SMT. GEETA D.

TATKARE POLYTECHNIC, GOVE-KOLAD

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

A MICROPROJECT
Report on
Configure DHCP server using any relevant software.

Submitted in partial fulfillment by M.S.B.T.E. norms

For the academic year 2024-25

For award in Diploma in

Computer Engineering

SUBMITTED BY
Sr.No. Name of Student Roll No.
1 Namrata Nandakumar Kapse 03
2 Bhavesh Damodar Dharak 04
3 Faizan Mohummmad Shaikh 14

Under The Guidance Of

Miss. Jaghruti Narvekar

 PART A
Configure DHCP server
using any relevant software.
1.0 Rationale
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used to
dynamically assign an IP address to any new node entering the network. DHCP permits a node to be
configured automatically, thereby avoiding the necessity of involvement by a network administrator.
It Manages the provision of all the nodes added or dropped from the network Maintains the unique IP
address of the host using a DHCP server Sends a request to the DHCP server whenever a client/node,
which is configured to work with DHCP, connects to a network. The server acknowledges by
providing an IP address to the client/node.
2.0 Literature Review
A DHCP server is used to issue unique IP addresses and automatically configure other network
information. In most homes and small businesses, the router acts as the DHCP server. In large
networks, a single computer might act as the DHCP server. In short, the process goes like this: A
device (the client) requests an IP address from a router (the host), after which the host assigns an
available IP address to allow the client to communicate on the network. A bit more detail below...
Once a device is turned on and connected to a network that has a DHCP server, it will send a request
to the server, called a DHCPDISCOVER request. After the DISCOVER packet reaches the DHCP
server, the server attempts to hold on to an IP address that the device can use, and then offers the
client the address with a DHCPOFFER packet. Once the offer has been made for the chosen IP
address, the device responds to the DHCP server with a DHCPREQUEST packet to accept it, after
which the server sends an ACK that's used to confirm that the device has that specific IP address and
to define the amount of time that the device can use the address before getting a new one. If the
server decides that the device cannot have the IP address, it will send a NACK. All of this, of
course, happens very quickly and you don't need to know any of the technical details you just read
in order to get an IP address from a DHCP server. Pros and Cons of Using DHCP A computer, or any
other device that connects to a network (local or internet), must be properly configured to
communicate on that network. Since DHCP allows that configuration to happen automatically, it's
used in almost every device that connects to a network including computers, switches, smartphones,
gaming consoles, etc.

3.0 Proposed Methodology

What is DHCP?
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is the critical feature on which the
users of an enterprise network communicate. DHCP helps enterprises to smoothly manage the
allocation of IP addresses to the end-user clients’ devices such as desktops, laptops, cellphones,
etc. is an application layer protocol that is used to provide:
Subnet Mask (Option 1 - e.g., 255.255.255.0)
Router Address (Option 3 - e.g., 192.168.1.1)
DNS Address (Option 6 - e.g., 8.8.8.8)
DHCP simplifies network configuration by dynamically assigning IP addresses. To build a solid
foundation in networking protocols like DHCP, consider enrolling in the GATE CS Self-Paced
Course. This course will equip you with the networking knowledge you need for both practical
applications and exam preparation.
Why Do We Use DHCP?
DHCP helps in managing the entire process automatically and centrally. DHCP helps in
maintaining a unique IP Address for a host using the server. DHCP servers maintain information
on TCP/IP configuration and provide configuration of address to DHCP-enabled clients in the
form of a lease offer.
Components of DHCP
The main components of DHCP include:
 DHCP Server: DHCP Server is a server that holds IP Addresses and other information
related to configuration.
 DHCP Client: It is a device that receives configuration information from the server. It
can be a mobile, laptop, computer, or any other electronic device that requires a connection.
 DHCP Relay: DHCP relays basically work as a communication channel between DHCP
Client and Server.
 IP Address Pool: It is the pool or container of IP Addresses possessed by the DHCP
Server. It has a range of addresses that can be allocated to devices.
 Subnets: Subnets are smaller portions of the IP network partitioned to keep networks
under control.
 Lease: It is simply the time that how long the information received from the server is
valid, in case of expiration of the lease, the tenant must have to re-assign the lease.
 DNS Servers: DHCP servers can also provide DNS (Domain Name System) server
information to DHCP clients, allowing them to resolve domain names to IP addresses.
 Default Gateway: DHCP servers can also provide information about the default
gateway, which is the device that packets are sent to when the destination is outside the local
network.
 Options: DHCP servers can provide additional configuration options to clients, such as
the subnet mask, domain name, and time server information.
 Renewal: DHCP clients can request to renew their lease before it expires to ensure that
they continue to have a valid IP address and configuration information.
 Failover: DHCP servers can be configured for failover, where two servers work together
to provide redundancy and ensure that clients can always obtain an IP address and configuration
information, even if one server goes down.
 Dynamic Updates: DHCP servers can also be configured to dynamically update DNS
records with the IP address of DHCP clients, allowing for easier management of network
resources.
 Audit Logging: DHCP servers can keep audit logs of all DHCP transactions, providing
administrators with visibility into which devices are using which IP addresses and when leases
are being assigned or renewed.
DHCP Packet Format
 Fig. DHCP pocket format

