KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGTHAN

JAMMU REGION
SHORT NOTES
SUBJECT: PHYSICAL EDUCATION
__________________________________________________________________
UNIT I
MANAGEMENT OF SPORTING EVENTS
Q1. Have you heard about fixtures in sports? Discuss in your group and share your views with the class.
Ans. Functions of Sports Events Management:

Planning: Planning is the foremost function in sports as it gives a view of future course of action. To be effective, a plan
should be specific, logical, flexible and complete in all aspects and should assist in controlling future events. A plan must
comprehend all the other functions of management like organising, staffing, directing and controlling in order to achieve
the predetermined goals. In sports and sports events, planning plays important role to make the event run smoothly,
effectively and remain free from conflict. Effective planning must clearly define aims, goals and objectives of the event. It
should also explain the procedure or method to achieve the target in simple and easy to understand language. A sports
plan should be prepared in a professional manner incorporating the elements of commitment, enjoyment and voluntary
effort.
Organising: Organising is a next step after planning. It is a process of execution of the plan. This includes distributing
resources and organising personnel in order to achieve the goals established in the planning stage. Organising stage
determines the type of jobs and responsibility to achieve planning objectives. Preparation of organisation chart with
various positions and reporting should be illustrated in this stage.
 Staffing: This refers to identifying key staff positions, and ensuring that proper talent is serving that specific job duty in
order to achieve the aims and objectives of an organization. In this process recruitment and selection of qualified
employees take place. After hiring personnel, orientation, training and professional development are also parts of this
stage. In orientation new persons are introduced to the nature, goals and policies of events to keep them tuned in to the
goals of the organisation. Various training programmes are conducted to provide professional training to the staff at this
stage. In sports events, recruitment of staff as per organisation’s needs should be done. Example, the apex post may be
for Director of the event, in second line Deputy Director and then Assistant Director of Sports event may be created.
Directing: Directing personnel is a leadership quality, and includes letting staff know what needs to be done, by whom
and also by when. It includes supervision of personnel while simultaneously motivating them. Without directing, planning
or organising has no meaning. It is a function of guiding, inspiring and instructing people to accomplish organizational
goals.
Controlling: Controlling refers to all the processes that leaders create to monitor success. It involves establishing
performance standards, measuring actual performance and comparing them for irregularities. It is a important function of
management as controlling involves imparting instructions to employees and also ensuring that those instructions are
followed. To organise any sports event, instructions given to members of the organising committee towards achieving
common goal i.e., organising a sports event in this case, must be carried out sincerely for an event to be successful.
Higher order management people control lower order people to ensure efficient and effective use to resources.
Q2. Define all committees which is important for conduct sports event?
Ans:

Technical Committee:
This committee covers the technical aspect of the events like requisitions to procure sports equipment, conducting
matches on time through selected officials (referees, umpires, judges, timekeepers etc.) for their respective
games/sports.
Pre-sports event/ tournament: Before the event, it is the job of the Technical Committee to put forward a requisition to
purchase equipment, invitation and confirmation from officials to conduct sports event, cleaning and layout of the fields,
arrangement of equipment and stationery, preparation of fixtures, rules and regulation of the sports event.
During sports event/tournament: While the tournament is in progress, the Technical Committee is responsible for
conducting matches, presence of the jury, cleaning and layout of the fields, collection of score sheets and other related
papers from officials, preparation of merit list, etc.
Post sports event/ tournament: After the event is over, the Technical Committee arranges for the cleaning and layout of
the fields, maintenance of the field, and placing of all equipment back to store.

Logistics Committee
This committee has a wider scope of work ranging from transportation, boarding and lodging to refreshment, decoration
and conducting ceremonies that form a part of the event. This committee may have various sub-committees as per
requirement. The Logistics Committee looks after the Opening Ceremony, hires photographer/ videographer, makes
arrangements for the Victory Ceremony and the Closing Ceremony including arrangement of refreshment, decoration,
reception, entertainment, light and sound, medical aspect etc.
Pre sports event/ tournament: It is the duty of the Logistics Committee to look after Placement/Arrangement/Requisition
of purchase of stationery, chairs, tables, 7 Physical EDUCATION-XII souvenirs, light and sound equipment, bouquets,
sending invitations to stakeholders including other schools/ institutions and VIP guests, requisition of purchase of medals
and certificates, arrangement of refreshments, arrangement of boarding and lodging, selection of volunteers, preparation
of first aid kit and arrangement of medical facilities
During sports event/ tournament: While the event is in progress, the Logistics Committee is responsible for the conduct
of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, checking registration, distribution of refreshment, management of spectators,
handing over of medals and certificates, transportation of players/participants from place of stay to the field and back.
Post sports event/ tournament: After the event, the Logistics Committee supervises cleaning of the venue, and placing of
the items back in their appointed places.

