VOLUME 2 : SECTORAL REPORTS

CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1

1.1 Study Approach 1-1
1.1.1 Analysis of Systems 1-1
1.1.2 Development and Management Plans 1-3
1.1.3 Implementation Plans 1-3

2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 2-1

2.1 Objective 2-1
2.2 The Physical Setting 2-2
2.3 Landuse Setting 2-4
2.4 Pollutant input Sources 2-5
2.4.1 Land-use and Pollution Potential 2-5
2.4.2 Point and Non-point Pollutant Sources 2-7
2.5 Assessment of Pollutant Impact to Putrajaya
Lake System 2-23
2.5.1 Upper West Sub-Catchment 2-23
2.5.2 Upper North Sub-Catchment 2-26
2.5.3 Upper East Sub-Catchment 2-30
2.5.4 Central Sub-Catchment 2-31
2.5.5 Limau Manis Sub-Catchment 2-32
2.5.6 Summary of Pollutant Potential and
Recommendations 2-34
2.6 Water Quality Modeling 2-36
2.6.1 Introduction 2-36
2.6.2 Water Quality Monitoring 2-36
2.6.3 Water Quality Modelling 2-53
2.6.4 Model Results and Discussion 2-69
2.6.5 Recommendations 2-71
2.7 Wetland Ecological Status 2-71
2.7.1 The Lake and Wetland System 2-71
2.7.2 Flora 2-73
2.7.3 Fish and Fauna 2-78
2.7.4 Recommendations for Sustaining the Fauna
and Flora 2-80
2.7.5 Flora and Fauna Outside Perbadanan Putrajaya 2-89

i
 2.8 Short, Medium and Long Term Pollution Problems 2-93
2.8.1 Identification of Pollutants of Concern 2-93
2.8.2 Short Term Problems 2-93
2.8.3 Medium Term Problems 2-94
2.8.4 Long Term Problems 2-94
2.9 Technical and Management Measures 2-95
2.9.1 Point Sources 2-95
2.9.2 Non-point Sources 2-96
2.10 Summary 2-99
2.11 Recommendations 2-104
2.11.1 Catchment Management and Development 2-104
2.11.2 Monitoring 2-108
2.11.3 Special issues 2-110
2.12 References 2-111

3.0 WATER RESOURCES STUDIES 3-1

3.1 Hydrological Study 3-1
3.1.1 Introduction 3-1
3.1.2 Hydrological input data 3-1
3.1.3 Rainfall Runoff Modeling 3-4
3.1.4 Model calibration 3-7
3.1.5 Streamflow extension for current and future
Landuse 3-9
3.1.6 Compensation flow 3-9
3.1.7 Rainwater Harvesting and Utilisation 3-12
3.1.8 Proposed Hydrological Stations Network 3-13
3.2 Erosion and Sedimentation Study 3-14
3.2.1 Introduction 3-14
3.2.2 The CALSITE Model 3-15
3.2.3 Preparation of input data 3-16
3.2.4 Model calibration and set-up 3-17
3.2.5 Model simulation 3-19
3.2.6 CALSITE Modelling Results 3-21
3.2.7 Review of Existing Guidelines and
Legislation on Erosion and Sediment Control 3-23
3.2.8 Recommendations for Soil Erosion and
Sediment Control 3-25
3.3 Geological and Hydrogeological Study 3-27
3.3.1 Introduction 3-27
3.3.2 The Geological Setting 3-27
3.3.3 The Hydrogeological Setting 3-28
3.3.4 Water Quantity Management Issues 3-31

ii
 3.4 References 3-34

4.0 DRAINAGE MASTERPLAN STUDY 4-1

4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.2 Existing and Proposed Drainage Systemsin the
Catchment 4-1
4.2.1 Putrajaya Area 4-2
4.2.2 IOI Palm Garden Resort Area 4-3
4.2.3 MARDI 4-7
4.2.4 UPM 4-7
4.2.5 Cyberjaya (Flagship Zone) 4-7
4.2.6 West Country 4-9
4.3 Drainage Planning and Design Guidelines 4-9
4.3.1 Reduction of Peak Runoff Discharge 4-11
4.3.2 Control of Sediments 4-14
4.3.3 Control of Pollutants 4-15
4.3.4 Construction Activities 4-15
4.3.5 Bio-Engineering Techniques, Stream
Rehabilitation and Aesthetic Treatment 4-16
4.4 Drainage Design Requirements and Standards 4-18
4.4.1 Design Rainfall IDF Curves 4-18
4.4.2 Drainage Reserves Requirements 4-18
4.4.3 Water Level Requirements in the
Putrajaya Lake System 4-19
4.4.4 Design of Retention Ponds 4-21
4.5 Topographical and Drainage Analysis 4-21
4.5.1 Topographical Analysis 4-21
4.5.2 Drainage Analysis 4-21
4.6 The Drainage Masterplan 4-22
4.6.1 Putrajaya Area 4-22
4.6.2 Outside Putrajaya Area 4-22
4.7 Responsibilities of Authorities and Stakeholders 4-27
4.7.1 Construction 4-27
4.7.2 Operation and Maintenance 4-27
4.8 References 4-29

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5.0 SEWERAGE MASTERPLAN STUDY 5-1
5.1 Introduction 5-1
5.2 Objective 5-1
5.3 Landuses and Population Equivalents in the Lake
Catchment 5-2
5.4 Existing Sewerage Situations of
Various Developments 5-7
5.4.1 General 5-7
5.4.2 Putrajaya Development 5-7
5.4.3 Cyberjaya Flagship Development Zone (Phase 1B) 5-8
5.4.4 Universiti Putra Malaysia 5-10
5.4.5 MARDI 5-12
5.4.6 IOI Palm Garden Resort Development 5-13
5.4.7 TNB Serdang Power Station 5-14
5.4.8 West Country Development 5-14
5.4.9 Sg. Merab Malay Reserve 5-14
5.5 Sewage Effluent Quality Requirements 5-14
5.5.1 Purpose of Effluent Standards 5-14
5.5.2 Existing DOE’s Effluent Standards 5-15
5.5.3 Putrajaya Lake Ambient Water Quality
Standard 5-15
5.5.4 Sewage Effluent Quality Requirements 5-15
5.5.5 Recommended Effluent Standard for Putrajaya
Lake Catchment 5-17
5.6 Sewerage Planning and Design Guidelines 5-19
5.6.1 General 5-19
5.6.2 Sewerage Planning Guidelines 5-20
5.6.3 Sewerage Design Guidelines 5-21
5.6.4 Recommended Sewage Treatment Processes 5-23
5.6.5 Emergency Response Plan 5-26
5.7 The Sewerage Masterplan for Putrajaya Lake
Catchment 5-28
5.7.1 General 5-28
5.7.2 Population Equivalent (PE) for Putrajaya
Lake Catchment 5-29
5.7.3 Sewerage Plans for Various Developments 5-31
5.7.4 Sewerage Masterplan for Putrajaya Lake
Catchment 5-34
5.8 Effluent Quality monitoring Programme 5-35

iv
6.0 LAND-USE MASTERPLAN STUDY 6-1
6.1 Introduction 6-1
6.2 Review of the Land-use Policies and Guidelines 6-1
6.2.1 The Structure Plans 6-1
6.2.2 The Putrajaya Land-use Masterplan 6-3
6.2.3 The Putrajaya Urban Design Guidelines (UDG) 6-3
6.2.4 Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Guidelines 6-4
6.3 Existing and Committed Land-use Situation 6-5
6.3.1 Introduction 6-5
6.3.2 Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) 6-6
6.3.3 MARDI 6-8
6.3.4 Integrated Oxygen Industries (IOI) 6-10
6.3.5 Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) 6-12
6.3.6 West Country Berhad 6-13
6.3.7 Cyberjaya 6-14
6.3.8 Sungai Merab Malay Reserve 6-16
6.3.9 Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) 6-17
6.3.10 Comments on the existing developments 6-17
6.4 The Development Strategy and Concept 6-19
6.4.1 Introduction 6-19
6.4.2 Devleopment Component 6-19
6.4.3 Rationale and Justification 6-21
6.5 The Proposed Land-use Masterplan 6-22
6.5.1 Introduction 6-22
6.5.2 Zoning Plan 6-22
6.5.3 Use Class Order 6-23
6.6 Land-use Control Guidelines 6-23
6.6.1 Introduction 6-23
6.6.2 Existing Guidelines 6-23
6.6.3 Lake Catchment Guidelines 6-24

7.0 DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASIC ICMS 7-1

7.1 Introduction 7-1
7.2 Information Management Plan (IMP) 7-3
7.2.1 The Need for an IMP 7-3
7.2.2 Information Sharing 7-3
7.2.3 Obtaining Information 7-5
7.2.4 Assessment of Response to Information Request 7-6
7.2.5 Information Dissemination 7-6

v
 7.2.6 Perbadanan Putrajaya as Lead Agency for
Information Management 7-7
7.3 ICMS-User Requirements Study 7-8
7.4 System Design 7-9
7.4.1 Introduction 7-9
7.4.2 The Perbadanan’s IT System 7-9
7.4.3 The Sumber Putra IT System 7-9
7.4.4 The Software Requirements 7-11
7.5 System Development 7-13
7.5.1 Development of the Integrated Digital Map 7-13
7.5.2 Development of the Database Structure 7-14
7.6 System Implementation 7-20
7.6.1 Installation and ICMS Training for Users 7-20
7.6.2 Database Training 7-20
7.7 System Maintenance and Support 7-20
7.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 7-21

8.0 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGISLATION STUDIES 8-1

8.1 Legislation Study 8-1
8.1.1 Introduction 8-1
8.1.2 Background to review 8-1
8.1.3 The Status of Perbadanan Putrajaya 8-3
8.1.4 Review of Laws on Catchment Management 8-4
8.1.5 Review of Existing Legislation 8-8
8.1.6 Recommendations 8-17
8.2 Institutional Study 8-19
8.2.1 Introduction 8-19
8.2.2 Existing Institutional and Administrative
Framework 8-20
8.2.3 Management and Control Systems 8-35
8.2.4 Assessment of Institutional and
Administrative Framework for Catchment
Management 8-40
8.2.5 Proposed Institutional Arrangement for
Administration 8-42
8.2.6 Recommendation 8-44
8.2.7 References 8-52

vi
9.0 COSTING, BUDGET AND FUNDING 9-1
9.1 Introduction 9-1
9.2 Indicative Costs of Estimates 9-1
9.2.1 Introduction 9-1
9.2.2 Water Quality Study 9-2
9.2.3 Hydrogeological Study 9-2
9.2.4 Hydrological Study 9-3
9.2.5 Drainage Masterplan Study 9-3
9.2.6 Sewerage Masterplan Study 9-5
9.2.7 ICMS Study 9-5
9.2.8 Institutional Study 9-6
9.3 Indicative Implementation Budget 9-6
9.4 Funding 9-7
9.4.1 Funding Sources 9-7
9.4.2 Funding Principles 9-8
9.4.3 Funding for the Recommended Programs 9-9
9.5 Cost Recovery 9-12
GLOSSARY

vii
 List of Figures

Figure 1.1 The Putrajaya Lake Catchment

Figure 1.2 A Schematic Illustration of the Work Sequence and Work
Components within the Scope of Study
Figure 2.6.1 Location of Water Quality Sampling Sites (Kota Bistari,
1996)
Figure 2.6.2 Location of Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Stations
Figure 2.6.3 AQUALM Model Scheme
Figure 2.6.4 AQUALM Model Scheme - Total Phosphorus Loading in
Lake and Wetlands Without Catchment Treatment
Figure 2.6.5 AQUALM Model Scheme - Total Phosphorus Loading in
Lake and Wetlands With Catchment Treatment
Figure 2.6.6 Putrajaya Wetlands and Lake Networks
Figure 2.7.1 The Putrajaya Lake System
Figure 2.7.2 Typical Wetland Cross-section of a Wetland
Figure 2.7.3 Flora in the Upper North Wetland
Figure 2.7.4 Flora in the Upper East Wetland
Figure 2.7.5 Flora in the Upper West Wetland
Figure 2.7.6 Flora in the Lower East Wetland
Figure 2.7.7 Flora in the Upper Bisa Wetland
Figure 2.7.8 Flora in the Central Wetland
Figure 2.7.9 Flora in the Primary Lake
Figure 2.9.1 Small Water fall at the top of Sg. Kuyoh, MARDI. It can
form part of mini wetlands of Sg. Kuyoh catchment
Figure 2.9.2 Small Water fall at the top of Sg. Kuyoh, MARDI. It can
form part of mini wetlands of Sg. Kuyoh catchment
Figure 2.9.3 Large man-made Reservoir in MARDI. There is continuous
water supply from the upstream waterfall. With planting of
wetland plants along its edge, it can serve to sequester
pollutants and nutrients
Figure 2.9.4 Overflow water from the MARDI Reservoir (Figure 2.9.3)
enters into Sg. Kuyoh and finally discharge into Upper West
Wetland
Figure 2.9.5 Existing UPM pond at the upstream of Upper North Wetland.
Lotus Nelumba Sucifera can form a cover mat on the water
surface to reduce plankton biomass in the water. The
Rhizome system can help uptake of nutrients. The future
mini-wetland may have lotus in the open water.
Figure 2.9.7 Wetland plants along the banks overhang the stream

viii
Figure 3.1.1 Double-mass Curve Analysis of Rainfall Data (1981-1994)
Figure 3.1.2 Monthly Rainfall Distributions at the 4 Stations (1981-1994)
Figure 3.1.3 Monthly Distribution of Pan Evaporation at Prang Besar
Station (1981-1992)
Figure 3.1.4 The Structure of the NAM Model
Figure 3.1.5 Sub-catchment Boundaries for Rainfall-runoff Modelling
Figure 3.1.6 Simulated Discharge versus Observed Discharge (Mar – Nov
1994) at Temporary Dam Site
Figure 3.1.7a Runoff into Upper West Wetland
Figure 3.1.7b Runoff into Upper North Wetland
Figure 3.1.7c Runoff into Upper East Wetland
Figure 3.1.7d Runoff into Lower East Wetland
Figure 3.1.7e Runoff into Sg. Bisa Wetland
Figure 3.1.8 Simulated Discharge at Putrajaya Main Dam (1981-1994)
Figure 3.1.9 Predicted Filling Times for Putrajaya Lake with and without
Compensation Flow at 90% Probability (1 in 10 year dry
minimum flow)
Figure 3.1.10 Existing and Proposed Hydrological Stations
Figure 3.2.1 Annual Spatial Rainfall Distribution Map
Figure 3.2.2 Elevation Map
Figure 3.2.3 Slope Map
Figure 3.2.4 R-Factor Map
Figure 3.2.5 K-Factor Map
Figure 3.2.6 CP-Factor Map
Figure 3.2.7 Soil Erosion (Current Landuse)
Figure 3.2.8 Sediment Yield (Current Landuse)
Figure 3.2.9 Soil Erosion Map (Future Landuse)
Figure 3.2.10 Sediment Yield (Future Landuse)
Figure 3.2.11 Soil Erosion (Without Cover)
Figure 3.2.12 Sediment Yield (Without Cover)
Figure 3.3.1 Geology of Putrajaya Lake Catchment
Figure 3.3.2 Hydrological Cycle
Figure 3.3.3 Location of Groundwater Piezometers and Wells
Figure 3.3.4 Geological Profile of HPB 4
Figure 3.3.5 Geological Profile of HPB 8
Figure 3.3.6 Geological Profile of HPB 10
Figure 3.3.7 Proposed Well Design
Figure 3.3.8 Geological Cross-section at Proposed Main Dam Site
Figure 4.1 Topography of Putrajaya Lake Catchment

ix
Figure 4.2 Drainage Systems for Areas outside Putrajaya
Figure 4.3 Drainage System for Putrajaya
Figure 4.4 Standard Drawing of Major GPT (ST-033)
Figure 4.5 Typical Drain Types and Dimensions for Putrajaya
Figure 4.6 Drainage Plan for IOI
Figure 4.7 Drainage Plan for MARDI
Figure 4.8 Drainage Plan for UPM
Figure 4.9 Drainage Plan for Cyberjaya
Figure 4.10 Drainage Plan for West Country
Figure 4.11 Typical Infiltration Trench
Figure 4.12 Parking lot Perimeter Trench
Figure 4.13 Rainfall Distribution
Figure 4.14 Design Rainfall IDF Curves for Putrajaya
Figure 4.15 Flow through Retention Pond
Figure 4.16 Depth of water in Pond
Figure 4.17 Typical Extended Detention (ED) Pond
Figure 4.18 Schematic of ED Pond Design Features
Figure 4.19 Typical Wet Pond Profile
Figure 4.20 Design Schematic of a Wet Pond
Figure 4.21 Typical CDS Structure
Figure 4.22 Schematic Representative of the CDS Structure
Figure 4.23 Typical Details of Brush Mattress Technique for Stream
Bank
Figure 4.24 Using natural materials in the development of water bodies
Figure 4.25 Providing easy/direct access to water bodies
Figure 4.26 Providing more varied profile for water curses
Figure 4.27 Covering water courses
Figure 4.28 Maintaining a permanent body of water
Figure 4.29 IOI Palm Garden Resort –Flow through Retention Pond
Figure 4.30 IOI Palm Garden Resort –Depth of water in Pond
Figure 5.4.1 Locations of Sewage Treatment Plant
Figure 5.4.2 Overall Layout of Proposed Putrajaya Development
Sewerage Plan
Figure 5.4.3 Cyberjaya Flagship Zone- Phase 1A Proposed Sewerage
System
Figure 5.4.4 IOI Palm Garden Resort Development Proposed Sewerage
Works
Figure 6.1 Masterplan of Putrajaya
Figure 6.2 Existing and Committed Landuse Masterplan
Figure 6.3 Existing Landuse – Universiti Putra Malaysia

x
Figure 6.4 MARDI Landuse
Figure 6.5 Existing Landuse – IOI
Figure 6.6 Northern part of Bukit Bisa – with the development of low
density mixed housing
Figure 6.7 TNB Serdang Gas Turbine Power Plant
Figure 6.8 Western part of West Country with proposed low-density
housing -bungalow lots, located adjacent to IOI golf course
Figure 6.9 Committed Landuse – Cyberjaya
Figure 6.10 Concept Plan
Figure 6.11 Proposed Integrated Landuse Masterplan
Figure 6.12 Universiti Putra Malaysia – Landuse Zoning
Figure 6.13 MARDI – Landuse Zoning
Figure 7.1 The Complete ICMS
Figure 7.2 System Development Life Cycle for the Low Level
Integrated Catchment Management System (ICMS)
Figure 8.2.1 Struktur Organisasi Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa
Figure 8.2.2 Carta Organisasi Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri
Selangor Darul Ehsan
Figure 8.2.3 Carta Organisasi JKR Selangor Darul Ehsan
Figure 8.2.4 Organisational Structure and Activities of the Perbadanan
Figure 8.2.5 Outline of Responsibilities of Units in City Planning
Department
Figure 8.2.6 City Development Department
Figure 8.2.7 City Services Department
Figure 8.2.8 Carta Organisasi MPSJ
Figure 8.2.9 Carta Organisasi Majlis Daerah Sepang
Figure 8.2.10 Struktur Organisasi Pejabat Daerah/Tanah Petaling
Figure 8.2.11 Struktur Organisasi Pejabat Daerah/Tanah Sepang
Figure 8.2.12 Struktur Organisasi Jabatan Alam Sekitar Negeri Selangor
Figure 8.2.13 Proposed SWMA Organisational Structure and Function
Figure 8.2.14 Carta Cadangan Unit Tasik dan Wetland Jabatan
Perancangan Bandar
Figure 8.2.15 Proposed Structure for Putrajaya Lake Catchment
Management

xi
 List of Tables

Table 2.2.1 Catchment area of the Putrajaya Lake

Table 2.4.1 Estimated Annual Nutrient Loadings for Chesapeake Bay
Watershed Model
Table 2.4.2 Average Urban Stormwater Pollutant Loads (Ibs/Year) in
Bayfield, Wisconsin, USA
Table 2.4.3 Putrajaya Modelled future Pollutant Loads
Table 2.4.4 Landuse as a Pollutant Source
Table 2.4.5 Landuse Type and Pollution Potential in Putrajaya
Table 2.4.6 Possible Trace Pollutants in Putrajaya Lake
Table 2.4.7 Landuse and and Pollution Potential from External Sources
Table 2.4.8 External Point Sources
Table 2.6.1 Water Quality in Sg. Chuau
Table 2.6.2 Water Quality Baseline Monitoring Stations
Table 2.6.3 Summary of Water Quality Monitoring Results at the Pre-
construction Stage (from Quek, 1997)
Table 2.6.4 Summary of Wetland Water Quality in May, 1999 (Source:
Putrajaya Holdings).
Table 2.6.5 Putrajaya Ambient Lake Water Quality
Table 2.6.6 Range of Water Quality at the Dam
Table 2.6.7 Mean Annual flow rates from Contributing Sub-catchments
(from Table 4.1, Perunding Kota Bistari, 1996)
Table 2.6.8 Mean Annual flow rates from Contributing Sub-catchments
(from Table 3.6, Perunding Kota Bistari, 1996)
Table 2.6.9 Modelled Pollutant Input Concentrations
Table 2.6.10 Equilibrium Contaminant concentrations in the Putrajaya
Lake
Table 2.6.11 Location of Weirs in each Wetland Cells and its Normal
Water Level (NWL)
Table 2.6.12 Average Model Volume as Compared to the Survey Volume
in the As-built Plan
Table 2.6.13 Water Quality for Stream Flow and Runoff for the Model
Simulation
Table 2.6.14 Water Quality at the Primary Lake for the Model
Table 2.7.1 Nutrient uptake rates for selected crops
Table 2.7.2 Terrestrial Plants in the Upper North Wetland

xii
Table 2.7.3 Terrestrial Plants in the Upper East Wetland
Table 2.7.4 Terrestrial Plants in the Upper West Wetland
Table 2.7.5 Terrestrial Plants in the Lower East Wetland
Table 2.7.6 Fish Species introduced into the Putrajaya Lake system
Table 2.7.7 Birds species observed in the Putrajaya Lake system
Table 2.7.8 Mammal species observed in the Putrajaya Lake system
Table 2.7.9 Plant species and nutrient uptake
Table 2.7.10 Flora Species
Table 2.7.11 Aquatic Plant Species around Putrajaya
Table 2.7.12 Fish Species
Table 2.7.13 Wildlife around Putrajaya
Table 2.7.14 Avifauna
Table 3.1.1 Details of Hydrological Stations located in the vicinity of the
Study Area
Table 3.1.2a Monthly Rainfall (1981-1994)
Table 3.1.2b Monthly Rainfall (1981-1994)
Table 3.1.3 Monthly Pan Evaporation at Prang Besar (2916301) for
1981-1992
Table 3.1.4 Daily Streamflow Data at Temporary Dam for March-
November 1994 (m3/s)
Tables 3.1.5 Selected Parameter Values for NAM Model
Table 3.1.6 Error Statistics for NAM Model
Table 3.1.7 Simulated Daily Streamflow Data at Temporary Dam for
March -November 1994 (m3/s)
Table 3.1.8 Cost of Hydrological Stations
Table 3.2.1 Erosion Rate from Selected Watershed in Malaysia and
Singapore
Table 3.3.1 Hydrogeological information from piezometers and wells
Table 3.3.2 Chemistry of Groundwater in the Sungai Chuau Basin
Table 4.1 Dimensions and Conveyance of Major and Minor Open
Drains in the Putrajaya Area
Table 4.2 Drainage System Design Data for IOI Palm Garden Resort
Area
Table 4.3 Drainage System Design Data for MARDI
Table 4.4 Design considerations associated with 4 Stormwater
Management Objectives
Table 4.5 Drainage Reserves for Areas Less than 100 acres
Table 4.6 Drainage Reserves for Areas More than 100 acres
Table 4.7 Normal Operating and 1% AEP Water Levels for the
Putrajaya Lake System

xiii
Table 4.8 IOI Palm Garden Resort- Recommendation of the Weir
Length and Pond Sizes
Table 5.3.1 Existing and Proposed Landuses and Population Equivalent
(PE)
Table 5.4.1 Existing UPM Sewerage Works
Table 5.5.1 Recommended Effluent Standard for Putrajaya Lake
Catchment
Table 5.7.1 PE for Putrajaya Lake Catchment Masterplan
Table 5.8.1 Location of Effluent Monitoring
Table 5.8.2 Monthly Cost Estimates of Effluent Quality Monitoring
Programme
Table 6.1 Existing and Committed Landuse for Putrajaya Lake
Catchment (acres) outside Putrajaya
Table 6.2 Existing and Committed Landuse for UPM (within
catchment)
Table 6.3 Existing and Committed Landuse for MARDI
Table 6.4 Existing and Committed Landuse for IOI
Table 6.5 Existing and Committed Landuse for Cyberjaya
Table 6.6 Proposed Landuse Masterplan for Putrajaya Lake Catchment
(acre)
Table 6.7 Lake Catchment Landuse Masterplan - Use Class Order
Table 9.1 Indicative costs associated with the Water Quality monitoring
Program for a 3-year period
Table 9.2 Indicative costs associated with the Drainage System
Improvement works in the areas outside Putrajaya
Table 9.3 Implementation Schedule and Indicative Budget
Table 9.4 Possible Funding Sources

xiv
 List of Appendix

Appendix 1.1 The Proposed Study Scope and Study Outputs for each of
the 8 Sectoral Studies
Appendix 2.1 Putrajaya Water Quality Data as Monitored by UPM
Appendix 2.2 Putrajaya Water Quality Data for each Cell as Monitored
by UPM
Appendix 2.3 Putrajaya Water Quality Data as Monitored by UPM
Appendix 2.4 Preliminary Model Simulations
Appendix 2.5 Time Series of Concentration for the 1984-run
Appendix 2.6 Time Series of Concentration for the 1993-run
Appendix 2.7 Time Series of Concentration for the 1988-run
Appendix A Putrajaya Lake Catchment Fertilizer Use Guidelines
Appendix B Putrajaya Lake Catchment Pesticide Use Guidelines
Appendix C Putrajaya Lake Catchment Guidelines for the development
of Mini Wetlands
Appendix D Putrajaya Lake Catchment Guidelines for Development of
Riparian Management Zones (RMZ)
Appendix 5.1 Recommended Population Equivalent (PE)
Appendix 5.2 Effluent Discharge Standards to Malaysian Inland Waters
Appendix 5.3 Putrajaya Lake Ambient Water Quality Standard
Appendix 5.4 Interim National River Water Quality Standards for
Malaysia
Appendix 5.5 Comparison of Various Standards
Appendix 7.1 Information Management within Perbadanan Putrjaya
Appendix 7.2 Data Description for the Low-Level ICMS
Appendix 7.3 Database Manual for Low-Level ICMS
Appendix 7.4 Conceptual Proposal for Complete ICMS
Appendix 8.1.1 List of Legislation Relevant to the Management of the
Putrajaya Lake Catchment area
Appendix 8.1.2 Review of the Selangor Waters Management Enactment,
1999
Appendix 8.2.1 Nota Ringkas Jawatankuasa Khas Pengurusan Kawasan
Tadahan Tasik Putrajaya
Appendix 8.2.2 Members of the Putrajaya Lake Catchment Management
Technical Committee
Appendix 8.2.3 DOE’s Guideline for the Preparation of an Environmental
Management Plan (Plan, Implement, Check and Review)
Appendix 8.2.4 Terms of Reference for Sub-catchment Management
Committee

xv
Appendix 8.2.4 Terms of Reference for Stakeholders’ Consultative
Committee
Appendix 9.1 Details of Indicative Cost estimates for Water Quality
Study
Appendix 9.2 Details of Indicative Cost estimates for Hydrological Study
Appendix 9.3 Details of Indicative Cost estimates for Hydrological
Monitoring Stations
Appendix 9.4 Drainage Master Plan
Appendix 9.5 Details of Indicative Cost Estimates for Sewerage Master
Plan Study
Appendix 9.6 Details of Indicative Cost Estimates for the Data
Conversion to SiCAD and Refinement Phase of the Low-
level ICMS
Appendix 9.7 Details of Indicative Cost Estimates for the Institutional
Study

xvi
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AAR Average Annual Rainfall

AE Actual Evaporation
AEP Annual Exceedance Probability
AD Advection – Dispersion
ARI Average Recurrence Interval

BMP Best Management Practices

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

CALSITE Calibrated Simulation of Transported Erosion

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
Cr Chromium
CW Central Weir

DCIA Directly Connected Impervious Areas

DID Department of Irrigation and Drainage
DO Dissolved Oxygen
DOE Department of Environment

ED Extended Detention
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPF Employee Provident Fund
EQA Environmental Quality Act
ERL Express Rail Link
ESCP Erosion and Sediment Control Plan
ESS Electronic Submission Standards

GIO Geographical Information Officer

GIS Geographical Information System
GPT Gross Pollutant Trap
GSM Geological Survey of Malaysia
GUI Graphical User Interface

HAZOP Hazards and Operability

HD Hydrodynamics
Hg Mercury

ICMS Integrated Catchment Management System

IDF Intensity – Duration – Frequency
IMP Information Management Plan
INRWQSM Interim National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia
IOI Integrated Oxygen Industries Sdn Bhd
xvii
IPM Integrated Pest Management
ITU Information Technology Unit
IU Information Unit
IWK Indah Water Consortium

JAS Jabatan Alam Sekitar

JKR Jabatan Kerja Raya
JPBD Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa
JPN Jawatankuasa Perancangan Negeri
JPP Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembentungan
JPS Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran

KLIA Kuala Lumpur International Airport

KPP Kawasan Perbadanan Putrajaya

LE Lower East Wetland

LGA Local Government Act

MAM Mean Annual Minimum

MAR Mean Annual Rainfall
MARDI Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development
Institute
MDC Multi-media Development Corporation
MDS Majlis Daerah Sepang
MMKN Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri
Mn Manganese
MPN Majlis Pembangunan Negeri
MPSJ Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya
MS Malaysian Standard
MSC Multimedia Super Corridor

N Nitrogen
NALIS National Land Information System
NLC National Land Council
NH3 Ammonia
NPS Non-point Source
NWRS National Water Resources Study

O&G Oil and Grease

OP Dissolved Phosphorus
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act
P Phosphorus
Pb Lead

xviii
PE Population Equivalent
PLCMC Putrajaya lake Catchment Management Committee
Phosphorus Dis. Dissolved Phosphorus
Phosphorus Par. Particulate Phosphorus
PP Particulate Phosphorus
PPA Perbadanan Putrajaya Act
PTD Pejabat Tanah dan Daerah
PTG Pejabat Tanah dan Galian

R&D Research and Development

SAMM Skim Akreditasi Makmal Malaysia

SCC Stakeholders’ Consultative Committee
SDBA Street, Drainage & Building Act
SOCSO Social Security Organisation
SPS Serdang Power Station
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
SWMA Selangor Waters Management Authority
SWMAE Selangor Waters Management Authority Enactment

TCPA Town and Country Planning Act

TD Temporary Dam
TN Total Nitrogen
TNB Tenaga Nasional Berhad
TOR Terms of Reference
TP Total Phosphorus

UB Upper Bisa Wetlands

UDDS Urban Drainage Design Standard
UDG Urban Design Guidelines
UE Upper East Wetlands
UN Upper North Wetlands
UW Upper West Wetlands
UNITEN Universiti Tenaga Malaysia
UPEN Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri
UPM Universiti Putra Malaysia
URS User Request Study
USLE Universal Soil Loss Equation

WPCP Water Pollution Control Pond

WQ Water Quality
WQCMS Water Quality Catchment Management System

Zn Zinc
xix
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Study Report for the Catchment Development and

Management Plan for Putrajaya Lake (see Figure 1.1) is
contained in Volume 1- Main Report and Volume 2 -
Sectoral Reports. This Volume 2 contains the 8 sectoral
reports for this study. The detailed study for each of the
components are described in the following chapters under the
following headings:

1. Environmental Studies
2. Water Resources Studies
3. Drainage Masterplan Study
4. Sewerage Masterplan Study
5. Land-use Masterplan Study
6. Development of the Basic ICMS
7. Legislation and Institutional Studies
8. Costing , Budget and Funding

The study approach is briefly described below.

1.1 STUDY APPROACH

The scope of the study is divided into 3 parts based on the

sequence of work required to arrive at the Plan. However,
during the study they are carried out in parallel and their
outputs integrated continuously throughout. Figure 1.2 gives a
schematic illustration of the work sequence and work
components within the 3 parts as listed below:

(a) Analysis of systems

(b) Development and management plans
(c) Implementation plans

1.1.1 Analysis Of Systems

1.1.1.1 The first part of the study involves analysis of the physical and
human systems existing in the catchment. The components of
the physical system that was analysed can be grouped under
two headings. They are:

(a) Environmental Studies

(b) Water Resources Studies

1-1 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS

PHYSICAL SYSTEM HUMAN SYSTEM

Environmental Studies Legislation & Institutional Studies

1. Pollutant Sources Study 1. Legislative Study
2. Ecological Study 2. Institutional Study
3. Mini Wetlands Study
4. Water Quality Study Land-use Masterplan Study

Water Resources Studies

1. Hydrological Study
2. Erosion and Sedimentation Study
3. Geological/Hydrogeological
Study

DEVELOPMENT AND REDESIGNING THE

MANAGEMENT PLANS HUMAN SYSTEM

1. Drainage Masterplan Study 1. New Legislative & Institutional

2. Sewerage Masterplan Study Framework
3. Land-use Masterplan Study 2. Study on Stakeholder’s
4. Integrated Catchment Participation in Catchment
Management System (ICMS) Management

IMPLEMENTATION PLANS

1. Catchment Development And Management Plan

2. Budget and Implementation Schedule

Figure 1.2 A schematic illustration of the work sequence and

work components within the scope of study

1-2 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

1.1.1.2 The components of the human system that was analysed can be
grouped under two headings. They are:

(a) Legislation & Institutional Studies

(b) Land-use Masterplan Study

1.1.2 Development And Management Plans

1.1.2.1 The second part of the study involves the preparation of the
development and management plans to achieve the study
objectives based on the outputs from the first part. To facilitate
the implementation of the plans there is also a need to redesign
the human system, i.e. the institutional and legislative aspects,
based on the outputs from the analysis of the human system
from the first part of the study.

1.1.2.2 The studies to prepare the development and management plans

are as follows:

(a) Drainage Masterplan Study

(b) Sewerage Masterplan Study
(c) Land-use Masterplan Study
(d) Integrated Catchment Management System (ICMS) Study

1.1.3 Implementation Plans

1.1.3.1 The scope of work for the third part of the study involves the
integration of the results from the second part into a Catchment
Development and Management Plan. It also involves the
preparation of a budget and implementation schedule.

1.1.3.2 The detail study scope and outputs for each of the 8 sectors are
tabulated in Appendix 1.1, for ease of reference.

1-3 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 APPENDIX 1.1 - The Proposed Study Scope and Study Outputs for each of the 8 Sectoral Studies

STUDY SCOPE STUDY OUTPUTS

1.0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
1.1 Pollutant Sources Study

(a) Identification of all pollutant sources, with potential immediate and (a) A list of pollutant sources, with potential immediate and medium
medium term impacts on the Putrajaya Lake water quality, associated term impacts on the Lake water quality, associated with all current
with all current and proposed land-use within the Putrajaya Lake and proposed land-use within the catchment.
catchment. (b) A list of trace pollutants, which may have long term impact on the
(b) Identification of trace pollutants which may have long term impact on Lake water quality.
the Lake water quality. (c) A map indicating the existing and potential point and non-point
(c) Preparation of a map indicating the existing and potential point and sources of pollution in the catchment.
non-point sources of pollution in the catchment. (d) A list of recommended technical and management measures for
(d) Identification and recommendation of appropriate technical and controlling or eliminating the identified pollutant sources, including
management measures for controlling or eliminating the identified the appropriate types of fertiliser and agricultural chemicals for use
pollutant sources. in the catchment.
(e) Identification of the appropriate types of fertiliser and agricultural (e) Recommendations on the most appropriate effluent treatment or
chemicals for use in the catchment. other management measures, for the current and proposed
development, that do not meet the desired pollutant loadings and
effluent standards. (This will be prepared together with the
Sewerage Specialist)
1.2 Ecological Study

(a) An inventory of the fishes, flora and fauna existing in the current river (a) An ecological inventory map, mapping the locations in the
and water courses environment, which will be presented in the form of catchment to the list of fishes, flora and fauna existing in the current
an ecological inventory map of the river and water courses in the river and water courses environment. The map shall be
catchment. accompanied by pertinent descriptions on the ecological
(b) Descriptions on the ecological environment sustaining the inventoried environment sustaining the inventoried species and the possible
species and the possible consequences to the species arising from the consequences to the species arising from the likely changes to the

APPENDIX 1.1 1/9

 STUDY SCOPE STUDY OUTPUTS
likely changes to the river and water courses environment due to the river and water courses environment.
proposed and likely future developments in the catchment. (b) An assessment of the possible impacts on the desired ecological
(c) Assessment on the possible impacts on the desired ecological balance balance for the Lake and its associated wetlands, together with the
for the Putrajaya Lake and its associated wetlands. best management practices to sustain the desired ecological
(d) Recommendation on the Best Management Practices (BMP) required balance.
to sustain the desired ecological balance for the Putrajaya Lake and its
associated Wetlands.

1.3 Mini Wetlands Study

(a) A map showing the existing ponds in the catchment, its current usage (a) A map showing the existing ponds in the catchment, its current
and potential to be converted into a mini-wetlands, accompanied by a usage and potential to be converted into a mini-wetlands,
report describing the current state and use together with photos. accompanied by a report describing the current state and use
(b) A set of implementation guidelines, including the identification of together with photos.
suitable plants, for any ponds considered feasible to be converted into (b) A set of implementation guidelines, including the identification of
a mini wetland. (This will be prepared together with the Water Quality suitable plants, for any ponds considered feasible to be converted
Modeller and the Environmental Specialist) into a mini wetland. (This will be prepared together with the Water
Quality Modeller and the Environmental Specialist)

1.4 Water Quality Study

a) An inventory of the existing water quality at selected stations in the a) Quantitative estimate of the pollutant treatment capacity of the
river and water courses in the catchment. It will be presented in a map Wetlands and the carrying capacity of the Lake.
showing the locations of the stations and the values of the pertinent
water quality indexes.

APPENDIX 1.1 2/9

 STUDY SCOPE STUDY OUTPUTS
(b) Evaluation on the possible impacts on the functional use of the Lake (b) Quantitative estimate of the types and allowable pollutant loading,
and operations of the wetlands based on an assessment of the water including effluent standards where applicable, from all current,
quality at selected stations for the proposed and likely future land-use proposed and future developments within the catchment. The
scenarios in the catchment and the hydrological regimes arising from results shall be presented on a map of the catchment, if possible.
them. (c) A map showing the locations of the water quality stations in the
(c) A review of the proposed water quality monitoring strategy and plans catchment and the existing water quality expressed in terms of
for the Putrajaya Lake and Wetlands, with the objective of developing values of the pertinent water quality indexes.
an integrated water quality monitoring strategy and plan for the (d) An evaluation on the possible impacts on the functional use of the
Putrajaya Lake catchment. Lake and operations of the wetlands based on an assessment of the
water quality at selected stations for the proposed and likely future
land-use scenarios in the catchment.
(e) An integrated water quality monitoring strategy and plan for the
catchment

2.0 WATER RESOURCES STUDIES

2.1 Hydrological Study

(a) An assessment of the average monthly streamflows into the wetlands Estimates of average monthly streamflows for the various water-use and
and Putrajaya Lake for the current, proposed and likely future water- land-use scenarios in the catchment will be simulated for use in the Water
use and land-use scenarios in the catchment. Quality Study
(b) A monthly water-balance study of the Putrajaya Lake and wetlands,
based on the various monthly streamflow scenarios.
(c) The study will also include all hydrological aspects required to
support the evaluation of the impacts, due to the possible changes in
the hydrological regimes in the catchment, on the river and water
courses ecology in the catchment and on the water quality at selected
stations along the river and water courses in the catchment.

APPENDIX 1.1 3/9

 STUDY SCOPE STUDY OUTPUTS
2.2 Erosion and Sedimentation Analysis Study

(a) An analysis of the erosion and sedimentation potential in the An erosion and sedimentation potential map of the catchment, together
Putrajaya Lake catchment, taking into account the results arising with pertinent recommendations and guidelines for the control of erosion
from the hydrological and geological/hydrogeological studies. Its and sedimentation in the catchment.
result will be presented in the form of an erosion and sedimentation
potential map of the catchment.
(b) Preparation of recommendations and guidelines for the control of
erosion and sedimentation in the catchment.