1. Hardware Length: This is an 8-bit field defining the length of the physical address in
bytes. e.g for Ethernet the value is 6.
2. Hop count: This is an 8-bit field defining the maximum number of hops the packet can
travel.
3. Transaction ID: This is a 4-byte field carrying an integer. The transcation identification
is set by the client and is used to match a reply with the request. The server returns the same
value in its reply.
4. Number of Seconds: This is a 16-bit field that indicates the number of seconds elapsed
since the time the client started to boot.
5. Flag: This is a 16-bit field in which only the leftmost bit is used and the rest of the bit
should be set to os. A leftmost bit specifies a forced broadcast reply from the server. If the reply
were to be unicast to the client, the destination. IP address of the IP packet is the address
assigned to the client.
6. Client IP Address: This is a 4-byte field that contains the client IP address . If the client
does not have this information this field has a value of 0.
7. Your IP Address: This is a 4-byte field that contains the client IP address. It is filled by
the server at the request of the client.
8. Server IP Address: This is a 4-byte field containing the server IP address. It is filled by
the server in a reply message.
9. Gateway IP Address: This is a 4-byte field containing the IP address of a routers. IT is
filled by the server in a reply message.
10. Client Hardware Address: This is the physical address of the client .Although the server
can retrieve this address from the frame sent by the client it is more efficient if the address is
supplied explicity by the client in the request message.
11. Server Name: This is a 64-byte field that is optionally filled by the server in a reply
packet. It contains a null-terminated string consisting of the domain name of the server. If the
server does not want to fill this filed with data, the server must fill it with all 0s.
12. Boot Filename: This is a 128-byte field that can be optionally filled by the server in a
reply packet. It contains a null- terminated string consisting of the full pathname of the boot file.
The client can use this path to retrieve other booting information. If the server does not want to
fill this field with data, the server must fill it with all 0s.
13. Options: This is a 64-byte field with a dual purpose. IT can carry either additional
information or some specific vendor information. The field is used only in a reply message. The
server uses a number, called a magic cookie, in the format of an IP address with the value of
99.130.83.99. When the client finishes reading the message, it looks for this magic cookie. If
present the next 60 bytes are options.
Working of DHCP
DHCP works on the Application layer of the UDP Protocol. The main task of DHCP is to
dynamically assigns IP Addresses to the Clients and allocate information on TCP/IP
configuration to Clients. For more, you can refer to the Article Working of DHCP.
The DHCP port number for the server is 67 and for the client is 68. It is a client-server protocol
that uses UDP services. An IP address is assigned from a pool of addresses. In DHCP, the client
and the server exchange mainly 4 DHCP messages in order to make a connection, also called the
DORA process, but there are 8 DHCP messages in the process.