Finance Committee
The role of the Finance Committee is primarily to provide financial oversight for the event. It is involved in all aspects
related to the finances of the sports event like planning, accounting, decision-making etc. Finalization of sponsorship,
keeping an eye on inflow and outflow of finances, purchase of equipment and other items required for conducting the
event, settling payments of officials are key areas of focus of the committee. It is the backbone of the sports tournament.
It pitches to different companies and attracts them for sponsorships for the event.
Pre sports event/ tournament: Before the event, It is the responsibility of Finance Committee to prepare the budget, to
purchase sports equipment, stationery, medals, certificates, and other requirements as desired by the other committees,
as well as preparing and finalizing the MoU with sponsors.
During sports event/ tournament: During the course of the event, the Finance Committee keeps a check on the outflow
and inflow of finances including payment and remuneration to officials.
Post sports event/ tournament: Once the event is over, the Finance Committee examines all records related to
settlement of the bills and accounts, and prepares the financial report.

Marketing Committee
The Marketing Committee develops plans and strategies to place the event in the market with the purpose of generating
publicity and sponsorships. Publicity can be done through various modes like social media, print media, TV, e-mail etc.
and sponsorship can be generated in terms of cash or kind by making media partners, food partners, drink partners etc.
through calling on, meeting various companies etc. Marketing Committee also organises campaigns related to the event.
Pre sports event/ tournament: The Marketing Committee prepares a strategy for arranging for sponsorships, publicity of
the event, arranging meetings or calling on sponsors, preparation of MoUs for sponsorships etc.
During sports event/ tournament: The Marketing Committee issues press release(s), works with media, manages
methods of communication, fulfils the requirements of sponsors as per MoUs, arrangement for telecast of event etc.
Post sports event/ tournament: Once the event is over, the Committee issues a press release, and may arrange for a re-
telecast of the event.
Check list to organising a sports event
1. Formation of Organising Committees
2. Establishment of Objectives
3. Theme of the event
4. Date of the event
5. Place of the event
6. Budget
7. Sponsorship
8. Marketing (Campaign)
9. Invitations to teams and guests
10. Conformation of teams
11. Logistics (Accommodations, Refreshments, Transportation, Medical Staff, Water, table, chairs, flags, notice board)
12. Checking on the sponsors
13. Drawing Fixtures and layout of field
14. Rules and Regulations
15. Arrangement of Equipment and score sheets
16. Arrangement of Referees and Prizes
17. Direction to the stadium (Sign posts)
18. Briefing of Volunteers and staff
19. Decorations
20. Practice and warm up Area
21. Security
22. Photographers
23. Approvals License and NOCs.
Q3.What is fixture and its procedures? define Tournaments.

Ans. Fixture and its procedures

In sports, an individual generally supports a particular team or player to win the game. Winning helps that team or player
reach the next round, and after a specified number of matches, a player or a team wins the Championship. While
watching a tournament, you would have seen sometimes a player or team lose a game, and get eliminated from the
tournament. However, in some tournaments they remain in the game despite losing. Why is this so? Basically, there are
different types of fixtures in different tournaments based on duration, cost, manpower, level, interest etc. that you will
study here.

Tournaments
Tournament is a series of games or matches played among players or teams to determine the winner. It provides an
opportunity to demonstrate skills, evaluate one’s performance and motivate players to perform well, attract people
towards sports to make sports popular and provide healthy entertainment.
Knock – Out Tournament: In a Knock-Out Tournament a player or team continues to play matches until it is defeated. In
this type of format, players or teams have to consistently give their best performance to avoid elimination. Such a
tournament saves cost and time and makes each match intensive because of fear of elimination. Since fixtures are drawn
on the basis of lots, there is the possibility of a match between two good teams or players even in the early stages. In this
system a good team can be eliminated even at the earliest stage due to getting defeated by chance or by accident.
League or Round Robin: In League or Round Robin Tournament, a player or team will play the matches that are allotted
before the start of the tournament. Fixed number of matches are given to players and teams. Players or teams will get
equal chance to play with each other. Thus, the true winner emerges from this format and ranking can be prepared for all
participating players or teams. However, this format involves more money, time and facilities as compared to the Knock-
Out Tournament and there is no provision of seeding for extraordinary teams and players.
Combination: They are the combination of Knock-Out and League format. Depending upon the need and importance of
the tournament, Combination Tournaments can be Knockout- League, League-Knockout, Knockout-League-Knockout etc.
These tournaments are conducted when there are (a) a large number of participants, (b) participants are spread in
different areas, (c) venues are in different zones/places etc. In this format some of the demerits of Knockout and League
Tournaments can be eliminated.

Q4. Define Procedure for Drawing Knock - Out Fixture.

Ans. Step 1
To determine the total number of teams that will participate in the Knockout tournament If the number of teams is: 2, 4,
8, 16, 32, 64, 128, ….. (Number being a multiple of Two) then there is no need of byes. You may see the procedure in
Illustration : 1 and 2. If the number of teams is other than the given numbers, then byes will be given as per draw of lot.
Step 2
To determine the total number of matches to be played in the tournament, following formula will be used: Total Number
of Matches= Number of teams – 1 In case of 8 teams then 8-1= 7 matches (not including third place match) If number of
teams are 12 then 12-1= 11 matches (not including third place match) In case of 15 teams then 15-1=14 (not including
third place match)
Step 3
The total number of teams are to be divided into two halves, namely Upper Half and Lower Half. If the total number of
participating teams are even in numbers the Formula will be:
 ` Step 4
After determining Upper and Lower Half Teams, byes will be given. We can determine the byes by finding the difference
between the number of teams participating in the Tournament and next power of 2 of participating Teams in the
Tournament. For example, if total number of Teams is 12, then next power of 2 will be 16.
16-12= 4 Byes. For even numbers byes will be placed in Upper and Lower Half.