2.3 Geological/Hydrogeological Study

(a) A classification and zoning plan of the terrain in the catchment, A classification and zoning plan of the terrain in the catchment according
according to geological/hydrogeological characteristics, together to geological/hydrogeological characteristics. The plan will be
with an analysis of the groundwater flow regimes in the catchment. accompanied by a report describing the nature of each identified
(b) Descriptions on the nature of each identified characteristics and the characteristics and the appropriate environmental and land-use
appropriate environmental and land-use management issues related management issues related to them.
to them.
(c) Provision of the geological/hydrogeological information support for
the erosion and sedimentation analysis of the catchment,
development of the integrated drainage and sewerage masterplans for
the catchment, hydrological analysis of the catchment and the land-
use zoning of the catchment.

4.0 DRAINAGE MASTERPLAN STUDY

(a) Develop an integrated Putrajaya Lake Catchment Drainage Masterplan. (a) An integrated Drainage Masterplan for the catchment, showing the
The scope of the development shall involve a review of the Kawasan locations of all gross pollutant traps and green-belt zones.
Putrajaya Drainage Masterplan and the current and proposed drainage (b) Pertinent drainage planning and design guidelines.
plans (if any) for the areas outside of it (that are within the Putrajaya
Lake catchment), with the objective of integrating the drainage plans to

APPENDIX 1.1 4/9

 STUDY SCOPE STUDY OUTPUTS
the Kawasan Putrajaya Drainage Masterplan.
(b) The Drainage Masterplan should provide a strategy for the drainage
development within the Putrajaya Lake catchment.
(c) It should include the identification of the locations of all gross pollutant
traps and green-belt zones.
(d) The plan shall be accompanied by all pertinent planning and design
guidelines.

5.0 SEWERAGE MASTERPLAN STUDY

(a) Develop an integrated Putrajaya Lake Catchment Sewerage Masterplan. (a) An integrated Sewerage Masterplan for the catchment.
The scope of the development shall involve a review of the Kawasan (b) All pertinent planning and design guidelines.
Putrajaya Sewerage Masterplan and the current and proposed sewerage (c) A design guide for the treatment facility to treat the sewage effluent
plans (if any) for the areas outside of it (that are within the Putrajaya to the required standard.
Lake catchment), with the objective of integrating the sewerage plans to (d) A sewage effluent monitoring program.
the Kawasan Putrajaya Sewerage Masterplan.
(b) The Sewerage Masterplan should provide a strategy for the sewerage
development within the Putrajaya Lake catchment.
(c) The plan should be accompanied by all pertinent planning and design
guidelines.
(d) A design guide for the treatment facility to treat the sewage effluent to
the required standard shall be provided.
(e) An appropriate sewage effluent monitoring program together with a
budget for its implementation shall be provided.

6.0 LAND-USE MASTERPLAN STUDY

Existing Land-use Study (a) An integrated Land-use Masterplan for the catchment, comprising
(a) Identification of land-use zonings and their associated restrictions. It of a Zoning Plan and a Concept Plan.
will include any changes on the zonings according to certain time (b) A set of land-use control guidelines, comprising of a Planning
frames, if any. Standard, Land-use Classification and Sketches & Illustrations, for
(b) Compilation and review of developments that are being planned, all proposed and future developments in the catchment.

APPENDIX 1.1 5/9

 STUDY SCOPE STUDY OUTPUTS
submitted for planning approval, approved and under development in
the catchment.
(c) Evaluation, together with the other pertinent specialists, the existing
land use and their physical characteristics, in relation to the subsequent
development of the land-use masterplan for the catchment.

Land-use Masterplan Study

(a) Develop an integrated Land-use Masterplan for the Putrajaya Lake
catchment. It shall involve a review of the Kawasan Putrajaya Land-
use Masterplan and the current and proposed land-use plans (if any) for
the areas outside of it (that are within the Putrajaya Lake catchment),
with the objective of integrating the land-use plans to the Kawasan
Putrajaya Land-use Masterplan.
(b) A systematic technical analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of
the possible land-use options, taking into account the results,
recommended management measures and requirements specified by
the respective specialists will be carried out.
(c) Preparation of pertinent guidelines and development conditions for all
proposed and future developments in the Putrajaya Lake catchment.

7.0 INTEGRATED CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

(a) Information Management Study - To review the information needs • A basic Integrated Catchment Management System, comprising of a
of the stakeholders and to list the information requirements for GIS and pertinent information database.
decision-making.
(b) The Integrated Catchment Management System - To design a basic
integrated catchment management system which includes relevant
project data and database of critical information and for the proposed
environmental monitoring plans.

APPENDIX 1.1 6/9

 STUDY SCOPE STUDY OUTPUTS
(c) Technology transfer – Transfer and integrate the basic ICMS into the
existing Perbadanan Putrajaya GIS/MIS and training of client’s
personnel.

8.0 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGISLATION STUDIES

8.1 Institutional Study

(a) Existing Institutional Framework Study (a) A Catchment Management Statement Policy of Putrajaya.
A systematic review of the existing institutional arrangement/set-up (b) A report on the existing institutional arrangement/set-up in the
and administrative framework in the catchment will be carried out. It catchment.
shall involve the mapping of the organisational structure, (c) Recommendation on the most appropriate institutional
responsibilities and interfacing between them, for the control of arrangement/set-up for the implementation of the developed Plan.
development in the catchment. (d) A set of strategies for participatory management of the Putrajaya
Lake Catchment.
(b) New Institutional Framework Study
A study to develop and recommend the most effective and appropriate
new institutional/administrative arrangement/set-up to implement the
developed Catchment Development and Management Plan for
Putrajaya Lake will be carried out. It shall involve the identification of
all legislative and administrative amendments, to put into effect the
new institutional/administrative arrangement or set-up. It shall be
based upon the implementation, monitoring and development control
requirements recommended by the various specialists in the project
team and shall be developed jointly by the project team.

(c) Study on Stakeholder’s Participation in Catchment Management

A study to define the strategies for engaging the current and future
catchment stakeholder’s participation for sustainable management of
the catchment.

APPENDIX 1.1 7/9

 STUDY SCOPE STUDY OUTPUTS
8.2 Legislation Study

(a) To identify and review present legislation involving catchment (a) Review of existing legislation at the State and local level. This review
management issues. Specifically this will involve the review of specific will be made available at the Preliminary Report Stage;
legislation related to the management, regulation and control of water (b) Recommendations on changes, if any, to existing legislation will be
resources, land, municipalities and town and country planning. It will made in the Interim Report;
also require a review of legislation that regulates and impinges on various (c) An identification, in the Interim Report, will be made of the most
activities such as pollution, mining, siltation, forestry, management of appropriate legislation that may be used as a vehicle to formulate
water resources, sewerage, drainage, farming, and recreational activities; subsidiary rules to enable the implementation of the various
(b) Interface with the various consultants on the legal basis for the recommendations made in this Study;
implementation of various methods proposed to be adopted to enable (d) Draft amendments, if any, to existing legislation provided such
effective management of the catchment area. Given the scenario where amendments are minor involving not more than one statute and, in the
there are quite a number of stakeholders involved the Legislation opinion of the legislation specialist, the work involved may be
consultant will have to work very closely with the institutional expert; accommodated within the present time frame allocated to the legislation
(c) Make recommendations on any appropriate changes to existing legislation specialist. Such drafts shall be submitted in the Draft Final Report;
and propose the formulation of new legislation, if any, for the effective (e) Recommendations, in the Draft Final Report, pertaining to the
management and control of activities in the catchment area including formulation of new legislation; and
enabling the various recommendations of this Study to be implemented; (f) A TOR for the formulation of such new legislation including major
and changes to existing legislation.
(d) Liaise with the Perbadanan and other authorities on all legal issues
pertaining to the effective management of the catchment area.

APPENDIX 1.1 8/9

 STUDY SCOPE STUDY OUTPUTS
9.0 IMPLEMENTATION PLANS

Catchment Development and Management Plan

(a) Integration of all the requirements of the masterplans developed in the (a) A Catchment Development and Management Plan.
study together with the guidelines and management measures, (b) An indicative costing of the proposed management measures, an
recommended by each of the specialists in the study team, which shall implementation budget for the Plan together with a list of the
culminate in a number of development control checklists. possible funding options.
(b) Identification of the organisations and their officers who shall be (c) An implementation schedule for the Plan.
responsible for the development control in the catchment, analysing
their existing development control procedures and recommending
changes, where necessary, to integrate the use of the checklists into the
procedures.

Budget and Implementation Schedule

(a) Provide indicative costing of the proposed management measures to
support the project team’s decision on the most effective Catchment
Development and Management Plan for Putrajaya Lake.
(b) Prepare a master implementation schedule and an overall
implementation budget.
(c) Evaluation of possible funding options for the implementation of the
recommendations arising from the study.

APPENDIX 1.1 9/9

 CHAPTER 2

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

2.1 OBJECTIVE

2.1.1 The major concern for the Putrajaya Lake system is that
catchment development, particularly outside the Kawasan
Putrajaya, may compromise the Lake water quality. This is
because although development within the Putrajaya area may be
administered to take into consideration the impact on the Lake
water quality, current requirements applicable elsewhere may be
inadequate for the purpose.

2.1.2 The purpose of the environmental studies, therefore, is

• to assess the impact of the current and future catchment

landuse and activities on the Lake environment (Section
2.5).;
• to identify the current and future point and non-point
pollutant sources of potential immediate and medium term
impact, and trace pollutants of potential long term impact
(Section 2.6);
• to describe the current ecological setting of the existing
ponds and wetlands in the catchment and assess the effect
of pollutant inflow on the wetlands (Section 2.7);
• to evaluate the capacity of the wetlands system developed
to treat the non-point pollutants (Section 2.8);

2.1.3 Based on the above findings, the following recommendations are

to be made:

• the pollutant loadings for all current, and future

developments within the catchment and the desired loadings
and effluent standards (Section 2.8);
• the management measures to mitigate and minimise the
pollutant loadings into the Lake from the catchment area
through the development of softscapes (Section 2.9,
Appendix D);
• the appropriate effluent treatment, for the current and
proposed development, that do not meet the desired
pollutant loadings and effluent standards (Section 2.9.1);

2-1 T9903/DOC/013
 • the best management practices to sustain the desired
ecological balance in the constructed wetlands (Section
2.9.2, Appendix C);
• the existing ponds in the catchment with potential to be
converted into a mini-wetlands and the implementation
guidelines (Section 2.9.2, Appendix C);
• the best management practices for pesticide and fertilizer
use in the catchment (Section 2.9.2, Appendix A, B);
• the water quality monitoring programme to be carried out
(Section 2.10.2).

2.2 THE PHYSICAL SETTING

2.2.1 The Putrajaya Lake is formed by the impoundment of the Sg

Chuau, through the

• the Sg Chuau river valley,

• capture of the upper section of Sg Limau Manis, and
• creation of a connecting channel between the captured Sg
Limau Manis and the Sg Chuau river valley.

2.2.2 The catchment area of the Sg Chuau river up to the dam is 50.5
km2, while for the captured portion of the Sg Limau Manis the
catchment is approximately 1.5 km2 (Table 2.2.1). There are
eight major sub-catchments:

• Upper-North,
• Upper-West,
• Upper-East,
• Lower-East,
• Bisa,
• Central,
• Lower, and
• Limau Manis.

2.2.3 The surrounding land varies between 8 m to 152 m LSD, giving

an undulating terrain over the catchment area. Steep uplands
occur in the upper northwest and the east sector of the catchment
with hills occurring in the northeast, west, and central sector.

2-2 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.2.1 Catchment area of the Putrajaya Lake

Sub- Area, % Landowners Current Landuse

Catchment km2 Total (in
Lake importance)
Upper North 12.4 23.1 UPM, Agricultural,
(Sg Chuau) MARDI, Institutional,
PPJ, Residential, Parks,
IOI Golf course,
Commercial, Health
facility
Upper West 6.2 11.5 MARDI, Agriculture, Power
(Sg Kuyoh) PPJ, station, Parks,
TNB Residential
Upper East 4.2 7.8 PPJ, Residential, Parks,
UNITEN, Government,
West Country Institutional,
Commercial
Lower East 1.7 3.2 PPJ Residential, Parks,
Government,
Central 7.1 13.2 PPJ Residential, Health
(Sg Chuau) facility, Parks
Upper Bisa 5.9 11.0 PPJ Residential, Parks,
(Sg Bisa) Government,
Commercial
Lower 14.7 27.4 PPJ, Residential,
(Sg Chuau) Cyberjaya Commercial,
Government,
Total 52.2 97.2
Sg Chuau
Captured approx 2.8 PPJ Residential,
Limau Manis 1.5 Government
Total 53.7 100.0
Lake

2-3 T9903/DOC/013
2.3 LANDUSE SETTING

2.3.1 The catchment area of the Putrajaya Lake lies within the
administrative jurisdiction of the Majlis Daerah Sepang, Majlis
Perbandaran Subang Jaya and Perbandanan Putrajaya.

2.3.2 Prior to the development of the Kawasan Putrajaya, the

catchment area was primarily under oil palm plantation in the
central portion with institutional and R&D development in the
northern portion owned by MARDI and UPM. A power station
is located in a small portion of the mid Upper-West sub-
catchment.

2.3.3 The lower three-quarters of the catchment area are now being
developed for the Federal Administrative Centre and associated
commercial and residential premises. In addition, residential
and golf course development has and is being undertaken in the
lower Upper-North sub-catchment (by IOI) and mid Upper-East
sub-catchment (by West Country).

2.3.4 The upper catchment areas are relatively undeveloped at present

with experimental or non-intensive agricultural activities being
carried out over the whole of the Upper-West sub-catchment
and most of the upper portion of Upper-North sub-catchment.
Only minor institutional facilities lie within the upper catchment
areas. There is also a 9-hole golf course and a health centre
within UPM. There are, however, several residential (hostel)
premises within the Upper-North sub-catchment. These are
expected to accommodate approximately 10,000 students in
UPM.

2.3.5 Among the stakeholders,

1. MARDI plans to develop their land into a green lung with

experimental incubator centres;

2. UPM plans to develop offices, sports complex, mixed

housing, and a medical faculty building including a
hospital;

3. IOI may be considered to have fully developed their land;

2-4 T9903/DOC/013
 4. West Country is in the planning stage to develop low-
density (approximately 2 lots/acre) residential properties;

5. TNB has completed their development;

6. UNITEN plans to develop institutional facilities;

7. Cyberjaya plans to have commercial and residential

development;

8. Sungai Merab area is under individual ownership and

there may be plans by each owner to develop their own
property.

2.4 POLLUTANT INPUT SOURCES

2.4.1 Landuse and Pollution Potential

2.4.1.1 Pollution Potential Concept

(1) Pollutant input sources may enter the lake system from within
or outside the Putrajaya Administrative Area. The designation
of pollutant input sources may be based on landuse. This is
because land use alters the drainage characteristics of the land
and the activities carried out result in new pollutants being
discharged.

(2) The greater the extent of urbanization the greater the change in
drainage characteristics. Normally the amount of runoff and the
speed of flow of runoff will increase. This reduces infiltration
and retention of water over the ground. As retention time is
reduced and flow increases, the pollution carrying capacity is
increased.

(3) Thus to reduce the impact of urbanization of the land,

• the amount of runoff needs to be reduced,

• runoff flow speeds needs to be reduced, and
• water needs to be retained on the land surface as long
as possible.

(4) There are many structural and non-structural methods to

achieve this. One example is by the utilisation of detention

2-5 T9903/DOC/013
 ponds. A guideline by the Drainage and Irrigation Department
is that 3% to 5% of the total land area should be allocated for
use as flood detention ponds.

(5) In addition to drainage changes, the type of activity carried out

also affects pollutant inputs. The more intense the level of
activity, the greater the possibility of pollutants being
discharged. Different activities are associated with different
types of pollutants. Some are natural pollutants which will
degrade in the environment, such as organic wastes. Others may
persist for long periods of time (some pesticides) or accumulate
(heavy metals).

2.4.1.2 Pollutant Loadings

(1) Pollutant loadings in a catchment may be approached in two

ways. The first is to consider that landuse may be regarded as a
direct indicator of amount of pollutant released annually. Such
values are given in weight or mass per unit area per year. The
second approach is to estimate the concentration of the pollutant
which is discharged out of the catchment. Either method is an
approximation of the actual load because factors such as
distance to receiver, land management measures, dilution
effects, slope, etc are not taken into account. More
sophisticated model are currently being developed using a
combination of techniques, of hydraulics, hydrology,
concentration measurements and topography in order to assess
the pollutant loading. Many of the results of such estimates and
calibration are site specific because of the many variables
involved. In Malaysia, pollutant loading studies have primarily
been on sediment loss through land clearing or disturbance.

(2) For this study, some information has been gathered on data used
for temperate conditions (Table 2.4.1 and 2.4.2). The pollutant
loading values previously calculated by Angkasa GHD (1996) for
the Drainage Masterplan was also based on data calibrated for
urban catchment in Australia (see Table 2.4.3).

2-6 T9903/DOC/013
Table 2.4.1 Estimated Annual Nutrient Loadings for Chesapeake
Bay Watershed Model. N=Nitrogen, P=Phosphorous.
Chesapeake Bay Program Office, June 1996.

Federal Lands Developed Forest park Total

Acres 12,661 3,091 15,752
N lb/Acre 7.76 2.53
Total N, lb 98,249 7,820 106,069
P lb/Acre 0.623 0.032
Total P, lb 7,888 99 7,987

2.4.2 Point and Non-point Pollutant Sources

2.4.2.1 Different landuse types may also be used to identify the type of
pollution source which may be expected as point or non-point
sources.

2.4.2.2 Point sources may be easily identified to be those sources

where

• there is a defined wastewater discharge point such as a

pipe or channel, or
• where air is emitted from a defined point or building, or
• from where solid wastes can be collected from an defined
point.

2.4.2.3 Point source pollution usually can be identified to come from

commercial or industrial and sewage treatment plants, including
houses or individual buildings.

2.4.2.4 Non-point source (NPS) pollution comes from many diffuse

sources. It may be due to rainfall and the subsequent runoff
moving over and through the ground. As the water moves along,
it dissolves and carries away natural and man-made pollutants,
depositing them into lakes, rivers, wetlands, and the ground
water. Non-point source pollution can be an important factor for
water quality deterioration since they can occur from large areas
of land.

2-7 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.4.2 Average Urban Stormwater Pollutant Loads
(lbs./Year) in Bayfield, Wisconsin, USA. (Wisconsin
Division of Natural Resources, Bureau of Watershed
Management , April 1997)

Residential Commercial Industrial Institutional Open / Total

150.09 ac 54.59 ac 9.45 ac 42.75 ac Forest
14.59 ac

Solids 60036 103721 16537.5 27787.5 671.14 208753.1

Phosphorus 48.03 68.24 7.09 11.37 2.19 136.91

Ammonia 72.04 27.84 7.75 28.64 3.50 139.78

N02+N03 139.58 52.95 14.74 55.15 6.71 269.14

TKN 579.35 220 61.43 228.71 27.87 1117.35

BOD 5664.40 2150.3 599.98 2235.83 262.62 10913.12

COD 42558 16154.8 4507.5 16797.8 2042.6 82060.7

Chlorides 4549.23 1726.68 481.76 1795.50 204.26 8757.43

Sulfates 2640.08 1001.73 279.63 1041.82 116.72 5079.97

Magnesium 1523.41 578.65 161.41 601.49 0 2864.97

Silver 0.15 0.055 0.019 0.043 0 0.266

Lead 15 131 11.8 4.7 0 162.5

Copper 1.5 3.28 0.51 1.28 0 6.57

Zinc 36.02 61.14 9.92 6.41 0 113.50

Total PAH's 3 1.6 .4 1.6 0 6.7

2-8 T9903/DOC/013
Table 2.4.3 Putrajaya Modelled Future Pollutant Loads (Putrajaya
Drainage Masterplan, 1996)

Water Quality Lake Wetland Offsite

Parameter

t/a mg/L t/a mg/L t/a mg/L

Government Precinct
Suspended 1260 231 300 173 - -
Solids
Total 2.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 - -
Phosphorus
Total Nitrogen 8.1 1.5 3.2 1.8 - -
CBD Precinct
Suspended 1000 155 - - - -
Solids
Total 2.4 0.4 - - - -
Phosphorus
Total Nitrogen 10 1.6 - - - -
Residential Precinct
Suspended 1870 124 330 135 1850 160
Solids
Total 4.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 4.4 0.4
Phosphorus
Total Nitrogen 18.2 1.2 3.7 1.5 20.9 1.8
Sport &
Recreation
Precinct.
Suspended 430 148 - - 340 146
Solids
Total 1 0.3 - - 0.8 0.3
Phosphorus
Total Nitrogen 4.2 1.4 - - 3 1.3

2.4.2.5 The pollutants involved include:

1. excess fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides from

agricultural lands, parks, and residential areas;
2. oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from urban runoff and
energy production;

2-9 T9903/DOC/013
 3. sediment from improperly managed construction sites,
crop and forest lands, and eroding stream banks;
4. bacteria, viruses, and nutrients from livestock, wildlife,
pet wastes, and combined sewerage systems;
5. pollutants from atmospheric deposition; and
6. modification of drainage systems.

2.4.2.6 Reduction and prevention of non-point source pollution include

land management to reduce soil erosion by such methods as
zoning or erosion control regulations, and the establishment of
vegetated buffer zones.

2.4.2.7 Within the Putrajaya catchment boundary, the non-point sources

may be given generally into the following four landuse types:

1. Green areas:
Open spaces - Vegetated parks, experimental
farms, orchards, pavements, golf courses;

2. Building areas:
Offices - offices, institutional buildings,
commercial businesses, health clinics;
Medical/Chemical Centres - hospitals, laboratories;
Residences - houses, flats, hostels;

3. Infrastructure:
Transport - roads, highways, and bridges
Drainage System - channels, streams, riparian
areas, dams

4. Water bodies:
Impounded Water - Lake, wetlands, retention
ponds, riparian pools, buffer strips

5. Marinas - boats, jetties

2.4.2.1 Sources within Kawasan Putrajaya

(a) Landuse and Pollutants

(1) Point and non-point sources are identified within Putrajaya

based on the landuse types (Table 2.4.4).

(2) In the Putrajaya Urban Design Guide Plan, 46 different land use

2-10 T9903/DOC/013
 classes (Table 2.4.5) are identified. These may be grouped
under the four landuse types and their pollution potential
assessed. The pollution potential is based on a qualitative
assessment of
• the possible intensity of use by people,
• the likelihood of ground disturbance or sediment
introduction,
• the possibility of transitory pollutant sources (e.g. cars)
being in the area, and
• the nature of materials and substances to be used in the
area.

(3) Within Kawasan Putrajaya all interior building discharges are

directed into a central sewage treatment system which
discharges out of the catchment area. Therefore, sewage and
most greywater does not present a problem in Kawasan
Putrajaya.

(4) However, open areas such as residential gardens, car parks,

roads, park areas, and the promenade, are not expected to be
connected to the central system and these, therefore, are
possible sources of pollution. The size and proximity of these
areas to the lake will affect their possible impact on the Lake
System.

(5) In addition, the presence of animals, whether pets, livestock, or

wildlife, and their untreated wastes, can also introduce nutrients,
and bacteria into the water bodies.

2-11 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.4.4 Landuse as a Pollutant Source

Landuse Type Pollutants Introduced

Nutrients Organics Sediment Metals
Green areas
parks, promenade P, N pesticide, sediment, metals in
herbicide, litter fertilizer,
O&G sediment
Building areas
Offices P, N, BOD O&G sediment, metals in
Institutional buildings, litter sediment
commercial businesses,
car parks
Medical/ Chemical P, clinical clinical
Centres BOD wastes wastes
Hospitals, laboratories
Residences P, N, BOD pesticide, litter
houses, flats, hostels herbicide,
O&G
Infrastructure
Transport Lines herbicide, sediment, metals in
roads, highways, and O&G litter sediment
bridges, reserves
Drainage System transports P, transports transports transports
Channels, streams, N pesticide, sediment, metals
retention ponds, dams herbicide, litter
O&G
Water bodies
lake, wetlands, ponds, NH3 stores stores stores metals
riparian areas stores P pesticide, sediment
herbicide
Marinas
Boats P O&G litter metals in
paint

2-12 T9903/DOC/013
Table 2.4.5 Landuse Type and Pollution Potential in Putrajaya
LanduseType Pollution Potential
Low Medium High
GREEN AREAS
Cemetery x
Metropolitan Parks x
Urban Parks x
City Parks x
Residential Pocket Parks x
BUILDINGS
Offices
Government Use x
Commercial x
Neighbourhood Commercial x
Mixed Use x
Civic and Cultural x
Public School Complex x
Special School Complex x
Postal x
Police x
Fire Brigade x
Mosque x
Other religious x
Library x
Public Facilities x
Information Centre x
Putrajaya Service Centre x
Service Industry x
Bus Depot x
Sports and Recreation x
Water Reservoir/Treatment Plant x
Waste Water Facility x
Solid Waste Facility x
Substation x
Gas Supply Facility x
Utility Building x
Medical/Chemical Centres
Health Facilities x
(Laboratory) x
Residential
Residential x
INFRASTRUCTURE
Transport lines
TNB Reserve x
Telecommunication Facility x
Radio Site x
Gas Pipeline Reserve x
District Cooling x
Transportation Hub x
LRT Line/Station x
Park and Ride Station x
Road Reserve x
Road Buffers x
Drainage system
(Riparian buffer) x
(Drainage reserve) x

2-13 T9903/DOC/013
 LanduseType Pollution Potential
(Detention ponds) x
WATER BODIES
Promenade x
(Riparian parks adjoining Lake) x
Wetlands x
Lake/Water body x
MARINAS
(Marinas) x

(6) The more important aspects of landuse and associated activities

in Putrajaya are:

a) the presence of buildings and associated impermeable

surfaces, allowing higher runoff and lowered retention
over the ground;

b) large green areas for public parks which may be potential

sources of fertilizers and pesticides, if uncontrolled;

c) the location of bridges and roadways close to the open

water, which may be sources of oil and grease, sediment
and associated metals, and litter;

d) boating activity which will be sources of oil and grease,

metals and toxic paints;

e) the development of the lake edge within 30 m of the

shoreline in a manner which may not act to reduce runoff
flow velocities or trap materials carried by runoff.

(7) The most important pollutants of concern which may be linked

to landuse practices and activities are, in order, sediments,
phosphorus, nitrogen, organic solvents, such as oil and grease,
and agricides.

(b) Construction Sites

(1) Construction sites are important sources of sediment into the

waterways and Lake system. Improperly planned and managed
land clearing activities expose soil to natural forces of wind and
rain, allowing the surface soil to be transported as dust or
suspended and bedload sediment. It is therefore extremely
important to ensure adequate soil erosion control measures,

2-14 T9903/DOC/013
 proper drainage of the construction site, and correct placement
of silt traps.

(2) In the Putrajaya Lake Management Guide several measures

were proposed and are also relevant and should be applied also
to areas outside of Putrajaya to protect waterways leading into
the Lake and wetlands.

(3) The measures are:

• implementing infiltration design measures and green
corridors along waterways (Appendix D);
• installation of rubbish and pollutant trapping structures along
the stormwater drainage system;
• creation of riparian systems along water courses;
• creation of grassed swales around the lake perimeter at
grassed areas, and infiltration drains in constructed areas.

(4) The following measures are to be taken during construction

activities:

• To protect the lake quality, during construction phase it is

important to ensure only necessary and for immediate need
earthworks are carried out. Earthworks should only be
prepared for projects within 6 months of expected use for
construction;
• Silt traps are to be sized, based on the daily rainfall record at
Putrajaya Catchment, to the one in five-year rainfall or
greater;
• Silt trap maintenance operation is to be regularly scheduled;
• A radius of 100m grassed/ forested buffer strip between any
portion of the dammed part of the lake and any other project
development earthworks is to be maintained;
• This grassed/ forested strip may subsequently be developed
for individual projects. If grassed, the grass should be long,
or deep layer of cover crop. The purpose is for increased
surface roughness and retard overload flow velocities,
thereby encouraging sedimentation.
• Within the 100m grassed/ forested strip surrounding the lake,
the maximum area of earthworks which is to be carried out
at any one time should not exceed 0.5ha within a 1km
distance;

2-15 T9903/DOC/013
(5) In addition,
• A minimum radius of 3m grassed/ turfed strip from any
drainage channel leading to silt traps, 8m for natural
streams, and any project development earthworks is to be
maintained. Not more than 50m distance next to the
stream/ drain cleared/ worked at any one time. The
cleared earth should be turfed/ grassed over before
another 50m is cleared/ worked.

(6) Reference may be made to the Erosion Control Guidelines of

DOE, the Urban Design Guidelines, and the Drainage Design
Masterplan for Putrajaya.

(7) The soil erosion potential for the Putrajaya Catchment has been
defined and discussed in Section 3.2 in Volume 2 of the Main
Report. They should be referred to especially for construction
and earth clearing activities. Greater care would need to be
taken in the high erosion potential areas.

(8) Perbadanan’s experience has shown that there is extreme

difficulty in ensuring that all silt trap and drainage designs for
construction sites are adequate to prevent sediments entering the
waterways. In this respect, it is recommended that a new
“Erosion and Sediment Control By Law” be enacted by the
Perbadanan Putrajaya and Majlis Daerah Sepang. The
recommended By-Laws needs to be supported by a new manual
detailing procedures, work order, and design standards for
erosion and sediment control. The manual should detail the
specifications and design or erosion and sediment control
measures and works.

(c) Phosphorus

(1) As far as lake health is concerned, the most important chemical

parameter of concern is phosphorus. Phosphorus is one nutrient
essential for plant growth. Another nutrient is Nitrogen. In the
natural environment, nitrogen concentrations are normally in
abundance while phosphorus concentrations are usually very
low.

(2) Phosphorus in natural waters may be divided into several forms.

The description given below is taken from Chapra (1997). One

2-16 T9903/DOC/013
 method of dividing the different forms of Phosphorus is related
to the analytical methods available. Figure 2.4.1 shows the
relationship between the different forms.

Nonparticulate Particulate
unavailable Organic P
Organic P

Organic

Inorganic
Available
Inorganic P
(SRP) Nonparticulate Particulate
unavailable Inorganic P
Inorganic P

Available Unavailable
Nonparticulate Particulate

Figure 2.4.1 Different forms of phosphorus found in

natural waters. (The main forms contributing
to the plant life cycle is indicated in bold lines).

(3) The Total Phosphorus analysis measurement is widely used to

assess euthrophication. It gives a measure of all available
Phosphorus which might be available for plant growth in future.
However, for measuring present plant growth the measure of
the SRP or available dissolved P, is a more meaningful
measure. It is therefore recommended that for assessing long
term euthrophication potential, the Total Phosphorus measure
be used but that for the existing status of plant growth potential,
then the available dissolved phosphorus be measured.

2-17 T9903/DOC/013
 from Chapra 1997.

Soluble reactive Phosphorus (SRP). Also called orthophosphate or

soluble inorganic P, this is the form that is readily available to plants.
It consists of the species H2PO4-, HPO42- and PO43-.

Particulate organic P. This form mainly consists of living plants,

animals, and bacteria as well as organic detritus.

Nonparticulate organic P. These are dissolved or colloidal

compounds containing phosphorus. Their primary origin is the
decomposition of particulate organic P.

Particulate inorganic P. This category consists of phosphate

minerals (e.g. on clays), and phosphate complexed with solid matter.
This group includes condensed phosphates such as those found in
detergents.

The distinction between particulate and non particulate forms is

made so that the former can selectively be removed (from the
analysis) by setting. The division of available phosphorus from the
other species is made because it is the only form that is directly
available for plant growth. It should be understood that the other
forms are not absolutely “unavailable”. Rather, they must first be
converted to SRP before they can be consumed by plants.

(4) Thus Phosphorus is usually regarded as a limiting factor to

growth. When Phosphorus levels are high it leads to increased
plant growth. It is therefore of paramount importance to
prevent the inflow of phosphorus into the system. In this
respect, the sources of phosphorus in the catchment may be
given to point sources and non point sources. The point sources
are from sewage treatment systems and the non point sources
are from land use activities, such as the use of fertilizers, land
development and drainage system changes, and from soil
erosion.

(5) Point sources inputs are dealt with in the Sewage Master Plan
section of the Main Report while non point sources are dealt
with in this study. Recommendations are made on controlling
non point source pollutants through the establishment of buffer
zones and through issuance of guidelines on fertilizer use in the
catchment.

2-18 T9903/DOC/013
 (d) Trace Pollutants

(1) Most of the pollutants mentioned above are formed of natural

compound readily found in the environment, thus they will
degrade in time, such as organic wastes. Other pollutants,
although also naturally occurring may persist for long periods of
time (organic compounds such as in pesticides, solvents) or
accumulate (heavy metals). These are usually present in very
low concentrations, ppb and ppm levels, are usually
complicated to measure and usually cause toxic effects. These
pollutants may be regarded as trace pollutants which need to be
monitored because the Lake system functions as a sink for them
to accumulate in. As they are normally in very low
concentrations, however, their accumulation to produce toxic
effects normally occur over a period of tens of years rather than
months. Therefore they need only be monitored every year or
twice a year at most. The trace pollutants include but are not
limited to the list in Table 2.4.6.

(e) Accidental Spillages

(1) Pollutants may also enter the Lake system through accidental
spillages of oil or chemicals from the promenade or, more
importantly, from roads and bridges crossing the Lake and
Wetlands. In such a case an Emergency Response Plan, ERP,
will need to be initiated to reduce the amount of pollutant
entering the water, to contain the spillage already in the water,
and to recover or neutralise the pollutant spill in the water.

(2) The formulation, control, and command of the ERP must be

coordinated among the Lake and Wetland Management Unit,
the Environment Unit, the Marine Police, the Fire Department
as well as the Traffic Police and the road, bridge, or highway
Operator. The participation of the pollutant owner is of course
necessary in the implementation of the Plan.

(3) In order to reduce such likelihood of spills entering the

wetlands, however, road or bridge side containment vessels or
channels should be incorporated into the design of the utility.

2-19 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.4.6 Possible Trace Pollutants in Putrajaya Lake

Trace Pollutant Unit Putrajaya Ambient Lake

Water Quality Standards
Metals
Aluminium mg/l <0.05 if pH<6.5*
<0.1 if pH>6.5
Arsenic mg/l 0.05
Antimony mg/l 0.03
Beryllium mg/l 0.004
Cadmium mg/l 0.002
Chromium, Total mg/l 0.05
Copper mg/l 0.02
Cyanide mg/l 0.02
Lead mg/l 0.05
Mercury mg/l 0.0001
Nickel mg/l 0.02
Selenium mg/l 0.01
Silver mg/l 0.05
Radioactivity
Gross-alpha Bq/l 0.1
Gross-Beta Bq/l 1
Radium-226 Bq/l <0.1
Strontium-90 Bq/l <1
Organics
Carbon Chloroform extract ug/l 500
MBAS/BAS ug/l 500
PCB ug/l 0.1
Phenol ug/l 10
Aldrin/Dieldrin ug/l 0.02
BHC ug/l 2
Chlordane ug/l 0.08
t-DDT ug/l 0.1
Endosulfan ug/l 10
Heptachlor/Epoxide ug/l 0.05
Lindane ug/l 2
2,4-D ug/l 70
2,4,5-T ug/l 10
2,4,5-TP ug/l 4
Paraquat ug/l 10

2-20 T9903/DOC/013
2.4.2.2 Sources From Outside Kawasan Putrajaya
(1) Pollutant sources from outside the Putrajaya area also can be
classified in the same manner as for Putrajaya. Table 2.4.7
shows the pollution potential associated with the current
landuse.

(2) Within the upper catchments of Upper-West and Upper-North,

much of the land is covered with grass or under tree-cover, with
orchards, rubber trees and small experimental plots. There is a
nine-hole golf-course in UPM. There are no major drainage
works and the small streams have slight to moderate vegetation
growth within them, which act as filters and absorbers of
nutrients, organics, and sediment which are carried by the
streamflow. The major pollutant input from such areas is of
non-point sources and are nutrients and organics..

(3) There are few buildings in the smaller Upper-West sub-

catchment. These are served by septic tank systems. The
Upper-North Catchment is larger and more developed. There
are several hostels in UPM and these are on individual
treatment systems. In the middle section of the catchment, there
are residential developments with individual treatment systems,
and a golf course. There are also new residential developments
being proposed by West Country. All the treatment systems for
the developments are point sources (Table 2.4.8). The details
on the systems are presented in Chapter 5. There is a possibility
that some of the discharges will be pumped out of the
catchment. The major pollutants are organic wastes,
phosphorus, and bacteria. The golf course is a non-point source
of nutrients and pesticides.

(4) In the Upper-East sub-catchment, UNITEN is likely to develop

the land for institutional facilities. Any buildings with treatment
systems will be point sources.

(5) In the Lower sub-catchment, the proposed developments of

Cyberjaya will result in point source pollutants from the
treatment system. It is possible that the discharge will be
pumped out of the catchment, however.

2-21 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.4.7 Landuse and Pollution Potential from External Sources

LAKE CATCHMENT UPM MARDI IOI TNB WEST CYBER SUNGAI UNITEN TOTAL Pollution Potential
AREA (Acre) % % % % COUNTRY JAYA MERAB % %
% % % Low Medium High
GREEN AREAS
Open space/Fields 20.06 3.33 2.61 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 12.28 x
Golf Course 17.83 0.00 97.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.63 x
Farms 20.45 58.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.26 x
Orchards 41.66 38.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.74 x
Others 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 100.00 22.09 x
% of Total 75.26 76.37 42.59 87.02 100.00 19.32 100.00 100.00 67.16
BUILDINGS
Administration/Offices 0.00 61.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.40 0.00 0.00 19.35 x
Hostels 36.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.41 x
Housing/Quarters 2.21 16.59 82.14 0.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00 38.90 x
Commercial 0.00 0.00 10.86 0.00 0.00 5.01 0.00 0.00 4.17 x
Power Station 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.07 x
Facilities 60.90 0.00 7.00 0.00 0.00 15.02 0.00 0.00 20.60 x
Others 0.00 22.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.49 0.00 0.00 4.50 x
% of Total 11.66 9.66 30.77 12.98 0.00 39.96 0.00 0.00 16.13
WATER BODIES
Pond/Lake 100.00 100.00 14.29 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 52.13 x
Wetland 0.00 0.00 85.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.87 x
Total 1.74 2.66 21.41 0.00 0.00 8.40 0.00 0.00 4.98
INFRASTRUCTURE
Roads/Drainage 39.07 39.14 89.63 0.00 0.00 24.58 0.00 0.00 36.26 x
Express Rail Link 46.87 35.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.23 0.00 0.00 30.53 x
Highway 14.06 25.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.72 0.00 0.00 26.79 x
Others 0.00 0.00 10.37 0.00 0.00 15.47 0.00 0.00 100.00 x
% of Total 11.34 11.31 5.23 0.00 0.00 32.32 0.00 0.00 11.74
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
TOTAL AREA 1389.80 1204.58 522.91 222.98 276.37 607.04 89.60 93.80 4407.08

2-22 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.4.8 External Point Sources

Landowner Source Type Current Future

MARDI Office Septic Tank 4
House Septic Tank approx .
20
UPM Hostel Septic Tank 2
Hostel Hi-Kleen (1)
Hostel Sewage Treatment 2
Plants
Student Health Centre 1
Cafeteria 1
Office/Laboratory Septic 4
Tank
IOI House Septic Tanks 0
Office Septic Tank 2
Sewage Treatment Plant 1 1
West Country Sewage Treatment Plant 0 1
UNITEN 0
Sungai Merab 0
Cyberjaya Hi-Kleen Treatment Plant 1 0
( ) - under construction.
Future denotes known plans.

(6) The small Limau Manis sub-catchment includes some lots in

the Sungai Merab area. The waste treatment systems of the
houses to be developed will be point sources.

2.5 ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTANT IMPACT TO

PUTRAJAYA LAKE SYSTEM

2.5.1 Upper-West Sub-Catchment

2.5.1.1 The land in this catchment is owned by MARDI and TNB. This
catchment is drained by Sg. Kuyoh into the Upper-West
wetlands. A small portion of the wetland tributary intrudes into
TNB land. The wetlands are crossed at the northern end by the
South Klang Valley Expressway (B11) and the ERL.

2-23 T9903/DOC/013
2.5.1.2 Much of the land is under non-intensive agriculture and forest.
Only a small number of buildings exist here comprising worker
quarters and low-rise office blocks.

2.5.1.3 The streams are small, less than 2 m width at low flow, and
shallow (1 m). The streams enter a constructed pond
approximately in mid-catchment and receives most of the
artificial stormwater drainage as well as septic tank overflow in
MARDI.

2.5.1.4 At present only about 1,000 persons work on the whole in the
MARDI area with only a few hundred residents. The future
working population is not expected to increase beyond 2,000
persons.