Working of DHCP

Fig. Working of DHCP

Advantages
1. Centralized management of IP addresses.
2. Centralized and automated TCP/IP configuration .
3. Ease of adding new clients to a network.
4. Reuse of IP addresses reduces the total number of IP addresses that are required.
Disadvantages
1. IP conflict can occur.
2. The problem with DHCP is that clients accept any server. Accordingly, when another
server is in the vicinity, the client may connect with this server, and this server may possibly
send invalid data to the client.
3. The client is not able to access the network in absence of a DHCP Server.
4. The name of the machine will not be changed in a case when a new IP Address is
assigned
4.0 Action plan :
 S. No. Details of activity Planned Planned Name of
Start date Finish Responsible Team
date Members
1. Topic assignment and approval of aim
2. Making of action plan and work on
annexure 1
3. Searching of related information
4. Collection of related information
5. Arrange the information
6. Work on report presentation
7. Preparation of annexure II
8. Approval of annexure II

4.0 Resources Required

S. No. Name of Specifications Qty Remarks

Resource/material
1 Computer windows 11 4GB RAM 1 Required
2 Textbook Software Engineering concepts 1 Required

3 Internet connection standard - Required

4 Word application 2022 office 1 Required
**********

PART B
 Configure DHCP server using any relevant software
1.0 Rationale

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used to

dynamically assign an IP address to any new node entering the network. DHCP permits a node to be
configured automatically, thereby avoiding the necessity of involvement by a network administrator.
It Manages the provision of all the nodes added or dropped from the network Maintains the unique IP
address of the host using a DHCP server Sends a request to the DHCP server whenever a client/node,
which is configured to work with DHCP, connects to a network. The server acknowledges by
providing an IP address to the client/node.

2.0 Course Outcome Integrated

 Configure various application layer protocol.


3.0 Literature Review
A DHCP server is used to issue unique IP addresses and automatically configure other network
information. In most homes and small businesses, the router acts as the DHCP server. In large
networks, a single computer might act as the DHCP server. In short, the process goes like this: A
device (the client) requests an IP address from a router (the host), after which the host assigns an
available IP address to allow the client to communicate on the network. A bit more detail below...
Once a device is turned on and connected to a network that has a DHCP server, it will send a request
to the server, called a DHCPDISCOVER request. After the DISCOVER packet reaches the DHCP
server, the server attempts to hold on to an IP address that the device can use, and then offers the
client the address with a DHCPOFFER packet. Once the offer has been made for the chosen IP
address, the device responds to the DHCP server with a DHCPREQUEST packet to accept it, after
which the server sends an ACK that's used to confirm that the device has that specific IP address and
to define the amount of time that the device can use the address before getting a new one. If the
server decides that the device cannot have the IP address, it will send a NACK. All of this, of
course, happens very quickly and you don't need to know any of the technical details you just read
in order to get an IP address from a DHCP server. Pros and Cons of Using DHCP A computer, or any
other device that connects to a network (local or internet), must be properly configured to
communicate on that network. Since DHCP allows that configuration to happen automatically, it's
used in almost every device that connects to a network including computers, switches, smartphones,
gaming consoles, etc.

4.0 Actual Procedure Followed

1) Discuss with Respective Subject Teacher About our Topic.

2) Select One Topic for Micro Project.
3) Confirm the Topic and Tell Topic Name and Group Name to Respective Subject Teacher.
4) Distribute Micro project Work to All Group Members.
5) Get Help of Google to Search Information.
6) Refer books Related to Respective Subject.
7) Fill all Information in the Report.
8) Send Report to Respective Subject teacher To Check Report Is Correct or Not.
9) Print the Report and Submit It.