Step 5
Allotment of byes in the fixture should be given in following order. First bye will be given to last team of Lower Half,
Second bye will be given to first team of Upper Half, Third bye will be given to last team of Upper Half, Fourth bye will be
given to first team of Lower Half, Same pattern will be followed after fourth bye till the remaining byes have been given
OR
First bye will be given to last team of Lower Half, Second by will be given to first team of Upper Half, Third bye will be
given to first team of Lower Half, Fourth bye will be given to last team of Upper Half Same pattern will be followed after
fourth bye till the remaining byes have been given.
Step 6
Teams having byes will not play their first-round matches. Put Date, Time, Venue in front of the matches in fixture.
Illustration – 1
Total Number of Teams = 4
Total Number of Matches = 4-1 = 3
Total Number of Byes= since Number having power of Two, no need of bye Number of team in
Round I Matches
First match between A Vs B and won by B
Second Match between C Vs D won by D
Round II match or Finals
Third match Finals between B Vs D won by B
Illustration – 2
Q5. Define League or Round Robin Fixture .
Ans. In League or Round Robin Tournament each team has to play once with all the remaining teams of the tournament

Step 2
Here, we will study two types of methods to fix the team in league tournament namely Cyclic Method and Stair Case
Method: Cyclic Method In
Cyclic Method: one team will be fixed in position and the other will be placed in rotation to complete the cycle. In this
method, two situations may arise, first if teams are even numbered, second situation if teams are odd numbered. Let’s
see how to set fixtures in these two situations. Even number of teams in tournament does not require giving of any bye to
any team and to find out number of rounds, formula will be number of teams – 1. Total number of teams= 6 Total
number of rounds = 6–1 = 5

In order to draw fixture for odd number of teams one bye will be given to one team in one round and in next round
another team will get a bye. Rounds in the tournament will remain the same.
Total number of teams = 7 Total number of rounds = 7

Staircase Method: In Staircase Method, one team will be fixed on the highest step, and that team will play with all the
teams of the tournament and in next step down, the next team will be fixed to play with other remaining teams and so on
Step 3:
Determining the winner/merit in League Tournament.
In League or Round Robin Tournament winner/merit will be decided on the basis of points awarded to the teams.
Example Winner = 5, Draw =3, Loser = 0. Points tally may be as follows:

Tournament organisers frame the rules in regards to tie before the start of the tournament.
Q 6: Define Procedure of Combination Fixture and Draw it.
These fixtures are the combination of Knockout and League Tournaments. Same steps will be followed as are followed in
Knockout and League fixtures. To draw League-Knockout fixtures, the following process will be executed
League-Knockout
Team = 8
Winner = 5, Draw =3, Loser = 0
Top four teams namely 1, 5, 6 and 8 qualify for knockout rounds
Tournament committee should form rules regarding placement of teams at semifinals before the tournament. Here we
placed teams as per their ranking. Other patterns are
1. first team may play with third and second may play with fourth ranked team or
2. first ranked team may play with fourth ranked team and second ranked team may play with third ranked team or
3. draw of lots may be another choice.

Q 7. Define Intramural and Extramural Tournaments.

Ans: The meaning of the word ‘intramural’ is “within the walls”. In context of sports, it refers to a tournament conducted
within the walls of a single institution/ school/ community. Intramural competitions/tournament are conducted within
players of one institution.
Objectives of Intramural Tournaments:
Let us understand few important objectives of intramural tournaments:
1. To encourage mass participation in sports in an institution.
2. To focus on all-round development of children.
3. To develop values like fair play, respect, friendship through sports.
4. To provide first opportunity to compete in a controlled environment.
5. To focus on fitness, wellness and health aspects of children.
6. To promote curricular integration through sports.
7. To help children to develop personality (first stage of leadership, control of emotions, corporation etc.
Significance of Intramural Tournaments: Let us discuss few essential significance of intramural tournaments:
1.Selection for extramural: Intramural Tournaments provide an opportunity to select a player or team to participate in
Extramural Tournaments. Players demonstrate skill and fitness in events which becomes the base for selection of a player
or team.
2.Group cohesion: This is an opportunity where students from different Classes or Houses come together in a team, share
their experiences, display cooperation and coordination and lead the team to win the game.
3.Professional experience: As per the interest of students and need of institution, students become a helping hand in
conducting the tournament which gives them good experience of officiating, in event management etc. In future, this
experience helps them in professional and personal aspects
4. Health: It helps in developing healthy and active lifestyle. Children enjoy the sports events because it is another
medium to display their desired skills.
5. Recreation: Joy and entertainment are the outcome of Intramural physical activities. The elements of happiness and
enjoyment are always there because activities are not so competitive, which makes intramural events successful
6 Mass participation: Such activities are meant for all the students of the institution not only for sportspersons or players.
7. Extramural Tournaments:
The word ‘extramural’ means “outside the boundary or walls”. In Sports Extramural Tournaments are the tournaments
conducted outside or beyond the walls of the organising unit that may be a school/college/institution. Such tournaments
are conducted between two or more players/teams of different schools/colleges/ institutions. For example, Zonal, Inter-
District, State, National or International Tournaments
Objectives of Extramural Tournaments: Let us understand few important objective of intramural tournaments.
1. To achieve high performance at highest level of the tournament.
2. To develop the feeling of integration with other institutions
3. To provide opportunities for choosing a career in sports
4. To promote social, cultural, economic development through sports
Significance of Extramural Tournament: With all the above discussed objectives of extramural tournaments being
implemented successfully, it surely brings lots of benefit to the participants. Participation and organisation of such inter
competitions focusing to showcase talent and explore potentials among talented athletes delivers enough significance to
the event. Lets discuss few essential significance of intramural tournaments
1.Progression in performance: Extramural Tournament helps to lift the level of performance through the athletes and
sportspersons gaining experience, learning to prepare tactics and strategies, developing fitness, psychological preparation
etc
2 Psychological factors: Extramural events help to balance psychological factors like stress, confidence, selfesteem,
emotions, and promote qualities like leadership, team building, in student
3 Level of fitness: As the level of tournament increases, gradually the level of fitness improves, that make an individual
physically as well as mentally strong to compete at higher levels
4 Socialization: Such tournaments held among different communities, regions, countries etc. increase cross-cultural
exchange, inter-community association etc.
Q 8. Define Community Sports.
Ans. Community sports events should be held at residential societies, villages, cities, schools where the purpose is not
only to demonstrate the skills and abilities of children, but create harmony among people of all age groups including of
senior citizens, women and differently-abled population.