2.5.1.5 The sewage contribution from here is low (with less than 2,000
persons). What was of major concern previously was the rearing
of a large population of farm animals on the site and the
resultant wastes. Due to the presence of the Putrajaya
development, the animals had been relocated elsewhere and the
farm section is expected to be closed down shortly. Any future
animal rearing is expected to be dispersed and of small
numbers. The numbers planned are unknown at this stage but
are expected to be less than 100.

2.5.1.6 The stream waters are clear and it is expected that any nutrients
washed off in runoff would be mostly taken up by the many
plants lining the stream. During storm events, however, it is
likely that this uptake will be reduced as flow velocities
increase.

2.5.1.7 In their future development plans, MARDI has proposed the

development of additional ponds in the lower part of their
catchment. This should be able to increase the retention of water
and enhanced nutrient uptake.

2.5.1.8 The pesticides used in MARDI are of the soluble type and non-
persistent, quickly degrading in the environment. Application is
controlled and follows the guidelines of the Department of
Agriculture. Since the agriculture practised is non-commercial,
dispersed and of small size, it is not expected that agro-
chemicals will be an issue from this catchment.

2-24 T9903/DOC/013
2.5.1.9 In the TNB sector of the catchment, routine monitoring of
discharges is carried out as required by the Department of
Environment. Their reports indicate that all discharges comply
to the regulations. The discharges from this sector are not
expected to be an issue.

2.5.1.10 The southern sector of what was MARDI land, however, has
been acquired for the development of the South Klang Valley
Expressway (B11) and the ERL. It is expected that the
construction activities from this development will contribute to
increased sediments in the streams and release of soil-bound
phosphorous.

2.5.1.11 At present, the Kajang-Puchong (B11) road crosses the

wetlands. The risk of traffic accidents from cars, lorries and fuel
tankers is always present. At present there are no buffers or
barriers on either side of the road to prevent fuel spillages from
flowing into the lake.

2.5.1.12 In summary,
• nutrient input current (measured Total Phosphorus
concentrations are approximately 0.4 - 5 mg/l) and future
is minimal;
• fertilizer, pesticide input is controllable;
• no large flow input variations (<30%) are expected in
future;
• sewage input (<0.003 m3/s) is insignificant because of the
low population;
• pollutant input from the road crossing the wetland is
possible.

2.5.1.13 The recommendations for this catchment are primarily to

enhance the landuse setting:

• maintain streams and introduce riparian buffer strips

(non-point BMP);
• ensure dispersed development in the catchment with
higher intensity development, if required, upstream of
detention ponds;
• maintain forested areas in steep slopes to the north-
northwest of the catchment;

2-25 T9903/DOC/013
 • landuse changes and development should occur in stages,
planned to extend over 8 to 10 years to allow for
monitoring and re-evaluation of impacts. Land earthwork
clearing should not extend over more than 15% of the
catchment at any one time and preferably less than 10%
in a 6 month period.

2.5.1.14 Of immediate concern is the need to

• install mitigating measures to prevent pollutant input

from the roads crossing the wetland.

2.5.1.15 The proposed future development of the area in MARDI as a

“green lung” is in line with the maintenance of the Putrajaya
Lake environment.

2.5.1.16 The current development at TNB is not expected to alter and

currently contributes no significant pollutant input to the Lake.
The risk of explosion is the only concern but is unlikely to
affect the Upper-West wetlands directly. There is an
approximately 200 m distance from the station proper to the
station boundary.

2.5.2 Upper-North Sub-Catchment

2.5.2.1 MARDI, UPM and IOI own the land in this catchment which is
drained by Sg. Chuau into the Upper-North wetlands. It is twice
the size of the Sg. Kuyoh Upper-West catchment at 12.4 km2.
The South Klang Valley Expressway and the ERL cross the
wetlands at the northern end.

2.5.2.2 Much of the land is under vegetation with some farms,

orchards, and two golf courses. The northeastern portion is
covered by oil palm and rubber. There are institutional
buildings, including laboratories, a student health centre,
offices, hostels, and a number of constructed ponds.

2.5.2.3 The streams are small, less than 1 m width at low flow and
shallow. The streams do not enter any of the ponds.

2.5.2.4 Besides the small working population in MARDI, there are

about 10,000 students in UPM, and a small residential
population in IOI. In MARDI and IOI the population is

2-26 T9903/DOC/013
 unlikely to change by more than 1,000. In UPM, the future
working and residential population is uncertain. The student
hostel population may increase slightly but unlikely to be more
than 3,000. This is based on the proposal to build a Medical
Faculty with housing, a sports complex, and some mixed
development within the catchment.

2.5.2.5 At present the sewage contribution from here is low but of

much greater amounts than in the Upper-West catchment. All
septic tank outflows, serving a population of about 3,000,
discharge into a stream tributary in the upper part of the
catchment. The High Clean system discharges into one of the
constructed ponds also in the upper part of the catchment.

2.5.2.6 By the time the stream reaches the boundary with Putrajaya,
the waters are clear and it is expected that there has been some
natural biodegradation of the organic wastes. During low flow
any nutrients in the water will probably be taken up by the
small number of plants lining the stream. During storm events,
however, it is likely that the fast-flowing runoff and septic tank
overflow will worsen water quality. This will be balanced with
dilution effects.

2.5.2.7 In IOI the individual bungalow lots are served by septic tank
systems. Some discharge into storm drains directly draining
into the Upper-West while the rest drain into a pond before
entering into the upper section of the Upper-West.

2.5.2.8 The use of fertilizers and pesticide is expected to be limited.

The agriculture practised here is non-intensive, and of small
size, mainly being student farms. It is not expected that agro-
chemicals will be an issue due to this activity. However,
because of the nature of the agriculture practised the chemical
use is not centrally controlled. Therefore, there must be
controls and monitoring of the chemicals used.

2.5.2.9 There are two golf courses within the catchment area and
fertilizer and herbicide use on the grounds may be of concern.
Usually there are many internal ponds which help to capture
most of the chemicals and these may be used to monitor
fertilizer use. In addition, however, the downstream borders of
the golf course should be designed to function as runoff buffers
to reduce overland flow of the chemicals. Grass should be

2-27 T9903/DOC/013
 allowed to grow or swales introduced to streamline flow and
increase retention time. In addition use of herbicides, in an
effort to control vegetation growth, should not be encouraged
along streams and water courses. Manual gardening methods
should be used instead, if necessary.

2.5.2.10 The future development of MARDI follows the concept of

“green lung” and is in line with the issues discussed for the
Upper-West catchment.

2.5.2.11 In their future development plans, UPM has proposed several

different types of development. These include institutional and
recreational facilities. There is also a proposal to develop a
Medical Faculty and teaching hospital. This latter
development is of some concern because of the issue of clinical
waste.

2.5.2.12 In the IOI sector of the catchment, no further development is

expected.

2.5.2.13 In this catchment too, the southern sector of what was MARDI
and UPM land, has been acquired for the development of the
South Klang Valley Expressway (B11). In the eastern sector,
there are proposal to upgrade the existing Serdang-Kajang road
It is expected that the construction activities from these
developments will contribute to increased sediments in the
streams and release of soil-bound phosphorous

2.5.2.14 Similar to the case for the Upper-West wetlands, the Dengkil-
Puchong road crosses the wetlands. The risk of traffic
accidents from cars, lorries and fuel tankers is always present.
There are presently no buffers or barriers on either side of the
road to prevent fuel spillages from flowing into the lake.

2.5.2.15 In summary,

• current nutrient input is small (measured phosphate

concentrations are approximately );
• fertilizer and pesticide input needs to be controlled and
monitored;
• some flow input variations are expected due to future
developments;

2-28 T9903/DOC/013
 • sewage input is small (see above) but of concern as they
are currently only treated through septic tank systems;
• golf course maintenance may be a source of nutrients and
chemicals;
• pollutant input from the road crossing the wetland is
possible.

2.5.2.16 The recommendations for this catchment are to improve water

quality in streams:

• enhance and introduce riparian buffer strips (non-point

BMP);
• utilise constructed ponds to retain drainage and stream
flow;
• development in the catchment should grade from lower
intensity near streams to higher intensity development, if
required, upstream of detention ponds;
• adequacy of the current and future sewerage treatment
systems needs to be addressed;
• the constructed ponds may be used as discharge points
for sewage treatment systems before overflow to streams;
• medical/laboratory wastes should be discharged out of
the catchment;
• landuse changes and development should occur in stages,
planned to extend over 8 to 10 years to allow for
monitoring and re-evaluation of impacts. Land earthwork
clearing should not extend over more than 15% of the
catchment at any one time and preferably less than 10%
in a 6 month period.

2.5.2.17 Of immediate concern is the need to

• ensure optimum function of the current sewage treatment

system;
• install mitigating measures to prevent pollutant input
from the roads crossing the wetland.

2.5.2.18 The proposed future development of the area can be sustained

provided:

• fertilizer and pesticide use is controlled and monitored;

• adequate sewage treatment facilities are installed;

2-29 T9903/DOC/013
 • medical and laboratory wastes are exported from the
catchment.

2.5.3 Upper-East Sub-Catchment

2.5.3.1 Perbadanan Putrajaya, West Country and UNITEN own the

land in this catchment. The sub-catchment is only 4.2 km2. This
catchment drains into the Upper-East wetland.

2.5.3.2 West Country has two separated land lots in the mid and upper
catchment, while the UNITEN land is only in the upper
catchment. At present the land is under rubber forest.

2.5.3.3 The development plan for the upper catchment lot of West
Country is for low density (2 lots/acre) residential development.
A similar development is proposed for the mid catchment lot.
The mid catchment lot directly borders the Upper-East wetland.

2.5.3.4 In their future development plans for the upper catchment lot,
West Country has proposed the development of detention ponds
following the DID guidelines. These ponds should be able to
increase the retention of water and allow for sedimentation and
nutrient uptake.

2.5.3.5 For the upper catchment lot, West Country have elected to
pump out all sewage from the single sewage treatment plant in
the catchment. Only the sewage from the mid-catchment lot will
be of concern.

2.5.3.6 For the upper catchment area of UNITEN, it is expected that the
development will be for institutional purposes.

2.5.3.7 In summary,

• nutrient, fertilizer, pesticide input is currently negligible

with some small increase expected in future ;
• some flow input variations are expected due to future
developments;
• sewage input is small because of the small population but
may be of concern because of the proximity to the
wetland.

2-30 T9903/DOC/013
2.5.3.8 The recommendations for this catchment are related to
development issues:

• introduce riparian buffer strips (non-point BMP) along

drainage lines;
• adequate sewage treatment measures need to be
developed;
• treated sewage discharges should enter upstream of
detention ponds;
• earthwork clearing should follow the guidelines applied
within Perbadanan Putrajaya.

2.5.3.9 There are no immediate concerns as the land is under rubber

forest at present.

2.5.3.10 The proposed future development of the area can be sustained

provided:

• fertilizer and pesticide use is controlled and monitored;

• riparian buffers are installed along drainage lines and the
wetland shoreline;
• adequate sewage treatment facilities are installed.

2.5.4 Central Sub-Catchment

2.5.4.1 The Central sub-catchment includes input from Cyberjaya.

Land is owned by Perbadanan Putrajaya also.

2.5.4.2 The sewage contribution from here is expected to be low.

However, since the discharge is to the downstream portion of
the lake it is a matter of great concern. It is understood that
Cyberjaya intends to export the sewage discharge.

2.5.4.3 In their future development plans, Cyberjaya should include the

development of detention ponds in the lower part of their
catchment. This should be able to increase the retention of
water and enhanced nutrient uptake.

2.5.4.4 The pesticides used are expected to be of small amounts. It is

not expected that agro-chemicals will be an issue from
Cyberjaya.

2-31 T9903/DOC/013
2.5.4.5 Construction activities for development in this area is expected
to be of concern. It will contribute to increased sediments in the
streams and release of soil-bound phosphorous. Shoreline
development should be completed prior to Main Dam closure.
Earthworks should follow the guidelines within Putrajaya.

2.5.4.6 In summary,

• nutrient, fertilizer, pesticide input is currently negligible

with some small increase expected in future ;
• some flow input variations are expected due to future
developments;
• sewage input is small because of the small population but
may be of concern because of the proximity to the
wetland.

2.5.4.7 The recommendations for this catchment are related to

development issues:

• introduce riparian buffer strips (non-point BMP) along

drainage lines;
• adequate sewage treatment measures need to be
developed;
• treated sewage discharges should enter upstream of
detention ponds;
• earthwork clearing should follow the guidelines applied
within Perbadanan Putrajaya.

2.5.4.8 The immediate concern is

• development of the Lake shoreline before Main Dam

closure;
• sewage discharge into the catchment.

2.5.4.9 The proposed future development of the area can be sustained

provided:

• fertilizer and pesticide use is controlled and monitored;

• shoreline and riparian buffers are planned along drainage
lines and the Lake;
• adequate sewage treatment facilities are installed.

2-32 T9903/DOC/013
2.5.5 Limau Manis Sub-Catchment

2.5.5.1 The Limau Manis sub-catchment, which is the result of the

capture of an upper section of the Sg Limau Manis, includes a
small portion of the Sungai Merab village.

2.5.5.2 At present the land is under forest.

2.5.5.3 In summary,

• nutrient, fertilizer, pesticide input is currently negligible

with some small increase expected in future ;
• some flow input variations are expected due to future
developments;
• sewage input is expected to be small because of the small
area.

2.5.5.4 The recommendations for this catchment are related to

development issues:

• adequate sewage treatment measures need to be

developed. As this is a small catchment with a small
number of lots, Perbadanan Putrajaya should consider
connecting the lots to the Putrajaya Central Sewage
Treatment line.

2.5.5.5 The immediate concern is

• the rate of development of the lots is unknown.

2.5.5.6 The proposed future development of the area can be sustained

provided:

• fertilizer and pesticide use is controlled and monitored;

• adequate sewage treatment facilities are installed.

2-33 T9903/DOC/013
2.5.6 Summary of Sources of Pollutant Potential and
Recommendations

Sub- Sources of pollutants Recommendations

Catchment
Upper West • nutrient input • maintain streams
• fertilizer and pesticide • introduce riparian buffer strips
input • ensure dispersed development in
• flow input variations the catchment
• sewage input • maintain forested areas in steep
• pollutant input from the slopes
road crossing the wetland • landuse changes and development
should occur in stages
• Land earthwork clearing should
not extend over more than 15% of
the catchment at any one time
• install mitigating measures to
prevent pollutant input from the
roads crossing the wetland.

Upper-North • nutrient input • enhance and introduce riparian

• fertilizer and pesticide buffer strips
input • fertilizer and pesticide use is
• flow input variations controlled and monitored;
• sewage input - septic tank • utilise constructed ponds to retain
systems; drainage and stream flow;
• golf course maintenance - • ensure dispersed development in
source of nutrients and the catchment
chemicals; • the constructed ponds may be
• pollutant input from the used as discharge points for
road crossing the wetland sewage treatment systems before
is possible. overflow to streams;
• medical/laboratory wastes should
be discharged out of the
catchment;
• landuse changes and development
should occur in stages,
• Land earthwork clearing should
not extend over more than 15% of
the catchment at any one time
• ensure optimum function of the
current sewage treatment system;
• install mitigating measures to
prevent pollutant input from the
roads crossing the wetland.

2-34 T9903/DOC/013
Upper-East • nutrient, fertilizer and • introduce riparian buffer strips
pesticide input (non-point BMP) along drainage
• flow input variations lines and wetland shorelines;
• sewage input • fertilizer and pesticide use is
controlled and monitored;
• adequate sewage treatment
measures need to be developed
and facilities installed;
• treated sewage discharges should
enter upstream of detention
ponds;
• earthwork clearing should follow
the guidelines applied within
Perbadanan Putrajaya.

Central • nutrient, fertilizer and • introduce riparian buffer strips

pesticide input; (non-point BMP) along drainage
• flow input variations lines and wetland shorelines;
• sewage input – proximity • fertilizer and pesticide use is
to the wetland. controlled and monitored;
• adequate sewage treatment
measures need to be developed
and facilities installed;
• treated sewage discharges should
enter upstream of detention
ponds;
• earthwork clearing should follow
the guidelines applied within
Perbadanan Putrajaya.
• development of the Lake
shoreline before Main Dam
closure;

Limau Manis • nutrient, fertilizer, and • fertilizer and pesticide use is

pesticide input controlled and monitored;
• flow input variations • adequate sewage treatment
• sewage input measures need to be developed
and facilities installed and
connected to the Central Sewage
Treatment line.

2-35 T9903/DOC/013
2.6 WATER QUALITY MODELLING

2.6.1 Introduction

In order to ensure that the water quality in the Putrajaya Lake

system meets the Putrajaya Lake Water Quality Standard, there
is a need to continuously manage and monitor the water quality
in the system. Also, to assess the pollutant-carrying capacity of
the Putrajaya Lake system there is a need to model the water
quality of the system for various scenarios of discharge and
pollutant input into the system.

2.6.2 Water Quality Monitoring

(1) For a development project, monitoring may be divided into

three stages:

1. baseline or pre-construction;
2. construction and commissioning;
3. operation or post-construction.

(2) Putrajaya Holdings Sdn. Bhd., the main developer in Putrajaya,

is currently monitoring the water quality in the Putrajaya Lake
system through the various development contractors.

(3) At present, the wetlands and Phase 1A of the lake is in the

commissioning stage. Therefore only two stages of monitoring
had been carried out by them. There are also information on
water quality of the area from several previous studies.

2.6.2.1 Baseline stage and pre-construction

A. Baseline Information

(1) The previous water quality samplings undertaken in the

Sungai Chuau catchment was summarised by Perunding
Kota Bistari (1996) in its Water Quality Control and
Management Study on the Putrajaya Lake Development.
The data reviewed and summarised were from the
following studies:

1. The Geological and Geotechnical Study (JPK, 1994)

2. Pakar Management Sdn Bhd (Pakar, 1994)

2-36 T9903/DOC/013
 3. The Environmental Impact Assessment for Putrajaya
(UPM, 1995)
4. Minconsult/HGM, November 1995

(2) The summary of the water quality data is shown in Table

2.6.1. The sampling locations within the respective sub-
catchment, that is the Upper West, Upper North, Upper
East, Bisa, Central and Lower Sg Chuau are shown in
Figure 2.6.1.

Table 2.6.1 Water Quality in Sg Chuau.

a. Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Lower Sg Chuau

(Minconsult/HGM)
JPK Pakar UPM Minconsult/
(April 1994) (Date (June 1995) HGM
unknow) (Nov 1995)
Station No 33 2 12 10
Temp oC - 27.3 28.0 27.5
TDS, mg/l 20 805 42 -
Cond, uS/cm 36 - 60 46
Turbidity,NTU 11 110 27 35
TSS,mg/l 74 275 20 14
DO, mg/l - 7.2 6.8 7.0
BOD, mg/l - 13.5 1.0 1.0
COD, mg/l - 29.0 3 <1
pH 6.7 6.4 6.6 6.8
Alkalinity,mg/l - - - 12.3
Hardness, mg/l 12.0 - - 13.8

2-37 T9903/DOC/013
b. Mean Ionic Composition of Catchment Stream Waters (Source:
JPK, 1994)
Ion Mean concentration (ppm)
Ca 3.39
Mg 0.70
Na 1.49
K 1.05
CO3 1.02
HCO3 17.65
F 0.5
Cl 2.06
SO4 3.13

c. Mean Dissolved Oxygen, BOD and COD Concentrations and

Ranges Obtained Over the Project Area.

DOE class IIB Minconsult/HGM Previous other

(1995) studies
DO, mg/l 507 6.4(5.0-7.1) 1.1-7.6
BOD, mg/l 3 1.5(0.8-3.0) 0.2-15.5
COD, mg/l 25 11.0(<1-18) 1.0-53.0

d. Bacteriological Characteristics of Sg Chuau Obtained Over the

Project Area

DOE class IIB Minconsult/HGM(19 Pakar(1994)

95)
Feacal 100 17,000-160,000 -
coliform,
count/100ml
Total coliform, 5000 17,000-180,000 140,000-150,000
count/100ml

2-38 T9903/DOC/013
e. Metal Concentrations in Water and Sediment Samples in Relation
to Selected Standards and Previous Data

Water, mg/l Sediment, mg/kg

Metal Minconsult/HG Previous studies Minconsult/ Previous studies

M (1995) HGM(1995)

As <0.001-0.007 <0.005-0.03 <0.1- 32 10- 200

Al - <0.1-0.3 - -

Fe 0.31-3.79 <0.1-0.3 0.59 0.1- 7.6

Mn - <0.1-0.3 1.95 3- 254

Cu <0.01 <0.1 <1- 8.93 1- 51

Pb 0.05-0.15 <0.1 <5- 24.94 1- 40

Zn <0.07-<0.02 <0.1-0.2 1.69- 31.18 3- 96

Co - <0.1 - 1- 5

Mo - <0.1 - 0.1- 9.4

Ni <0.02 <0.1 <2 1- 16

Cd <0.02 <0.01 <2 1

Sn - <0.01 - 10- 40

Ba - <0.1 - 16- 87

Se - <0.005 - -

B - <5 - -

Cr <0.03-0.05 <0.01 <3- 17.87 3- 137

Ti - - 470- 8580 -

Hg <0.001 0.00002-0.00012 0.5- 1.49 0.02- 0.8

B. Pre-Construction Information

(1) Nine monitoring stations were established by the PJH

consultant (Angkasa GHD) prior to construction of the
wetlands and lake. The locations of the nine stations are
indicated in Figure 2.6.2 and described in Table 2.6.2.
Monthly sampling was carried out for a period of six
months from December 1996 to May 1997. The analysis
was carried out by Core Laboratories. A summary of the

2-39 T9903/DOC/013
 results of the water quality monitoring at the nine stations
is given in Table 2.6.3.

(2) The results indicate that :-

(i) the water from the upper Sg Chuau catchment of

Upper-North and from the Sg Bisa catchment
contains high Total Phosphorous but that most of
the phosphorus is in the particulate form. The
concentration from the Sg. Kuyoh catchment, or
the Upper-West, is lower.

(ii) The Total Nitrogen from both catchments,

however, exceeds the guidelines.

(iii) The coliform counts from all catchments exceed

the guidelines.

(iv) Several heavy metals exceed the guideline levels.

A high Total Iron and Manganese concentration is
not unusual but the high Total Mercury is of
concern.

(v) Insecticide and herbicide concentrations were all

low.

C. Commissioning Stage

(1) The wetlands is still in the commissioning stage.

Monitoring is carried out by Putrajaya Holdings Sdn.
Bhd.′s subcontractor Marimas) twice monthly at each
wetland cell from 1997. A sample of the data for the
month of April 1999 is given in Table 2.6.4. The data are
compared to the Baseline Monitoring Stations as listed in
Table 2.6.2.

(2) These indicate that nutrient input is negligible but the

amounts of coliform again exceeded the proposed
Putrajaya Ambient Lake Quality Standards (Table 2.6.5).
Some values also exceed the value of 2000 counts/100 ml
which may be regarded as the upper limit for health
considerations of recreational use without body contact.
Due to the low concentration analysed, the results for

2-40 T9903/DOC/013
 several parameters are only indicated to be less than a
certain value. Thus, the wetland efficiency could not be
assessed especially for phosphorus.

Table 2.6.2 Water Quality Baseline Monitoring Stations

Station No. Description

S1 Sg Chuau northeast tributary
S2 Inlet to Upper North Wetland
S3 Stormwater outlet at IOI Palm Golf Course
S4 Upper East Wetland, downstream of IOI Palm Golf Course
S5 Inlet to Upper West Wetland
S6 TNB Power Station stormwater drain outlet
S7 Secondary Lake Weir
S8 Sg Bisa
S9 Temporary Dam, near JPS gauging station

2-41 T9903/DOC/013
Table 2.6.3 Summary of Water Quality Monitoring Results at the
Pre-construction Stage (from Quek, 1997)

Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
UN UN UN UE UW UW CW UB TD
Temperature, 28- 27-31 27-34 26-34 29- 27-29 27- 26-32 28-
o
C 30.2 32.4 32.8 32.3
Conductivity 68- 62-76 64-80 22-29 28-42 21-27 43- 29-37 44-52
100 55
Ph 6.6- 6.5- 6.5- 5.98- 6.2- 5.6- 6.4- 5.68- 6.12-
7.1 7.4 6.9 6.8 7.1 6.9 7.37 7.0 7.3
Colour, PtCo 2-21 7-20 7- 4-39 6-29 1-9 14- 6-21 13-42
44.7 82
Turbidity, FTU 7.8- 10.47 9.36- 5.42- 0.19- 0.18- 8.2- 10.4- 25.36-
251 -60.0 60.0 39.1 41.2 24.83 102 67 193
TSS, mg/l 6-101 6-68 7-46 4-23 4-140 4-33 10- 4-94 11-
75 146
Total P, mg/l 0.03- 0.01- 0.01- 0.01- 0.01- 0.01- 0.01- 0.02- 0.01-
0.36 0.19 0.29 0.15 0.29 0.15 0.18 0.13 0.12
Filterable P, 0.1- 0.1- 0.1- 0.1- 0.1- 0.1- 0.1- 0.1- 0.1-
mg/l 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
Total N, mg/l 4.04- 3.54- 3.49- 1.68- 1.93- 1.1- 2.13- 1.45- 2.12-
9.41 8.79 4.57 2.86 3.12 2.13 3.42 2.79 3.54
Total oxidised 1.72- 1.72- 1.72- 1.08- 0.93- 0.66- 1.4- 0.69- 1.44-
N, mg/l 2.88 3.65 3.8 1.63 1.93 1.2 2.23 1.38 2.1
Ammonia N, 0.12- 0.16- 0.09- 0.04- 0.17- 0.01- 0.16- 0.21- 0.14-
mg/l 1.59 6.24 0.55 0.18 0.49 0.2 0.47 0.37 0.58
BOD5, mg/l 0.85- 0.54- 0.31- 0.74- 0.02- 0.47- 0.81- 0.45- 0.08-
7.16 3.48 6.27 4.82 14.7 2.23 4.78 4.21 4.3
COD, mg/l 6-24 1-9 1-24 1-7 1-41 1-5 1-10 1-10 1-9
DO, ppm 3.81- 4.13- 4.66- 5.44- 3.74- 4.25- 5.8- 5.66- 6.25-
6.9 6.8 7.52 6.8 6.9 7.0 6.8 7.05 6.9
Total Coliform, 1600 3000- 1600 9000- 3000- 70- 5000 1600 16000
MPN/100ml 0- 3000 0- 9000 9000 1700 - 0- -
9000 0 9000 0 0 0 5000 1800 50000
0 0 0 0
Faecal 700- 700- 210- 220- 270- 2-230 1300 260- 500-
Coliform, 3000 1600 1600 900 9000 - 800 2400

2-42 T9903/DOC/013
Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
UN UN UN UE UW UW CW UB TD
MPN/100ml 0 0 0 3000
Total Iron, mg/l 0.66- 0.88- 0.76- 0.34- 0.48- 0.18- 0.54- 0.91- 0.6-
5.74 1.69 2.21 2.27 10.92 1.58 3.48 3.29 4.66
Total Mn, mg/l 0.07- 0.08- 0.09- 0.05- 0.02- 0.11- 0.09- 0.05- 0.09-
0.17 0.13 0.19 0.13 0.07 0.18 0.22 0.18 0.36
Total Zn, mg/l 0.002 0.02- 0.002 0.03- 0.002 0.002 0.01- 0.002 0.002-
-0.06 0.08 -0.09 0.06 -0.06 -0.19 0.06 -0.28 0.1
Total Pb, mg/l 0.03- <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 0.03- 0.03- <0.0 <0.03 <0.03
0.04 -0.03 0.07 0.05 3
Total Hg, mg/l 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.00 0.001 0.001-
- - - - 1- - 0.008
0.007 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.04 0.004
Total Cr, mg/l 0.02- 0.02- <0.02 <0.02 0.02- 0.02- 0.02- <0.02 <0.02
0.06 0.04 0.1 0.06 0.06
Insecticides < < < < < < < < <
Herbicides < < < < < < < < <
> : exceeds the Class II Guidelines for water quality; < : less than; = : equivalent to;
UN : Upper-North; UW : Upper-West; UE : Upper-East; UB : Upper-Bisa; CW :
Central Weir;
TD : Temporary Dam

2-43 T9903/DOC/013
Table 2.6.4 Summary of Wetland Water Quality in May, 1999
(Source: Putrajaya Holdings).

1. Upper-West

Parameter Unit Range Mean Core Core Class

Lab S5 Lab S6 IIB
pH - 4.8- 6.7 5.9 6.2 5.6 6.5- 9.0
o
Temp C 31.4- 33.4 - - -
37.0
TSS mg/l 12.0- 22.4 43.0 15.0 50.0
46.0
Cond. µmhos/ 44.0- 68.3 - - -
cm 100.0
Ammonia mg/l 0.12- 0.19 0.3 0.2 0.3
0.25
Nitrate mg/l 0.26- 1.27 1.9 1.1 -
3.67
Phosphorus mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 -
Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 -
Lead mg/l <0.006 <0.006 0.07 <0.03 -
DO mg/l 3.8- 6.6 5.8 7.3 7.4 4.5- 6.4
COD mg/l <1.0- <8.4 4.0 2.0 25.0
27.0
F.coli MPN/ 1000- 2970 300 2 400
100ml 5000
BOD mg/l <2.0- 2.3 <2.0 <0.8 <0.5 25.0

2-44 T9903/DOC/013
2. Upper North

Parameter Unit Rang Mean Core Core Core Class

e Lab S1 Lab S2 Lab S3 IIB
pH - 5.6- 6.2 7.0 7.4 6.5 6.5- 9.0
6.5
o
Temp C 30.4- 31.6 - - - -
32.8
TSS mg/l 7.0- 16.4 6.0 23.0 24.0 50.0
25.0
Cond. µmhos/ 54.0- 76.5 - - - -
cm 86.0
Ammonia mg/l 0.11- 0.30 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3
0.76
Nitrate mg/l 0.48- 2.01 2.3 2.2 2.1 0.3
5.10
Phosphorus mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 -
Mercury mg/l <0.00 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 -
1
Lead mg/l <0.00 <0.006 0.03 0.03 <0.03 -
6
DO mg/l 4.7- 5.4 7.3 7.2 7.3 4.5- 6.4
6.1
COD mg/l <1.0- <11.9 6.0 6.0 24.0 25.0
37.0
F.coli MPN/ 1300- 13670 5000 700 500 400
100ml 45500
BOD mg/l <2.0- <2.1 <0.9 <0.8 <0.3 25.0
2.3

2-45 T9903/DOC/013
3. Upper East

Parameter Unit Range Mean Core Lab Class IIB

S4
pH - 5.7- 6.5 6.1 6.0 6.5-9.0
o
Temp C 28.2- 31.2 30.4 - -
TSS mg/l 7.0- 16.0 11.8 21.0 50.0
Cond. µmhos/c 24.0- 52.0 40.5 - -
m
Ammonia mg/l 0.18- 0.28 0.22 0.1 0.3
Nitrate mg/l 0.66- 1.57 0.99 1.4 -
Phosphorus mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 -
Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 -
Lead mg/l <0.006 <0.006 <0.03 -
DO mg/l 5.6- 6.4 5.9 7.2 4.5-6.4
COD mg/l 6.0- 30.0 18.8 7.0 25.0
F.coli MPN/100 2900-5900 4750 500 400c
ml
BOD mg/l <2.0- 2.2 <2.1 <0.7 25.0

4. Lower East

Parameter Unit Range Mean Core Lab Class IIB

S7
pH - 6.1- 6.3 6.2 6.5 6.5-9.0
o
Temp C 29.4- 32.2 31.1 - -
TSS mg/l 15.0- 54.0 29.0 14.0 50.0
Cond. µmhos/c 98.0- 99.0 98.7 - -
m
Ammonia mg/l 0.24- 0.41 0.31 0.3 0.3
Nitrate mg/l 0.73- 1.98 1.28 2.0 -
Phosphorus mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 -
Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 -

2-46 T9903/DOC/013
 Lead mg/l <0.006 <0.006 <0.03 -
DO mg/l 5.1- 6.7 6.1 7.2 4.5-6.4
COD mg/l <1.0- 11.0 <7.0 3.0 25.0
F.coli MPN/ 500-900 666.7 500 400c
100ml
BOD mg/l <2.0- 2.0 <2.0 <0.8 25.0

5. Upper Bisa

Parameter Unit Range Mean Core Lab Class IIB

S8
pH - 6.8-7.3 7.1 5.7 6.5-9.0
o
Temp C 30.4-31.3 31.0 - -
TSS mg/l 12.0-18.0 14.3 14.0 50.0
Cond. µmhos/c 120.0-169.0 148.0 - -
m
Ammonia mg/l 0.12-0.35 0.25 0.3 0.3
Nitrate mg/l 0.56-2.64 1.77 1.2 -
Phosphorus mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.03 -
Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 -
Lead mg/l <0.006 <0.006 <0.03 -
DO mg/l 6.0-7.4 6.5 7.0 4.5-6.4
COD mg/l <1.0-12.0 <5.7 10.0 25.0
F.coli MPN/ 900-5300 3066.7 500 400c
100ml
BOD mg/l <2.0-2.8 <2.3 <0.5 25.0

2-47 T9903/DOC/013
6. Central Wetland

Parameter Unit Range Mean Core Lab Class IIB

S7
pH - 6.2-6.7 6.6 6.5 6.5-9.0
o
Temp C 30.8-31.9 31.5 - -
TSS mg/l 11.0-21.0 17.0 14.0 50.0
Cond. µmhos/c 73.0-76.0 75.0 - -
m
Ammonia mg/l 0.09-0.10 0.10 0.3 0.3
Nitrate mg/l 0.35-3.72 1.21 2.0 -
Phosphorus mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.001 -
Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.03 -
Lead mg/l <0.006 <0.006 <0.03 -
DO mg/l 6.0-6.5 6.3 7.2 4.5-6.4
COD mg/l <1.0-11.0 <6.8 3.0 25.0
F.coli MPN/ 100-800 525 3000 400c
100ml
BOD mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <0.8 25.0

2-48 T9903/DOC/013
7. Primary Lake

Parameter Unit Range Mean Core Lab Class IIB

S7
pH - 6.6-7.2 7.0 6.5 6.5-9.0
o
Temp C 30.9-31.9 31.4 - -
TSS mg/l 7.0-18.0 13.3 14.0 50.0
Cond. µmhos/c 82.0-115.0 99.3 - -
m
Ammonia mg/l 0.07-0.16 0.11 0.3 0.3
Nitrate mg/l 0.42-0.73 0.58 2.0 -

Phosphorus mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.001 -

Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 -
Lead mg/l <0.006 <0.006 <0.03 -
DO mg/l 6.1-7.4 6.7 7.2 4.5-6.4
COD mg/l <1.0-16.0 <4.8 3.0 25.0
F.coli MPN/ 800-3700 1900 3000 400c
100ml
BOD mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <0.8 25.0

2-49 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.6.5 Putrajaya Ambient Lake Water Quality

Lake Water Quality Parameter Unit Putrajaya Ambient Lake

Water Quality Standards
Aluminium mg/l <0.05 if pH<6.5*
<0.1 if pH>6.5
Ammoniacal Nitrogen mg/l 0.3
Ammonia mg/l 0.02-0.03
Arsenic mg/l 0.05
Antimony mg/l 0.03
Barium mg/l 1
Beryllium mg/l 0.004
Boron mg/l 1
Cadmium mg/l 0.002
Free Chlorine (revised) mg/l 0.02*
Chromium, Total mg/l 0.05
Copper mg/l 0.02
Cyanide mg/l 0.02
Flourine mg/l 1.5
Iron mg/l 1
Lead mg/l 0.05
Manganese mg/l 0.1
Mercury mg/l 0.0001
Nickel mg/l 0.02
Nitrate (NO3-N) mg/l 7
Nitrite (NO2-N) mg/l 0.04
Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.05*
Silica mg/l 50
Selenium mg/l 0.01
Silver mg/l 0.05
Sulphur mg/l 0.05
Sulphate mg/l 250
Zinc mg/l 5
BOD mg/l 3
COD mg/l 25
Colour TUC 150
Conductivity uS/cm 1000
Salinity ppt 1
Total suspended solids mg/l 50
Turbidity NTU 50
Transparency (Secchi) m 0.6*
Hardness mg/l 250
Taste No Objectionable Taste
Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 5–7

2-50 T9903/DOC/013
 Lake Water Quality Parameter Unit Putrajaya Ambient Lake
Water Quality Standards
Odour No Objectionable Odour
pH 6.5 - 9.0
o
Temperature C Normal+2
Oil & Grease mg/l 1.5
Chlorophyll a ug/l 0.7*
Floatables No Visible Floatables
Microbiological Constituents
Feacal coliform (clarification) counts/100 100***
ml
Total coliform counts/100m 5000
l
Salmonella counts/l 0
Enteroviruses PFU/l 0
Radioactivity
Gross-alpha Bq/l 0.1
Gross-Beta Bq/l 1
Radium-226 Bq/l <0.1
Strontium-90 Bq/l <1
Organics
Carbon Chloroform extract ug/l 500
MBAS/BAS ug/l 500
Oil & Grease (mineral) ug/l 40;NF
Oil & Grease (emulsified edible) ug/l 7000;NF
PCB ug/l 0.1
Phenol ug/l 10
Aldrin/Dieldrin ug/l 0.02
BHC ug/l 2
Chlordane ug/l 0.08
t-DDT ug/l 0.1
Endosulfan ug/l 10
Heptachlor/Epoxide ug/l 0.05
Lindane ug/l 2
2,4-D ug/l 70
2,4,5-T ug/l 10
2,4,5-TP ug/l 4
Paraquat ug/l 10
* - addition to Class II
** - 24 hour average (based on Class III)
*** - geometric mean of minimum of 5 samples in a 30-day period

2-51 T9903/DOC/013
2.6.2.2 Study Data

(1) For the calibration of the water quality in this study, monitoring
of the inflow water quality and the water quality has been
carried out by UPM.

(2) There are three different monitoring data targets. One set of
data is for model calibration purpose The monitored data are
shown in Appendix 2.1. The monitored water quality is at the
top and the last cell of each wetlands for this purpose.

(3) The second target of the data collection is the water quality at
each cell of the wetland to assess each cell removal efficiency
(see Appendix 2.2).

(4) The third data target is the water quality in stream flows in
UPM and MARDI under heavy pollutant load (see Appendix
2.3). Upper Bisa Wetland was not monitored as it was still
under construction at the time of water quality monitoring by
the UPM team.

(5) The pattern of the monitored water quality between the top cell
and last cell of each wetlands is not simple; the parameter value
can be reduced or increased. This effect may be due to the
effect of lateral inflow from runoff or the resuspension of
sediment-attached pollutants.

(6) The water quality along the wetlands fluctuates between cells.
It could be reduced or increased from the previous cell.
Similarly, as was discussed for the data in Table 2.6.6, this
effect could be due to lateral inflow of runoff or resuspension
of sediment-attached pollutants in the cells.

(7) Along the reed-lined streams in UPM and MARDI, removal of

Total Phosphorus does occur with distance. This removal is
primarily of the reactive dissolved phosphorus form, not the
particulate. For other parameters the pattern is not distinct with
some parameters showing increase and decrease along the
distance. Again this may be due to lateral inputs from runoff.
Turbidity in both cases reduce substantially, thus pollutant
inflow must be of aqueous source such as interflow or surface
runoff.

2-52 T9903/DOC/013
(8) From the monitored data in Appendix 2.1, the range of water
quality at the dam can be summarised as in Table 2.6.6.

Table 2.6.6 Range of Water Quality at the Dam

Range at the Dam, mg/l

DO 2.8- 4.0
BOD 0.11- 1.89
NO3 0.5- 2.9
TP 0.04- 0.57
Turbidity, NTU 2.0- 26.68
Ecoli, count/100ml 0- 4000
Tcoli, count/100ml 0- 5000

2.6.3 Water Quality Modelling

Water quality modelling is conducted for the Putrajaya Lake

System. The software programme , MIKE 11 is used to assess
the water quality for the proposed and likely future land-use
scenarios in the catchment and the hydrological regimes arising
from them.

2.6.3.1 Review of Previous Model

(1) Water quality modelling had been conducted in the previous
studies by Perunding Kota Bistari in its Water Quality Control
and Management Study on Putrajaya Lake Development (1996)
and Angkasa GHD Engineers in its Putrajaya Lake Phase 1
Concept Design Report Wetland Component (1996). The two
studies used slightly different data and information. The data
presented here are from their study reports.

