36
( ′ ′
)
C = Y ′ 1 + Z 4Y = j 0.00100

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 57

 End of Lecture

GEE/PSAOpt/L2-Modeling of Power System Components 58