Sports Day
Sports day is one of the important programs that feature in the annual calendar of most residentials areas, community
schools. It is an event not only to showcase abilities and prowess of children and youth on the sports field but also a great
opportunity for community members to meet, greet and interact with each other.
In recent times, Government of India is celebrating National Sports Day on 29th August on the occasion of birth
anniversary of Major Dhyan Chand, a hockey legend.
Health Run
Such kind of run is generally conducted for the purpose of improving the health standards in society and creating
awareness about the importance of physical activities for maintaining good health or for raising charity. In this run, the
purpose of the runners is not to win, but to participate in the events. To get its full impact, a large number of registrations
are required.

Run for Fun

The purpose of this run is to spread the message of staying fit and healthy among the masses. Sometimes such races may
be conducted to raise funds for a specific purpose. In schools such races attract children and their parents. These are
friendly races and may be conducted for any age group.
Run for Unity
In such a type of run the purpose is to promote the feeling of integrity and brotherhood in community, state, nation or
among different religions. Such events help to develop bonding and a sense of togetherness among people

I. Tick the correct option.

1. The basic function of management is:
a. controlling
b. budgeting
c. planning
d. organising
2. In which of the following functions of sports event management “recruitment process” take place?
a. Planning
b. Staffing
c. Controlling
d. Directing

3. The Committee responsible for liaison with Print media is the ____________ Committee.
a. Technical
b. Logistics
c. Marketing
d. Finance

4. Purchase of sports equipment is a work of the ________________ Committee

. a. Technical
b. Logistics
c. Marketing
d. Finance

5. Publication of rules and regulations should be done ___________________.

a. Pre event
b. During event
c. Post event
d. Any time during the event

6. After losing a match, a team will be eliminated from the .

a. Knockout tournament
b. League tournament
c. Round Robin tournament
d. None of above

7. Which of the following tournament helps save time?

a. Knockout tournament
b. League tournament
c. Combination tournament
d. Round Robin tournament
8. National Sports Day is celebrated on
a. 9th August
b. 19th August
c. 28th August
d. 29th August

9. Which of the races is run “to promote brotherhood”?

a. Run for Fun
b. Run for specific cause
c. Run for Unity
d. Health Run

10. A tournament conducted within the walls of a single institution/ school/ community is called
a. Intramural
b. Extramural
c. a&b
d. non of these

Short question
1. Explain the role of planning in organizing Sports Event.
2. Why controlling function is important in sports event management.
3 What should be the role of technical committee while organizing the event.
4 Explain the role of marketing committee during the event

Case Study Question: 1-

.
a. Based on the table given above place the teams according to their ranking,
b. List down two advantages of this kind of tournament ,
c. Write down the formula for calculating points.
2. XYZ School is conducting an invitation tournament in which 25 teams have sent their entries. Matches have to be
conducted on a knockout basis.
a. How many total matches will be played?
b. How many matches will be played in the first round of the tournament?
c. How many rounds will be played?
d. Which team will get 4th bye of the tournament?
 UNIT II
CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SPORTS
Q1. WHAT IS Exercise Guidelines of WHO for Different Age Groups?
ANS: World Health Organisation (WHO) has identified lack of physical activity, or physical inactivity, as the fourth leading
risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally). Regular participation in physical activities and sports provides
ample opportunities to maintain physical, mental and social health.
Participation in sports and physical activity results in benefits like an increase in self-confidence and self-esteem, a better
control over emotions, reduction in levels of stress, anxiety and depression, maintenance of healthy weight, social
interaction and achieving high performance in academics. Regular physical activities help in not just physical, but also
social, emotional and mental growth and development of infants, children, adolescents and adults.
These are also relevant for children with different abilities. Children with a medicalcondition or disability should consult
with health professionals before undertaking these activities. The goals of these guidelines are to recommend time spent
on physical activities, and on sleep and sedentary activities to get health benefits. The age group is further divided in to
three groups namely Less than 1 year, 1 to 2 years, 3 to 4 years
Recommendations for Children Under 5 Years of Age