A. Water Quality Control and Management Study

(Perunding Kota Bistari, 1996)

(2) In this report, Minconsult/HGM had set up a simple water

quality model to estimate the equilibrium concentrations
of suspended solids, nutrients and BOD/COD in the lake

2-53 T9903/DOC/013
 on the basis of the estimated mean annual flow rates from
each sub-catchment and the design input pollutant
concentrations as shown in Table 2.6.7 and Table 2.6.9.
The data given in Table 2.6.7 differs from that in another
section of the report on existing river flow as shown in
Table 2.6.8.

Table 2.6.7 Mean Annual flow rates from Contributing Sub-

catchments (from Table 4.1, Perunding Kota Bistari)

Sub- Upper Upper Upper Upper Lower- Central Lower Total

catchment -west -north -east -Bisa east Chuau
Net Area, 6.2 12.4 4.2 4.0 1.7 5.5 10.0 44.0
km2
Mean 0.33 0.67 0.23 0.22 0.09 0.30 0.54 2.38
Annual
Inflow,
m3/s

Table 2.6.8 Mean Annual flow rates from Contributing Sub-

catchments (from Table 3.6, Perunding Kota Bistari)

Sub- Upper Upper Upper Upper Lower- Central Lower Total

catchment -west -north -east -Bisa east Chuau
Net Area, 6.2 12.4 4.2 5.9 - 7.1 14.7 50.5
km2
Total 0.16 0.33 0.11 0.16 - 0.19 0.39 1.33
Annual
Inflow,
m3/s

2-54 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.6.9 Modelled Pollutant Input Concentrations

Design input Assumed pollutant Design input

concentrations removal efficiency concentrations
from direct in Primary via Primary
drainage, mg/l Wetlands Wetlands, mg/l
TSS 150 90% 15
Total phosphorus 0.5 60% 0.2
Total nitrogen 0.5 90% 0.05
BOD 10.0 90% 1.0
COD 50 90% 5.0

(3) In the model, the water quality of Putrajaya Lake had been
estimated by assuming the lake was a well mixed system
with constituent concentrations approximately uniform
within the lake but subject to first-order decay.

(4) The modelled equilibrium concentrations of total suspended

solids, nutrients and BOD/COD in the lake are presented in
Table 2.6.10.

The report concluded that an inflow phosphorus

concentration of 0.1 mg/l would be the acceptable
upper limit of mean TP concentration in the
catchment.

Table 2.6.10 Equilibrium Contaminant Concentrations in

the Putrajaya Lake

Contaminant Equilibrium concentration, mg/l

TSS 16
Total nitrogen 0.14
Total phosphorus 0.20
BOD 0.8
COD 5.6

2-55 T9903/DOC/013
 B. Putrajaya Lake Phase 1 Concept Design Report
Wetland Component (Angkasa GHD Engineers, 1996)

(5) The AQUALM model was chosen to model water quality

in the wetlands and the primary lake. AQUALM is an
integrated rainfall runoff and water quality model which
simulates long term pollutant export and retention using a
daily time step. The model requires rainfall, evaporation
and catchment data as well as estimates of export rates
from various land use types. The pollutant selected for the
analysis were total phosphorus, total nitrogen and
suspended solids.

(6) The model uses pollutant retention curves (based on

hydraulic residence time) to estimate daily pollutant
removal rates. Eutrophication potential is assessed using
Vollenweider analysis - assuming phosphorus is the
limiting nutrient. The values of bio-available phosphorus
was taken to be 0.3 for urban areas, 0.1 for rural areas
and 0.9 for sewage sources for this study’s model.

(7) The pollutant retention curves were derived from data

sourced from Canberra (Australia) wetlands. It was
considered that adoption of these curves would be a
conservative approach to estimating pollutant retention
capabilities of the Putrajaya Wetlands because of
increased macrophyte cover and increased flood retention
storage.

(8) Initial model parameters of water balance were based on

calibration of two urban catchments in Brisbane
(Australia), later modified to reflect the runoff volumes
estimated by DID.

(9) The loading rates for pollutant export loads adopted for
established urban conditions were based on calibrated
loads from two established urban catchments located in
Brisbane, Australia.

(10) To simplify the model, cells for each wetlands were

modeled as a single cell by referencing each cell’s storage
and area values to the cell’s normal water level.

2-56 T9903/DOC/013
(11) The model scheme used is shown in Figure 2.6.3 and the
total phosphorus loads with and without catchment
treatment as shown in Figure 2.6.4 to Figure 2.6.5.

(12) The Vollenweider analysis showed that the maximum

tolerable average loading rates is approximately 4
gP/m2/y.The maximum desirable loading rate is
approximately 1.5 g P/m2/y. Only the Phase 1 lake (to the
temporary dam) is less than this value.

(13) All wetlands reduced phosphorus concentration by about

70% except for the Bisa wetland which was modeled as a
sedimentation system rather than as a macrophyte system.

(14) This analysis showed that under normal urban loadings,

the target 0.05 mg/l phosphorus influent concentration
into the Primary Lake is not achieved. The calculated
influent concentration was 0.13 mg/l.This implies that
average influent concentration into the wetlands must be
reduced from 0.4 mg/l to 0.15 mg/l. Likewise runoff
concentrations from non-treated areas must be of the
same quality.

(15) Modelling was only carried out for Phase 1A of the Lake.
Most of the inputs into Phase 2 of the Lake would not be
treated by wetlands. Based on this Angkasa-GHD
concluded that the maximum permissible average
concentration would likely be lower than 0.15 mg/l and
may possibly be about 0.1 mg/l. This concurs with the
Kota Bistari model report.

(16) This implies that influent entering through the

wetlands should be of at most 0.15 mg/l of Total
Phosphorus but that the influent entering directly into
the Lake, from within Putrajaya and Cyberjaya, must
be lower than 0.15 mg/l of Total Phosphorus.

2.6.3.2 MIKE 11 Software

(1) MIKE 11 is a professional engineering software package for
the simulation of flows, water quality and sediment transport in
estuaries, rivers, irrigation systems, channels and other water
bodies. It is a dynamic, one-dimensional modelling tool for the

2-57 T9903/DOC/013
 design, management and operation of river and channel
systems.

(2) The Hydrodynamics (HD), Advection-Dispersion (AD) and the

Water Quality (WQ) modules were applied for assessment of
the water quality in the Lake system.

(a) Hydrodynamic Module (HD)

(3) The HD module contains an implicit, finite difference
computation of unsteady flows in rivers and estuaries.
The formulations can be applied to branched and looped
networks.

(4) The computational scheme is applicable to vertically

homogeneous flow conditions ranging from steep river
flows to tidally influenced estuaries. Both subcritical and
supercritical flow can be described by means of a
numerical scheme which adapts according to the local
flow conditions.

(5) The complete non-linear equations of open channel flow

(Saint Venant) can be solved numerically between all grid
points at specified time intervals for given boundary
conditions.

(6) Within the standard HD module advanced computational

formulations enable flow over a variety of structures to be
simulated :

• Broadcrested weirs
• culverts
• user-defined structures

(7) The HD module essentially calculates the hydraulic flow

through the cross-sections and under the controls defined
by the user.

(b) Advection Dispersion Module (AD)

(8) This module describes the flow of a mass through the
hydraulic system predicted by the HD module. The AD
module is based on the one-dimensional equation of
conservation of mass of a dissolved or suspended material
(eg salt or cohesive sediments). The behaviour of

2-58 T9903/DOC/013
 conservative materials which decay linearly can be
simulated. The module requires output from the
hydrodynamic module, in space and time, of discharge
and water level, cross-sectional area and hydraulic radius.

(9) The advection-dispersion equation is solved numerically

using an implicit finite difference scheme which has
negligible numerical dispersion. Concentration profiles
with very steep fronts can be simulated accurately.

(c) Water Quality Module (WQ)

(10) A water quality module is coupled to the AD module and
simulates the reaction processes of multi-compound
systems including the degradation of organic matter, the
photosynthesis and respiration of plants, nitrification and
the exchange of oxygen with the atmosphere.

(11) The mass balance for the parameters involved are

calculated for all grid points at all time steps using a
rational extrapolation method in an integrated two-step
procedure with the AD module.

(12) Using the MIKE 11 simulation, the variation and

longitudinal profile of the mean water quality
concentration at selected sections for the given
hydrological regimes will be assessed for the study of the
Catchment Development and Management Plan for
Putrajaya Lake.

(13) The state variables that are used for the modelling include:
Dissolved Oxygen, Temperature, Ammonia, Nitrate,
BOD, Dissolved Phosphorus, Particulate Phosphorus. The
processes involved Degradation of Organic Matter,
Oxygen Processes, Temperature, Nitrification,
Denitrification, Bottom/Sediment, Phosphorus Processes
in the Water Pase, Phosphorus Pocesses at the Bttom,
Ntrient Utake by Pants and Agae.

(14) The model is very applicable to general studies of effects

of discharges of municipal and agricultural run-off.

2-59 T9903/DOC/013
2.6.3.3 Model Physical Setup

Information for the model programme was obtained from

secondary data as provided by other consultants and Perbadanan
Putrajaya.

1. The river networks, the longitudinal section, cross

sections and the weir geometry were taken from the
Putrajaya as-built plan and the Bulk Earthworks and
Drainage plan.

2. Water quality data on each cell of the wetlands was

provided by Putrajaya Holdings for preliminary
assessment. The monthly sampling records were
from May 1997 to May 1999. Time series data
collection was carried out by Universiti Putra
Malaysia. Some variations in phosphorus values were
apparent and the use of the Putrajaya Holdings data is
discontinued until an intercomparison of the data set
is carried out.

(a) Model Setup

(1) The Putrajaya Wetlands and Lake Networks was setup

with the data linking the Upper West wetland, Upper
North wetland, Upper East wetland, Lower East wetland,
Upper Bisa wetland, the Central wetland, the primary
Lake and the looped secondary Lake as shown in Figure
2.6.6. The hydrological inputs are as explained in the
Hydrological section.

(2) The whole network utilised the design normal water levels
as determined by the weir’s crest and the dam spillway
level as shown in Table 2.6.11. The average volume of
each wetlands at their normal water levels as compared to
the survey volume in the as-built plan are in Table 2.6.12.

(3) The pollutant inputs into the networks will be subjected to

the model’s Water Quality processes as stated above. The
water quality model requires input of a number of physical
and biological parameters with temperature coefficient.

2-60 T9903/DOC/013
 (b) Calibration

(1) For the calibration of the model, it is important that data

on the time series of the observed water quality
parameters be obtained. Thus, monitoring of the inflow
water quality and the water quality at selected stations
over a time period is being carried out by UPM to be used
to calibrate the performance of the wetlands and lake.

Table 2.6.11 Location of Weirs in each Wetland Cells and its

Normal Water Leval (NWL).

Cell No. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
UW Dis,m 612 790 1150 1340 1587 1960 2300
NWL, 29.0 28.5 27.75 27.0 26.0 25.25 24.5
m
UN Dis,m 400 720 1520 1795 2110 2415 2745 3260
NWL, 30.0 29.0 28.0 27.5 26.75 26.0 25.0 24.5
m
UE Dis,m 230 458 853
NWL, 30.0 29.0 28.5
m
LE Dis,m 680 1355
NWL, 30.0 27.0
m
UB Dis,m 1100 1947
NWL, 30.0 24.5
m
CW Dis,m 1040
NWL, 23.5
m

2-61 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.6.12 Average Model Volume as Compared to the Survey
Volume in the As-built Plan

Wetland Survey Volume Model Volume % Difference

(ML) (ML)
Upper North 193.0 243.0* +0.25
Upper West** 187.5 185.0 -1.3
Upper East 142.0 156.0 +9.8
Lower East 202.5 185.0 -8.6
Upper Bisa 628.0 625.0 -0.5
Central 1250.0 1115.8 -10.7
Wetland
* including the whole UN6, UN7 and UN8
** excluding UW8

(2) For assessment of the water quality, the following

assumptions have been made in this study.

a) the MIKE 11 computes flow condition as vertically

homogeneous, the water quality parameters are fully
mixed in the water column at each cross-sections.
b) the water processes take into account the immediate
oxygen demand due to degradation of the dissolved
and suspended organic matter. It implies that the
reaction is immediate for oxygen uptake.
c) the water processes described above are the major
controlling factors for water quality.
d) the simulation utilises an unsteady state to study the
dynamic effects of the water quality aspects,
neglecting the long term phenomena such as the
retention of nutrients in the river system.

2.6.3.4 Model Water Quality Processes

(1) Preliminary runs (Appendix 2.4) of the Water Quality
processes involve the following WQ parameters with their
default global values:

2-62 T9903/DOC/013
 (a) Oxygen processes

No. of reaeration expression 3

Reaeration temperature coefficient 1.024
Respiration of animals and plants at 20 deg. 3.000
Respiration temperature coefficient 1.047
Max. Oxygen production by photosynthesis 3.500
Displacement of oxygen production maximum 1.000

(b) Temperature

Latitude 3.000
Maximum absorbed solar radiation (kJ/m2/hour) 520.000
Displacement of solar radiation max from 12 pm 1.000
Emitted heat radiation (kJ/m2/hour) 67.000

(c) Denitrification

Reaction order 1st

Nitrate decay at 20 deg. C 1.000
Temperature coefficient for decay rate 1.160

(d) Nitrification

Reaction order 1st

Ammonium decay rate at 20 deg. C 1.540
Temperature coefficient of decay rate 1.130
Oxygen demand by nitrification 4.470

(e) Nitrogen contents

Ratio of ammonium released at BOD decay 0.290

Uptake of ammonium in plants 0.066
Uptake of ammonium in bacteria 0.109

(f) Degradation

1st order decay rate at 20 deg. C 0.500

Temperature coefficient for decay rate 1.024
Half-saturation oxygen concentration 2.000

2-63 T9903/DOC/013
 (g) Bed/ sediment

Sediment oxygen demand at 20 deg. C 0.500

Temperature coeff for sediment oxygen demand 1.000
Resuspension of organic matter 0.500
Sedimentation rate for organic matter 0.800
Critical flow velocity (net sed. = 0) 1.000

(h) Phosphorus contents

Ratio of P released at BOD decay 0.009

Uptake of P in plants 0.009

(i) Phosphorus exchange with the bed

Resuspension of particulate phosphorus 0.500

Deposition of particulate phosphorus 0.800
Critical velocity of flow (susp. = dep.) 1.000

(j) Phosphorus processes

Decay constant for particulate phosphorus 0.100

Temperature coeff for decay 1.000
Formation constant for particulate phosphorus 0.100
Temperature coeff for formation 1.000

(k) Coliforms

1st order decay faecal 0.700

1st order decay total 0.800
Temperature coeff for decay rate 1.090
Salinity coeff for decay rate 1.006
Light coeff of decay rate 7.400
Light coefficient 1.400
Salinity 0.000

2-64 T9903/DOC/013
2.6.3.5 Model Calibration
(1) The model was calibrated to the study data monitored by UPM
together with the other water quality data collected. The model
WQ parameters were determined by several iteration runs for
this calibration process.

(a) Oxygen process

No. Of reaeration expression 1

Reaeration temperature coefficient 1.000
Respiration of animals and plants at 20 deg. 2.000
Respiration temperature coefficient 1.024
Max. Oxygen production by photosynthesis 1.000
Displacement of oxygen production maximum 0.000

(b) Temperature

Latitude 0.000
Maximum absorbed solar radiation (kJ/m2/hour) 0.000
Displacement of solar radiation max from 12 pm 0.000
Emitted heat radiation (kJ/m2/hour) 0.000

(c) Denitrification

Reaction order 1st

Nitrate decay at 20 deg. C 1.000
Temperature coefficient for decay rate 0.500

(d) Nitrification

Reaction order 1st

Ammonium decay rate at 20 deg. C 1.540
Temperature coefficient of decay rate 0.500
Oxygen demand by nitrification 4.470

(e) Nitrogen contents

Ratio of ammonium released at BOD decay 0.350

Uptake of ammonium in plants 0.066
Uptake of ammonium in bacteria 0.109

2-65 T9903/DOC/013
(f) Degradation

1st order decay rate at 20 deg. C, kBOD 0.100

Temperature coefficient for decay rate 1.000
Half-saturation oxygen concentration 4.000

At the following locations global values are substituted:

UW : kBOD=0.15
UN : kBOD=0.07
LE : kBOD=0.05
UE : kBOD=0.30

(g) Bed/ sediment

Sediment oxygen demand at 20 deg. C 0.500

Temperature coeff for sediment oxygen demand 1.100
Resuspension of organic matter 1.000
Sedimentation rate for organic matter 0.300
Critical flow velocity (net sed. = 0) 0.800

(h) Phosphorus exchange with the bed

Resuspension of particulate phosphorus 0.500

Deposition of particulate phosphorus 0.800
Critical velocity of flow (susp. = dep.) 0.800

At the following locations global values are substituted:

MAIN_LAKE : Critical flow=1.5

SIDE_LAKE : Critical flow=1.0
UN : Resuspension=0.55
UW : Resuspension=0.55
UE : Resuspension=0.57
LE : Resuspension=0.65

2-66 T9903/DOC/013
 (i) Coliforms

1st order decay faecal 0.700

1st order decay total 0.800
Temperature coeff for decay rate 1.000
Salinity coeff for decay rate 1.006
Light coeff of decay rate 7.400
Light coefficient 3.000
Salinity 0.000

(2) The calibration used existing water quality parameters in the

stream flow and runoff to the wetlands and lake as pollutant
inputs as shown in Table 2.6.13. A normal year runoff in 1984
with an annual rainfall of 2153mm was used as the hydraulic
inflow. The initial condition of the model, which is unstable,
will not be taken into account.

Table 2.6.13 Water Quality for Stream Flow and Runoff for the
Model Simulation

Parameter Stream flow Runoff

DO, mg/l 5.0 5.0
Temperature, oC 29 29
NH3, mg/l 1.0 0.3
NO, mg/l 1.0 1.0
BOD, mg/l 5.0 (for UW=3.0) 3.0
Dis.P, mg/l 0.3 0.1
Par.P, mg/l 0.4 0.1
F.coli, mil/100ml 0.008 0.001
T.coli, mil/100ml 0.015 0.005

2-67 T9903/DOC/013
(3) The simulated results in each wetlands, top and the last cell,
and at the Primary Lake are as shown in the figures of 1984-run
Time Series of Concentrations (see Appendix 2.5).

(4) The simulated results in each wetlands are consistent of the

monitored data; reflecting the effect of runoff and the current
state of wetlands. There is little degradation or removal of
nutrients between the top and the last cell of each wetland.

(5) At the Primary Lake, from the 1984-run Time Series of

Concentrations for Primary Lake, the nitrate is at the range of
0.85 to 0.95 mg/l as compared to the monitored values in
Appendix 2.2 which is from 0.5 to 2.9 mg/l.. The values shown
are for the Primary Lake at 1500 m, which is near to the site of
the present Temporary Dam.

(6) For the BOD at the Primary Lake, the values are from 0.05 to
0.8 mg/l, as compared to the monitored values in Appendix
2.2 which is from 0.11 to 1.89 mg/l.

(1) For Total Phosphorus at the Primary Lake, the values of

Dissolved Phosphorus and Particulate Phosphorus are from
0.01 to 0.10 mg/l and 0.01 to 0.04 mg/l as compared to the
monitored values in Table 2.6.6 which is from 0.01 to 0.27
mg/l and 0.01 to 0.56 mg/l.

2.6.3.5 Model Scenarios

(1) Two scenarios are modelled. The first utilised existing top
inflow pollutant concentration and estimated lateral inflow
concentrations. Three hydrological conditions were used:
normal, wet and dry hydrological years. The wet year of 1993
with an annual rainfall of 2730 mm and the dry year of 1988
with an annual rainfall of 1591 mm were used as hydraulic
inputs (Table 2.6.13). The normal hydrological year is used for
the calibration run. From the results of the first scenario, a
second scenario was modelled. This used reduced phosphorus
top inflow concentrations, but the same estimated lateral inflow
concentrations. This second scenario will indicate the effect of
water quality of the upper streams compared to the effect of
lateral inputs from runoff and drains.

2-68 T9903/DOC/013
(2) The simulated results are as shown in Appendix 2.6 and
Appendix 2.7, the 1993-run Time Series of Concentration and
the 1988-run Time Series of Concentration. The water quality
at the Primary Lake between the three scenarios are as shown in
Table 2.6.14.

Table 2.6.14 Water Quality at the Primary Lake for the Model

Wet Year Normal Dry Year Putrajaya

Year Ambient
Water
Quality
Nitrate, 0.9- 1.0 0.85- 0.95 0.86-0.92 7.0
mg/l
BOD, mg/l 0.1- 1.6 0.05- 0.8 0.05-0.6 3.0
Dis.Phosph 0.03-0.07 0.01- 0.10 0.01- 0.10 Total
orus, mg/l Phosphorus
= 0.05
Par.Phospho 0.01- 0.04 0.01- 0.04 0 - 0.04
rus, mg/l
F. coli, 0 - 200 0 – 100 0 - 100 100
c/100ml
Total coli, 0 - 1000 0 - 300 0 - 200 5000
c/100ml

2.6.4 MODEL RESULT AND DISCUSSION

2.6.4.1 In Scenario 1, nitrate and BOD concentrations are below the

Putrajaya Ambient Water Quality under the three conditions
using the water quality concentrations assumed. BOD increases
due to the higher hydraulic loading during the wet year as
compared to the dry year. For Total Phosphorus, the values are
at the Ambient Water Quality of 0.05 mg/l or higher for the
three scenarios. Therefore, phosphorus will appear to be the
factor that will affect the lake water quality under the current
loading conditions.

2-69 T9903/DOC/013
2.6.4.2 In Scenario 2, despite the reduced Phosphorus loading from
incoming streams, the values of Phosphorus in the Lake showed
little discernable change. This indicates that the unchanged
lateral inflows play an important role in controlling the Lake
water quality.

2.6.4.3 Based on the model results for the wet, dry and normal year in
Table 3.2.17, nitrate and BOD meet the Putrajaya Ambient
Water Quality under these three conditions with existing water
quality. BOD increases with hydraulic loading during the wet
year as compare to the dry year.

2.6.4.4 For Total Phosphorus, the values are at the Ambient Water
Quality of 0.05 mg/l or higher for the three scenarios.
Phosphorus will appear to be the factor that will affect the lake
water quality under existing condition.

2.6.4.5 The present concentration of Total Phosphorus of 0.7 mg/l, into

the inflow waters of the wetlands at the upper portion, is unable
to be reduced for input to the Primary Lake system. This is
because present wetland removal, overall, does not appear to be
occurring. There is little change, indicating degradation or
removal, of nutrient concentration between the top and the last
cell of each wetland series. This contrasts with the previous
AQUALM model results obtained in the Putrajaya Lake Phase 1
where removal efficiencies of 20%-80% for phosphorus were
expected.

2.6.4.6 The causes of the dissimilarity between the AQUALM model

and the MIKE11 model is at yet uncertain. Several factors are
different between the models:

(a) tr.eatment of wetland cells as a single entity rather than

separate cells,
(b) no lateral inflow to the wetlands,
(c) calibration to Australian conditions instead of actual
existing conditions.

2.6.4.7 The advantage of this study is the ability to use the present
monitoring data to calibrate the model. The previous AQUALM
model could only be calibrated on speculation of removal
efficiencies.

2-70 T9903/DOC/013
2.6.4.8 The efficiency of each cell is not calculated due to the variable
pattern of parameter concentration in each wetland cell as
indicated in the UPM monitoring of each wetland cell.

2.6.5 Recommendation

2.6.5.1 The lateral inflow of runoff to the wetlands and lake affects the
water quality greatly. It could be the reason why there is little
degradation or removal of nutrients between the top and the
last cell of each wetlands. There should be continuous water
quality monitoring as recommended in the Lake Management
Guidelines.

2.6.5.2 The construction activities at the surrounding areas may

contribute adversely to the water quality in the lake and
careful control of such activities is vital in the immediate
term.

2.6.5.3 To reduce non-point source pollutant inflow, particularly

of nutrients and agricides, it is recommended that riparian
buffer zones, on both sides of the drainage lines and water
bodies, be built. This is to trap and reduce the sediment
and other pollutants in the surface runoff, and interflow,
from entering the water system.

2.7 THE WETLANDS

2.7.1 Wetland Ecological Status

2.7.1.1 The Lake and Wetland System

(a) The Putrajaya Lake System

(1) The Putrajaya Lake system comprises of the primary Putrajaya
Lake and six artificial wetlands as shown in Figure 2.7.1. The
six artificial wetlands are the Upper West (8 cells), Upper East
(3 cells), Upper North (8 cells), Lower East (2 cells), Central (1
cell) and the Upper Bisa (2 cells) Wetlands. The wetlands have
been designed as a measure to improve the runoff and enhance
the water quality in the Lake and as another natural landscape
feature of the "Garden-in-a-city concept" of Putrajaya. They

2-71 T9903/DOC/013
 have been designed as secondary measures for the reduction of
runoff pollutants into the Lake. The primary measure is
through implementation of appropriate land-use control and
innovative drainage design in the catchment.

(2) Figure 2.7.2 shows the typical cross-sections of two tropical

wetlands of different widths. The forests and shrubs are
located along the intermittent flooding zones of the banks of the
wetlands whereas the macrophytes of the marshlands are
contained within the litoral zones. A total of about 6 million
indigenous plants, shrubs, palms, ferns and trees, taken from
more than 70 wetland sites around the country, are being used
to create the marshlands and "forests" along the intermittent
flooding zones of the banks of the wetlands and the primary
Putrajaya Lake.

(b) Wetland Plant Nutrient Uptake

(1) There has been no comprehensive study to date on the rate at
which the nutrients are absorbed in the plant cells of individual
species. Thus it is difficult to assess individual wetland species
of each wetland cell as regards to their role in improving the
lake water quality. Nevertheless, some information is available
about the main wetland species that were planted in all wetland
cells throughout the wetland system. They are as follows:

• Lepironia articulata holds high biomass, 2 kg dry wt./m2,

implying high nutrient sink and microbial carrying
capacity.

• Eleocharis sp. holds high biomass varying 1.5 and 2.5 kg

dry wt./m2, holds high nutrient uptake capacity and can
withstand high fluctuation in flow rates.

• Phragmites karka holds high nutrient uptake capacity and

provides refuge for fish and other invertebrates.
Withstand high fluctuation in flow rates, turbidity and
nutrient loadings.

• Scleria sp. has low foliage, holds high nutrient uptake

capacity and provides refuge for fish and other
invertebrates. Withstands high fluctuation in flow rates,
turbidity and nutrient loading.

2-72 T9903/DOC/013
(2) Some information on nutrient uptake by temperate species
grass crops are also available (Table 2.7.1) based on fertilizer
requirements. The information indicates that selection of
species can have different implications for nutrient uptake.

(3) From the field study it was found that planting in the Upper
North, Upper West, Upper East and Lower East Wetlands have
been completed while those for the other wetlands are still in
progress. Terrestrial plants have also been planted in the
intermittent flooding zone of the banks of the Upper North,
Upper West, Upper East, and Lower East Wetlands, whereas,
the zones along the banks of the Central and Upper Bisa
Wetlands, and the primary Lake will be developed into swamp
forest to provide habitats for a variety of fauna.

Table 2.7.1 Nutrient uptake rates for selected crops

Crop Nutrient Uptake lb/acre.yr

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
Forage Crops
Alfalfa 200-480 20-30 155-200
Broome grass 116-200 35-50 220
Coastal Bermuda grass 350-600 30-40 200
Kentucky bluegrass 180-240 40 180
Quack grass 210-250 27-41 245
Reed canary grass 300-400 36-40 280
Rye grass 180-250 55-75 240-290
Sweet Clover 158 16 90
Tall Fescue 135-290 26 267
Orchard Grass 230-250 20-50 225-315

Source:` Metcalf & Eddy, 1991. Wastewater Engineering - Treatment, Disposal & Reuse.
McGraw-Hill.

2.7.2 Flora

An inventory of the flora planted and to be planted in the six

wetlands and the primary Lake given below. This was based
primarily on secondary information supported by field survey
where pertinent. The references consulted are Idris and
Rozaina (1992), Holttum (1954), Corner (1978), Ng (1978),
Pancho and Soerjani (1978), and Wyatt-Smith and Kochumen
(1979).

2-73 T9903/DOC/013
2.7.2.1 Upper North Wetland
The Upper North Wetland consists of eight cells, each with a
number of plots planted with single wetland plant species
(mono-culture), as shown in Figure 2.7.3. The wetland plant
species in each cell are also shown in the figure whereas the
terrestrial plant species planted along the banks of the wetlands
are given in Table 2.7.2. Incoming water, laden with organic
and inorganic pollutants, enter into the uppermost wetland cell
(UN8) and passes from one cell to another via weirs. During
the process suspended sediments will settle to the bottom while
the nutrients will be taken up by a variety of wetland plant
species in the various cells.

2.7.2.2 Upper East Wetland

The Upper East Wetland consists of three cells, each with a
number of plots planted with single wetland plant species
(mono-culture), as shown in Figure 2.7.4. The wetland plant
species in each cell are also shown in the figure whereas the
terrestrial plant species planted along the banks of the wetlands
are given in Table 2.7.3.

Table 2.7.2 Terrestrial Plants in the Upper North Wetland

Scientific Name Common English/ Malay Name
Caryota mitis Fish Tail Palm – Rabok, tukas
Cerbera odollam Pong Pong
Colocasia gigantea Keladi
Crinum asiaticum
Cyrtostachys renda
Dillenia suffruticosa Simpoh Air
Eugenia aquae Jambu Air
Ixora javamica Siantan
Melaleuca cajuputi Gelam
Pometia piumata Kasai
Flagellaria indica
Arundina graminifolia Bamboo Orchid
Saraca thaipingiensis Seraca
Fagraea fragrans Tembusu
Eugenia obana Kelat
Ploiarum atternifolium Riang-riang
Shorea sp
Ficus microcarpa
Ficus benjamima
Eugenia grata
Alocasia macrrhiza

2-74 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.7.3 Terrestrial Plants in the Upper East Wetland
Scientific Name Common English/ Malay Name
Alstonia spathulata Pulai Paya
Caryota mitis Fish Tail Palm
Cerbera odollam Pong Pong
Colocasia gigantea Keladi
Crinum asiaticum Sea Shoce Crinum
Cyrtostachys renda Sealing Wax Palm
Dillenia suffruticosa Simpoh Air
Eugenia aquae Jambu Air
Ixoea javamica Siantan
Melaleuca cajuputi Gelam
Pometia pirmata Kasai
Flagellaria indica
Arundina graminifolia Bamboo Orchid
Saraca thaipingiensis Seraca
Fagraea fragraus Tembusu
Hibiscus tilleaceas Hibiscus
Eugenia obana Kelat
Ixora finlaysonia Siantan
Ficus microcarpa
Ficus berjamina
Shorea Sp.

2.7.2.3 Upper West Wetland

The Upper West Wetland consists of eight cells, each with a
number of plots planted with single wetland plant species
(mono-culture), as shown in Figure 2.7.5. The wetland plant
species in each cell are also shown in the figure whereas the
terrestrial plant species planted along the banks of the wetlands
are given in Table 2.7.4.

2.7.2.4 Lower East Wetland

The Lower East Wetland consists of two cells, each with a
number of plots planted with single wetland plant species
(mono-culture), as shown in Figure 2.7.6. The wetland plant
species in each cell are also shown in the figure whereas the
terrestrial plant species planted along the banks of the wetlands
are given in Table 2.7.5.

2-75 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.7.4 Terrestrial Plants in the Upper West Wetland

Scientific Name Common English/ Malay Name

Alstonia spathulata Pulai Paya
Alstonia angustiloba Pulai
Caryota mitis Fish Tail Palm
Cerbera odollam Keladi
Colocasia gigantea Keladi
Crinum asiaticum Sea Shore Crinum
Cyrtostachys renda Seabing Wax Palm
Dillenia suffruticosa Simpoh Air
Engenia aquae Jambu Air
Ixoea javamica Siantan
Lubirgina villosa Malaysia Willow Herli
Melaleuca cajuputi Gelam
Pometia pirnata Kasai
Arundina graminifolia Bamboo Orchid
Saraca thaipingiensis Seraca
Fagraea fragrans Tembusu
Licuala spinosa Palas
Ploiarum altermifolium Riang riang
Ixora finlaysonia Siantan
Eugenia obana Kelat
Koompasia malaccensis Tualang

2.7.2.5 Upper Bisa Wetland

The Upper Bisa Wetland consists of two cells, each with a
number of plots planted with single wetland plant species
(mono-culture), as shown in Figure 2.7.7. The wetland plant
species in each cell are also shown in the figure whereas
swamp forest trees will be planted along the banks of the
wetlands. The swampy habitat will allow the colonisation of
the wetland by fauna (mammals, amphibians and birds). Since
planting has not started yet a list of the tree species could not be
provided.

2-76 T9903/DOC/013
 Table 2.7.5 Terrestrial Plants in the Lower East Wetland

Scientific Name Common English/ Malay Name

Alocasia macrorrhiza
Colocasia gigantea
Crinum asiaticum Sea Shore Crinum
Dillenia suffruticosa Simpoh Air
Ixora javamica Siantan
Ludwigia villosa Malaysia Willow herb
Melaleuca cajuputi Gelam
Arundina graminifolia Bamboo Orchid
Saraca thaipingiensis Seraca
Fagraea fragrans Tembusu
Hibiscus tilleaceus Hibiscus
Ixora finlaysonia Siantan
Eugenia obana Kelat

2.7.2.6 Central Wetland

The Central Wetland (Figure 2.7.8) is only one cell and has
water depths exceeding 5 m. Wetland species cannot survive in
such deep water. Thus, most of the wetland species are being
planted along the limnetic zone (marshy area) around the
periphery. The planting exercise has just started and is
currently in progress. The incomplete list of the wetland plant
species is given in Figure 2.7.8. Swamp forest trees will be
planted along the banks of the wetlands. Since planting has not
started yet a list of the tree species could not be provided.

2.7.2.7 Primary Lake

Like the Central Wetland, the primary Lake (Figure 2.7.9) has
depths exceeding 5 m, and wetland species cannot survive in
such deep water. Thus, most of the wetland species are being
planted along the marsh zone around the lake side. The planting
exercise has just started and is currently in progress. The
incomplete list of the wetland plant species is given in Figure
2.7.9. Swamp forest trees will be planted along the banks of
the wetlands. Since planting has not started yet a list of the tree
species could not be provided.

2-77 T9903/DOC/013
2.7.3 Fish and Fauna

An inventory of the fauna (birds, amphibians and mammals)

and fish stock is given based primarily on secondary
information and supported by field survey where pertinent. The
following are the results from the study.

2.7.3.1 Fish
(1) The identification of fish species were based on taxonomic
keys developed by Alfred (1964), Mohsin and Ambak (1982),
Inger and Chin (1962), Ng, et. al. (1992) and IUCN (1994). No
records of fish sampling survey for the stretch of Sg. Chuau,
which has been impounded to form the Putrajaya Lake system
has been found. However, general information are available
which indicated that the Sg. Chuau is rich in a variety of
indigenous and exotic species (Mohsin and Ambak, 1982).

(2) Some of the common species are Puntius gonionotus, Puntius

schwanenfeldii, Puntius Spp., Rasbora Spp., Trichogaster
pectoralis, Clarias batrachus, Channa striatus, Tilapia Spp.,
Notopterus notopterus, Macrobrachium lancestri. Due to the
impoundment the habitat of the species has now changed from
riverine to lacustrine. The species will thrive well in the lake
because of the availability of shelter, rich feeding and breeding
grounds in the lake. It is also known that fish stocking exercise
has also been carried out after the impoundment of the river.
Table 2.7.6 shows the species introduced into the Putrajaya
Lake system.

2.7.3.2 Fauna
(1) With site clearance, earthwork and construction activity in the
catchment, the diversity of the fauna population have been
greatly reduced. However, since the constructed wetlands will
provide a good habitat for the fauna, colonisation by the fauna
such as birds are expected. The wetlands are located near a
flyway which crosses the new international airport at Sepang
near Putrajaya. The flyway is the flying route for migratory
birds from the west during overwintering period. The birds fly
over Putrajaya and Sepanang of West Malaysia to Indonesia.
Thus there is a possibility of significant colonisation of the
wetlands by water birds in the near future.

2-78 T9903/DOC/013
Table 2.7.6 Fish Species introduced into the Putrajaya Lake
system

Scientific Name with Local/ Ecological Attributes

English Name
Puntius tetrazona Predate mosquito, zooplankton
(Tiger Berb) feeder and indigenous and have high
ornamental value
Puntius gonionotus Indigenous, Insectivorous and
zooplankton feeder and sport fish
with ornamental value
P. schwanenfeldii Insectivorous, zooplankton feeder,
(Lampam Jawa) ornamental value indigenous and
good sport fish
Rasbora Spp. Ornamental species, Predate
(Seluang) mosquito larvae, insects and some
aquatic plants.
Trichogaster pectoralis Indigenous, control algal population
(Sepat) and resistant species
Betta splendens Feed both phyto- and zooplankton,
(Ikan laga) ornamental value.
Aplochilus panchax Insectivorous and predate mosquito
(Kepala Timah/Whitespot fish) larvae
Xenontodon cancila Insectivorous and predate mosquito
(Needle fish) larvae.
Leptobarbus hoevenii Phytoplankton feeder, also feeds on
(Jelawat) aquatic plants, good ornamental fish
Channa striata Carnivorous and predate small fish
(Haruan) and mosquito larvae

(2) A general survey of the fauna in the area after the

impoundment phase was undertaken. It was observed that
amphibians such as the crab-eating frog (rana cancrivora) and
cricket frog (rana limnocharis) were found in the area. Species
of waterfowl and heron were also spotted. The bird species
observed are given in Table 2.7.7 whereas the mammals are
given in Table 2.7.8.

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Table 2.7.7 Birds species observed in the Putrajaya Lake system

Scientific Name Environmental Status

Charadrius leschemaultii P*
Egretta eulophotes P
Xenus cinereus P
Tringa Spp. P
Nycticorax Spp. P
Haliastur indus P
Malacopteron Spp. P
Trichastoma Spp. P
Prinia Spp. P
Phylloscopus Spp. P
Loriculus galgulas P
Halcyon Spp. P
P* - ‘Protected’ species according to the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

Table 2.7.8 Mammal species observed in the Putrajaya Lake

system

Scientific Name Environmental Status

Macaca fascicularis P*
Presbytis obscura P
P. cristata P
Callosciurus prevostii P
Ratufa bicolor P

(3) The primary information collected indicates that there are

incidences of colonisation of the Putrajaya Lake system by the
fauna. However, it will take some time for the wetlands and
open water lake to have a fully developed fauna population.

2.7.4 Recommendations for Sustaining the Fauna & Flora

2.7.4.1 Wetland Plants

(a) Plant Harvesting
(1) Plant die-off, due to overcrowding, pest infestation and
weed’s invasion in the wetland cells, is common and
expected. It should not interrupt the ecological cycle as
each wetland cell has its own microbial carrying capacity.

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 However, if the die-off is significant involving large
planting area, there will be need for harvesting. Thus,
routine harvesting of senescent plants due to disease or
overcrowding or to reasons unexplained, is very
appropriate and this exercise to be completed during
drought period rather than monsoon. Plant harvesting will
have environmental impacts on water quality and fish and
invertebrates and it must be addressed properly. One of
the options to maintain the water quality, is to raise
temporarily the stop logs in the weir to increase retention
time by increasing volume. This will allow for the
sediments to settle at the bottom. The rise in the stop logs
will temporarily stop water flow into the downstream.

(b) Planting Density

(2) Planting density is to be as low as possible so as not to
repeat the past experience of overcrowding of plants in
some of the cells. The previous density for planting the
wetland cells is relatively high, varying from 15-18
plants/m2. The recommended density for transplanting the
harvested cells is as follows:

• Scleria sp. - <6 plants/m2

• Others, such as Phragmites sp. Lepironia sp. and

Scirpus sp. - <10 plants./m2

(c) Species Selection

(3) Currently there is limited information on the ability of an
individual wetland species to uptake of particular nutrients
at a particular aquatic habitat type. The wetlands at
Putrajaya represent an excellent opportunity for research
into this area.

(4) It is generally known that Nitrogen, Phosphorus and

Potassium are three major nutrient elements required for
the growth and propagation of plant species including
those of wetland plants. But the intricate physiology of
nutrient uptake and cellular absorption are little known.
Especially very little is known particularly on the tropical
and equatorial wetland plants with some information
available from temperate regions (section 2.7.1.2).
However, the information available on the temperate

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 wetland plants may be of little relevance to the tropical
wetland species because of the different rates and annual
pattern of growth, and the temperature difference which
may affect the rates of the biochemical processes
themselves. Nevertheless, some general information
which may be applicable of the tropical wetlands which
are shown in Table 2.7.9.