5.0 Actual Resources Used

S. No. Name of Specifications Qty Remarks

Resource/material
1 Computer windows 11 4GB RAM 1 Available
2 Textbook Software Engineering concepts 1 Available

3 Internet connection standard - Available

4 Word application 2022 office 1 Available
6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Project
7.0 Skill Developed / learning out of this Micro-Project
1. Team work produces the energy in the work
2. Leadership communication all the group members
3. Increases our confidence level
4. Team presentation skill is improved
5. Know about word file and uses of MS OFFICE
 8.0 Application Of this Micro-Project

Efficiency. It's easier than configuring each node/host statically (manually), both initially and
then if/when the LAN topology ever changes and the host moves networks (e.g., laptops,
phones, etc.). Simplicity. DHCP provides the ability to assign (and manage) more multiple
parameters (is more than just the host IP address), required parameters such as the subnet
mask, and very helpful (required for most needs) things like the default gateway, DNS
servers (and domain name). Then there are optional things like TFTP servers and time (NTP)
servers, log servers, etc. Security. DHCP provides an audit trail for who (what MAC and
client-ID) had an IP address at what time. It can also be used in a security context, where a
router may require a host within a subnet to have obtained it's IP via DHCP, else it will
deny/block it.

9.0 Area of Future Improvement :

setting up static and dynamic DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) servers is a critical networking
topic that enables the automatic assignment of IP addresses to devices on a network. While this technology is
well-established, there are several areas of future development and improvement:

1. Enhanced Security Mechanisms: Future developments may focus on strengthening DHCP server security,
including mechanisms to detect and prevent DHCP server spoofing and rogue DHCP server attacks.
Implementing advanced authentication and encryption protocolscan enhance network security.

2. IPv6 Implementation: As the transition to IPv6 continues, DHCPv6 (DHCP for IPv6) becomes increasingly
important. Future development may invole improving DHCPv6 server software, enhancing compatibility with
IPv6-only networks, and addressing IPv6-specific security concerns.

3. Efficiency and Scalability: Developing more efficient and scalable DHCP server software can improve
performance in large networks with a high number of devices. Load balancing mechanisms and optimizations for
high-traffic scenarios can be areas of focus.

4. Automated Configuration Management: Integration with network automation tools, such as Ansible and
Puppet, can streamline DHCP configuration management. Future developments may include enhancing APIs and
scripting capabilities for automatedprovisioning and configuration of DHCP servers.

5. User-Friendly Management Interfaces: Improving the user interface and user experience of DHCP
management tools can make it easier for network administrators to configure and monitor DHCP servers.
Enhancing web-based management interfaces and mobile applications can be considered.

6. Integration with Cloud Service : Future developments may explore the integration of DHCP id-based
networking solutions. This can enable centralized DHCPmanagement across distributed or hybrid cloud
networks.

7.IoT and Devices Support: As the Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing continue to grow,
servers may heed to adapt to accommodate a diverse range of IoTdevices with specific networking requirements.
Developing DHCP solutions tailored to IoT scenarios can be a future area of development. With increasing
awareness of environmental sustainability, future DHCP server Segmen hay iclude features that optimize energy
usage and reduce the carbonfootprint of Efficiency: networking equipment.

8. Energy Efficiency : With increasing awereness of enviromental sustainability , future DHCP server
development may include features that optimize energy usege and reduce the carbon footprint of networking
equipment.

9. Monitoring and Analytics: Advanced monitoring and analytics capabilities can provide insights into network
performance and DHCP usage patterns. Developing tools for real-timemonitoring, reporting, and predictive
analysis can enhance network management.

10. Resilience and Redundancy: Ensuring high availability and failover capabilities in DHCP server clusters
can be a focus area for future development. This includes improvements in redundancy protocols and
mechanisms for seamless failover.

11. Interoperability and Standards Compliance: DHCP server software should continue to adhere to
established standards and promote interoperability with a wide range of networking devices and clients. Future
developments may involve testing and certificationprograms to ensure compliance.

12. User-Centric, Features: Future DHCP server development can consider user-centric features such as
personalized network configurations, guest network access provisioning, and BYOD (Bring Your Own Device)
management.
These future development areas aim to address the evolving needs of networks in an
increasingly connected and dynamic digital landscape, where reliability, security,
and efficiency remain paramount concerns.