Children and Youth 5-17 Years: There are various stages of growth in this age group, wherein at every stage the type
of activities changes. The chief aim of activities during this age group is to improve cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness,
bone health, cardiovascular and metabolic health biomarkers and to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression

Adults 18-64 Years: These recommendations are relevant to healthy adults aged between 18 to 64 irrespective of
gender, race, ethnicity or socio-economic status. Adults/youth with disabilities may follow these recommendations with
adjustment as per capacity .
Older Adults 65 Years and Above: These recommendations are relevant to healthy older adults aged above 65 years,
irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity or socio-economic status. These recommendations are also relevant for individuals
suffering from chronic NCD conditions. Adults, youth with disabilities may follow these recommendations with
adjustment as per capacity or limitations
Q2. Define posture and Explain postural deformities with their corrective measures.
Ans. Posture:Posture is defined as the attitude assumed by the body either with support during the course of muscular
activity. Posture is classified into two categories.
1. Dynamic posture: Dynamic posture is how one holds oneself when moving, for example, walking, running, or bending
over to pick up something. It is usually required to form an efficient basis for movement.
2. Static posture: Static posture is how one holds oneself when stationary or not moving, For example, sitting, standing,
or sleeping. Body segments are aligned and maintained in fixed positions.
It is important to ensure maintaining of a good posture. This is possible where all body parts are aligned in such a way
that least stress is put on joints and muscles and, thus, it helps to prevent fatigue. A good posture helps to give good
productivity in work, and leads to a physically and mentally stress-free condition. Postural deformity may be caused by
heredity, disease, injury, poor habits, improper clothing, unhygienic living conditions, improper diet, improper exercise,
lack of exercise, obesity, socioeconomic status, etc

Common Postural Deformities: There are a number of postural deformities, some of which are given below along with
corrective measures. Corrective exercises should be done under advice and supervision of a physician or a physiotherapist

1.Knock Knee: Knock knee is a postural deformity in which both the knees touch or overlap each other in the
normal standing position. Due to this deformity, an individual usually faces difficulty during walking.

Causes:

 Weakness of muscles and ligaments.

 Overweight body.
 Lack of balanced diet.
 Lack of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus.

Corrective Measures:

 Horse riding is to be done regularly, as it is one of the best exercise’s for correcting this problem.
 Keep a pillow between your knees whenever possible.
 Perform Padmasana and Gomukhasana.
 Take nutritious meals.
2. Flat Foot:It is a deformity of the feet. In this deformity, there is no arch in the foot and the foot is completely
flat. The individual faces problems in standings walking, jumping and running; –

Causes:

 Heaviness of the body.

 Standing for a long time,
 Use of poor quality footwear not having an arch.
 Faulty posture.

Corrective Measures

 Walk on heels and toes.

 Pick up marbles with toes.
 Perform Vajrasana.
 Walk on wooden staircase.

3. Round Shoulders:It is a postural deformity in which the shoulders become round as they are drawn forward,
the head is extended and the chin points forward.

Causes:

 Poor posture in work, particularly in a desk job.

 Faulty furniture.
 Wrong habit of standing and sitting.
 Carrying heavy load on shoulders.

Corrective Measures:

 Stand in correct posture.

 Keep the finger tips on your shoulders and encircle your elbows in clockwise and anti-clockwise
direction.
 Perform Chakrasana and Dhanurasana for some time.
 Hold the horizontal bar for some time.
4. Lordosis: It is the inward curvature of the spine or a deformity of spinal curvature. It is an increased forward
curve in the lumbar region. It creates problems in standing and walking

Causes

 Habitual over-eating.
 Improper environment.
 Diseases affecting vertebrae.
 Improper development of muscles.
 Lack of exercise.

Corrective Measures

 Perform Halasana and Paschimottasana.

 Do sit-ups slowly.
 Stand to attention and touch the feet with the hands repeatedly.
 Lie on your back and lift feet vertically.

5. Kyphosis: it is a deformity of the spinal curvature in which there is an increase of exaggeration of a

backward curve or a decrease of a forward curve. It is also called as round upper back.

Causes:

 Carrying heavy load on shoulders.

 Habit of bending while walking.
 Wearing light and shapeless clothes.
 Malnutrition, illness.

Corrective Measures

 Bend head backwards in standing position.

 Perform Chakrasana and Bhujangasana.
 Hold arms at shoulder level and bending elbows.
6. Bow Legs: It is a deformity just the reverse of the knock knee position. In fact, if there is a wide gap
between the knees, the deformity can be observed easily when an individual walks or runs.

Causes

 Putting extra weight on leg muscles.

 Lack of balanced diet and deficiency of calcium and phosphorus.
 Improper way of walking.
 Forcing babies to walk at a very early age.

Corrective Measures

 Never stand for a long time.

 Use vitamin D supplement and a proper balanced diet.
 Walk by bending the toes inward or on the inner edge of the feet.
 Proper massage should be given to the child if this problem is observed early in life.