Table 2.7.9 Plant species and nutrient uptake

Species Information Available

Phragmites karka Ability to polish sewage effluents
Lepironia articulata High nutrient absorber
Saccharum sp. Good nutrient absorber, shading and refuge for
fish
Scirpus grossus Good nutrient absorber

(5) Although other wetland plant species are well known to

have ability in nutrient uptake in cleaning up of
euthrophicated lakes, ponds, reservoirs and marshland,
quantitative field experiments have not been done yet. As
such precise information are not available.

(6) For the shoreline, Elephant Grass, Scleria sp. is less

foliaceous and fast growing. It is relatively more resistant
than other species and withstands more water level
fluctuation in the cells. As a replacement of harvested
species, it can be given priority.

(d) Control of Unwanted Aquatic Weeds

(7) Weeds are the major problems in the non-inundated or
improperly inundated cells than in the inundated ones.
They are prevalent in UN 5, UN6 and UW5, UW6 and
UW7 and also in the Lower East wetland. Weeds are
competitive and fast growing compared to wetland plants.
They are resistant to harsh environment. Common weeds
in the wetland are Mimosa, Pudica sp. Galinsoga sp.
Rhyncospora sp. Fimbristylis sp. and Limnocharis sp.

(8) The following steps are to be taken:

• Continuous monitoring

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 • Manual weeding to be done periodically and
consistently in all wetland cells. The exercise has to
be limited to noxious and exotic species.

• Maintain the required water level so that weeds are

submerged under water. This will prevent further
germination of seeds and seedlings.

• Manual weeding of oil palm seedlings in UN 5 and

UN 6. They are found in large numbers in Upper
North Wetland.

(9) A successful way of removal of unwanted aquatic weeds

is by the use of biodegradable herbicides which would
have little effect on fish and other invertebrates. The
pesticide BMP can be consulted for appropriate
herbicides. Regular manual weeding is the best non-
polluting method.

(e) Pest Infestation

(10) Pest problems have been documented at early stage
(Putrajaya Constructed Wetlands, Advisory Report # 8,
Wetland International -Asia Pacific). Disease attacks on
some wetland plants in UN and UW cells are also found in
the present study. Phragmites karka and Scirpus grossus
were found to have been attacked by aphids and stem
borer respectively. This was found sporadically in some
cells. The problems are, however localised and can be
addressed effectively. The following steps are to be
considered for action immediately.

1. To develop an Integrated Pest Management

Techniques (IPM). IPM is a well-established pest
management system whereby pests are killed at a
threshold level without having any impact on non-
target organisms.

2. Immediate harvesting of the infected plants and

transplanting with new plants. Planting density must
not exceed 10 sp./m2 for species other than Elephant
Grass. Elephant Grass, Scleria can be planted more

2-83 T9903/DOC/013
 than Phragmites karka due to latter’s resistance to
environmental constraints.

3. Biological control method using natural predators of

pest and insects. Biopesticide, Bacillus thuringinesis
can control the pests namely caterpiller leaf rollers
(Craphalocrocis medinalis) and rice step borer,
Scirpophaga incertulas.

(f) Water Level management

(11) Maintenance of required water level is extremely
important for survival and propagation of wetland plants.
Water level varies with rate of establishment of wetland
plants. Shortage or lack of water in UN 5, UN 6 and UW 5
has put wetland plants under stress and reduced plant
vigour. It increases the chance of secondary attack by
pests. Water level in UN 5 and UN 6 should be increased
to control of unwanted aquatic weeds at the fringe of the
marsh zone and to make available adequate nutrients and
pollutants to variety of wetland plants. Water level rise in
UN 5, UN 6, UW 5, UP 6, and UW 7 is also
recommended to allow fish to feed on the marginal and
shallow marsh.

(g) Monitoring Plant Performance

(12) It is expected that a plant biologist/botanist or
horticulturist will be involved in the vegetation
monitoring. The following points have to be considered
and provide biological indicators of plant health:

1. The colour of plant leaves should be monitored;

2. Leaves should be observed for chlorosis;

3. Removal of plant litter manually;

(13) Removal of plant litter at the substratum can be achieved

by ensuring the following:

1. Water circulation from upstream to downstream

via wetland cells and primary lake;

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 2. Establishment of roots of wetland plants into
the substratum;

3. Stocking more detritivorous, and omnivorous

fish species in the wetland cells.

(h) Plant Nursery

(14) Supply wetland plants as, and when, necessary, to
replenish the harvested plants is crucial to operation and
management of wetland system. The outdoor nursery
should be ideally located within the Putrajaya wetland at a
strategic location so that they can be supplied readily in
any affected wetland arms. The wetland nursery used by
the wetland contractors is suitable.

(15) Periodic replanting will be necessary in wetland arms due

to die off and occasional harvesting of overcrowded and
diseased plant species. In the outdoor nursery, at least 1%
of seedlings of all wetland species planted in six
constructed wetlands should be readily available for
replanting purpose as and when necessary. This amounts
to approximately 20,000 – 25,000 wetland plants, of the
various species, which will have to be propagated in the
outdoor nursery.

(16) All the potted wetland plant species should attain a

reasonable height before they are ready for transplanting
purpose. The wetland plant species height will vary
depending upon the location and depth of water body of
the replanting area in question.

(i) Wetland Plant Monitoring

(17) Long term monitoring and management are important for
maintenance of a healthy wetland system. Weekly
supervision of general health of all dominant plant species
in the wetland cells is to be undertaken. Immediate actions
are to be taken for remedy if incidences of any of the
following are apparent:

1. Lack/shortage of water in any of the wetland cells;

water levels should be in the region of 0.3 to 2 m for
aquatic plant growth.

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 2. Overcrowding of any of the species in the cells that
have caused stress, pest infestation and reduced plant
vigour resulting in the stunting of growth.

3. Insect attack of significant proportion in any of the

species in the wetland cells.

4. Illegal poaching on wetland plants for hunting

purpose.

(j) Community Awareness and Education

(18) Apart from the bio-chemical and other physical controls,
community awareness and education amongst common
people to appreciate wetland and its associated plants are
important for their conservation and management.

2.7.4.2 Fish Community

(a) Fish Species
(1) There has been fish stocking in Putrajaya wetland system
in late 1998. Prior to this an inventory of fish naturally
occurring the water system was established by fish
sampling using locally available fishing gears. The
inventory included both indigenous and exotic species.
The dominant local species were those of Cyprinids and
Clariids. Other than the species of these families,
indigenous, Channa striatus and exotic Tilapia,
Oreochromis mossambicus, were also dominant species
recorded.

(2) The fish stocking exercise included the release of both

local and exotic species, the major species of the former
being Betta pugnax and Trichogaster pectoralis, Clarias
sp., Puntius sp., Osphronemus sp. And Channa sp. The
exotic species to be stocked at later stage are grass carp
and bighead carp. The objective of fish stocking is to
control mosquito larvae, maintain good water quality and
support sport and recreational fishery.

(3) The performance of the fish community in achieving the

objective is not fully known. Nonetheless, our frequent
survey in wetland cells of UN, UW, UE, LE, and UB
indicated that species of exotic Tilapia, and indigenous
Trichhogaster sp. (Sepat Siam), and Rasbora sp.

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 (Seluang), Puntius sp., Channa sp. (Haruan), Betta sp.
(Pelaga) are well established. The overgrowth of Tilapia is
a cause of concern and the following control measures are
necessary:

(b) Control of Undesirable Species

(4) Removal of Channa sp. (Haruan) and Pectoralis sp.
(Sepat Siam) from the wetland system may prove to be
costly and unwise as the species are known to feed
effectively on mosquito larvae. Mosquito breeding in
shallow and stagnant creeks and marsh are commonly
expected. Species of Tilapia is always a nuisance to the
aquatic system for its fast growing nature which if not
controlled will affect other fish species. They can be
controlled by:

1. Fish sampling using netting (cast and gill netting) and

scooping

2. Angling and sport fishing

3. Biological control by introducing more predatory

sport and game fish.

(5) Some species need to be controlled at the early stage.

Generally, the Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellas, is
the herbivore of concern. Its daily intake of grass is
expected to be three times its body weight. Thus it should
not be stocked in the initial 2-3 years. Other members of
the carp family are not herbivores. Once the wetland
plants are established, the Grass Carp can be introduced in
deeper waters, at low numbers, so as not to destroy the
plant leaves of the Primary Lake and Central Wetlands. In
addition, cut grass leaves can be a food source for the
Grass Carp population in the water body.

(c) Routine Fish Sampling and Restocking

(6) Routine fish sampling is to be conducted to realise the
level of fish recruitment and adaptability to a new habitat.
Exact density and availability (comprehensive inventory)
will not be known at this stage. However, based on the
approximate data, some crude idea will be formed which
will be suffice to plan a new stocking exercise. The

2-87 T9903/DOC/013
 general aim is to establish a food chain where fish can
thrive well without much external feeding and naturally
propagate to establish a breeding population. Special
emphasis on stocking of Cyprinid species, prawn,
Macrobrachium lancestri and other invertebates is to be
given. The reason is that they form the food of many
carnivorous and omnivorous fish species. Care is to be
taken so that sampling exercise does not cause problems to
ambient water quality, wetland plants and fish stocks.
Once established few carp species can be released into
main lake and wetlands.

(d) Stocking of Endangered and Rare Species

(7) Stocking of endangered and rare species can be one of the
important stocking programmes because the wetland’s
unique feature and ecological characteristics. The
potential species are Oxyleotris marmoratus, Leptobarbus
hoevenii, Probarbus jullieni and Tor tambroides and
Osphronemus goramy and Scalophagus formosus.

(e) Illegal Fishing

(8) Illegal fishing will be difficult to stop once the wetland
system is established when a variety of fish species
occupy the productive habitat. Prohibition of illegal
fishing can be done by enacting new laws and legislation.

2.7.4.3 Bird Community

(a) Bird Protection
(1) Once the wetland plants and its associated swamp forest
are well-established, a diversity of terrestrial and water
birds will colonize the habitat. A variety of resident and
migratory birds are commonly expected to colonize the
habitat. To encourage this, the following steps are to
taken:

1. Enact legislation to prohibit bird hunting in any

form.
2. Long-term monitoring during the period of
migration.
3. The island of Upper Bisa Wetland should have
sheltered sites for for birds to graze, perch and
roost. Floating rafts anchored to the bottom for

2-88 T9903/DOC/013
 example, can provide nesting and protection from
disturbance.

(2) The impact of the birds also need to be monitored to

ensure the population numbers and type of birds do not
compromise water quality.

(b) Community Awareness and Education

(3) Community awareness and education programme can be
undertaken amongst local residents, school and university
students and community leaders and other interested
groups to encourage public participation in bird watch and
their conservation. A warden service needs to be
established to provide public liaison and education on
water bird watching.

2.7.4.4 Wildlife Community

(1) Undisturbed forest cover is indispensable for animal (wildlife)
colonization. Once the vegetation cover of the riparian park
(swamp strip) of the wetland is established, wildlife
colonization will be widely expected. The following points to
be considered for implementation:

1. Enact legislation against wildlife hunting in any form.

2. Increase community awareness and education to prevent

poaching, encroachment and hunting.

2.7.5 Flora and Fauna Outside Perbadanan Putrajaya

2.7.5.1 General Condition

(1) Outside the area under Perbadanan Putrajaya, the flora, fauna
species found around ponds and waterways are similar to that
within Putrajaya. The diversity and abundance of vegetation,
fish, avifauna and wildlife community around the Putrajaya lake
catchment are one of disturbed types where no pristine forest,
game park, bird and wildlife sanctuary were existed. There are
no records of unique, endangered or threatened species either
plant, fish, avifauna or wildlife reported elsewhere around the
vicinity of the lake catchment area.

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(2) The fishes introduced into the Putrajaya artificial lake systems
are common to aquatic environments of the surrounding areas.
Similarly the transplanted aquatic plant species in the wetland
systems are generally found in the wetlands and aquatic bodies
outside of Putrajaya lake. The inventory of plants, birds and
wildlife occurring in the Putrajaya lake and its surrounding
areas were recorded in the preliminary EIA report prepared
prior to the impoundment of the lake.

2.7.5.2 Flora around Putrajaya

(1) There are about 126 species belonging to 59 Genus and 18

Families recorded in the area outside of Putrajaya Catchment
and are shown in Table 2.7.10. The list is by no means a
complete and exhaustive one and further field survey may
record more species. The species recorded in the EIA study vary
in diameter from 5.0 to 20.0 cm. There are no primary forests
in areas outside of Putrajaya, however, there are secondary
forests.

Table 2.7.10 Flora species

Family Genus Species

Myrtaceae 3 17
Lauraceae 4 11
Euphorbiaceae 10 19
Annonaceae 3 3
Anacardiaceae 5 7
Myristicaceae 4 13
Rubiaceae 5 6
Rutaceae 3 5
Leguminosae 1 1
Burseraceae 3 13
Rhizophoraceae 2 3
Flacourtiaceae 4 7
Meuaceae 2 2
Sapindaceae 2 5
Sapotaceae 4 6
Polygalaceae 2 5
Ulmaceae 1 2
Olacaceae 1 1

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2.7.5.3 Aquatic Plant Species

There are numerous aquatic plants found in Mardi and UPM

ponds, swamps and streams outside of Putrajaya lake catchment
area. The common aquatic plants are shown in Table 2.7.11.

2.7.5.4 Fish

The fish species are recorded from the streams and static
reservoirs and other water bodies present outside of Putrajaya
near UPM and MARDI. They are shown in Table 2.7.12. The
list is by no means a complete and exhaustive one and further
survey may record more new species.

Table 2.7.11 Aquatic Plant Species around Putrajaya

Scientific Name Common Name Status

Lepironia articulata NA C
Alstonia spathulata NA C
Najas indica NA C
Nymphoides indica NA C
Ficus microcarpa NA C
Cerebra odollam NA VC
Pandanus helicopus Rasau C
Eleocharis sp. NA C
Utricualria sp. NA C
Saccharum spontaneum NA C
Cyperus sp. NA VC
Polygonum barbatum NA C
Ludwigia sp NA VC
Typha angustifolia NA VC
Nelumbo nucifera Lotus C
Colocasia gigantea NA C
Shorea sp. NA C
Eugenia sp. NA C
NA - not available; C - common; VC - very common

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 Table 2.7.12 Fish Species

Scientific Name Local Name

Oreochromis nilotica Tilapia
O mossambicus Tilapia Hitam
Oreochromis sp. Tilapai Merah
Notopterus chitala Belida
Clarias batrachus Keli Kayu
C macrocephalus Keli Bunga
Mystus sp Baung
Hampala macrolepidota Sebarau
Rasbora sp. Seluang
Puntius sp. NA
Channa striatus Haruan
Channa sp. NA
Trichogaster pectoralis Sepat Siam

2.7.5.5 Wildlife

The wildlife has been fast depleting in areas outside of

Putrajaya because of developmental pressure as more land come
under conversion into housing and commercial and other land
use schemes. Tables 2.7.13 and 2.7.14 shows the list of wildlife
and birds recorded in areas outside of Putrajaya catchment. The
list is by no means a complete and exhaustive one and further
field survey may record more species present.

Table 2.7.13 Wildlife around Putrajaya

Scientific Name Local Name Status

Presbytis obscura Lotong Chengkong P
Macaca fascicularis Kera P
Cynocephalus variegatus Kubong FP
Callosciurus prevostii Tupai Gading FP
Tragulus napu Napuh P
Ratufa bicolor Tupai Kerawak Hitam FP
Presbytis cristata Lotong Kelabu P
Helarctos malayamus Beruang FP
Tragulus javanicus Pelandok P
FP - Fully Protected under Wildlife Act 1972
P - Protected under Wildlife Act 1972

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 Table 2.7.14 Avifauna

Scientific Name Local Name Status

Haliastur indus Burung Lang P
Egretta sp. Burung Pucong FP
Phylloscopus sp. Burung Cekup FP
Pellorneum sp. Burung Rimba FP
Pericrocotus flammeus Mas Belukar FP
Streptopelia chinensis NA P
Halcyon smyrnensis Burung Pekaka FP
Amaurornis phoenicurus NA FP
NA - Not Available; FP - Fully Protected; P - Protected

2.8 SHORT, MEDIUM AND LONG TERM POLLUTION

PROBLEMS

2.8.1 Identification of Pollutants of Concern

2.8.1.1 The major pollutants of concern to the Lake water quality are
nutrients, bacteria, and organic chemicals and trace metals
which may accumulate in the sediments and flora and fauna.

2.8.1.2 The main nutrient of concern is phosphorous. This enters the

water system through non-point and point sources through
fertilizer application, detergents containing phosphorous and
sewerage waste.

2.8.1.3 The problems faced may be divided into short, medium and
long term depending on when in the future the problem may
arise and the duration of the problem.

2.8.2 Short Term Problems

The short-term problems are of short duration and may occur

any time. They are:

• sediment inflow from construction sites;

• short-circuiting of the wetland function during storm
events.

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2.8.3 Problems in the Medium Term

The medium term problems will be of importance in the middle

future (2-5 years) and can result in problems lasting a few years
(2-10 years) if not controlled. For example, lack of control of
short term problems of soil erosion may lead to medium term
problems of lake sedimentation. The medium term problems
are:

• the high (>2,000 counts/100 ml) of faecal coliform;

• sediment inflow from construction sites;
• possible short-circuiting of the wetland function during
storm events.

2.8.4 Problems in the Long Term

2.8.4.1 In the long term (>10 years), the problem will be accumulation
of

• trace metals, for example mercury, as indicated by the

high concentrations in the baseline data
• sediments in the wetlands;
• phosphorus in the sediments.

2.8.4.2 In addition as the wetland system progresses in its natural

development and growth, euthrophication will become a
problem.

2.8.4.3 Organic chemicals from pesticides and herbicides may be

detected by monitoring and their use controlled within the
catchment.

2.8.4.4 For metals, accumulation will occur in the sediments and their
sources may be more difficult to trace. Fertlizers may be a
source of trace metals as are roads and stormwater.

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2.9 TECHNICAL AND MANAGEMENT MEASURES

2.9.1 Point sources

2.9.1.1 Central Sewage Treatment Systems

(1) The model results indicate that a Total Phosphorus loading of 2
mg/l at design discharge will be the uppermost concentration
which could be handled by the model to ensure a Lake target
value of 0.05 mg/l.

(2) Therefore, Sewage Treatment systems which could produce an

effluent of this concentration would be recommended for the
catchment.

(3) Within the Kawasan Perbadanan Putrajaya, however, there are

the recommendations for Parameter Limits of Effluent
discharged into any waterways or land (Appendix 18 of the
Putrajaya Environmental Management Guide). The limits for
Total Phosphate here is 0.05 mg/L.

(4) Within the Kawasan Perbadanan Putrajaya, most discharges

will not have the benefit of having wetlands to ameliorate the
effects of discharges to the Lake. The Lake model indicates also
that runoff flow and flow entering the Lake without the benefit
of wetlands can greatly affect the Lake phosphorus level. Thus
the standards for effluent discharged are much stricter.

(5) In addition the following recommendations are made to the

Parameter Limits of Effluent:

• The parameter limits for Faecal Coliform should be

reduced from 2000 counts/mL to 200 counts/100 mL
by 1 January 2002.

• The parameter limits for Total Coliform should reduce

from 10000 to 5000 counts/mL by 1 January 2002.

2.9.1.2 Septic Tank Systems

(1) There are several septic tank systems already existing in the
catchment in IOI, MARDI and UPM.

(2) The effluent from these systems need to be co-ordinated into

the recommended UPM-MARDI sewage treatment facility

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 prior to discharging into the Upper-West or Upper-North
wetlands.

(3) There are expected to be several more systems in Sg Merab.

The plans for these areas are unclear at present. Considering the
small area involved and the expected low-density of future
development, Perbadanan Putrajaya should consider
incorporating the wastewater from these areas into their central
sewage system.

(4) Considering the small area involved and the expected low-
density of future development, Perbadanan Putrajaya should
consider incorporating the wastewater from these areas into
their central sewage system.

2.9.2 Non-point sources

2.9.2.1 Land Design

(1) The concept of “core zone” in land use design is the main
principle in developing conservation areas. The central core is
considered most sensitive and is most protected from
development. This is fringed by an intermediate buffer zone of
low intensity use with increasing intensity use located in the
outer fringe to the central core.

(2) Within the catchment, the wetlands and natural streams may be
considered the most sensitive. Therefore,

• riparian management zones or buffer strips (see below) of

30 to 10 m width on each side should be maintained;

• higher intensity development should be located further

away from the water courses.

2.9.2.2 Best Management Practices

(1) Management of non-point pollutant input into waters is
normally carried out by different management practices based
on observations, experimentation and experience. Generally
the best management practices for pollutant reduction tries to
mimic the natural environment which has been disturbed by
man. Thus the more natural-looking an environment the less
likely is the pollutant input that might be expected.

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(2) Based on such premise, therefore, there should be as much an
abundance of vegetation as possible without it being
detrimental to human activities. Within the Putrajaya Lake
Catchment the best example of this enforced ‘naturalness’ is
the Sungai Kuyoh sub-catchment in MARDI. Here the streams
and ponds are line with tall grasses and trees. What might be
regarded as an overgrowth of grasses in the streams actually
serve multiple functions.

(3) They

• increase channel, reduce flow velocity, and carrying

erosive or load carrying capacity;
• trap particulates, and encourage sedimentation;
• reduce sunlight penetration in the water column,
discouraging algal growth, even in excess of nutrients;
• uptake nutrients in the water column and store in plant
materials;
• provide stable habitats for aquatic ecological systems.

(4) The development of the Putrajaya Catchment area therefore

should try to simulate such stream or riparian environments
along the natural water courses, ponds and even storm drains.
Riparian Management Zones (RMZ) should be established
following the practice in forestry management. The guidelines
for buffer zone widths based on land slope is given in Appendix
D.

2.9.2.3 Recreational and Fish Ponds

There are a number of recreational and fish ponds in the

MARDI ands UPM area. Figure 2.9.1 to 2.9.6 shows the
landscape of some of these ponds. They serve a useful function
in terms of preserving the water quality.

2.9.2.4 Guidelines for the Development of Mini-Wetlands

(1) Wetlands should be shallow whereas detention ponds are deep.

For the detention ponds that have been identified as possible to
function also as mini-wetlands, a number of factors are to be
considered. In particular, ponds which drain directly into the
Putrajaya Lake should have longer retention times compared to
those ponds draining into one of the six wetlands. The

2-97 T9903/DOC/013
 retention times for the latter can be shorter because of the
additional retention time and thus treatment capacity in the
downstream wetlands.

(2) Mini-wetlands are intended as public open spaces but the

public should have limited access to them to ensure ecological
preservation. By virtue of limited access, the wetland will
become a refuge for nature.

(3) The selection of plants to be planted in the wetlands and the use
of agricides must follow the regulations governed by the Plant
Quarantine Act 1976 (Act 167), and the Pesticide Act.

(4) The function and usefulness of mini-wetlands are almost the

same as for riparian parks, lake valley parks and retention
ponds to be provided within the Putrajaya Federal Government
Administrative Centre Peripheral areas (refer to Urban Design
Analysis and Strategy). Nonetheless, there will be differences
in the physical shape, size and depth of mini-wetlands with
those of parks and retention ponds proposed in the Urban
Design Masterplan. Despite these physical spatial differences,
the basis of species selection and planting strategy at various
zones of wetlands will be based on the guidelines spelt out in
the Urban Design Masterplan.

(5) Additional guidelines for the development of mini-wetlands are

given in Appendix C.

2.9.2.5 Gross Pollutant Trap

(1) Gross pollutant traps (GPTs) act to trap litter and sediment.
Since much nutrients are adsorbed onto sediments it is expected
that sediment trapping will also result in nutrient trapping.
Previous model studies making such assumptions on nutrient-
sediment relationships have been carried out by Angkasa GHD
in the Putrajaya Drainage Master Plan Study Report (1996).
The data present there is given in Table 2.9.2 along with the net
removal efficiencies predicted by their model. Nevertheless, the
Report also cautioned that such assumptions are ‘tenuous’.

(2) Based on stream environment and the proposed developments

in the catchment, GPTs are only required for areas of
substantial drainage modification and build up. The GPT
locations proposed are indicated in the Catchment Drainage
Masterplan.

2-98 T9903/DOC/013
2.10 SUMMARY

2.10.1 In order to fulfil the role and function of the Lake for Putrajaya,
we must control the water quality.

2.10.2 In the ideal condition, the desired Lake conditions would

determine the needs for the wetlands and the catchment
development. The original design for the Lake and wetlands
adopted this approach.

2.10.3 After construction of the Lake and wetlands, we need to

consider the reality of the situation and look at the response and
interactions between the Lake and the wetlands and the
wetlands with the catchment.

2.10.4 This is essentially a matter of :

LAND ÍÎ WATER
interaction

2.10.5 In addition we need to recognize that the definition of

pollutants are things which are not wanted, and that even
natural chemicals, flora and fauna may be considered to be
polluting to the Lake system.

2.10.6 The different factors affecting the Lake system are a complex
interplay of hydraulic, biological and chemical aspects. In the
study, this complex system is simplified in order to model the
factors which may affect the Lake behaviour. We hope that the
model results can provide an understanding of the system so
that recommendations may be made on the management of the
whole catchment development.

2-99 T9903/DOC/013
Table 2.9.2 Modelled GPT (with treatment) sediment and nutrient
removal efficiency in Perbadanan Putrajaya
(from Perbadanan Putrajaya Drainage Masterplan Study
Report, 1996)

Water Quality
Parameter Lake Wetland Offsite
t/a mg/L t/a mg/L t/a mg/L
Government Precinct
No Treatment 1260 231 300 173 - -
Suspended With 760 139 180 104 - -
Solids Treatment
Removal 39.7 39.83 40.00 39.88 - -
Efficiency %
No Treatment 2.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 - -
Total With 1.8 0.3 0.5 0.3 - -
Phosphorus Treatment
Removal 30.77 40.00 28.57 25.00 - -
Efficiency %
No Treatment 8.1 1.5 3.2 1.8 - -
Total With 5.7 1 2.2 1.3 - -
Nitrogen Treatment
Removal 29.6 33.3 31.3 27.8 - -
Efficiency %
CBD Precinct
No Treatment 1000 155 - - - -
Suspended With 600 93 - - - -
Solids Treatment
Removal 40.0 40.0 - - - -
Efficiency %
No Treatment 2.4 0.4 - - - -
Total With 1.7 0.3 - - - -
Phosphorus Treatment
Removal 29.17 25.00 - - - -
Efficiency %
No Treatment 10 1.6 - - - -
Total With 7 1.1 - - - -
Nitrogen Treatment
Removal 30.00 31.25 - - - -
Efficiency %
Residential Precinct
No Treatment 1870 124 330 135 1850 160
Suspended With 1120 74 200 82 1110 96
Solids Treatment
Removal 40.1 40.3 39.4 39.3 40.0 40.0
Efficiency %

No Treatment 4.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 4.4 0.4

2-100 T9903/DOC/013
 Water Quality
Parameter Lake Wetland Offsite
t/a mg/L t/a mg/L t/a mg/L
Total With 3 0.2 0.5 0.2 2.6 0.2
Phosphorus Treatment
Removal 30.23 33.33 28.57 33.33 40.91 50.00
Efficiency
No Treatment 18.2 1.2 3.7 1.5 20.9 1.8
Total With 12.8 0.9 2.6 1.1 9.8 0.8
Nitrogen Treatment
Removal 29.7 25.0 29.7 26.7 53.1 55.6
Efficiency %
Sport & Recreation Precinct.
No Treatment 430 148 - - 340 146
Suspended With 260 90 - - 210 90
Solids Treatment
Removal 39.53 39.19 - - 38.24 38.36
Efficiency %
No Treatment 1 0.3 - - 0.8 0.3
Total With 0.7 0.2 - - 0.5 0.2
Phosphorus Treatment
Removal 30.00 33.33 - - 37.50 33.33
Efficiency %
Total No Treatment 4.2 1.4 - - 3 1.3
Nitrogen With 2.9 1 - - 1.7 0.7
Treatment
Removal 30.95 28.57 - - 43.33 46.15
Efficiency %

2.10.7 In the Land-Water system, the LAND Components are the

different sub-Catchments.

1. Upper North
2. Upper West
3. Upper East
4. Lower East
5. Upper Bisa
6. Central Sg Chuau
7. Lower Sg Chuau
8. Captured Sg Limau Manis

2.10.8 The current and future pollutant potential assessment is presented

in Section 2.5, along with recommendations to control point and
nonpoint pollutant.

2.10.9 In general, for areas outside Putrajaya, there is a need to:

2-101 T9903/DOC/013
 • upgrade sewage treatment facilities,
• control the pesticide and fertilizer use,
• develop riparian buffer strips or management zones along
streams,
• utilisation/development of existing and proposed ponds as
mini-wetlands.

2.10.10 The WATER components are the Water and Biota.

2.10.11 Water quality data were reviewed and additional measurements

were made for purpose of model calibration (Section 2.6).

2.10.12 At the Temporary Dam Stilling Basin (Table 2.6.6),

• DO is low
• BOD is low
• NO3 is low
• TP is at or slightly above Ambient Level
• Coliform count is high

2.10.13 From the water quality data and field observations, it is observed
that:

• the pattern between top and bottom cells is not simple,

reduction as well as increases occur (from -167% to 94%
change);
• this is not expected, therefore we speculate that other
source inputs, such as lateral inflows, internal
resuspension or introduction, may occur.

2.10.14 In the Water Quality Modelling (Section 2.6.3) section the

purpose was:

• to estimate capacity of Wetlands and Lake to treat

pollutants;
• to predict behaviour of water quality conditions under
different scenarios of rainfall and pollutant inputs; and
• to understand factors influencing water quality conditions.

2-102 T9903/DOC/013
2.10.15 The model used was the MIKE 11 software. This includes
hydrodynamic, advection-dispersion, and water quality
modules. The model was calibrated for water processes for a
normal rainfall (2.2 m) year (1984) to the monitored data of this
study. The model results tend to lie in lower range of observed
monitored data.

2.10.16 The major parameter of concern is Phosphorus. The modelled

parameters were Available Dissolved OrthoPhosphorus and
Particulate Phosphorus. The scenarios and results are summarized
below.

2.10.17 Scenario 1 - for current TP Pollutant loading from Top,

compared to reduced, low TP loading from Top, Same Lateral
inflow loading

Results
in wetlands
• low loading slightly better water quality

in Central Wetland
• water quality almost same

in Lake
water quality almost same
Î Lateral Inflows to system are important

2.10.18 Scenario 2 - for dry (1.6 m) and wet (2.7 m) year, coincides
with lower and higher pollutant loading respectively (constant
low concentration).

Results
wet year slightly worse water quality
dry
year very slightly better water quality
Î increased flow in wet year may short-circuit processes

2.10.19 An assessment of the wetland vegetation was also carried out.

The vegetation within the wetland cells are expected to provide
an ecosystem where nutrient input may be utilised for growth
and thus removed from the water column.

2-103 T9903/DOC/013
2.10.20 The current conditions in the wetlands are presented in Section
2.7.

2.10.21 The observations indicated that both vegetation and aquatic

fauna, i.e. fish, will need to be managed in future. The issues to
be addressed are:

• plant growth patterns - density and distribution of species,

• weed overgrowth,
• disease and pest infestation,
• water levels management,
• fish community distribution - overpopulation of dominant
fish species will be undesirable ecologically, and must be
controlled,
• birds and wildlife population number appropriate for the
system.

2.10.22 Monitoring measures need to be implemented for:

• vegetation
• fish
• birds and other wildlife

2.10.23 Investigative and research studies need to be carried out on the

vegetation communities and their appropriate structure within
the Wetlands as well as along the Lake shoreline.

2.10.24 Their effectiveness in

• improving water quality,

• enhancing ecological habitat, and
• ease of maintenance,

are among the factors to be considered.

2.11 RECOMMENDATIONS

2.11.1 Catchment Management and Development

2.11.1.1 Catchment management and development entails that planning

be carried out on a catchment basis, following the drainage
pattern.

2-104 T9903/DOC/013
2.11.1.2 The catchment area of Putrajaya Lake comprises of eight major
sub-catchments:

• Upper-North,
• Upper-West,
• Upper-East,
• Lower-East,
• Bisa,
• Central,
• Lower, and
• Limau Manis.

2.11.1.3 Comments on the current and potential future development in

these sub-catchments for the area outside of Kawasan Putrajaya
have been discussed in section 2.5 above and recommendations
have been made.

2.11.1.4 The approach of sensitive central core is an appropriate concept

in the landuse planning of the area. It allows for the
introduction of development in a gradual manner, increasing
away from the sensitive zones.

2.11.1.5 The application of softscape designs, such as a riparian

management zone (RMZ), especially for natural streams will
greatly alleviate the problems of non-point source pollution from
overland flow. The riparian zones are planted with

• trees, for shade, and to provide organic detritus for

ecosystem development;

• shrubs, to provide prevent incursion across the riparian

area, provide bird habitat, and uptake nutrients from the
root zone; and

• long grasses, to streamline overland flow, reduce flow

velocity, precipitate sediment and capture trash.

2.11.1.6 For point source pollution, centralisation of waste facilities

will reduce loadings to levels which can be handled by the
wetland systems introduced. In addition the utilisation of
existing or future detention ponds will allow for dispersed
treatment of point and non-point pollutants prior to discharge
into the Putrajaya Wetlands.

2-105 T9903/DOC/013
2.11.1.7 Monitoring of chemical usage through a register will allow
for ease in control and management to prevent possible
future problems and allow for assessment of land and buffer
zoning measures.

2.11.1.8 In particular the following steps should be taken:

1. Control of lateral surface runoff inflow into the Lake

and Wetlands is imperative;

2. Land management measures, such as introduction of

vegetated buffer strips, cover of exposed soil, must be
carried out;

3. Lake Water and Biological Quality Monitoring,

including Discharge monitoring along streams and
stormwater outlets, such as recommended in the Lake
Management Guide must be implemented;

4. Investigative Monitoring needs to be initiated, aside

from standard monitoring, in order to understand the
processes occurring within the Wetlands and Lake.
The parameters of relevance are Phosphorus
(dissolved and particulate), Chlorophyll a, Secchi
depth, Coliform, Nitrogen (nitrate and ammonia),
Dissolved Oxygen. Surface and depth sampling along
and across the water bodies and within vegetated
areas.

5. Given that the Wetlands and Lake now exist, and the
knowledge gained from this study, a detailed
assessment of the existing and expected future
condition of each Wetland cell and each portion of the
Lake would need to be carried out. This is to
determine the behaviour of the system and the
appropriateness and availability of facilities and
infrastructure to control and manage the hydraulic and
biological conditions. The behaviour of the vegetation
systems, their effectiveness and suitability for the
system need to be researched.

2-106 T9903/DOC/013
 Such information will contribute towards better
implementation of the development of mini-wetlands,
buffer strips, and other land measures, and towards a
more effective plan for the management of the
Catchment.

6. As the areas around the catchment are still under

development, it is important to ensure effective control
of erosion and sediment during earthworks and
construction activities. It is recommended that a new
"Erosion and Sediment Control By Law" be enacted
by the Perbadanan Putrajaya and Majlis Daerah
Sepang. The recommended By-Laws should be
supported by a new manual on "Procedural Standards
for Erosion and Sediment Control" which would
detail the specifications and design of erosion and
sediment control measures and works.

7. The best management practices and guidelines in this

report, especially as outlined in Appendices A, B, C,
and D, should be made conditions of approval for
permission to commence with the project development
plan (kelulusan merancang pelan susun atur) within
Putrajaya as well as in the Local Plans of the areas
within the Putrajaya Lake catchment.

8. A full report on the present status of the wetlands and

Lake needs to be prepared to provide the basis for
comparison of future change. The report should form
the baseline to assess cumulative effects as well as to
understand the changes to the Phase 1A Lake prior to
Phase 1B being flooded.

9. There is also a need to outline the possible technical

and engineering controls that may be implemented to
support the management of the wetland system. In
addition to the Lake and Wetland Operation Manual
there should be consideration of flow inducement,
vertical mixing of the water column, weir technology,
mechanical systems for wetland management,
chemical treatments for phosphorus fixing, sediment
removal, as well as possible design modifications.

2-107 T9903/DOC/013
2.11.2 Monitoring

2.11.2.1 Biological Monitoring

(1) There should be at least quarterly reports on the status of
wetland, their efficiency, their input and outputs as well as on
water levels. The use of chemicals, their types and quantities
applied in the wetlands and lake area must be recorded and
reported, for example, for pesticides via the Pesticide Register.
The application of fertilizers should follow the guidelines
issued by the Department of Agriculture for crop plants.

(2) The details of biological monitoring of vegetation is outlined in

the Perbadanan Putrajaya Lake Management Guide and is
suitable for application for the mini-wetland areas.

(3) Fish stocks need only be assessed twice a year by sampling

through various fishing methods: hook and line, nets, and
catch-effort in hours spent. The routine fish sampling
recommended previously will provide input for this twice
annual assessment.

(4) Wildlife sampling, either through tagging of animals and

subsequent trapping or by visual observation and counting,
should be carried out seasonally, particularly for birds. This
would mean observations in March-April and September-
October.

(5) The mini-wetlands maintenance managers for outside of the

Perbadanan Putrajaya area should prepare reports on the
wetland status, efficiency and maintenance programme at least
once every three months. Information on each mini-wetland is
to be available. Within Putrajaya the Lake and Wetlands
Management Unit should prepare or have a maintenance
contractor prepare, the reports for each wetland cell, the
Riparian Parks and the Detention Ponds.

2.11.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring

(1) Water quality monitoring for the catchment area outside of
Putrajaya is proposed to be on

• a self-monitoring basis in the form of monthly reports on

sewage effluent quality and treatment plant efficiency by
the plant operators. The Sewage Masterplan section deals
with this programme;

2-108 T9903/DOC/013
 • mutual data exchange basis for natural stream flows. The
monitoring programme which has been proposed for
Perbadanan Putrajaya already includes monitoring of
cross-boundary water flow at the different wetlands and at
the Cyberjaya border on the Lake. These points represent
the effectiveness of non-point source pollutant control
measures which will be implemented by the different
stakeholders.

(2) Within Perbadanan Putrajaya, the Lake Management Guide

provides information on the monitoring programme to be
carried out.

(3) The specific water quality parameters of importance are

suspended sediment, Dissolved Phosphorus (Ortho-
phosphate), Total Phosphate, and Chlorophylla. The effect
of the three parameters may be estimated by using the Secchi
disk reading. The Secchi disk reading can be related to the
three parameters mentioned by regression analysis. In addition
the three parameters may be used to calculate the Carlson Index
as outlined in the Lake Management Guide. Investigative
monitoring of the three parameters for at least one month on a
daily basis should be sufficient to form the basis for the
correlation. The monitoring should preferably be repeated at
different hydrological/meteorological seasons to take into
account flushing rates in the Lake.

(4) The present Putrajaya Lake ambient water quality level for the
Secchi disk reading is 0.6 m. As a guide, an observed reading
of less than 0.3 m in the Lake will indicate that one, or the
combination of the three parameters is reaching undesirable
concentrations. Sources of the pollutants should then be sought
and some measure of control, e.g. turfing, silt trap maintenance
or effluent regulation will need to be implemented on sediment
and phosphorus release.

(5) It is expected that in future the ambient Secchi Disk level can
be increased depending on observations in the Lake. Possibly a
level of 1.0 m may be adopted at the end of 2001 and that a
level of 2.5 m might be adopted in 2003.

2-109 T9903/DOC/013
2.11.3 Special issues
A few specific issues need immediate attention, however. They
are

1. the planning, construction, control, and operation of the

transport lines crossing the Upper-West and Upper-North
Wetlands;

2. the designation of a special habitat area for birds (section

2.9.2.5c) located at the top of the Upper-West Wetland
buffer area and north of the proposed B11 highway;

3. the need to develop the promenade area, including the

Cyberjaya promenade, and GPTs in the Lake shore
between the temporary Dam and Main Dam prior to
closure of the Main Dam;

4. revision of landscaping of the shoreline bordering natural

streams and wetlands to conform to riparian management
zone functions.

2-110 T9903/DOC/013
2.12 REFERENCES

1. Alfred, E.R. (1964), Some colourful fishes of the Geneus

Puntius Hamilton,Bull. Nat. Mus. Singapore, Vol. # 32,
pp.# 135-142

2. Angkasa GHD Engineers Sdn. Bhd., GHD Pty. Ltd.

(1996), Putrajaya Lake Phase 1 Concept Design Report
Wetland Component, August 1996. PJ Holdings Sdn. Bhd.

3. Corner, E.J.H. (1978), The freshwater swamp of South

Johor and Singapore. Gardens Bulltin Suppl. No. 1, 266 pp

4. Holttum, R.E. (1954), A revised flora of Malaya, Vol. # 1,

Orchids, Vol. 2 Ferns. Government Printing Office,
Singapore

5. Idris, M.S & Rozaina, Z. (1992), An updated list of

wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia with
particular reference to those having socio-economic value.
AWB Publication No. 79, 103 pp.

6. Inger, R.F & Chin, P.K. (1962), The freshwater fishes of

North Borneo, Fieldiana Zool. Vol. # 45, pp. 1-268

7. IUCN (1994), IUCN red list categories. Gland,

Switzerland: IUCN

8. Kumpulan Perunding Kota Bistari Sdn. Bhd. (1996),

Water Quality Management Control and Mangement
Study Report, Draft Final report, February 1996. Putrajaya
Lake Development. Putrajaya Holdings Sdn Bhd.

9. Mohsin, A.K.M. & Ambak, M.A. (1982), Freshwater

fishes of Peninsular Malaysia. UPM Publication. 283pp

10. Ng, F.S.P. (1978), Tree Flora of Malaya, Vol.# 3, Forest

Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, 339 pp.

11. Ng, P.K.L., Tay, J.B., Lim, K.K.P. and Yang, C.M. (1992),
The conservation of fish and other aquatic fauna of North
Selangor Peat Swamp Forest and adjacent areas. AWB
Publication # 81, 90 pp, KL Malaysia.

2-111 T9903/DOC/013
12. Pancho, J. & Soejani, M. (1978), Aquatic weeds of South-
East Asis. National Publishing Cooperatives, Quezon City,
109 pp.

13. Ridley, H.N. (1922-1925), The flora of Malay Peninsula,

Vol. # 1-5, Reeve, London.

14. Whitmore, T.C. (1988), Forest types and forest zonation.

Key environments Malaysia. IUCN, Pergamon Press, pp #
20-30.

15. Wyatt-Smith, J. & Kochumen, K.M. (1979), Pocket check

list of timber trees. Malayan Forest Records # 17, Forest
Department, Peninsular Malaysia. 362 pp.

2-112 T9903/DOC/013
 APPENDIX 2.1
PUTRAJAYA WATER QUALITY DATA AS MONITORED BY
UPM

Date:30.8.99
UN8 UN1 UW7 UW1 UE3 UE1 LE2 LE1 CW Dam

DO 6.2 4.4 6.8 9.4 3.2 8.2 6.4 4.4 7.8 -

BOD 3.93 0.79 0.47 1.10 0.41 0.85 1.46 1.33 2.00 -

NO3 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.8 -

TP 0.31 0.07 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.07 1.76 0.33 0.31 -

Dis.P 0.29 0.04 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.03 1.46 0.05 0.09 -

Par.P 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.04 0 0.04 0.30 0.28 0.22

Turbi 6.49 0.99 9.24 0.07 14.75 1.90 5.57 0.07 4.66 -
dity,N
TU

Ecoli 5000 0 10000 0 0 0 0 0 0 -

Tcoli 10000 0 25000 0 2000 0 0 5000 1000 -

Date:6.9.99
UN8 UN1 UW7 UW1 UE3 UE1 LE2 LE1 CW Dam

DO 3.0 3.5 4.2 4.8 3.4 4.6 0.6 4.8 7.0 4.0

BOD 3.45 0.69 0.14 0.68 0.16 0.49 2.19 0.40 1.16 1.09

NO3 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.2 1.4 0.4 1.1

TP 4.36 8.53 1.53 3.66 2.73 1.16 0.77 1.86 0.37 0.34

Dis.P 2.4 3.16 1.13 3.0 1.26 0.86 0.65 1.5 0.32 0.27

Par.P 1.96 5.37 0.40 0.66 1.47 0.3 0.12 0.36 0.05 0.07

Turbi 15.67 7.41 13.83 6.49 23.00 8.33 29.43 4.66 4.66 8.33
dity,N
TU

Ecoli 10000 10000 20000 10000 20000 1000 0 2000 7000 4000

Tcoli 15000 12000 25000 25000 30000 5000 5000 14000 10000 0

APPEENDIX 2.1 1/4

Date:8.9.99
UN8 UN1 UW7 UW1 UE3 UE1 LE2 LE1 CW Dam

DO 1.8 2.9 2.2 3.6 2.6 4.0 3.8 4.6 - 4.2

BOD 4.04 0.06 1.86 0.73 0.35 0.79 0.52 0.56 - 0.41

NO3 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 0 0.5 0.8 0.9 - 0.7

TP 0.35 0.08 0.15 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.40 0.85 - 0.57

Dis.P 0.17 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.04 - 0.01

Par.P 0.18 0.05 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.37 0.81 - 0.56

Turbi 17.5 12.0 75.3 6.49 27.59 9.24 6.49 4.66 - 7.41
dity,N
TU

Ecoli 1200 100 1000 6000 300 200 0 300 - 2000

Tcoli 8000 1500 3000 16000 2000 900 1000 1200 - 5000

Date:10.9.99
UN8 UN1 UW7 UW1 UE3 UE1 LE2 LE1 CW Dam

DO 1.8 3.2 2.4 3.3 2.0 2.8 2.2 4.0 3.4 2.8

BOD 5.46 0.87 1.51 1.17 0.58 0.68 2.56 0.65 1.49 1.89

NO3 0.8 0.2 0 0.6 0 0.2 0 0.4 0.4 0.5

TP 0.44 0.13 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.13 0.17 0.10 0.11 0.15

Dis.P 0.29 0.06 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.12 0.05 0.05 0.05

Par.P 0.15 0.07 0.07 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.1

Turbi 15.67 14.75 24.84 9.24 35.85 10.16 23.01 9.24 8.33 19.34
dity,N
TU

Ecoli 10000 15000 5000 600 5000 2000 0 0 1500 3000

Tcoli 15000 20000 12000 4000 12000 5000 1000 600 3100 5000

APPEENDIX 2.1 2/4

Date:13.9.99
UN8 UN1 UW7 UW1 UE3 UE1 LE2 LE1 CW Dam

DO 1.8 2.6 2.0 2.8 3.4 2.0 2.0 3.8 3.2 -

BOD 7.5 0.93 1.29 0.76 0.68 0.90 2.53 0.66 0.90 -

NO3 5.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 2.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.7 -

TP 0.32 0.21 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.64 0.04 0.05 -

Dis.P 0.09 0.15 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.61 0.02 0.03 -

Par.P 0.23 0.06 0.05 0.01 0 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 -

Turbi 13.83 3.74 12.0 5.57 9.24 31.26 45.94 0.07 4.66 -
dity,N
TU

Ecoli 800 0 400 0 500 600 200 0 200 -

Tcoli 2500 1500 2500 2000 20000 3200 2500 400 1000 -

I. Date:15.9.99
UN8 UN1 UW7 UW1 UE3 UE1 LE2 LE1 CW Dam

DO 1.8 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.0 3.2 1.8 3.6 3.5 3.8

BOD 2.5 0.58 0.17 0.96 0.75 0.7 1.02 1.07 1.0 1.3

NO3 2.1 0.4 0.6 1.6 1.1 0.5 0 1.5 0.9 2.8

TP 0.1 0.11 0.1 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.07 0.14 0.05 0.07

Dis.P 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.04

Par.P 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.03

Turbi 39.52 23.01 14.75 32.18 45.03 11.08 49.61 3.74 6.49 9.24
dity,N
TU

Ecoli 1000 100 300 100 200 100 0 200 0 200

Tcoli 2500 500 1200 300 400 400 300 1000 2200 400

APPEENDIX 2.1 3/4

Date:17.9.99
UN8 UN1 UW7 UW1 UE3 UE1 LE2 LE1 CW Dam

DO 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.2 3.2 1.2 4.6 4.0 3.6

BOD 4.32 1.14 1.01 0.84 1.63 0.81 0.64 4.46 1.26 1.63

NO3 0.2 1.5 4.4 2.9 5.2 1.8 7.6 3.1 2.9 2.9

TP 0.14 0.08 0.55 0.08 0.04 0.11 0.5 0.1 0.09 0.1

Dis.P 0.05 0.05 0.4 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.05

Par.P 0.09 0.03 0.15 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.44 0.01 0.03 0.05

Turbi 34.93 18.42 202.8 6.49 124.8 12.91 140.4 4.66 7.41 26.68
dity,N 4 5 5
TU

Ecoli 2000 1200 1400 0 2200 100 2000 0 200 400

Tcoli 7000 2500 4000 1000 3200 600 2500 1500 2200 700

APPEENDIX 2.1 4/4

 APPENDIX 2.2
PUTRAJAYA WATER QUALITY DATA FOR EACH CELL AS
MONITORED BY UPM

Upper North Wetland

Date: 22.9.99
UN8 UN7 UN6 UN5 UN4 UN3 UN2 UN1
DO 2.0 2.8 3.4 2.6 2.4 3.0 1.8 2.6
BOD 3.56 3.1 1.42 0.57 0.50 0.17 0.25 0.11
NO3 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.7 1.8 0.9
TP 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02
Dis.P 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
Par.P 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
Turbidity, 20.25 29.43 10.16 25.76 11.08 10.16 11.08 13.83
NTU
Ecoli 3000 200 0 0 100 1200 0 0
Tcoli 4000 900 500 800 1000 200 500 700

APPENDIX 2.2 1/2

Upper West Wetland
Date:24.9.99
UW7 UW6 UW5 UW4 UW3 UW2 UW8 UW1
DO 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.8 2.6 3.2 2.8
BOD 2.12 0.98 1.57 1.22 2.92 1.56 1.66 1.88
NO3 0 0.4 0 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.6
TP 0.1 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.03
Dis.P 0.03 0 0 0.02 0 0.02 0.02 0.01
Par.P 0.07 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.02
Turbidity,N 405.6 19.3 28.5 7.4 7.4 10.1 17.0 4.0
TU
Ecoli 2500 100 1000 200 300 0 500 0
Tcoli 3500 200 2000 700 800 500 2800 300

Upper East and Lower East Wetland

Date:24.9.99
UE3 UE2 UE1 LE2 LE1 CW DAM
DO 2.2 2.2 3.3 3.2 3.8 3.8 4.0
BOD 0.48 0.39 0.25 0.31 0.49 0.93 0.85
NO3 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.0
TP 0.41 0.11 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.04
Dis.P 0.34 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.04 0 0.01
Par.P 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.03
Turbidity,N 39 6 5 15 1 4 2
TU
Ecoli 0 100 200 0 0 0 100
Tcoli 2000 600 600 700 1000 500 5000

APPENDIX 2.2 2/2

 APPENDIX 2.3
PUTRAJAYA WATER QUALITY DATA AS MONITORED BY
UPM

a. Upstream Sg Chuau from UPM side entering MARDI

U0 U10 U30 U100 U150
Distance, m 0 10 30 100 150
DO 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 2.0
BOD 12.75 9.7 11.7 13.75 7.35
NO3 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9
TP 5.0 3.6 2.8 3.4 3.7
Dis.P 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.1
Par.P 4.2 2.7 1.7 2.2 2.6
Turbidity, NTU 0.99 1.90 2.82 12.91 0.07
Ecoli 10000 15000 15000 20000 12500
Tcoli 15000 20000 20000 25000 20000

b. Downstream Sg Chuau from MARDI entering UPM

M0 M50 M110 M210 M310 M410 M440

Distance, m 0 50 110 210 310 410 440
DO 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.8 1.8
BOD 18.42 17.07 17.52 17.61 17.49 14.64 12.99
NO3 0.6 2.3 1.3 2.8 2.7 1.4 1.3
TP 8.5 6.4 7.7 6.0 4.2 5.1 4.6
Dis.P 8.0 6.3 7.1 4.6 3.4 4.2 4.0
Par.P 0.5 0.1 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.9 0.6
Turbidity,NTU 34.93 32.18 30.35 32.18 18.42 17.5 12.0
E. Coli 20000 30000 25000 15000 25000 20000 20000
Total Coli 25000 40000 30000 20000 30000 25000 25000

APPENDIX 2.3 1/1

 APPENDIX 2.4
PRELIMINARY MODEL SIMULATIONS

1.0 Preliminary Model simulation and performance

Model runs were carried out to compare removal efficiencies in the wetlands.
Three scenarios were simulated:

a) with design inflow and ambient water quality parameter;

b) with high hydraulic loading and
c) with high concentrated loading.

The run-off scenario with the expected pollutant from each landuse area will be
simulated to assess the long term aspects of water quality in the lake.

a) Scenario 1: Design inflow and ambient parameters

The model was run with the design inflow rates and the values of the average
day’s sampling(May 20 1999) as shown in Table 1.1. The phosphorus content was
less than 0.01mg/l for the sampling data. A concentration value of 2 mg/l for Total
Phosphorus was given for modelling with 30% Dissolved Phosphorus and 70%
Particulate Phosphorus . The modelling results and performance was as shown in
Table 1.2. The values of the parameters are the depth averaged concentrations. For
the lake, the value was the average of a 3-metre water column depth.

Upper East wetland showed lower performance generally.Since it drained into the
Upper North wetland, the overall reduction is reflected in the Upper North’s final
performance. Except for the Upper East wetlands, the carbon (BOD) removal was
62% - 86%; the nitrogen (ammonia) removal was 86% - 94%; the phosphorus
removal was 42% - 67% for dissolved phosphorus and 71% - 83% for particulate
phosphorus.

Table 1.1 Parameter inputs for the Model Run.

Parameter UN UW UE LE UB
Design Inflow, m3/s 0.376 0.188 0.114 0.059 0.137
Temp, oC 32.8 37.0 28.2 29.4 30.4
DO, mg/l 6.0 5.2 5.6 5.1 6.0
Ammonia, mg/l 0.33 0.25 0.28 0.41 0.35
kg/day
10.72 4.06 2.76 2.09 4.14
Nitrate, mg/l 1.61 3.67 0.80 0.73 2.64
kg/day
52.30 59.61 7.88 3.72 31.25

APPENDIX 2.4 1/6

 BOD, mg/l 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
kg/day
64.97 32.48 19.70 10.19 23.67
Phosphorus Dis. mg/l 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Phosphorus Par., mg/l 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
Tot. Phosphorus, mg/l 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
kg/day
64.97 32.48 19.70 10.19 23.67

Table 1.2 Model Performance of the Various Wetlands.

Parameter BOD NH NO OP PP DO
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
UNi 0.300 0.036 0.160 0.158 0.241 3.483
UNo 0.042 0.002 0.005 0.055 0.040 1.671
% change -86 -94 -97 -65 -83 -52
UWi 0.307 0.034 0.432 0.170 0.241 2.596
UWo 0.042 0.002 0.005 0.055 0.040 1.671
% change -86 -94 -99 -67 -83 -35
UEi 0.091 0.008 0.019 0.080 0.082 2.365
UEo 0.050 0.003 0.007 0.060 0.048 1.845
% change -45 -62 -63 -25 -41 -22
LEi 0.163 0.027 0.049 0.088 0.123 1.780
LEo 0.038 0.002 0.003 0.051 0.036 1.584
% change -76 -92 -94 -42 -71 -11
UBi 0.082 0.007 0.036 0.058 0.066 1.296
UBo 0.031 0.001 0.001 0.028 0.018 0.998
% change -62 -86 -97 -52 -73 -23
P_Lake 0.031 0.001 0.001 0.029 0.018 1.011
i : inflow at the first cell
o : outflow from the last cell

APPENDIX 2.4 2/6

 The particular water quality at the primary lake was within the Lake Water
Quality Standards. The DO reflected the immediate oxygen demands and so low
values were obtained. This may be contrasted with the mean measured surface DO
which were of reasonable concentrations (5.3 - 6.7 mg/l).

The carbon and nitrogen pollutants were decomposed in the wetlands whereas the
phosphorus concentration had still not reached equilibrium and was accumulating.
The phosphorus is expected to be bound in the sediments or plants. However, the
phosphorus contents may be released during high flow when sediments are
agitated.

b) Scenario 2: High Hydraulic Loading - High inflow and ambient

parameters.Error! Bookmark not defined.

A high hydraulic loading with five times the design inflow and ambient condition
for concentration was run to determine the limit of the wetlands performance for
high flows. The results were as shown in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3 Model Performance of the Various Wetlands with Five Times Design
Inflow.

Parameter BOD NH NO OP PP DO
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
UNi 1.043 0.115 0.535 0.458 0.847 4.221
UNo 0.171 0.008 0.018 0.241 0.213 1.817
% change -84 -93 -97 -47 -75 -57
UWi 0.904 0.089 1.143 0.460 0.724 3.266
UWo 0.171 0.008 0.018 0.241 0.213 1.817
% change -81 -91 -98 -47 -70 -44
UEi 0.372 0.030 0.079 0.311 0.369 2.795
UEo 0.214 0.011 0.030 0.257 0.250 2.048
% change -42 -63 -62 -17 -32 -27
LEi 0.630 0.112 0.199 0.332 0.504 2.666
LEo 0.145 0.007 0.012 0.226 0.188 1.682
% change -77 -94 -94 -32 -62 -37
UBi 0.286 0.029 0.170 0.242 0.289 1.661

APPENDIX 2.4 3/6

 UBo 0.076 0.003 0.003 0.148 0.102 1.069
% change -73 -89 -98 -39 -65 -35
P_Lake 0.076 0.003 0.003 0.149 0.103 1.077
i : inflow at the first cell
o : outflow from the last cell

With five times the design inflow, the removal rate of carbon(BOD) was 73% to
84% and for nitrogen(ammonia), 89% to 94% by the wetlands except Upper East
wetland. There was a better circulation effect as indicated by the higher initial DO
value. The water was flowing over faster in the cells.

For Dissolved Phosphorus, the removal rate was 32% to 47% and for Particulate
Phosphorus, 62% to 75% which were lower than at design inflow. Phosphorus
may be released into the water when agitated at high flow and carried down.

The water quality at the primary lake was within Ambient Lake Standards for
BOD and nitrogen. For total phosphorus(= 0.252 mg/l), it was higher than ambient
Standards(=0.05 mg/l).

At high discharges therefore, the wetlands are unabled to remove the phosphorus
sufficiently due to the shorter retention times.

c) Scenario 3: Sewage Loading and half design inflow.

A loading of treated sewage discharge to all the wetlands with half the design
inflow as in Table 1.4 was run to simulate the performance at high concentration
loading. The results are in Table 1.5.

Table 1.4 Sewage Loading Parameters

Parameter Concentr Loading, kg/day

input ation
UN UW UE LE UB
Inflow, m3/s - 0.188 0.094 0.057 0.029 0.068
Temp, oC 30.0 - - - - -
DO, mg/l 5.0 - - - - -
Ammonia, mg/l 10.0 162.5 81.1 49.2 24.9 58.8
Nitrate, mg/l 10.0 162.5 81.1 49.2 24.9 58.8
BOD, mg/l 20 324.9 162.2 98.4 49.9 117.6

APPENDIX 2.4 4/6

 Phosphorus 0.6 9.8 4.8 2.9 1.4 3.4
Dis., mg/l
Phosphorus
1.4 22.8 11.3 6.9 3.6 8.2
Par., mg/l

Table 1.5 Model Performance of the Various Wetlands with Sewage Loading

Parameter BOD NH NO OP PP DO
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
UNi 1.647 0.568 0.690 0.089 0.131 1.926
UNo 0.183 0.020 0.027 0.028 0.021 1.322
% change -89 -96 -96 -68 -84 -31
UWi 1.846 0.787 0.839 0.101 0.142 1.532
UWo 0.183 0.020 0.027 0.028 0.020 1.322
% change -90 -97 -81 -72 -86 -14
UEi 0.457 0.114 0.139 0.043 0.043 1.698
UEo 0.227 0.031 0.044 0.031 0.024 0.889
% change -50 -73 -68 -28 -44 -47
LEi 0.806 0.339 0.346 0.046 0.063 1.302
LEo 0.157 0.015 0.019 0.026 0.018 1.283
% change -80 -95 -94 -43 -71 -1
UBi 0.382 0.091 0.081 0.030 0.034 0.881
UBo 0.084 0.005 0.004 0.013 0.009 0.876
% change -78 -94 -95 -56 -73 -1
P_Lake 0.083 0.005 0.004 0.013 0.009 0.889
i : inflow at the first cell
o : outflow from the last cell

With low flow, there are longer retention time for wetland processes. The removal
rate was generally better. For carbon(BOD), 78%-90%; for nitrogen(ammonia),
94%-97%; for dissolved phosphorus, 43%-72% and for particulate phosphorus,
71%-86% except Upper East which flows into Upper North wetland. With high
pollutant loading and less flushing, the water became septic as indicated by the
low DO in the inflows and outflows of the wetlands.

APPENDIX 2.4 5/6

 The water quality at the primary lake was within Ambient Lake Water Standards.

2.0 Model summary and discussion

From the simulation of the dynamic processes of the water quality, it was
predicted that the wetlands performed well for the removal of BOD and nitrogen
even with typical treated sewage effluents. For phosphorus, the uptake by plants in
the wetlands should remove the accumulated phosphorus in the sediments. The
plants debris and dying plants must be regularly removed to improve the uptake of
phosphorus and reduce the accumulated sink in the wetlands.

The model results was comparable to the designed wetlands performance as

reported in Putrajaya Lake Phase 1: Concept Design Report - Wetland Component
(Perbadanan Putrajaya,1996). The report indicated that the removal of the main
nutrients by the wetlands processes should be:

1. 20-80% for Phosphorus,

2. 90% for Nitrogen and
3. 50-90% for carbon

based on the earlier Water Quality Control and Management Study report
(Kumpulan Perunding Kota Bistari, 1997).

For high flow scenario, phosphorus levels were higher. It was supposed that this
was due to particulate BOD and phosphorus being be carried in suspension by the
faster stream flow and short-circuiting of processes in each cell will occur. To
prevent such occurrence, the placement of vegetation and the planting density
must be able to reduce flow and trap a reasonable amount of these particulates at
regular high run-off. In addition, there should be land management measures to
reduce high runoff flow velocities. However, as high flow is only intermittent and
pollutant dilution will occur, high flow condition is not regarded to be a major
problem.

At low flow, as in the dry season, the model predicted that the water quality better
water quality conditions in general. The Dissolved Oxygen levels were reduced,
however, probably due to the low flow conditions and degradation of organic
waste inside the cells. At such conditions, the water quality may deteriorate if
there were sewage inflow into the wetland cells. The higher organic load would
require more oxygen for degradation. The water may then become septic and
regular pump-back or recirculation from the lake will be needed at dry season to
increase flow and aerate the water plants.

APPENDIX 2.4 6/6

 APPENDIX 2.5

TIME SERIES OF CONCENTRATION FOR THE 1984-RUN

 APPENDIX 2.6

TIME SERIES OF CONCENTRATION FOR THE 1993-RUN

 APPENDIX 2.7

TIME SERIES OF CONCENTRATION FOR THE 1988-RUN

 APPENDIX A

PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT

FERTILIZER USE GUIDELINES

 APPENDIX A

PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT

FERTILIZER USE GUIDELINES

1.0 FERTILIZERS

1.1 GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1.1 Fertilizers are substances that are added to the soil to increase its fertility
for plant growth. There are 18 elements essential to plant growth. They
may be divided into macronutrients and micronutrients (Table 1). If
plants lack any of these nutrients, they will exhibit signs of nutrient
deficiency.

Table 1 Plant nutrient requirements

Macronutrients Micronutrients
Primary Secondary
Carbon (C) Calcium (Ca) Iron (Fe)
Hydrogen (H) Magnesium (Mg) Zinc (Zn)
Oxygen (O) Sulfur (S) Manganese Mn)
Nitrogen (N) Chlorine (Cl) Copper (Cu)
Phosphorous (P) Sodium (Na) Molybdenum (Mo)
Potassium (K) Boron (B)
Cobalt Co)

1.1.2 Most plants receive a natural supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and

potassium from organic matter and soil minerals, but this is not usually
sufficient to satisfy the demands of crop plants, including ornamental
plants.

1.1.3 The primary nutrients are most likely to be present in inadequate amounts
and therefore are frequently added through use of fertilizers.

1.1.4 The amount of a nutrient element present in a fertilizer formulation is

based on percentage of weight and is normally given as a ratio of three
numbers: The percentage by weight of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5),
and potash (K2O) respectively. These numbers are said to represent
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, or N-P-K. Sometimes there is a
fourth number, which represents the amount of sulfur (S) in the mix. The
rest of the fertilizer's weight is filler which allows even spreading of the
fertilizer.

1.1.5 The best fertilizer to use depends on many factors, such as the nutrients
needed, soil structure, soil chemistry, and method of applying the
fertilizer.

1/7 APPENDIX A
1.2 TYPES OF FERTILIZERS

1.2.1 Complete vs Incomplete

1.2.1.1 A fertilizer is said to be complete when it contains nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium. Examples of commonly used fertilizers are 10-10-10,
16-16-16, and 20-10-5.

1.2.1.2 An incomplete fertilizer will be missing at least one of the major

components. Incomplete fertilizers can be blended together to make
complete fertilizers.

1.2.1.3 The specific fertilizer ratio needed depends on the soil nutrient level. For
example, a 1-1-1 ratio (10-10-10, 15-15-15, 20-20-20, etc.) is widely used
at the time of lawn establishment, but established lawns generally respond
better to fertilizer ratios high in nitrogen. Two of the more common
complete fertilizers used by homeowners for flowers and vegetables are
10-10-10 and 5-10-10.

1.2.2 Slow-Release Fertilizers

1.2.2.1 Plants can absorb nutrients continuously, so it is beneficial to provide
them with a balance of nutrients throughout their growth. An efficient
way to achieve this is to apply a slow-release fertilizer, which releases
nutrients at a rate that makes them available to the plants over a long
period. Slow-release fertilizers contain one or more nutrients.
Slow-release fertilizers can be categorized according to their release
mechanism. The three major types of nutrient release mechanisms are:

1) materials that dissolve slowly,

2) materials which must be decomposed by soil microorganisms in
order to release nitrogen, and
3) granular materials with coatings made of resin or sulfur to control
the rate of nutrient release into the soil.

1.2.2.2 Sulphur-coated urea is a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer with a covering of

sulfur around each urea particle. Different thicknesses of sulfur control
the rate of nitrogen release, which increases with temperature. Watering
does not affect its release rate. Sulfur-coated urea applied to the soil’s
surface releases nitrogen more slowly than if incorporated into the soil.
This material generally costs less than other slow-release fertilizers, and it
also supplies the second nutrient, sulfur.

1.2.2.3 When fertilizer products coated with multiple layers of resin come into
contact with water, the layers swell and increase the pore size in the resin
so that the dissolved fertilizer can move into the soil. Release rate
depends on the coating thickness, temperature, and water content of the
soil. There is often a large release of fertilizer during the first two or three
days after application. Release timing can be from 0 to 6 months,
depending on the coating.

2/7 APPENDIX A
1.2.2.4 Slow-release fertilizers need not be applied as frequently as other
fertilizers, and higher amounts can be applied without danger of burning.
Plants may use the nitrogen in slow-release fertilizers more efficiently
than nitrogen in other forms, since it is released over a longer period of
time and in smaller quantities. Slow-release fertilizers are generally more
expensive than other types. The real benefit, however, is the frequency of
application, which is much lower than conventional fertilizers.

1.2.2.5 Urea formaldehyde and sulfur-coated urea have been used as turf
fertilizer, while resin-coated fertilizers are predominantly used in
container growing.

Table 2 Comparison of Fertilizers

Advantages Disadvantages
Conventional Fertilizers
1. Fast acting. 1. Greater burn potential.
2. Some are acid-forming. 2. Solidifies in the bag when wet.
3. Low cost. 3. Nitrogen leaches readily.
Slow-Release Fertilizers
1. Fewer applications. 1. Unit cost is high.
2. Low burn potential. 2. Availability is limited.
3. Release rate varies depending on 3. Release rate governed by factors
fertilizer characteristics. other than plant need
4.Comparatively slow release rate.
Manures or Sewage Sludge
1. Low burn potential. 1. Salt could be a problem.
2. Relatively slow release. 2. Bulky, difficult to handle.
3. Contain micronutrients. 3. Odou.r
4. Conditions the soil. 4. Expensive per pound of actual
nutrient.
5. Weed seeds can be a problem.
6. Heavy metals may be present in
sewage sludge.

1.2.3 Organic Fertilizers

1.2.3.1 The word organic, applied to fertilizers, simply means that the nutrients
contained in the product are derived solely from the remains or
by-products of a once-living organism. Urea is a synthetic organic
fertilizer, an organic substance manufactured from inorganic materials
(although urea is also, as the name implies, a constituent of urine).
Cottonseed meal, blood meal, bone meal, hoof and horn meal, and all
manures are examples of organic fertilizers. When packaged as
fertilizers, these products will have the fertilizer ratios stated on the
labels.

1.2.3.2 Some organic materials, particularly composted manures and sludges, are
sold as soil conditioners and do not have a nutrient guarantee, although
small amounts of nutrients are present. Most are high in one of the three

3/7 APPENDIX A
 major nutrients and low in the other two, although you may find some
fortified with nitrogen, phosphorus, or potash for a higher analysis. Many
are low in all three.

1.2.3.3 In general, organic fertilizers release nutrients over a fairly long period;
the potential drawback is that they may not release enough of their
principal nutrient at a time to give the plant what it needs for best growth.
Because organic fertilizers depend on soil organisms to break them down
to release nutrients, most of them are effective only when soil is moist and
soil temperature is warm enough for the soil organisms to be active.
Cottonseed meal is a by-product of cotton manufacturing. As a fertilizer,
it is somewhat acidic in reaction. Formulas vary slightly, but generally
contain 7 percent nitrogen, 3 percent P2O5, and 2 percent K2O.
Cottonseed meal is readily available to plants in warm soils, and there is
little danger of burn. Cottonseed meal is frequently used for fertilizing
acid-loving plants such as azaleas, camellias, and rhododendrons.

1.2.3.4 Sewage sludge is a recycled product of municipal sewage treatment

plants. Two forms are commonly available: activated and composted.
Activated sludge has higher concentrations of nutrients (approximately
6-3-0) than composted sludge, and is usually sold in a dry, granular form
for use as a general purpose, long-lasting, non-burning fertilizer.
Composted sludge is used primarily as a soil amendment and has a lower
nutrient content (approximately 1-2-0). There is some question about the
long-term effects of using sewage sludge products in the garden, because
heavy metals, such as cadmium, are sometimes present in the sludge.
However, all sewage sludge must be analyzed for heavy metals and meet
a regulatory standard, such as US EPA standards before it can be sold for
soil applications.

1.2.3.5 Compared to synthetic fertilizer formulations, organic fertilizers contain

relatively low concentrations of actual nutrients, but they perform other
important functions which the synthetic formulations do not. Some of
these functions are: increasing organic content of the soil; improving
physical structure of the soil; and increasing bacterial and fungal activity.

1.2.3.1 Fertilizers Combined with Pesticides

(1) The major reason for buying a fertilizer combined with a pesticide is
convenience. It is very convenient to combine everything you need in one
application, but it is also very expensive. The problem is that the timing
for a fertilizer application often does not coincide with the appearance of a
disease or an insect problem. And, in the case of a number of turf grass
diseases, a primary cause of disease infestation is merely a lack of proper
fertilizer.

(2) A fertilizer-insecticide combination, when applied at the proper stage of a

pest’s life-cycle, can do an adequate job of controlling the turf pest while
also giving the grass "a shot in the arm" to help its recovery. However,
fertilizers with pesticides intended for use with turf or ornamentals should

4/7 APPENDIX A
 not be used in the vegetable garden where it may contaminate food crops.
Always read the label carefully.

1.2.4 Fertilizer Formulation

1.2.4.1 Fertilizers come in many forms. Different formulations are made to
facilitate types of situations in which fertilizer is needed. Packaging on all
formulations must show the amount of nutrients contained, and sometimes
it tells how quickly a nutrient is available. Some of the formulations
available to the homeowner are: water-soluble powders, slow-release
pellets, slow-release collars or spikes, liquids, tablets, and granular solids.

1.2.4.2 Liquid fertilizers come in a variety of different formulations, including

complete formulas and special types that offer just one or two nutrients.
All are made to be diluted with water; some are concentrated liquids
themselves, others are powder or pellets. Growers of container plants
often use liquid fertilizers at half the recommended dilution twice as
frequently as recommended so that the plants receive a more continuous
supply of nutrients.

1.2.5 Applying Fertilizer

Computing the amount of fertilizer needed for a given area is rather tricky
at first, but after a few times, this becomes second nature.

2.0 FERTILIZER APPLICATION

2.1 FACTORS

Soil type dictates the frequency of fertilizer application. Sandy soils

require more frequent applications of nitrogen and other nutrients than do
clay-type soils. Other factors affecting frequency of application include
the type of crop, the level of crop productivity required, frequency and
amount of water applied, and type of fertilizer applied and its release rate.

2.1.1 Timing
2.1.1.1 The type of crop influences timing and frequency of application since
some crops are heavier feeders of particular nutrients than others. A
general rule of thumb is that nitrogen is for leafy top growth; phosphorus
is for root and fruit production; and potassium is for hardiness, disease
resistance, and general durability.

2.1.1.2 Proper use of nutrients can control plant growth rate and character.
Nitrogen is the most critical nutrient in this regard. If tomatoes or squash
are fertilized heavily with a nitrogen fertilizer into the summer, the plants
may be all vine and no fruit. If slow-release fertilizers or heavy amounts
of manure are used on crops that form fruit or vegetables, leaf and vine
growth will continue into late summer, and fruit and vegetable
development will occur very late in the season.

2.1.1.3 The following suggestions about groups of garden plants are given as
general guides. Gardeners should be aware that individual species within

5/7 APPENDIX A
 these groups vary considerably. After each group of plants, the need for
the primary nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) is indicated
as high, medium, or low.

Table 3 Primary Nutrient Need by Plants

Plant Group Primary Nutrient

(N-P-K) Need
Vegetables High
Herbs Medium to Low
Lawns Medium to High
Fruits Medium
Annual flowers Medium
Perennial flowers Medium to Low
Deciduous shrubs Medium to Low
Evergreen shrubs Low
Deciduous shade trees Medium to Low
Evergreen shade trees Low

2.2 APPLICATION METHODS

2.2.1 There are different methods of applying fertilizer depending on its

formulation and the plant needs.

(a) Broadcasting
2.2.2 A recommended rate of fertilizer is evenly spread over the growing
area and left to filter into the soil or is incorporated into the soil with
a rototiller, or spade, with irrigation water. Broadcasting can be used
over large garden areas or when time or labor is limited.

This method should not be used in areas close to the Lake and
wetland shoreline.

(b) Banding
2.2.3 Narrow bands of fertilizer are applied in furrows several inches
from the seeds or plants. Banding is one way to satisfy the needs of
many plants phosphorus as the first roots develop. When fertilizers
are broadcast and worked into soil, much of the phosphorus is
locked up by the soil and is not immediately available to the plant.
By concentrating the phosphorus in a band, the plant is given what it
needs even though much of the phosphorus stays locked up.

(c) Side-Dressing
2.2.4 Dry fertilizer is applied as a side dressing after plants are up and
growing. Scatter fertilizer on both sides of the row 6 to 8 inches
from the plants. Rake it into the soil and water thoroughly.

6/7 APPENDIX A
 (d) Foliar Feeding
2.2.5 Foliar feeding is used when insufficient fertilizer was used before
planting; a quick growth response is wanted; micronutrients (such as
iron or zinc) are locked into the soil; or when the soil is too cold for
the plants to use the fertilizer applied to the soil. Foliar-applied
nutrients are absorbed and used by the plant quite rapidly.

3.0 GUIDELINES

3.1 Landscaping design considerations should site plants according to their

fertilizer demand:

• High demand plants should be located further away from

lake/wetland edges.

• High demand plants should not be located on slopes to minimise

fertilizer loss by runoff. Alternatively, the area for fertilizer
application of such plants should be depressed to contain fertilizer
applications.

• Slow-release fertilizers should be preferred over other types of

fertilizers. It is recommended that the soluble Phosphorus should not
be used within the Catchment area. Instead the insoluble form of
Phosphorus should be used if necessary.

• Correct fertilizer loadings should be applied through calculation, to

prevent wastage and subsequent loss through runoff.

• Frequent, small applications are preferred to few, large applications.

• Grass clippings should be left on the turf to recycle nutrients instead

of being swept away.

4.0 REFERENCES

1. Arizona Cooperative Extension (1998), Arizona Master Gardener Manual.

College of Agriculture, The University of Arizona.

7/7 APPENDIX A
 APPENDIX B

PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT

PESTICIDE USE GUIDELINES

 APPENDIX B

PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT

PESTICIDE USE GUIDELINES

1.0 THE PESTICIDE REGISTER

1.1 The proper use of pesticides will ensure their effectiveness while ensuring
minimum impact to safety and the environment.

1.2 A register of pesticides used, the amount and area of application, and the
persons applying the pesticide should be maintained.

1.3 This will allow for monitoring of the amount and area the pesticides are
being applied.

1.4 The Pesticide Register should be given to two parts:

a. Information on the pesticide characteristics

b. Information on application

1.5 The Register should contain the following information:

a. Pesticide characteristics
Pesticide name and formulation
Manufacturer
Safety precautions
Environmental hazard/precautions
Toxicity Class
Storage Location
Person responsible for application control

b. Application information
Area applied
Quantity applied
Date applied

1.6 The pesticide label can provide information on the pesticide

characteristics. The label information should be recorded and normally
carries the following type of information:

1. Brand name
Type of formulation

2. Ingredient statement
List of the names and amounts of the active and inert ingredients.

3. Common name and chemical name

1/11 APPENDIX B
 4. Net contents
Volume in the container.

5. Name and address of manufacturer

The maker or distributor of a product, the name and address of the
company on the label.

6. Registration number
A registration number must be on every pesticide label.

7. Precautionary statements
A warning or hazard section or a title like "Hazards to Humans and
Domestic Animals" will explain the ways in which the product may
be poisonous to man and animals. It should describe any special
steps necessary to avoid poisoning, such as the kind of protective
equipment needed. If the product is highly toxic, this section will
inform physicians of the proper treatment for poisoning.

8. Environmental Hazards
This section should tell how to avoid damage to the environment.
Some examples are: "This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to
direct treatment or residues on crops." "Do not contaminate water
when cleaning equipment or when disposing of wastes," and "Do
not apply where runoff is likely to occur."

9. Physical and Chemical Hazards

Lists other specific fire, explosion, or chemical hazards that the
product may have.

10. Toxicity Class, Signal Words and Symbols

Some pesticides may be hazardous to people. A Signal Word and
Symbol (Table 1) is often used on the label. Some toxicity doses are
given in Table 2.

11. Statement of practical treatment

If swallowing or inhaling the product or getting it in the eyes or on
the skin would be harmful, the label should contain emergency first
aid measures and states types of exposure requiring medical
attention. The pesticide label is the most important information you
can take to the physician when someone has been poisoned. Without
the label, it is difficult for the physician to help.

12. Directions for use

The instructions will explain several important items.
The pests the product will control
The crops, animals, or other item the product can be used on
safely
How the product should be applied
How much to use

2/11 APPENDIX B
 Where and when the material should be applied
Application to harvest periods

13. Storage and disposal directions

Every pesticide should be stored and disposed of correctly. This
section will tell you how to store and dispose of the product.

Table 1 Signal Words and Symbols

Word Toxicity Human Lethal Symbol

Dosage
Danger High taste to a teaspoon skull and
crossbones; Poison
Warning Moderate teaspoon to a none
tablespoon
Caution Low ounce to more none
than a pint

2.0 TOXICITY AND PERSISTENCE OF PESTICIDES

2.1 The least toxic and least persistent chemicals should be used for any job.
The selection must be based on the nature and extent of infestation.

2.2 Some pesticide toxicity information is given in Table 2.

2.3 Herbicide persistence information based on temperate climate conditions

are given in Table 3.

3.0 PESTICIDES AND WATER QUALITY

3.1 The use of pesticides affect water quality through the introduction of non-
natural materials, even in small doses. An important factor to water
quality is the potential for the pesticide to be washed off the applied
plants. Therefore the selection of chemical to use would prefer the one
least likely to run off during rain events.

3.2 Runoff potential of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides are given in

Tables 4, 5, and 6.