7. Scoliosis: It is a postural deformity of spinal curvature in which there is one large lateral curve
extending through the whole length of the spine, or there may be two curves. This type of deformity is
also called curve.

Causes

 Short leg of one side.

 One side flat foot.
 Carrying heavy loads on one shoulder.
 Heredity defects.
 One side paralysis of spinal muscles.

Corrective Measures
  Perform Trikonasana with proper technique.
 Avoid walking with a heavy weight.
 Lie down in prone position, i.e. on the chest. Right arm should be upward and left arm at side.
After that move right arm towards,the left overhead. Press down with left hand and then slide the
left hip up.
 Stand erect, lift left heel and left hip, extend right arm in an arch and press left hand against the
ribs

Q.3 Describe Women participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social benefits.

Ans. Women participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social benefits –

The women have shown a dramatic rise in sports participation, there is still a large disparity in participation rates between
women and men. But to deal with this disparity many countries like India run programmes such as Khelo India scheme
and National Sports Talent Search Scheme (NSTSS) to mainstream women’s participation in sports in India. While in the
past there were certain psychological constraints like low self-confidence and self-esteem, higher levels of stress and
anxiety, and social causes like lack of support or positive reinforcement from family and a male-dominated social
structure that affect women’s participation in sports, or even, certain economic factors that played a negative role that
affected women’s participation in sports, these are all a thing of the past.

This trend of lower participation of women in sports exists not just in India but is a global phenomenon. Participation of
women at all levels from regional toi nternational is limited. Women who play sports continue to face many obstacles,
such as lower pay, less media coverage, and different injuries compared to their male counterparts. Many female athletes
have engaged in peaceful protests, such as playing strikes, social media campaigns, and even lawsuits to address these
inequalities The International Olympic Committee (IOC) encourages participation not only in playing sports but in National
Olympic Committees and International Federations and conducting regional seminars for female administrators, coaches,
technical officials and journalists. In a recent announcement by IOC, 49% women will take part in next Olympic games.
The Constitution of India also provides gender equality and ensures elimination of any type of gender bias or hindrance.
Sports is a medium to get gender equity and empowerment.

Sports is an important tool for social empowerment and helps to develop skills like communication, teamwork,
leadership, respect, social interaction, sportsmanship etc. and can significantly contribute to develop society and
community. Sports participation not only provides health benefits but also promotes overall development. Sport does not
discriminate based on colour, caste, creed, sex, race etc.
Q.1 Define Women participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social benefits.

Ans. Women participation in sports helps them to stay fit and reduces chances of diseases. These are some physical
benefits for women participating in sports. These benefits are as true for women as for their male couterparts

I. Phisical Benefits

Lifestyle Diseases

Sports participation helps women to stay active which, in turn, reduces chances of lifestyle diseases such as Diabetes, high
blood pressure, obesity etc. and enables them to live a healthy life

Bone Density

There is a higher chance of osteoporosis in female than males. Sports help them to increase their bone density and have
stronger bones

Toned Muscles

Regular exercise and participation in sports increases the muscle tone of women which helps them to stay stron

Cardiovascular System

Regular exercise helps increase the number of capillaries, helping them in the intake of oxygen. This enables women to
participate in sports for a longer period without getting fatigued.

Obesity

is one lifestyle disease which is found in every part of the world. Most of the India’s population is also suffering from this
disease. Women has more chances of being obese than men, regular participation in sports helps them to stay in shape
and stay fit.

II. Psychological Benefits

Participation in sports has a great impact on women psychologically as it gives them confidence and enhances their self-
esteem. It gives them that sense of achievement.

which empowers them to achieve and overcome any obstacles that they may have faced. Some of the psychological
benefits of participation in sports are:

Stress Management

Any physical activity releases lot of hormones in our body which helps us to stay happy and reduces stress levels.
Sportspersons, men and women, who participate in sports can manage their stress better than those who don’t
participate in the sports

Control Emotions

Women, like their male counterparts, who participate in sports are well equipped to

manage their emotions as they face difficult situations in the game which take a toll

on them, and regular participation makes them emotionally stronger.

Confidence

Every small win increases the confidence of the winner. Thus, when a woman

participates in sports and wins, it gives not just her, but other women sportspersons

a sense of achievement and really boosts their confidence. This renewed confidence

in themselves they bring to all areas of their life.

Self – Esteem

Sports helps women to realise their self-worth and when they achieve or even

participate in sports, they get a boost in their self-image and that helps them to

realise their own worth, which is very important for an individual

Leadership

one of the best quality about sports is that it inculcates or bring out the leadership

skills or qualities of an individual. Those women, or men, who participate in sports

better are able to lead people even outside the sports as well

III. Social Benefits

Women participation in sports helps them to be more open towards society as it helps

them to communicate with others and helps them to bond with their teammates and

other officials. Some of the social benefits of sports are as follows

Coordination

Sport helps in increasing and improving the coordination between team players and

women who participate in sports learn the skill of working in coordination with

others.

Communication

Communication is an integral part of sports as players must communicate with each

other while playing. It helps women participants to be more vocal and expressive

Cooperation

Women learn to cooperate with each other when they are playing on the field. This

becomes a part of their life also as they learn to work and cooperate with others in
total harmony and peace

Inter-relationships

A sport is not played in isolation, it’s a team effort, whether it is inside the team or

as supporting staff, the player must maintain her relationship with everyone in the

team. Women participants learn to maintain their relationships and respect each

other whether it is on the field or off the field.

Q.4 What is Menarche ? also define mensuration dysfunction.

Ans. Menarche: The period of adolescence is marked by certain universal physical and biological changes in the body
which lead to the attainment of sexual maturity. The time when sexual maturity is reached is called puberty. Menarche
(first menstruation) is usually considered the point of sexual maturity for girls. It is the process in which female
reproduction system matures and the body prepares itself for potential pregnancy. It is associated with the development
of secondary sexual characteristics. Menarche is one of the most significant milestones in a woman’s life. The average age
for a girl to get her first period ranges from 8 to 15 years old. Although the precise determinants of menarcheal age
remain to be understood, genetic influences, socioeconomic conditions, general health and well-being, nutritional status,
certain types of exercise, seasonality, and family size possibly play a role. Over the past century the age at menarche has
fallen due to reasons still unknown

Menstrual Dysfunction: Menstrual dysfunction is an abnormal condition in a woman’s menstrual cycle. Normal range
of the menstruation cycle is 21 to 35 days. If it happens earlier than 21 days or after more than 35 days, then it’s a
problem. Other menstrual problems include missing three or more periods, menstrual flow heavier or lighter in
comparison with usual, cycle happening longer than seven days, any pain, cramping or vomiting during period, bleeding
after menopause etc

Causes of abnormal menstrual cycles or menstrual order : overweight, stress, dietary disorder, disease, sudden change in
exercise schedule, travel, other medical complications etc.

There are different types of menstrual disorders which are given below
1. Pre-menstrual Syndrome: Pre-menstrual Syndrome includes unpleasant or uncomfortable symptoms during the cycle.
These may include depression, anxiety, irritation, headache, fainting, vertigo, infection etc. and may last from a few hours
to few days. Such symptoms may be reduced through moderate exercise, taking a balanced diet, having a good sleep and
rest.

2. Amenorrhea: Amenorrhea is known as missed periods or absence of a normal monthly period or menstrual cycle.
There are two types of amenorrhea.

(a) Primary amenorrhea: Menstruation cycle does not begin at puberty.

(b) Secondary amenorrhea: It happens when menstruation is missed for three months or more. This is the most common
type of amenorrhea.

3. Dysmenorrhea: When menstruation happens with severe pain or frequent menstrual cramps, the condition is called
Dysmenorrhea. Symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea may be cramping in lower abdomen, low back pain, pain in
legs, nausea, fatigue, weakness etc.

4. Menorrhagia: Menorrhagia is characterized by heavy and long term or continuous menstrual bleeding.

5. Polymenorrhea: Polymenorrhea is a term used to describe a menstrual cycle that is shorter than 21 days.

6. Oligomenorrhea: Oligomenorrhea is infrequent menstruation. More strictly, it is menstrual periods occurring at

intervals of greater than 35 days.

7. Metrorrhagia: Metrorrhagia refers to missed, delayed or erratic periods or abnormal bleeding patterns.

8. Postmenopausal bleeding: Postmenopausal bleeding is bleeding that occurs after one year of menopause or after a
woman has stopped having menstrual cycles due to menopause.

Q.5 Describe Female Athlete Triad.

Ans. Participation in sports and physical activities provides a lot of physical and social benefits like developing leadership
qualities, competition, teamwork etc. Regular participation in such activities is associated with a longer and better quality
of life, reduced risks of a variety of diseases and many psychological and emotional benefits. Evidence suggests a positive
relationship between physical activity and a host of factors affecting girls’ physical health, including diabetes, blood
pressureand the ability to use fat for energy, thus preventing obesity. Physical activity could reduce the risk of chronic
diseases in later life. Conditions, such as cancer, diabetes and coronary heart disease, have their origins in childhood, and
can be aided, in part, by regular physical activity in the early years. Also, regular activity beginning in childhood helps to
improve bone health, thus preventing osteoporosis, which predominantly affects females.

The term ‘triad’ was first described by American college of sports medicine in 1992, and the three components to
describe the triad were (a) disordered eating, (b) amenorrhoea and (c) osteoporosis
 *BMD= Bone Mineral Density
The illustration above depicts the female athlete triad spectrum. The black lines represent the spectrums of each
of the 3 components and the red and green triangles show both of the extremes. The top green triangle represents a
healthy athlete who has a good balance between energy intake and expenditure. Because of this, they have a normal
menstruation cycle and a bone mineral density that is above average for the athlete’s age. The bottom left, red triangle
represents an athlete who does not have an appropriate balance between energy intake and expenditure, which may be
the result of restrictive dieting and/or clinical eating disorders

The terms to describe Female Athlete Triad have now been revised. The new terms to indicate problems are

(a) low energy availability with or without eating disorder, (

b) dysfunction of menstruation and

(c) low bone density

This change was relevant because all these three revised components can be easily resolved by proper energy
intake and expenditure and same may be used as effective strategy. Thus, if an individual takes optimum calories as
required by body, including energy required for physical activity and energy required for body functions, the result is
promotion of healthy bones and normal menstrual function. All three components are very much interlinked

Eating disorder is known as gross disturbance in eating behaviour. Disordered eating has wide range of harmful
and often ineffective eating behaviours in the process of weight reduction. These includes calorie restriction to clinical
disorders of Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Sportspersons participating in activities in which leanness or specific
weight is required for performance are at higher risk of developing eating disorders. Coaches, team physicians, parents,
and other supporting staff should know the symptom so that the problem can be treated on time, other-wise it leads to
long term physiological, psychological effects or, in extreme cases, fatal results.