3/11 APPENDIX B
Table 2 Pesticide Toxicities (from Pesticide Information and Training Office,
copyright University of Arizona, January 1996)

Trade Name Class Active Ingredient LD50

(rat, oral, mg/kg)
Toxicity Level I B Danger (Oral LD50 up to 50 mg/ml)
Rodine ROD red squill 0.7
Temik I aldicarb 1
Phosdrin I mevinphos 3 - 12
Vydate I oxamyl 5.4
Penncap-M I methyl parathion 6
Cymag ROD sodium cyanide 6.4
Endrin I endrin 7 - 15
Furadan 4F I carbofuran 8
Dyfonate I fonofos 8 - 17.5
Hybrex ROD fenrazidon- 25
potassium
Aldrin I aldrin 38 - 67
Nicotine I nicotine 50 - 60
Toxicity Level II B Warning (Oral LD50 from 50 to 500 mg/kg)
Methyl bromide FUM methyl bromide 65
DDT I DDT 113
Derris I rotenone 132-1500
Gramoxone Extra H paraquat 150
Lorsban I chlorpyrifos 163
Caffeine caffeine 192
Pyrocide I pyrethrum 200
Dimethoate I dimethoate 235
Sevin I carbaryl 246 - 283
Ammo I cypermethrin 250
Capture I bifenthrin 375
Copper-Z 4/4 F copper sulfate 472

4/11 APPENDIX B
Table 3 Persistence of biological activity at the usual rate of herbicide
application in a temperate climate with moist, fertile soils and
summer temperatures (Water Quality Handbook for Nurseries,
E-951, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Division of
Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State
University Ch 6)

1 Month or Less 1-3 Months 3-12 Months Over 12

Months3
Acifluorfen Fluorodife Bifenox Metolachl Alachlor Fluometuron Borates
n or
Acrolein Glyphosat Bromoxynil Naptalam Ametryn Fluridone4 Bromacil
e
Amitrol Fluazifop Butachlor Pebulate Atrazine Hexazinone Chlorates
AMS Fenoxapro Butylate Prometry Benefin Isopropalin Chlorsulfur
p n on
Barban Metham Chloramben Propachlo Bensulide Imazamethab Fenac
r enz
Bentazon Methyl Chlorpropha Proham Buthidazole Imazaquin Fluridone5
bromide m
Benzadox MCPA Cycloate Pyrazon Chlorimuro Imazethapyr Hexaflurate
n
Cacodylic MCPB Desmedipha Siduron Clomazone Metribuzin Imazapyr
Acid m
Chloroxuro Molinate Diallate TCA Clopyralid Monuron Karbutilate
n
Dalapon MSMA Diphenamid Terbutryn Cyanazine Napropamide Picloram
2,4-D Nitrofen EPTC Thiobenc Cyprazine Norflurazon Prometon
arb
2,4-DB Paraquat6 Linuron Triallate DCPA Oryzalin Tebuthiuron
Diclofop Phenmedip Mecoprop Vernolate Dicamba Oxyfluorfen Terbacil
ham
Diquat6 Propanil Methazole Dichlobenil Pendimethali 2,3,6-TBA
n
DSMA Sethoxydi Difenzoquat Perfluidone
m
Endothal Dinitramine Pronamide
Diuron Propazine
Ethalfluralin Simazine
Fenuron Sulfometuron
Fluchloralin Trifluralin
1
These are approximate values and will vary.
2
At higher rates of application, some of these chemicals may persist at biologically active levels more
than 12 months.
3
At lower rates of application, some of these chemicals may persist at biologically active levels for less
than 12 months.
4
In water.
5
In soil.
6
Although diquat and paraquat molecules may remain unchanged in soils, they are absorbed so tightly
they become biologically inactive.

5/11 APPENDIX B
Table 4 Herbicide water quality data (Water Quality Handbook for
Nurseries, E-951, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Division
of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State
University Ch 6)

Herbicide Relative Runoff Relative Ground Half-Life

Common Name Potential Water Leaching in Days
Potential
Diquat Small Small N/A
Glyphosate Large Small 47
Pendimethalin Large Small 90
Napropamide Large Medium 70

Table 5 Insecticide water quality data (Water Quality Handbook for

Nurseries, E-951, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Division
of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State
University).

Systemic Insecticide Relative Runoff Relative Ground Half- Life

Common Name Potential Water Leaching in Days
Potential
Malathion Small Small 1
Acephate Low Low 3
Dimethoate Small Medium 7
Carbaryl Medium Small 10
Diazinon Medium Large 30
Chlorpyrifos Large Small 30
Dicofol Large Small 60
Propargite Large Small l56

6/11 APPENDIX B
Table 6 Fungicide water quality data (Water Quality Handbook for
Nurseries, E-951, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Division
of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State
University).

Fungicide Relative Runoff Relative Ground Half-Life

Common Name Potential Water in Days
Leaching Potential
Thiophanate-methyl Small Medium 10
Ferbam Medium Medium 17
Vinclozolin Medium Medium 20
PCNB Large Small 21

Triforine Medium Small 21

Triadimefon Medium Medium 26
Chlorothalonil Large Small 30
Manozeb Large Small 70
Metalaxyl Small Medium 70
Propiconazole Medium Medium 100
Etridiazole Large Small 103
Fenarimol Medium Small 360

4.0 HOME AND GARDEN

4.1 A large proportion of pesticide application may come from residents with
gardens. To reduce incorrect or inappropriate use of pesticides
information on garden management should be made available and
importance of control must be stressed to residents.

4.2 There are many books and manuals available for the home gardener. The
recommendations given here have been adapted from Water Quality
Handbook for Nurseries, E-951, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension
Service, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,
Oklahoma State University. It should be the minimum advice given the
home owner.

7/11 APPENDIX B
 Best Management Practices for Home & Garden Pesticide Use

A. When selecting pesticide/herbicide to purchase:

1. Use a pest control method only when that method will prevent the pest from
causing more damage than is reasonable to accept.

2. Consider other pest control methods

Cultural
Keep the turf vigorous to compete against weeds.
Practice careful water management.
Use tillage to remove weeds if possible.
Mechanical
Hand remove individual weeds/other pests.
Sanitation
Plant weed free seed.
Host resistance
Plant disease-resistant turf grass and trees.
Integrated Pest Management
observe, monitor, decide

3. Buy only in small quantities that will be used in a short period of time.

4. Choose the least toxic pesticide. Note the signal word on the label (in
increasing toxicity): caution, warning, or danger.

B. Mixing and application:

1. Read and follow pesticide label instructions.

2. Apply pesticides only to sites identified on the label. Label sites where
pesticides are being applied.

3. Always measure accurately and calibrate. Use only the amount needed. Do not
prepare excess amounts. The whole mixture should be used in a single
application.

4. Mix pesticides together only when allowed on the label.

5. Keep children and pets away from treated areas until sprays are dry or
dusts/granules have settled.

6. Avoid spray drift, do not apply sprays on windy days.

7. Don't eat or smoke while applying pesticides.

8. Keep application equipment in good condition.

8/11 APPENDIX B
9. See the label for appropriate pesticide protective clothing and/or equipment.

10. Do not allow runoff or drift into storm sewers or water.

11. Follow label directions for cleanup of equipment.

12. Rinse sprayers and empty liquid pesticide containers with water, apply rinse
water to the labelled application site. Do not rinse down the drain.

13. Be aware that irrigation water can carry pesticides (and fertilizers) down
through the soil, especially sandy soils, and into the ground water. Do not
over-water.

C. Pesticide storage:

1. Store pesticides only in the original, labeled containers. Do not store in empty
unlabelled bottles or containers.

2. Store in a secure, locked, ventilated area away from children and pets.
3. Store pesticides separate from food, feed or eating/cooking utensils.

4. Protect pesticides from extremes in temperature and keep them dry.

5. When storing on shelves, store dry products above liquid pesticides.

D. Disposal and spills:

1. The best disposal method is to use the pesticide according to the label.

2. Never re-use pesticide containers for any purpose.

3. Never pour pesticides down the drain or into the toilet.

4. Follow additional guidelines as printed on the label.

5. If a spill occurs, soak it up immediately with soil or vermiculite. Spread these

materials over a wide area to a labelled application site. Do not wash with
water if spilled on concrete, it spreads the spill.

E. Personal safety:

1. Be aware that pesticide exposure can occur through the skin (includes eyes),
by mouth, and by inhalation. Exposure by skin is the most common and
easiest to prevent.

2. Wear long sleeved shirt and trousers when applying pesticides.

9/11 APPENDIX B
3. Wear pesticide gloves (nitrile, neoprene, or rubber) as guided by the label. Do
not wear latex gloves. These may dissolve in the pesticide base.

4. Goggles prevent eye exposure, especially during measuring and mixing

operations.

5. Wash immediately after each application.

6. Launder pesticide-contaminated clothing separately from regular laundry in

hot water with heavy duty liquid detergent. After washing, run the washing
machine a second time with detergent without clothes.

When Applying Pesticides

• Consider the vulnerability of the site; be sure that weather and irrigation will not
increase the risk of water contamination.
• Evaluate the location of water sources.
• Read and follow pesticide label directions.
• When possible, use the pesticide with the least potential for surface runoff and
leaching.
• Store pesticides properly.
• Make sure pesticide containers do not leak.
• Use IPM practices.
• Calibrate all pesticide application equipment after at least every third use.
• Prevent backflow during mixing operations by use of a mechanical anti-siphoning
device or an air gap.
• Triple or pressure rinse pesticide containers upon emptying and pour rinsing water
into spray tank.
• Always mix, handle, and store pesticides at least 30 m from water wells, water
bodies.
• Do not apply pesticides when conditions are likely to produce runoff or excessive
leaching; for example before rain is likely to occur, or before watering.
• Do not spray pesticides on windy days (winds in excess of 10 mph).
• Prevent pesticide spills and leaks from application equipment.
• Leave buffer zones around sensitive areas such as wells, irrigation ditches, ponds,
streams, drainage ditches, septic tanks, and other areas that lead to ground or
surface water.
• Do not water pesticide-treated areas immediately after application unless indicated
on label instructions.
• Dispose of excess pesticides by applying them to labeled pesticide application
sites.

10/11 APPENDIX B
5.0 REFERENCES

1. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service (1998). Water Quality

Handbook for Nurseries, E-951, Division of Agricultural Sciences and
Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University.

2. Arizona Cooperative Extension (1998). Arizona Master Gardener Manual,

College of Agriculture, The University of Arizona.

11/11 APPENDIX B
 APPENDIX C

PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT GUIDELINES FOR

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINI WETLANDS

 APPENDIX C

PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT

GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINI WETLANDS

1.0 PURPOSE OF GUIDE

The purpose of this guideline is to assist in the creation or conversion of detention

ponds in the Putrajaya Catchment into mini-wetlands.

2.0 FUNCTIONS OF MINI-WETLANDS

2.1 The primary intended function of the creation of mini-wetlands is to improve

water quality by invoking conditions for natural water treatment processes. Mini-
wetlands can be intended as public open spaces but the public should have limited
access to them to ensure ecological preservation. By virtue of limited access, the
wetland will also become a refuge for nature.

2.2 In the Putrajaya Catchment, the function and usefulness of mini-wetlands are
almost the same as for riparian parks, lake valley parks and retention ponds to be
provided within the Putrajaya Federal Government Administrative Centre
Peripheral areas (refer to Urban Design Analysis and Strategy). Nonetheless,
there will be differences in the physical shape, size and depth of mini-wetlands
with those of parks and retention ponds proposed in the Urban Design Masterplan.
Despite these physical spatial differences, the basis of species selection and
planting strategy at various zones of wetlands can be based on the guidelines spelt
out in the Putrajaya Urban Design Masterplan.

3.0 DESIGN FACTORS

3.1 A number of factors affect the functions of wetlands for water quality treatment.
They are:

1. Mini-wetlands are generally shallow water bodies, of 1 to 4 m depth,

compared to detention ponds.

2. Longer water retention times in the ponds allow for increased treatment
capacity.

3. The vegetation type selected should be indigenous species that are suitable
for the substrates at the bottom of the pond and its littoral zone. Both
functional and structural features should be considered in the selection.
Examples of the functional features are the nutrient uptake demand and
capacity by the plants and trees and their microbiological carrying
capacity. Examples of the structural attributes are the height and shade
efficiency and their refuge value for fish and other invertebrates.

4. When creating artificial ponds, land-based biomass and topsoil has to be

removed from the detention pond. Care should be taken to ensure that no

1/12 APPENDIX C
 such biomass are left at the bottom of the pond otherwise they will degrade
under anaerobic conditions and result in noxious smells and poor water
quality as nutrients are released.

5. A heterogeneous system, with more than one habitat and associated

vegetation types is necessary to improve the treatment capacity of the
mini-wetlands. Mini-wetland systems are temporally and spatially
dynamic. As such the uniformity of vegetation may not provide the
resilience required to cope with the variability in the environment of the
waters in the ponds.

3.2 The recommended habitat types, vegetation and fish species for the mini-wetlands
are described below.

4.0 DEVELOPMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Habitat Types

4.1.1 Detention ponds are usually deep. Figure C.1 shows the typical cross section of a
wetland. There are three distinct habitat types within it. To create a mini-wetland
in a detention pond it is necessary to create the three habitat types within the
pond. They are the :

• main pond habitat, deeper than 3 m;

• deep and shallow marsh zones, between 1-3 m;
• swamp forest zone, i.e. the terrestrial habitat at the land-water interface,
where the soil is moist and saturated.

4.1.2 The presence of the three zones will allow a heterogeneous system to be
established, allowing for sedimentation processes in the deep pond, nutrient
uptake and habitat formation in the wet marsh and moist forest zones.

4.2 Vegetation Types

4.2.1 Species selection for the swamp forest zone or high shore line (permanently moist
ground) of the mini-wetland shall be such as to comprise of mixed tree species of
various characters such as large coloured foliage, domed and umbrella shaped
canopies, fragrant and flowering trees. They range from lower-storey species,
middle-storey species and upper climax species. They will provide characteristics
such as shade zone, wildlife refuge, woodland, good buffer/screening and water
edging. The planting shall be of a woodland character.

4.2.2 The species to be selected should have the following characteristics:

• Compatible with immediate upland land use and guidelines of Urban

Design Masterplan for Putrajaya;
• Vegetation to be of indigenous origin having ornamental value;
• Ability to absorb nutrients;
• Grow and propagate without fertiliser;

2/12 APPENDIX C
 • Oxygenate water and sediments;
• Provide suitable aquatic fauna habitat, their potential for sustainability
over time and their ornamental value;
• Provide water shading, cooling and diversity of habitat types for water
birds;
• Create a natural transition of vegetation types.

4.2.3 In the Perbadanan Putrajaya area, the species selected should be compatible with
any adjoining riparian parks, lake valley parks, and retention ponds, as proposed
in the Urban Design Analysis and Strategy.

4.2.4 Tree species with coloured foliage could include Eleocarpus, Erythrina. Species
like Alstonia can provide large foliage character. Enterolobium can provide shade
with its umbrella-shaped crown. Suitable trees or shrubs with fragrant flowers
include Michelia and Gardenia.

4.2.5 To ensure effective pollutant treatment by the vegetation (through biofiltration) in

the mini-wetlands, careful selection of the vegetation is necessary. Table C.1
gives the recommended vegetation types and species for the various zones in a
mini-wetland.

4.2.6 Even though free floating and submergent aquatics can achieve excellent nutrient
removal efficiencies due to their fast growth and high biomass turnover they are
not recommended because their fast growth can choke off the entire mini-wetland
in a very short time. Thus, rooted emergent aquatic macrophytes are
recommended since they possess the following positive characteristics:

i. High biomass carrying capacity

ii. High nutrient uptake capacity
iii. Provide refuge for fish, aquatic invertebrates and birds
iv. High microbial decomposition

4.2.7 The forested swamp is recommended because it provides a long term nutrient sink
in the mini-wetland due to its biomass size and low rate of litter decomposition. It
also provide shading benefits to the open water zones reducing light attenuation,
promotes phytoplankton growth and water cooling which are beneficial to fishes
and other aquatic organisms. Also, structurally the forested swamp provides an
attractive visual height and critical habitats for a wide range of fauna and birds.

4.2.8 Phytoplankton biomass may increase after the construction of the mini-wetland.
Thus, control of the phytoplankton biomass is important and can be carried out
through the appropriate selection of fish and zooplankton feeders.

3/12 APPENDIX C
Table C.1 Recommended Vegetation Types and Species for the Mini-Wetlands

Mini-Wetland Vegetation Nature of zone Key Species

Zone Types
Forest Swamp Trees Permanently Moist Alstonia spatulat
to Water Logged Dipterocarpus Spp
Soils, Zone of Dipterocarpus hasselti
Intermittent Eugenia Spp.
Flooding Eugenia chloroleuca
Eleocarpus sp.
Erythrina sp.
Enterolobium sp.
Ficus microcorpa
Gardenia carinata
Ixora javanica
Melaleuca Spp.
Saraca thaipingiensis
Shorea macroptera
Shorea Spp.
Shallow Rooted Shallow Permanent Cypera Spp.
Macro-phyte Emergent Water/ Shallow Eleocharis Spp.
Zone Macro-phyte Marsh Lepironia Spp.
Lepironia articulata
Saccharum sp.
Scirpus grossus
Scleria sp
Phragmites karka
Open Water Rooted Deep Water Ipomoea reptans/aquatica
Emergent >3m Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus)
Nymphnea lotus

4.3 Fish Species

4.3.1 Fish should be introduced into the mini-wetland to contribute to the maintenance
of good water quality in the mini-wetland. The following criteria should be
followed when selecting the fish species:

• Indigenous species
• Pelagic species
• Rare and endangered/threatened species
• Sport fish
• Carnivorous and insectivorous species

4.3.2 The recommended fish species for the mini-wetlands is given in Table C.2

4/12 APPENDIX C
Table C.2 Recommended Fish Species for the Mini-Wetlands

Species Ecological Attributes

Puntius tetrazona Predate mosquito and zooplankton
(Tiger Berb) feeder. High ornamental value
P. gonionotus Same as above
P. schwanenfeldii Good sport and ornamental fish
Betta splendens Feed on phyto- and zooplankto, good ornamental
value
Rasbora Spp. Predate mosquito larvae, insects and some aquatic
plants
Trichogaster pectoralis Control algal production
Leptobarbus hoevenii Phytoplankton feeder also feeds on aquatic plants.
Ornamental fish species
Channa striata Carnivorous and predate mosquito larvae.

5.0 WETLANDS MANAGEMENT

5.1 Best Management Practices

Recommendations of the Best Management Practices (BMP) to sustain the

desired ecological balance for the Putrajaya Lake and its associated wetlands are
given below.

5.2 Wetland Plants

5.2.1 For the wetland plants the following factors need to be considered:

• Plant harvesting for die-off, overcrowding and disease to plug further

damage to health plants;

• Planting density (to replenish the harvested plants) to be low to very

moderate to prevent excessive growth and reaching carrying capacity;

• Pest attacks to be eliminated by applying environmentally friendly

pesticide and biological control;

• Unwanted aquatic weeds must be uprooted from the cells. This will be
done by manual weeding, applying herbicide (environmentally friendly) and
maintaining required water level in the wetland cells;

• Optimum water level (as designed) must be maintained in the wetland

cells to control unwanted aquatic weeds and make available adequate
nutrients and pollutants to wetland plants;

• For replanting Scleria sp., which is less foliaceous and resistant to

fluctuating environment can be given priority. However, the planting density

5/12 APPENDIX C
 will be less than 6 sp/m2;

• The colour of the plant leaves should be monitored for chlorosis and
growth;

• Water circulation from upstream to downstream to be maintained to

reduce plant litter at the substratum. To reduce plant litter, stocking of
detritivorous and omnivorous fish species are recommended;

• Planting of rare and endangered wetland/terrestrial plants should be

encouraged;

• Weekly monitoring of wetland plants and take immediate appropriate

action to prevent further damage or secondary infection to wetland plants;

• Monthly management meeting to review effectiveness of measures taken

to maintain healthy plants in wetland cells.

5.2.1 Plant Harvesting

5.2.1.1 Plant die-off, due to overcrowding, pest infestation and weed’s invasion in the
wetland cells, is common and expected. It should not interrupt the ecological
cycle as each wetland cell has its own microbial carrying capacity. However, if
the die-off is significant involving large planting area, there will be need for
harvesting. Thus, routine harvesting of senescent plants due to disease or
overcrowding or to reasons unexplained, is very appropriate and this exercise to
be completed during drought period rather than monsoon.

5.2.1.2 Plant harvesting will have environmental impacts on water quality and fish and
invertebrates and it must be addressed properly. One of the options to maintain
the water quality, is to raise temporarily the stop logs in the weir to increase
retention time by increasing volume. This will allow for the sediments to settle at
the bottom. The rise in the stop logs will temporarily stop water flow into the
downstream.

5.2.2 Planting Density

Planting density is to be as low as possible so as to allow for plant growth and

natural propagation. The recommended density for transplanting the harvested
cells is as follows:

Scleria sp. - <6 plants/m2

Others, such as Phragmites sp. Lepironia sp. and Scirpus sp. - <10 plants./m2

5.2.3 Species Selection

5.2.3.1 Currently there is limited information on the ability of an individual wetland

species to uptake of particular nutrients at a particular aquatic habitat type. The

6/12 APPENDIX C
 wetlands at Putrajaya represent an excellent opportunity for research into this
area.

5.2.3.2 It is generally known that Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium are the three major
nutrient elements required for the growth and propagation of plant species
including those of wetland plants. But the intricate physiology of nutrient uptake
and cellular absorption are little known. Especially very little is known
particularly on the tropical and equatorial wetland plants with some information
available from temperate regions. However, the information available on the
temperate wetland plants may be of little relevance to the tropical wetland species
because of the different rates and annual pattern of growth, and the temperature
difference which may affect the rates of the biochemical processes themselves.
Nevertheless, some general information which may be applicable of the tropical
wetlands which are shown in Table C.3.

Table C.3 Plant species and nutrient uptake

Species Information Available

Phragmites karka Ability to polish sewage effluents
Lepironia articulata High nutrient absorber
Saccharum sp. Good nutrient absorber, shading and refuge for fish
Scirpus grossus Good nutrient absorber

5.2.3.3 Although other wetland plant species are well known to have ability in nutrient
uptake in cleaning up of euthrophicated lakes, ponds, reservoirs and marshland,
quantitative field experiments have not been done yet. As such precise
information are not available.

5.2.3.4 For the shoreline, Scleria sp. is less foliaceous and fast growing. It is relatively
more resistant than other species and withstands more water level fluctuation in
the cells. As a replacement of harvested species, it can be given priority.

5.2.4 Control of Unwanted Aquatic Weeds

5.2.4.1 Weeds are the major problems in the non-inundated or improperly inundated cells
than in the inundated ones. Weeds are competitive and fast growing compared to
wetland plants. They are resistant to harsh environment. Common weeds in the
wetland are Mimosa, Pudica sp. Galinsoga sp. Rhyncospora sp. Fimbristylis sp.
and Limnocharis sp.

5.2.4.2 The following steps are to be taken:

• Continuous monitoring
• Manual weeding to be done periodically and consistently in all wetland

7/12 APPENDIX C
 cells. The exercise has to be limited to noxious and exotic species.
• Maintain the required water level so that weeds are submerged under
water. This will prevent further germination of seeds and seedlings.
• Manual weeding of oil palm seedlings.

5.2.4.3 A successful way of removal of unwanted aquatic weeds is by the use of

biodegradable herbicides which would have little effect on fish and other
invertebrates. The pesticide BMP can be consulted for appropriate herbicides.
Regular manual weeding is the best non-polluting method.

5.2.5 Pest Infestation

5.2.5.1 Pest problems have been documented at early stage in the Putrajaya Wetlands
(Putrajaya Constructed Wetlands, Advisory Report #8, Wetland International -
Asia Pacific). Disease attacks on some wetland plants in UN and UW cells are
also found in the present study. Phragmites karka and Scirpus grossus were
found to have been attacked by aphids and stem borer respectively. This was
found sporadically in some cells. The problems are, however localised and can be
addressed effectively. The following steps are to be considered for action
immediately.

1. To develop an Integrated Pest Management Techniques (IPM). IPM is a

well-established pest management system whereby pests are killed at a
threshold level without having any impact on non-target organisms.

2. Immediate harvesting of the infected plants and transplanting with new

plants. Planting density must not exceed 10 sp./m2 for species other than
Elephant Grass. Scleria can be planted more than Phragmites karka due to
latter’s resistance to environmental constraints.

3. Biological control method using natural predators of pest and insects.

Biopesticide, Bacillus thuringinesis can control the pests namely
caterpiller leaf rollers (Craphalocrocis medinalis) and rice step borer,
Scirpophaga incertulas.

5.2.6 Water Level Management

Maintenance of required water level is extremely important for survival and

propagation of wetland plants. Water level varies with rate of establishment of
wetland plants. Shortage or lack of water can put wetland plants under stress and
reduced plant vigour. It increases the chance of secondary attack by pests. In such
cases water levels should be increased to control unwanted aquatic weeds at the
fringe of the marsh zone and to make available adequate nutrients and pollutants
to a variety of wetland plants.

5.2.7 Monitoring Plant Performance

5.2.7.1 It is expected that a plant biologist/botanist or horticulturist will be involved in the

vegetation monitoring. The following points have to be considered and provide

8/12 APPENDIX C
 biological indicators of plant health:

1. The colour of plant leaves should be monitored;

2. Leaves should be observed for chlorosis;
3. Removal of plant litter manually. Plant litter deposited at the bottom of the
wetland arms can be removed by suction dredging. The disadvantage,
however, is that it can dislodge the roots of the wetland plants.

5.2.7.2 Removal of plant litter at the substratum can be achieved by ensuring the
following:

1. Water circulation from upstream to downstream via wetland cells and

primary lake;
2. Establishment of roots of wetland plants into the substratum;
3. Stocking more detritivorous, and omnivorous fish species in the wetland
cells.

5.2.8 Plant Nursery

Supply wetland plants as, and when, necessary, to replenish the harvested plants is
crucial to operation and management of wetland system. The outdoor nursery
should be ideally located within the Putrajaya wetland at a strategic location so
that they can be supplied readily in any affected wetland arms. The wetland
nursery used by the wetland contractors is suitable.

5.2.9 Wetland Plant Monitoring

Long term monitoring and management are important for maintenance of a

healthy wetland system. Weekly supervision of general health of all dominant
plant species in the wetland cells is to be undertaken. Immediate actions are to be
taken for remedy if incidences of any of the following are apparent:

1. Lack/shortage of water in any of the wetland cells; water levels should be

in the region of 0.3 to 2 m for aquatic plant growth;
2. Overcrowding of any of the species in the cells that have caused stress,
pest infestation and reduced plant vigour resulting in the stunting of
growth;
3. Insect attack of significant proportion in any of the species in the wetland
cells;
4. Illegal poaching on wetland plants for hunting purpose.

5.3 Fish Community

The objective of fish stocking is to control mosquito larvae, maintain good water
quality and support sport and recreational fishery. Nevertheless, the overgrowth of
species like Tilapia can be a cause of concern as it will dominate other species
present. The following control measures are necessary:

5.3.1 Control of Undesirable Species

9/12 APPENDIX C
5.3.1.1 Species of Tilapia is always a nuisance to the aquatic system for its fast growing
nature which if not controlled will affect other fish species. They can be
controlled by:

1. Fish sampling using netting (cast and gill netting) and scooping
2. Angling and sport fishing
3. Biological control by introducing more predatory sport and game fish.

5.3.1.2 Some species need to be controlled at the early stage. Generally, the Grass carp,
Ctenopharyngodon idellas, is the herbivore of concern. Its daily intake of grass is
expected to be three times its body weight. Thus it should not be stocked in the
initial 2-3 years. Other members of the carp family are not herbivores. Once the
wetland plants are established, the Grass Carp can be introduced in deeper waters,
at low numbers, so as not to destroy the plant leaves of the Primary Lake and
Central Wetlands. In addition, cut grass leaves can be a food source for the Grass
Carp population in the water body.

5.3.2 Routine Fish Sampling and Restocking

Routine fish sampling is to be conducted to realise the level of fish recruitment

and adaptability to a new habitat. Exact density and availability (comprehensive
inventory) will not be known at this stage. However, based on the approximate
data, some crude idea will be formed which will be suffice to plan a new stocking
exercise. The general aim is to establish a food chain where fish can thrive well
without much external feeding and naturally propagate to establish a breeding
population. Special emphasis on stocking of Cyprinid species, prawn,
Macrobrachium lancestri and other invertebates is to be given. The reason is that
they form the food of many carnivorous and omnivorous fish species. Care is to
be taken so that sampling exercise does not cause problems to ambient water
quality, wetland plants and fish stocks. Once established few carp species can be
released into main lake and wetlands.

5.3.3 Stocking of Endangered and Rare Species

Stocking of endangered and rare species can be one of the important stocking
programmes because the wetland’s unique feature and ecological characteristics.
The potential species are Oxyleotris marmoratus, Leptobarbus hoevenii,
Probarbus jullieni and Tor tambroides and Osphronemus goramy and
Scalophagus formosus.

5.3.4 Illegal Fishing

5.3.4.1 Illegal fishing will be difficult to stop once the wetland system is established
when a variety of fish species occupy the productive habitat. Prohibition of illegal
fishing can be done by enacting new laws and legislation.

5.3.4.2 In summary, the fish community need to be managed through a fish management
plan and the following factors need to be considered.

10/12 APPENDIX C
 • Routine sampling to determine the adaptability and recruitment of fish
stocked into the wetland system. Evaluate the rate of establishment of fish
species to support successful sport and recreational fishery;

• Design restocking plan based on the periodic fish sampling exercise. The
type of fish and its stocking density must focus on eliminating undesirable
fish species, eg. exotic Tilapia sp. and mosquito larvae;

• Ensure water level optimum for all types of fish to move throughout the
water column;

• Enact legislation to protect fish from illegal and destructive catch;

• Promote educational and environmental awareness to protect and promote

fish, which are rare and endangered;

• Long-term management and monitoring of fish health and their

performance to control water quality control, support sport and
recreational fishery and reduce mosquito larvae and other noxious
materials in water.

5.4 Birds

5.4.1 The presence of birds need to be monitored to ensure that their presence does not
unduly affect the wetlands system and lake water quality. The following actions
and factors need to be considered:

• Enact legislation to protect bird from illegal hunting;

• Promote educational and environmental awareness to conserve protected

birds;

• Develop an outline plan to for management of the wetland and swamp

system for use by resident and migratory birds;

• Catchment management committee to met every month to review the

effectiveness of measures undertaken to enhance colonization of birds;

• Identify and declare “unique” any areas inhabited by uncommon birds.

5.4.2 Once the wetland plants and its associated swamp forest are well-established, a
diversity of terrestrial and water birds will colonize the habitat. A variety of
resident and migratory birds are commonly expected to colonize the habitat. To
encourage this, the following steps can be taken:

1. Monitoring of birds during the period of migration to assess population

impact;
2. Establishment of sheltered sites for for birds to graze, perch and roost.

11/12 APPENDIX C
 Floating rafts anchored to the bottom for example, can provide nesting and
protection from disturbance.

5.4.3 The impact of the birds also need to be monitored to ensure the population
numbers and type of birds do not compromise water quality.

5.4.4 Community awareness and education programme can be undertaken amongst

local residents, school and university students and community leaders and other
interested groups to encourage public participation in bird watch and their
conservation. A warden service needs to be established to provide public liaison
and education on water bird watching.

5.5 Wildlife

5.5.1 Undisturbed forest cover will encourage animal (wildlife) colonization. Once the
vegetation cover of the riparian park (swamp strip) of the wetland is established,
wildlife colonization will be widely expected.

5.5.2 Similar to the concern for bird life in the wetlands and Lake, wildlife also need to
be monitored:

• Enact legislation to protect wildlife from poaching and hunting.

• Promote educational and environmental awareness to conserve wildlife,

which are either protected or endangered.

6.0 COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND EDUCATION

Apart from the bio-chemical and other physical controls, community awareness
and education amongst common people to appreciate wetlands and its associated
plants and fauna are important in promoting their conservation and management.
In this respect the NIC in Putrajaya can play an important role in disseminating
information.

12/12 APPENDIX C
 APPENDIX D

PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT

GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RIPARIAN

MANAGEMENT ZONES (RMZ)

 APPENDIX D

PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT

GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RIPARIAN
MANAGEMENT ZONES (RMZ)
1.0 PURPOSE OF GUIDE

The purpose of this guide to assist in the design of buffers or Riparian Management Zones
along drainage lines and water bodies in the Putrajaya Lake Catchment.

2.0 CORE ZONE CONCEPT

In land use design, the identification of sensitive areas may be based on the use of zones. In
conservation practice, the ”core zone” principle is used in developing management plans. The
central core of a management area is normally considered most sensitive and is most protected
from development. This is fringed by a intermediate buffer zone of low intensity use, with
increasing intensity use located in the outer fringe to the central core (Figure D.1).

Figure D.1 Core Zone Concept in Conservation

Medium-High Use Intensity

Low Use Buffer

Sensitive
Core

3.0 RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT ZONE CONCEPT

3.1 Within the catchment, the wetlands and natural streams may be considered the most sensitive.

3.2 Management of non-point pollutant input into waters is normally carried out by different
management practices based on observations, experimentation and experience. Generally the
best management practices for pollutant reduction tries to mimic the natural environment
which has been disturbed by man. Thus the more natural-looking an environment the less
likely is the pollutant input that might be expected.

3.3 Based on such premise, therefore, there should be as much an abundance of vegetation as

1/5 APPENDIX D
 possible without it being detrimental to human activities. Within the Putrajaya Lake
Catchment the best example of this enforced ‘naturalness’ is the Sungai Kyok sub-catchment
in MARDI. Here the streams and ponds are lined with tall grassess and trees. What might be
regarded as an overgrowth of grasses in the streams actually serve multiple functions.

3.4 They

1. increase channel, reduce flow velocity, and carrying erosive or load carrying
capacity;
2. trap particulates, and encourage sedimentation;
3. reduce sunlight penetration in the water column, discouraging algal growth, even in
excess of nutrients;
4. uptake nutrients in the water column and store in plant materials;
5. provide stable habitats for aquatic ecological systems.

3.5 The development of the Putrajaya Cacthment area therefore should try to simulate such stream
or riparian environments along the natural water courses, ponds and even storm drains.
Riparian Management Zones (RMZ) should be established following the practice in forestry
management.

3.6 Therefore,

1. low use buffer zones comprising riparian management zones or buffer

strips (see below) of 30 to 10 m width on each side should be
maintained;

2. higher intensity development should be located further away from the

water courses.

4.0 RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT ZONE DESIGN

4.1 Components in the RMZ

4.1.1 Riparian Management Zones comprise of three components:

1. a tree-lined corridor along the stream/pond banks which act to provide

shade and reduce water temperatures, provide large organic detritus
loads to support aquatic ecological system growth, provide a long-term
storage for nutrients taken up by its deep and extensive root system,
protect the stream from disturbance;
2. a shrub corridor next to the trees as a transitional zone, to the adjacent
grassed edge, to provide habitat for birds and small animals, to provide
medium term nutrient uptake storage through its moderate-depth root
system, to stabilise the soil structure, to act as barrier to control access
to the stream;

3. a grassed edge leading away from the shrubs with tall stands to reduce and regularise
overland flow runoff, filter sediments in runoff from reaching the stream, provide
rapid uptake of nutrients through its fine and shallow rooting system, provide habitat
for very small animals and insects, as well as being the transition to more frequently
cut traditional lawns and park landscape.

4.1.2 In addition to land zoning, there must also be monitoring and control of chemical use in the
catchment. A Pesticide Register should be instituted in the catchment. The BMPs for fertilizer
and pesticide use is given in Appendix A and B.

2/5 APPENDIX D
4.1.3 The guidelines for the buffer zone widths based on land slope is given in Table D.1.

Table D.1 Recommended Total RMZ Widths based on Percent Slope for
areas with high potential for ground or soil disturbance.
(from www.bloomington.in.us/~mjump/Bmp.htm)

Watershed RMZ 0- 5- 10- 20- Primary

Slope 5% 10% 20% 40% >40% Habitat
Characteristic
Stram Type
Perennial 200' 200' 200' 200' 200' 200'
>40' wide
Perennial 75' 75' 75' 105'
105- 75'
20-40' wide 165'
Perennial 50' 50' 65' 105' 105- 35'
<20' wide 165'
Intermittent 25' 45' 65' 105' 105- -
165'
Sinkholes 25' 45' 65' 105' 105- -
165'
Water Supply 75' 90' 130' 210' 210- 75'
Reservoirs 300'
Other Lakes & 35' 45' 65' 105' 105- 35'
Ponds 165'
Note: widths are expressed in feet on each side of the watercourse.

4.1.4 The total width of the buffer strip depends in large part on its major functions
and the slope and use of the adjacent land. If the major purpose of the buffer
strip is sediment removal from surface runoff, a width of 15 m may be
sufficient on slopes of 0-5%. If excess nutrient removal also is an important
function, a width of 15-30 m might be necessary depending on the kind and
quantity of agricultural chemicals applied and the soil and cultivation system
used.

4.1.5 As the slope, intensity of land use, or total area of the land producing non-
point pollutants increases, or as soil permeability decreases, a wider buffer is
required. Buffer strips of 10-60 m wide are recommended for sediment
removal, 5-90 m wide for nutrient removal, 5-100 m wide for species diversity
and 15-30 m wide for stream water temperature moderation. Studies on buffer
strips indicate that the buffer strip widths could be 20% of the total non-point
pollutant area.

4.2 Examples of RMZ design

3/5 APPENDIX D
4.2.1 Multi-Species Riparian Buffer Strip (MSRBS) System

4.2.1.1 The Agroecology Issue Team (AIT) of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture located
in Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. and the Iowa State University Agroforestry Research Team (IStART)
have developed multi-species riparian buffer strip (MSRBS) system for application in the
Midwestern and Great Plains agroecosystem.

4.2.1.2 From the streambank edge,

the first zone of the MSRBS is 10 m wide and contains 4-5 rows of rapidly
growing trees. This provides perennial root systems and long-term nutrient
storage close to the stream;

the second zone is 4 m wide and contains 1-2 rows of shrubs. The shrubs add
more woody stems near the ground to slow flood flows and provide a more
diversified wildlife habitat; and

the third zone is a 7 m wide zone of native, warm-season grasses. The grasses
provide the high density of stems needed to dissipate the energy of surface
runoff and the deep and dense annual root systems act to increase soil
infiltration capacities and provide organic matter for large microbial
populations.

4.2.1.3 If the area is barren then fast-growing trees are needed to develop a functioning MSRBS in the
shortest possible time. It is especially important that rows 1-3 (the first row is the closest to the
streambank edge) in the tree zone (zone 1) include fast-growing, riparian species such as
willow (Salix spp) species. If, throughout the year, the rooting zone along the streambank is
more than 1.2 m above normal stream flow and soils are well drained, then upland trees and
even coniferous trees and shrub species can be planted in rows 4 and 5. The slower growing
species will not begin to function as nutrient sinks as quickly as faster growing species but are
often considered to be better quality trees.

4.2.1.4 Shrubs are included in the design because their permanent roots help maintain soil stability,
their multiple stems help slow flood flows and they add biodiversity and provide wildlife
habitat. Many local shrubs can be used and selected based on their desirable wildlife and
aesthetic values.

4.2.1.5 The grasses function to intercept and dissipate the energy of surface runoff, trap sediment and
agricultural chemicals in the surface runoff, and improve soil quality by increasing infiltration
capacity and microbial activity as a result of their annually high turnover of roots. Tall grasses
are better suited to the MSRBS than shorter grasses that are usually used for lawns because of
their taller and stiffer stems and their more deeply distributed roots. A minimum grass zone
width of 7 m is recommended to dissipate the surface runoff, trap sediment, and promote
significant infiltration.

4.2.2 Other Systems

4.2.2.1 The three zone MSRBS model of trees, shrubs, and prairie grasses is well suited to the
agro-ecosystems of the Midwest and eastern Great Plains. Other combinations of flora types
can also be effective. These might include combinations with more trees or shrubs or without
any trees or shrubs, except for those used for streambank stabilization.

4.2.2.2 The grass zone is the most critical of the three zones in the MSRBS. Site conditions, major
buffer strip biological and physical functions, cost and maintenance requirements need to be
considered in specifying species combinations.

4/5 APPENDIX D
 CHAPTER 3

WATER RESOURCES STUDIES

3.0 WATER RESOURCES STUDIES

3.1 HYDROLOGICAL STUDY

3.1.1 Introduction

3.1.1.1 The Putrajaya Lake system was created by the impoundment of

the Sg. Chuau. Its catchment is predominantly that of the Sg.
Chuau’s, except for a small section on the South East corner
(part of Sg. Limau Manis), which was added to it due to the
shaping of the natural terrain by the construction of a canal
linking two sections of the Sg. Chuau (see Figure 2.7.1,
Chapter 2). Thus, the amount of water in the Lake will depend
predominantly on the amount of runoff from the Sg. Chuau
catchment. The lack of runoff entering into the Lake or
significant losses of water from the Lake will result in the
deterioration of the water quality in the Lake, through the
increase of pollutant concentration in the Lake. Hence, it is
critical that all possible runoff arising from the Lake catchment
should enter into the Lake system.