Anorexia nervosa: Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder where an individual tries to reduce body weight
abnormally, having an intense fear of gaining weight or misconception over his/her weight. Individuals with anorexia
place a high value on controlling their weight and shape, using extreme efforts that tend to significantly interfere with
their lives. To prevent weight gain or to continue losing weight, people with anorexia usually severely restrict the amount
of food they eat. They may control calorieintake by vomiting after eating or by misusing laxatives, diet aids, or diuretics.
They may also try to lose weight by exercising excessively. No matter how much weight is lost, the person continues to
fear weight gain. Symptoms may include menstrual dysfunction, constipation, diarrhea, bloating, unexpected weight loss,
muscle weakness, stress fracture, bone weakness, overuse injuries, anxiety etc.

Bulimia nervosa: Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder in which an individual eats large amount of food with loss
of control over eating and then adopts unhealthy ways to cut down calories like vomiting, taking laxatives, weight loss
supplements, diuretics, excessive exercises etc. Symptoms of bulimia are dehydration, dental problems, oedema,
electrolyte abnormalities, extreme weight fluctuation, menstrual irregularity, weakness, cramps, depression etc.

Q.6 What is Low Bone Mineral Density? How can prevent it ?

Ans: Low bone mineral density, previously termed osteoporosis, may be defined as a disease marked by increased bone
fragility, disturbance in bone structure including low bone mineral density (BMD) that may result in fractures, pain,
deformity, disability etc. Low BMD is generally caused by improper diet and amenorrhea. Due to low level of oestrogen
and progesterone in female athletes, their bones become weaker and lose minerals. Effects of low bone mineral density
include increased occurrence of injury, stress fractures, and risk of early osteoporosis after menopause. Deposition of
bone increases during childhood and adolescence and peaks during the 20s and 30s. A large genetic component to BMD
also exists, with heritability of BMD suggested to be 50–85%. Knowledge of family history or other medical conditions
linked with BMD will help keep female athletes safe from risk of injury and fractures. Intensity, volume, frequency, type of
activity should be determined by knowledge of genetic characteristics

The female athlete triad is a result of energy imbalance; thus, adjusting the energy expenditure and energy
availability is the main intervention. For this the main treatment is restoration of regular menstrual cycle for
reestablishment of energy balance and enhancement of bone mineral density. The strongest predictor of recovery to
normal menstrual function in young athletes is weight gain. Familybased therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy, also
have been known to be effective interventions for disordered eating. A sports nutritionist can help the athlete and her
family determine the quantity and quality of food consumption and dietary supplements required to meet her bodily
functions, replace energy output due to athletic training, and enhance bone health. Additionally, weight gain may be
necessary to increase BMD

I. Tick the correct option

1. Minimum duration of activity should be__________per week at vigorous intensity in adults above 65 years of age.

a. 75 minutes
b. 150 minutes
c. 300 minutes
d. 450 minutes

2. Rate at which the activity is being performed is known as _

a. Volume
b. Intensity
c. Type of Activity
d. Frequency

3. Deformity of the legs is known as

a. Scoliosis
b. Lordosis
c. Knock knees
d. Kyphosis

4. Lordosis is a problem of the

a. Lower Back

b. Middle Back

c. Upper Back

d. Shoulders
5. Scoliosis is a postural deformity related to

a. Muscles

b. Shoulders

c. Legs

d. Spine

6. Kyphosis is a deformity found in

a. Shoulders

b. Lumber region

c. Hips

d. Thoracic region

7. Frequent menstruation is known as:

a. Metrorrhagia

b. Oligomenorrhea

c. Polymenorrhea

d. Menorrhagia

8. If the menstruation cycle does not begin at puberty, the condition is called

a. Primary amenorrhea

b. Secondary amenorrhea

c. Oligomenorrhea

d. Dysmenorrhea

9. Weakening of bones due to loss of bone density and improper bone formation is

a. Amenorrhea

b. Anorexia Nervosa

c. Osteoporosis

d. Lordosis

10. In which type of Anorexia does an individual lose weight by taking laxatives or diuretics

a. Bulimia Nervosa
b. Purging type

c. Restricting type

d. Anorexia Nervosa

Case study Questions

1. Anjali, a student of class IX was diagnosed with ‘knock knees’ which is becoming quite common in children due to
lifestyle choices. She has seeked help from her physical education teacher. The teacher has advised her to practice certain
exercises on a daily basis.

a. What are common causes for this postural deformity.

b. Suggest any two exercises for curing knock knees. c. What other leg related postural deformities are there?

2. Priya, a student of class XI has very low BMI due to which her class teacher has asked the school counselor to help priya
because it seems priya is not taking proper meals.

a. List down the different types of eating disorders.

b. What is the range for underweight students in BMI?

c. What could be the possible causes of eating disorders?