3.1.1.2 In order to quantify the discharge from the catchment entering

into the Lake system at different time periods, and for different
possible land-use scenarios in the catchment, a hydrological
model of the catchment has to be set-up and calibrated for use.
The outputs from the model simulations can then be fed into the
water quality model of the Lake system to evaluate its water
quality for the various land-use scenarios.

3.1.1.3 The hydrological model adopted for use in this study is the
NAM conceptual rainfall-runoff model, which is part of a
package of hydrological, hydraulic and water quality modelling
software developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute. For the
purpose of modelling the water quality in the Lake system a
daily simulation time interval is considered adequate and has
been used in this study. The modelling exercise involved
collection and preparation of the pertinent hydrological input
data, model set-up and calibration, and simulation for the
discharge outputs for the various proposed land-use scenarios
for the catchment.

3-1 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

3.1.2 Hydrological input data

3.1.2.1 The Drainage and Irrigation Department is collecting

hydrological data in the area. There are four rainfall stations
and one pan evaporation station in the vicinity of the study
area. A streamflow station was established at the Phase 1A
temporary dam site for several months in 1994. The details on
the location and recording period at each of the stations are
given in Table 3.1.1.

Table 3.1.1 Details of Hydrological Stations located in the

vicinity of the Study Area

Item Type of Station Name of Latitude Longitude Date Date

Station No. Stations Installed closed
Manual/A
uto
1. Rainfall 2816 112 Ladang 02°53’45” 101°39’50” 10/24 (M) 08/94
Galloway
2. Rainfall 2916 001 Prang 02°54’17” 101°41’50” 1/81 (A) 10/94*
Besar
3. Rainfall 2916 002 Puncak 02°55’40” 101°41’18” 1/95 (A)
Niaga
4. Rainfall 2917 106 Ladang 02°58’35” 101°43’40” 1/24 (M) 3/95
West
Country
5. Rainfall 2917 001 Stor JPS 02°59’30” 101°47’50” 4/75(A)
Kajang
6. Streamflow Temporary 3/94 11/94
Dam
7. Evaporation 2916 301 Prang 02°55’40” 101°41’50” 1/81 10/94
Besar

* Station shifted to Puncak Niaga (Treatment Plant)

3.1.2.1 Rainfall data

(1) The availability of the rainfall records were first studied. The
records for Ladang West Country and Ladang Galloway were
excellent with no missing data gaps in the record at all. The
records at Stor JPS Kajang is also good but there were some
minor gaps while that at Prang Besar were also good, except for
a big gap in 1988.

(2) The consistency of the rainfall records from three stations i.e.
Prang Besar, Ladang West Country and Ladang Galloway,
were subjected to a double mass curve analysis, with the
reference station at Stor JPS Kajang. The exercise involves the

3-2 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 plotting of the cumulative annual rainfalls at each of the 3
stations against the cumulative annual rainfall at Stor JPS
Kajang, which is a principal station operated by DID. The
curves are given in Figure 3.1.1. It can be seen from the double
mass curve plots (all three plots exhibit approximately constant
slopes) that the rainfall records at Prang Besar, Ladang West
Country and Ladang Galloway were all consistent with that at
Stor JPS Kajang.

(3) The range in the annual rainfall is not great, ranging from 2087
mm at Ladang Galloway at the Southern tip of the catchment,
2148 mm at Prang Besar in the middle part of the catchment to
2319 mm at Ladang West Country in the upper reaches of the
catchment. According to McCuen (1989), when the annual
catch at the rain gauges differ by less than 10%, then the
Station-Average Method for estimating missing rainfall, Pm can
be used which is given as

n
Pm = 1/n Σ Pi
i=1

where Pi is the catch at gauge i

(4) As the difference in annual catch between the rain gauges is

±11 %, the Normal-Ratio Method which uses the annual catch
in deriving weights, is therefore employed in this Study in
estimating missing rainfall data. The general formula for
computing Pm is then

n
Pm = Σ wiPi
i=1

(5) The weight for station is computed by wi = Ax/ nAi

Where Ai is average annual catch at gauge i

Ax is average annual catch at station x
n is number of stations

(6) Figure 3.1.2 shows the monthly rainfall distributions at the 4

stations. It can be seen that all 4 stations exhibit similar
monthly distribution, with periods of heavy rainfall during the
inter-monsoon months of March to May, with monthly rainfalls

3-3 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 35000

30000

25000
Cumulative Rainfall (mm)

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

Cumulative Rainfall - Stor JPS Kajang (mm)

Prang Besar West Country Ladang Galloway

Figure 3.1.1 : Double-mass Curve Analysis of Rainfall Data (1981 - 1994)

 Stor JPS Kajang (2917001) West Country (2917106)
Average Annual Rainfall = 2036 mm Average Annual Rainfall = 2319 mm
300 300

250 250

200 200
Rainfall (mm)

Rainfall (mm)
150 150

100 100

50 50

0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month Month

Prang Besar (2916001) Ladang Galloway (2816112)

300
300
Average Annual Rainfall = 2148 mm Average Annual Rainfall = 2087 mm

250
250

200
200
Rainfall (mm)

Rainfall (mm)

150
150

100
100

50
50

0
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Month

Figure 3.1.2 : Monthly Rainfall Distributions at the 4 Stations

(1981 – 1994)
 of 150-250mm and also during the North-East monsoon months
of October to December, with monthly rainfalls of 200-250mm.
The periods from January to February and June to August are
relatively drier, with moderate rainfalls of 100-150mm. The
monthly rainfall data of the above mentioned rainfall stations
for the period 1981-1994 are as tabulated in Tables 3.1.2a and
3.1.2b.

3.1.2.2 Evaporation data

(1) The accuracy of the pan evaporation data is moderate due to
operational difficulties associated with the frequent and high
intensity rainfall. The method of quality control adopted by
DID, as described in the DID Water Resources Publication No.
5 (1976), has been used.

(2) The average annual pan evaporation at Prang Besar is 1720mm.

The monthly distribution of the pan evaporation is given in
Figure 3.1.3. It can be seen that the range is small, ranging from
130mm in November to December to 155mm in February and
July to August. The monthly pan evaporation data at Prang
Besar for the period 1981-1992 are as tabulated in Table 3.1.3.

3.1.2.3 Streamflow data

(1) The processed daily streamflow data (Pressure Bulb Recorder)
from DID is available for the months of March 1994 to
November 1994. The daily mean discharge ranges from a low
of 0.21 m3/s to 2.2 m3/s. It should be noted here that the data
quality from the Pressure Bulb Recorder is however, somewhat
lower compared to DID principal streamflow stations which
employ more expensive higher accuracy water level recorders.
The daily streamflow data at Temporary Dam for the period
March to November 1994 are as shown in Table 3.1.4.

3.1.3 Rainfall Runoff Model

3.1.3.1 Method of approach and model selection

(1) In order to produce estimates of monthly streamflows at the
gauged site only, any of the following approaches could be
adopted:

(i) use of a daily catchment model (rainfall runoff model)

which is calibrated using daily data from which monthly
data are then extracted

3-4 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Table 3.1.2a : Monthly Rainfall (1981 – 1994)

P ran g B e s a r (2 9 1 60 0 1 )

Jan F eb Mar Ap r May Ju n Jul Au g Sep O ct N ov D ec J u m la h

1 9 81 121 150 63 411 390 50 60 50 175 258 201 171 2 0 97
1 9 82 18 118 147 303 237 130 103 89 52 198 315 135 1 8 43
1 9 83 82 66 134 131 248 74 133 202 273 148 173 113 1 7 74
1 9 84 322 345 112 190 106 130 128 77 111 91 306 237 2 1 53
1 9 85 94 217 169 170 234 8 159 47 123 289 165 274 1 9 48
1 9 86 258 85 259 382 156 28 90 61 115 268 231 120 2 0 50
1 9 87 131 23 136 237 173 92 92 156 240 293 118 371 2 0 59
1 9 88 220 209 354 212 69 150 211 193 234 80 268 94 2 2 94
1 9 89 142 280 351 145 171 140 38 210 226 261 270 176 2 4 07
1 9 90 96 151 199 224 138 98 141 97 255 166 189 195 1 9 46
1 9 91 86 60 79 307 195 74 3 86 176 399 300 448 2 2 11
1 9 92 44 255 189 131 191 41 103 200 147 66 223 286 1 8 72
1 9 93 123 191 189 325 234 150 188 69 285 247 449 284 2 7 30
1 9 94 167 179 450 231 59 240 114 176 450 259 274 89 2 6 85

M e an 136 166 202 243 185 100 112 122 204 216 248 213 2 1 48

L a d a n g G allo w ay (2 8 16 1 1 2)

Jan F eb Mar Ap r May Ju n Jul Au g Sep O ct N ov D ec J u m la h

1 9 81 76 129 86 414 250 42 49 81 155 207 215 228 1 9 29
1 9 82 55 92 115 291 217 128 117 118 44 181 338 260 1 9 53
1 9 83 54 47 227 177 328 118 172 246 176 130 111 58 1 8 41
1 9 84 321 408 108 323 123 116 147 125 137 126 452 255 2 6 39
1 9 85 74 240 193 135 343 0 192 45 151 425 259 151 2 2 04
1 9 86 227 97 258 226 283 17 71 103 109 190 179 157 1 9 15
1 9 87 90 26 12 294 85 184 87 144 290 345 192 374 2 1 20
1 9 88 266 221 270 340 80 107 158 149 177 127 269 104 2 2 67
1 9 89 200 314 348 128 75 118 43 107 242 237 229 130 2 1 69
1 9 90 67 98 116 148 149 47 116 45 146 187 236 214 1 5 66
1 9 91 116 66 98 231 196 120 3 68 214 178 198 402 1 8 88
1 9 92 59 266 69 225 234 85 61 229 160 66 220 264 1 9 35
1 9 93 167 199 214 236 320 158 164 77 197 339 411 271 2 7 51
1 9 94 153 174 342 175 100 261 106 35 82 259 274 89 2 0 49

M e an 137 170 175 239 199 107 106 112 163 214 256 211 2 0 87
 Table 3.1.2b : Monthly Rainfall (1981 – 1994)

L ad an g W est C o u n t ry (2917106)

Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep O ct N ov D ec Jum lah

1981 119 219 101 201 463 103 56 26 145 189 252 140 2014
1982 25 175 217 308 291 228 111 98 159 150 402 216 2378
1983 139 60 198 105 283 109 156 162 256 185 202 154 2009
1984 327 400 277 337 161 94 182 101 147 100 454 201 2781
1985 64 332 317 250 364 32 167 90 158 267 259 348 2648
1986 260 45 388 321 218 46 122 46 62 183 234 120 2045
1987 141 105 220 211 171 39 153 290 211 274 180 242 2237
1988 299 209 354 212 69 150 211 193 234 80 268 94 2373
1989 140 227 312 127 200 90 44 180 374 258 233 196 2381
1990 96 110 179 216 202 104 227 81 206 214 182 192 2009
1991 140 65 247 346 320 83 24 71 179 307 385 342 2509
1992 104 291 170 162 187 42 132 125 178 68 176 428 2063
1993 155 100 216 222 382 185 265 20 243 266 331 362 2747
1994 101 249 418 237 123 301 106 35 82 259 274 89 2274

M ean 151 185 258 233 245 115 140 108 188 200 274 223 2319

S to r JP S K ajan g (2917001)

Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep O ct N ov D ec Jum lah

1981 234 361 82 403 513 26 68 43 190 158 139 196 2411
1982 12 101 152 82 214 189 102 81 122 204 450 226 1932
1983 71 83 185 107 175 111 159 320 200 194 129 79 1810
1984 152 437 188 213 159 136 183 82 165 136 459 213 2522
1985 22 174 284 184 154 11 140 106 188 284 334 370 2249
1986 186 56 367 326 180 71 95 62 84 225 144 69 1862
1987 67 111 154 161 167 128 98 426 164 276 177 200 2127
1988 144 193 360 223 76 209 214 164 356 60 349 26 2371
1989 117 83 206 72 104 119 3 37 233 92 78 163 1304
1990 67 72 228 66 54 92 118 86 180 246 182 117 1506
1991 64 24 95 166 129 78 52 105 91 184 300 161 1447
1992 12 216 121 251 211 28 126 159 255 99 323 212 2011
1993 217 155 225 264 310 102 173 71 271 218 406 346 2754
1994 133 168 259 202 269 228 42 104 95 259 282 163 2202

M ean 107 159 207 194 194 109 112 132 185 188 268 181 2036
 Prang Besar (2916301)

Mean Annual Pan Evaporation = 1720 mm

180

160

140

120
Pan Evaporation (mm)

100

80

60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Figure 3.1.3 : Monthly Distribution of Pan Evaporation at Prang Besar Station (1981
1992)
 Table 3.1.3 : Monthly Pan Evaporation at Prang Besar (2916301) for 1981 – 1992

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jumlah
1981 114 144 181 158 134 140 189 189 133 149 132 137 1799
1982 131 139 147 150 138 123 149 133 140 159 140 140 1688
1983 140 134 125 122 127 124 137 136 128 152 158 104 1585
1984 113 94 134 146 144 126 121 125 120 119 149 143 1533
1985 142 137 121 107 126 122 153 180 148 133 110 130 1608
1986 120 140 148 146 166 158 164 154 141 151 123 142 1753
1987 124 169 189 151 151 136 147 156 149 180 124 130 1806
1988 153 165 150 161 147 142 145 142 146 158 138 136 1781
1989 154 171 147 154 152 133 144 149 144 147 151 147 1792
1990 145 226 165 165 153 140 139 144 139 153 127 154 1850
1991 157 149 165 155 157 167 151 147 151 123 132 93 1747
1992 146 156 175 153 152 123 128 131 128 152 129 127 1699

Mean 136 152 154 147 146 136 147 149 139 148 134 132 1720
 M arch April M ay Jun July August Septem ber O ctober Novem ber

1 0.01 1.50 0.69 1.36 0.66 0.52 0.47 0.38 1.12

2 0.17 3.46 0.69 1.02 2.05 0.51 0.46 0.40 0.74
3 0.17 1.98 0.69 2.01 1.67 0.50 0.45 0.43 0.57
4 0.19 0.93 0.67 1.70 0.84 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.52
5 0.26 0.72 1.81 1.25 0.66 0.49 0.45 0.60 0.50
6 0.51 0.68 1.62 0.78 0.62 0.49 0.44 0.87 0.49
7 0.68 0.66 0.88 0.68 0.61 0.48 0.51 0.62 0.65
8 0.89 0.65 0.72 0.67 0.61 0.48 0.51 0.44 0.76
9 0.49 0.64 0.68 0.66 0.60 0.48 0.47 0.40 0.80
10 3.71 0.64 0.67 0.64 0.60 0.48 0.48 0.39 0.68
11 2.64 1.17 0.66 0.63 0.59 0.48 0.45 2.16 0.55
12 0.87 0.94 0.66 0.63 0.58 0.47 0.43 1.65 0.51
13 0.55 0.89 0.65 0.62 0.58 0.92 0.43 0.70 0.49
14 0.86 0.89 0.64 0.61 0.57 0.85 0.42 0.50 0.48
15 0.79 0.71 0.64 0.60 0.57 0.84 0.42 1.15 2.04
16 1.00 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.65 0.42 1.70 1.67
17 1.56 0.70 0.90 0.59 0.58 0.62 0.41 1.35 0.86
18 1.30 0.78 0.98 0.59 0.56 0.60 0.51 0.84 1.19
19 0.77 0.68 0.71 0.58 1.18 0.53 0.59 0.60 0.91
20 0.52 1.74 0.64 0.57 1.10 0.49 0.59 0.85 1.14
21 0.46 1.47 0.67 0.57 0.69 0.48 0.46 0.88 2.19
22 0.44 0.83 0.78 0.97 0.59 0.47 0.42 0.63 2.65
23 0.44 1.14 0.66 0.81 0.57 0.46 0.42 0.57 2.01
24 0.66 1.41 0.81 0.62 0.56 0.46 0.46 0.55 1.16
25 2.19 1.49 0.74 0.58 0.56 0.45 0.42 0.53 0.82
26 2.58 1.19 0.64 0.57 0.55 0.45 0.40 0.52 2.35
27 1.38 0.96 0.61 0.81 0.54 0.51 0.40 0.51 1.84
28 0.73 0.75 0.59 0.78 0.53 0.61 0.39 0.50 0.98
29 0.71 0.70 0.59 1.10 0.53 1.11 0.39 0.50 0.79
30 0.73 0.68 0.59 0.96 0.53 0.76 0.39 0.49 0.76
31 0.60 0.58 0.53 0.52 0.88

M ean 0.93 1.05 0.76 0.82 0.71 0.57 0.45 0.74 1.07

Table 3.1.4 : Daily Streamflow Data at Temporary Dam for March - November 1994 (m3/s)
 (ii) use of a monthly water balance model
(iii) use of a statistical model (regression model)

(2) Due to the short record period available for calibration,

methods (ii) and (iii) could not be expected to produce good
estimates.

(3) Also neither of methods (ii) and (iii) could be used directly to
obtain discharge estimates at points other than the calibration
sites, whereas this is possible with current daily flow models
which is subdivided into a number of subcatchments.

(4) The model selected is the NAM Model which is one of the
modules in MIKE 11. As the water quality module of MIKE
11 is also used for this study it is possible for the simulated
runoff from NAM Model to be inputted automatically for the
water quality modelling.

3.1.3.2 NAM Model

(1) The NAM Rainfall Runoff Model is a set of linked
mathematical statements describing the behaviour of the land
phase of the hydrological cycle. It is a deterministic,
conceptual, lumped type of model requiring only moderate data
input requirements.

(2) The model simulates the rainfall-runoff process in a catchment

by means of 4 different and mutually interrelated storages.
Figure 3.1.4 shows the model structure. The 4 storages were
used to represent the hydrologically important physical
elements in the catchment, such as the average soil moisture
content and surface storages in the catchment. They are used to
continuously account for the changes in the moisture content of
the modelled physical elements in the catchment.

(3) A brief description of the pertinent model parameters are given

below:

(i) θWP = Soil moisture at wilting point

(ii) θFC = Soil moisture at field capacity

(iii) θSAT = Soil moisture at saturation point

3-5 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

(iv) L = Moisture content at lower zone storage

(v) Lmax = Maximum moisture content at lower zone

storage

(vi) Sy = Specific yield

(vii) GWL = Ground water level

(viii) P = Precipitation

(ix) PN = Excess precipitation

(x) U = Amount of water in surface storage

(xi) Umax = Maximum amount of water in surface

storage

(xii) DL = Amount of infiltration that increase

moisture content, L, in lower zone
storage

(xiii) G = Excess infiltration moisture that percolate

deeper and recharge ground water storage

(xiv) QOF = Overland flow

(xv) QIF = Interflow

(xvi) Ea = Evapo transpiration

(xvii) CK1, CK2 = time constants for routing interflow

and overland flow.

(xviii) CQOF = overland flow runoff coefficient

(xix) CKBF = time constant for baseflow.

(xx) CAPFLUX = capillary flux

3-6 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 (xxi) GWLBFo = maximum groundwater table depth
causing baseflow

(xxii) BF = baseflow

(xxiii) GWPUMP = net groundwater abstraction

(4) The input data to the model are rainfall and potential
evapotranspiration. The model main outputs are the runoff,
groundwater level values, as well as information about other
elements of the land phase of the hydrological cycle, such as
the temporal variation of the soil moisture content and
groundwater recharge.

3.1.3.3 Specification of subcatchments

The Sg. Chuau catchment up to the Temporary Dam Site was
divided into a number of subcatchments so that runoff into the
five wetlands can be modelled. This resulted in 15
subcatchments and these are shown in Figure 3.1.5.

3.1.4 Model Calibration

3.1.4.1 Data used for Calibration

Daily streamflows at the temporary dam site from March to
November 1994 (this period cover the wet intermonsoon
months of March to May and September to October and the
relatively drier months of June, July and August) were
available though with some gaps in parts of April and May.
Daily rainfall data from Prang Besar, Ladang West Country and
Ladang Galloway (rain gauge representation of subcatchments
determined using Thiessen Method) and also monthly pan
evaporation (adopting a pan coefficient of 0.8, as in DID Water
Resources Publication No. 5 1976) data from Prang Besar were
used. The quality of these data will limit the goodness of fit of
the model.

3.1.4.2 Rationale for Model Calibration

(1) Initial model parameters for all subcatchments were taken from
the calibration run considering the catchment as a whole with
the outlet at Temporary Dam Site. Parameter values are
selected after a number of program runs with varying
parameters using the following criteria:

3-7 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 (i) best agreement with observed flow sequences by statistics
of daily flow
(ii) by reproduction of high flow events and recession shape

(2) It cannot be expected that exact sequences of the observed daily

flows can be reproduced when there is significant spatial
variability especially during convective thunderstorm activity.
The model should however produce sequence of flows
adequately representing the catchment response to incident
rainfall.

(3) The parameters selected for each subcatchment, as a result of

the calibration procedure, and the test statistics used are given
in Tables 3.1.5 and 3.1.6. Figure 3.1.6 shows the results of the
comparison between the simulated and observed runoff. The
simulated daily flows at Temporary Dam for March to
November 1994 are given in Table 3.1.7.

(4) The difference between the mean observed and mean simulated
discharges is fair at 14 %. The variance as expressed by the
coefficient of variation is well preserved at 0.524 for the
observed discharge and 0.523 for the simulated discharge. The
coefficient of determination (an index of overall model fit) is
rather low at 0.418. The low value is attributed to instances of
very low catches at the rainfall stations but high flows at the
streamflow station and also conversely instances of high
catches at the rainfall stations but moderate flows at the
streamflow station (as discussed due to highly localised
convective storms in the catchment). Considering all these
indicators together, it is concluded that these parameters
represent a reasonable fit for the daily flows.

3-8 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Table 3.1.5: Selected Parameter Values for NAM Model

Description Units Sub catchment No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1. U max Maximum water content in mm 25 37.5 25 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 40 37.5 37.5 40 40 40 40
surface storage
2. L max Maximum water content in mm 250 375 250 375 375 375 375 375 400 375 375 400 400 400 400
roof zone storage
3. CQof Overland flow runoff 0.35 0.3 0.3 0.35 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
coefficient (Calibration based
on 1994 Landuse)
Overland flow runoff 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4
coefficient (Current Landuse,
1999)
Overland flow runoff 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.45 0.6 0.75 0.8 0.7 0.75 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7
coefficient (Future Landuse
as Proposed in Masterplan)
4. CKIF Time constant for inter flow hour 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
5. CK1, Time constant for routing hour 26 24 35 20 35 20 10 10 20 20 20 25 25 22 20
inter and overland flow
CK2
6. Sy Specific yield 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
7. A Catchment area Km2 8.10 1.54 2.78 2.84 1.41 2.31 0.60 0.15 0.70 1.03 2.05 1.33 2.63 3.17 1.73

Table 3.1.6: Error Statistics for NAM Model

Mean Observed (m3/s) 0.43

Simulated (m3/s) 0.49
Difference (%) 14
Coefficient of Variation Observed 0.524
Simulated 0.523
Coefficient of Determination 0.418
3.1.5 Streamflow Extension for Current and Future Landuse

3.1.5.1 After a satisfactory calibration of the NAM Model, the next

stage was to input the 14 years rainfall data at Prang Besar,
Ladang West Country and Ladang Galloway i.e from 1981 to
1994 into the model to simulate the runoff into the wetlands for
Current (1999 Landuse) and Future Landuse (as proposed in
Landuse Masterplan). A CQOF value of 0.8 was adopted for
built up areas and for open space covered with trees and grass,
CQOF is taken as 0.3. A weighted CQOF was then computed for
each Subcatchment as given in Table 3.1.5 for both Current and
Future Landuse. These simulated runoffs into the wetlands for
Current and Future Landuse scenarios are in turn used as inputs
for water quality modelling purposes.

3.1.5.2 Figures 3.1.7a to 3.1.7e illustrate the simulated runoffs into the
wetlands for Current and Future Landuse respectively. For the
Future Landuse scenario, it can be seen that the daily peak
runoff increases are significant for Upper East, Lower East and
Sg. Bisa Wetlands and with slight increase and insignificant
change in daily peak runoff into Upper North and Upper West
Wetlands respectively. It can be also seen that there are slight
to moderate decreases in the daily baseflows into Upper East,
Lower East and Sg. Bisa Wetlands.

3.1.5.3 This phenomena tally well with increase in impervious areas

(which causes increase in surface runoff and corresponding
decrease in infiltration and baseflow) as a result of housing
developments earmarked in the catchments of Upper East,
Lower East and Sg. Bisa.

3.1.6 Compensation Flow

3.1.6.1 The design lake water level is at RL 21.0 m which is ensured by

setting the main dam spillway crest level at RL 21.0 m. The
dam is in effect acting like a weir on a stream such that any
inflow, less any losses mainly through open water evaporation,
into the lake will spill through the spillway into Sg. Chuau
downstream of the dam.

3.1.6.2 To ascertain the quantity of flow spilling via the spillway the
discharge at the Main Dam was simulated for the period 1981-
1994. The long term discharge at Main Dam was then checked

3-9 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 using regional low flow relationships developed for the
National Water Resources Study (NWRS, 1999).

3.1.6.3 The simulated discharge at the Main Dam for the period 1981-
1994 is shown in Figure 3.1.8. Throughout the simulation
period, spilling occurs at the Main Dam following closely the
rainfall pattern in the Putrajaya Lake Catchment i.e. low flows
ranging from 0.2 - 0.3 m3/s in the drier months of June to
August and high flows in the months of March to May and
September to December. The mean flow for the simulation
period was 1.28 m3/s.

3.1.6.4 Using regional low flow relationships developed for NWRS,

1999 two conditions were evaluated, i.e

(i) when the inflow is the Average Annual Flow (AAF)

(ii) when the inflow is the Mean Annual Minimum of one
day mean discharge (MAM)

3.1.6.5 The AAF was determined according to the following

relationship developed for the National Water Resources Study
(NWRS, 1999).

AAF = e-6.3638 X AREA0.9416 X (MAR – AE)0.5033

Where AREA - catchment area at Main Dam

MAR – Mean Annual Rainfall
AE – Actual Evaporation

Putting AREA = 45.3 km2

MAR = 2150 mm
AE = 1300 mm

We get AAF = 1.86 m3/s

3.1.6.6 The mean annual minimum of one day mean discharge (MAM)
was computed based on the following relationship developed
for the NWRS (1999).

MAM = e -15.3 X AREA 1.009 X (MAR – AE)1.58

Where AREA - catchment area at Main Dam

MAR – Mean Annual Rainfall

3-10 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 AE – Actual Evaporation

Inputting the same AREA, MAR and AE as above,

We get MAM = 0.332 m3/s

3.1.6.7 Hence, with net evaporation over the lake area of 650 ha
amounting to 0.053 m3/s, about 97% of AAF or 1.81 m3/s will
flow via the spillway into Sg. Chuau downstream of the dam.
Similarly, with MAM as inflow and deducting net evaporation
over the lake, 84% of MAM or 0.279 m3/s will flow through
the spillway.

A check was made to ascertain whether there will be any spill

from the lake during a severe drought of 50-year return period.
The 7 day 50 year return period low flow (Q7, 50) was estimated
at 0.183 m3/s (Q7, 50 computed using the expression given
below developed by NWRS).

QD,T/ MAM = -0.018(-LN(LN(T/(T-1))))3 + 0.1519(-LN(LN(T/(T-1))))2

- 0.5058(-LN(LN(T/(T-1)))) + 1.1346)

Deducting net evaporation losses from the lake at 0.7 mm/ day
or 0.053 m3/s, the lake will still spill 0.13 m3/s of flow
downstream of the dam.

3.1.6.8 Unlike a direct supply reservoir where water impounded is

taken to supply necessitating releases in the form of
compensation flows, the Putrajaya Lake as demonstrated above
will spill water downstream ranging from 0.279 - 1.81 m3/s for
mean annual minimum and average annual flow conditions.

3.1.6.9 According to NWRS, the recommended compensation flow

downstream of a direct supply reservoir is 10 % of AAF. In
the case of Putrajaya Lake as shown in Figure 3.1.8, spilling at
the Main Dam occurs throughout the simulation period (1981-
1994) and from regional low flow analysis above, the flows
through the spillway exceed 0.186 m3/s (10 % of AAF) which
is therefore more than adequate to meet compensation flow
requirements. The compensation flow of 0.186 m3/s, however
needs to be checked with observed flows before it is
implemented at Putrajaya Main Dam.

3-11 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

3.1.6.10 Based on a previous Report on Preliminary Design of
Drainage, Lake Development and Temporary Dam, December
1995, prepared by HKA Hydrology and Water Resources
Consultant, it was estimated that the lake will fill up in about
10 months (without any compensation flow) for the case of a 1
in 10 year dry (probability that a given flow is equalled or
exceeded is 90%) minimum flow. When compensation flow of
0.186 m3/s is provided for downstream users it was found that
the infilling of the lake took about 11 months (see Figure
3.1.9).

3.1.6.11 Therefore it is still possible to provide compensation flow

during infilling of the lake, though complete filling is only
delayed by about one month which is acceptable.

3.1.7 Rainwater Harvesting and Utilisation

3.1.7.1 Rainwater harvesting and utilisation for domestic, industrial

and other uses is consumptive in nature i.e the bulk of the
rainwater harvested and utilised will be lost from the catchment.
Consequently, widespread rainwater harvesting in the Putrajaya
lake catchment can lead to reduced inflows to the streams
feeding the lake.

3.1.7.2 Detail studies on rainwater harvesting and utilisation, taking

into consideration aspects such as total roof areas and water
demand requirements in the Putrajaya lake catchment, need to
be done to determine

(i) impact of rainwater harvesting on the inflows into the

Putrajaya lake
(ii) policy prescriptions and regulations to be incorporated
into existing By Laws, for controlling rainwater harvesting
and utilisation in the Putrajaya lake catchment

3.1.7.3 It is therefore recommended that during infilling of the lake no

rainwater harvesting should be allowed except where the
quantities involved are small and that too with the permission of
Perbadanan Putrajaya.

3.1.7.4 Any rainwater harvesting after lake infilling could only be

considered pending the outcome and recommendations of the

3-12 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 50

45 without compensation flow

RESERVOIR STORAGE (million m3)

40 with compensation flow (0.186 m3/s)

35

30
STORAGE (26.5 million m3) AT RL = 21m
25

20

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
MONTHS

Figure 3.1.9 Predicted Filling Times for Putrajaya Lake with and without Compensation Flow
at 90% Probability (1 in 10 year dry minimum flow)
 detail rainwater harvesting and utilisation study mentioned
above.

3.1.8 Proposed Hydrological Stations Network

3.1.8.1 The proposed hydrological stations network is shown in Figure

3.1.10. Two rainfall stations are proposed on two
subcatchments in the upstream part of the lake catchment.
Another three rainfall stations are proposed at the Central
Wetlands, downstream of Upper Bisa Wetlands and at
Cyberjaya. The existing rainfall station at Puncak Niaga has to
be maintained.

3.1.8.2 Seven streamflow stations are proposed one each at Upper

West Wetlands, Upper North Wetlands, Upper East Wetlands,
Lower East Wetlands, Upper Bisa Wetlands, Cyber Jaya and
Putrajaya Commercial Precinct. Five water level stations are
proposed at the downstream weirs of Upper West, Upper
North, Upper East and Central Wetlands and one water level
station at the Main Dam.

3.1.8.3 Six groundwater stations are proposed one each at Upper West
Subcatchment (near MARDI), and Upper North (near UPM
Hostels), two at the Central Wetlands, one at downstream of
Upper Bisa Wetlands and one at Cyberjaya.

3.1.8.4 The estimated cost of the hydrological stations network are

tabulated in Table 3.1.8.

3.1.8.5 Using data from the proposed hydrological stations the rainfall
runoff processes in the Putrajaya Lake catchment can be better
calibrated and the simulations from the current NAM Rainfall
Runoff Model improved. This would also aid in the better and
efficient management of the catchment’s water resources.

3-13 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

Table 3.1.8 : Cost of Hydrological Stations

Item No. Rate Total Cost

of Station (RM) (RM)

1 Setting up of Rainfall Recorder Station

i. Continuous Rainfall Sensor 10,000.00

ii. Housing (Civil Works) 5,000.00
iii. Data Logger 6,000.00
iv. Commissioning 4,000.00
v. Maintenance (1 Year) 3,000.00
Total (RM) 5 28,000.00 140,000.00

2 Setting up of Automatic Streamflow Station

i. Area Velocity Flow Meter (Water Level and Velocity Sensor) 20,000.00
ii. Housing (Civil Works) 20,000.00
iii. Data Logger 6,000.00
iv. Commissioning 5,000.00
v. Maintenance (1 Year) 3,000.00
Total (RM) 7 54,000.00 378,000.00

3 Setting up Automatic Water Level Station

i. Water Level Sensor 13,000.00

ii. Housing (Civil Works) 15,000.00
iii. Data Logger 6,000.00
iv. Commissioning 5,000.00
v. Maintenance (1 Year) 3,000.00
Total (RM) 5 42,000.00 210,000.00

4 Setting up Automatic Groundwater Level Station

i. Water Level Sensor 13,000.00

ii. Housing (Civil Works) 10,000.00
iii. Data Logger 6,000.00
iv. Commissioning 5,000.00
v. Maintenance (1 Year) 3,000.00
Total (RM) 6 37,000.00 222,000.00
GRAND TOTAL (RM) 950,000.00
3.2 SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION STUDY

3.2.1 Introduction

3.2.1.1 Soil erosion arising from the land clearing and earthworks
activities, associated with development in the catchment, has
been identified as a major threat to the water quality of
Putrajaya Lake. Thus, there is a need to identify and map the
areas in the catchment with high soil erosion potential to
facilitate land-use planning in the catchment. There is also a
need to define the guidelines for the control of soil erosion and
sedimentation in the catchment arising from the development
activities in the catchment.

3.2.1.2 Soil erosion is defined as the detachment, entrainment and

transport of soil particles from their place of origin by the
agents of erosion, such as water, wind and gravity. It is a form
of land degradation and can be categorised as either geological
or accelerated erosion. Geological erosion is part of the natural
wearing down of the earth's land surface and occurs at rates
ranging from virtually imperceptible soil creep to dramatic
sudden landslides. Accelerated erosion results from human
activities exposing the soil surface and thus enabling erosive
agents such as rain to wash away topsoil and the underlying
weathered rock. The rate of erosion and sedimentation in a
catchment is a function of changes in the surface drainage
patterns, terrain roughness, vegetation and climatic conditions.

3.2.1.3 In order to map the soil erosion potential in the catchment a soil
erosion model, CALSITE, is used in this study. The CALSITE
(Calibrated Simulation of Transported Erosion) model uses the
Universal Soil Loss Equation and the IDRISI GIS to define the
soil erosion potential map of a catchment. It requires rainfall,
soil, topography and land-use maps of the catchment as inputs.
The modelling exercise will involve collection and preparation
of the pertinent input maps, model set-up and calibration, and
simulation for the soil erosion potential maps associated with
the various proposed land-use scenarios for the catchment.

3-14 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

3.2.2 The CALSITE Model

3.2.2.1 The CALSITE Model uses a combination of the Universal Soil

Loss Equation (USLE) and a delivery ratio function to
determine the soil erosion and sediment yield from a
catchment. The equation for the estimated average annual soil
erosion loss, in tonnes/ha/year, is given in Equation 3.1.

SE = R x K x LS x CP (3.1)

Where,
SE = Estimated average annual soil erosion loss
(tonnes/ha/year)
R = Rainfall Erosivity Factor
K = Soil Erodibility Factor
LS = Slope Length and Steepness Factor
CP = Combined Crop Cover and Conservation
Practice Factor

3.2.2.2 LS and CP are dimensionless, whereas the dimension for R and

K varies but their product will be equal to the dimension of SE.

3.2.2.3 The Sediment Yield (SY) is calculated based on Equation 3.2

SY = DR x SE (3.2)

Where,
SY = Sediment yield (tonnes/ha)
DR = Delivery ratio (a calibrated value from 0 – 1)

3.2.2.4 The latest version of the CALSITE model allow the analysis of
spatial variation in the erosion and sediment in a catchment,
through the use of a raster GIS, IDRISI.

3.2.2.5 The input digital data and maps have to be pre-processed into
digital images of rainfall, land use, land cover and slope, before
they can be used by the CALSITE model. An elevation image,
produced by the pre-processing task is used to determine the
delivery ratio, which is then inputted into the model. Map
information on topography, soils, land use and rainfall were
digitised using AutoCad software, which are then converted to
the raster format.

3-15 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

3.2.3 Preparation of input data

3.2.3.1 The following information and maps pertinent to the study were
obtained from various government departments and agencies:

• Topographical maps of the catchment, with a scale of

1:50,000, from the Survey and Mapping Department,
1993.
• Soil Map and Erodibility Factor map for Peninsular
Malaysia, with a scale of 1:1,000,000, published by the
Kementerian Pertanian Malaysia
• Rainfall data from the Hydrology Division, Drainage and
Irrigation Department
• Land-use map of Selangor and the Wilayah Persekutuan,
with a scale of 1:125,000, published by the Kementerian
Pertanian Malaysia, 1995
• Future Land-use map for Putrajaya.

3.2.3.2 The information collected were pre-processed as follows:

(a) Rainfall map

The pre-processing task is to create an annual isohyet
contour map showing the spatial distribution of rainfall in
the study area, using the annual rainfall depth data of the
year to be modelled. The map can be interpolated and
drawn using the annual rainfall data from the rainfall
stations, described in Section 3.1.2. Figure 3.2.1 shows the
image of the average annual rainfall map after the
interpolation process.

(b) Soil map

The information on the soil type in the catchment, was
obtained from soil characteristics investigation and
analysis carried out by Universiti Putra Malaysia.

(c) Elevation and slope map

The topographic map was used to define the elevation
differences in the catchment for subsequent computation
of slopes and flow paths in the catchment. The contours
obtained from the topographic map, with a scale of 1 :
50,000, are digitised and other points are interpolated
using IDRISI’s Intercom component. Based on the
digitised topographic contours the elevation map (Figure

3-16 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 3.2.2) was generated. The slope map (Figure 3.2.3) is then
derived from the elevation map using IDRISI’s Surface
component.

(d) Land-use map

(1) In the Preliminary Report, for present land-use map,
digitising was only for Putrajaya catchment only,
resulting in the creation of soil erosion potential for
Putrajaya catchment only. Soil erosion potential covering
the whole Perbadanan Putrajaya area and Putrajaya
catchment is included in the Draft Final Report. As for
future Land-use, digitising was done for the Perbadanan
Putrajaya area as well the Putrajaya Lake Catchment area.

(2) The above processed maps were then geometrically

rectified to a common map base and scale so that they can
be subsequently overlain to create the soil erosion
potential map.

3.2.4 Model calibration and set-up

3.2.4.1 For the calibration of the CALSITE model it is important that

data on the observed sediment yield from the catchment be
obtained. The most reliable and accurate data are those collected
from hydrographic surveys in the catchment. Thus, surveys to
collect the required data for the calibration will carried out.

3.2.4.2 From Equation (3.1), it can be seen that the estimated annual
soil erosion loss is the product of four parameters. They are the
rainfall erosivity factor (R-factor), soil erodibility factor (K-
factor), slope length and steepness factor (LS-factor) and
conservation practice factor (CP-factor). The image files
containing the information on the four factors were pre-
processed, as described in Section 3.2.3 above.

3.2.4.3 Among the four factors, the K-factor and the LS-factor are
assumed to have insignificant changes throughout the
catchment. However, since the R-factor and the CP-factor are
related to the rainfall and land-use in the catchment they are
expected to vary with time. This implies that the R-factor and
CP-factor images are dependent on the year being considered.

3-17 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Figure 3.2.1 : ANNUAL SPATIAL RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION MAP
Unit in mm

Catchment Boundary

West Country
(Stn No. 2917106)

Prang Besar
(Stn No 2916001)

Ladang Galloway
(Stn No 2816112)

PerbandananPutrajaya Border CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PUTRAJAYA LAKE
Figure 3.2.2 : ELEVATION MAP

Catchment Boundary

Unit in Meter

PerbandananPutrajaya Border
FIGURE 3.2.3: SLOPE MAP Unit in Degree
3.2.4.4 The following assumptions have been made in the derivation of
the images associated with the four factors used in this study.

(a) Rainfall erosivity factor (R-factor)

(1) The USLE measures rainfall erosivity as the product of the
annual kinetic energy of rainfall (E) and the greatest
intensity of a 30-min storm (I30). Normally, this method is
impractical. It is because the prediction for potential soil
erosion is on annual basis (ton/ha/yr). The Model offers
two options for deriving R-factor from annual rainfall
based on empirical methods. The first is an equation by
Bols which has been derived from data collected in
Indonesia and has been applied in the Philippines. The
other is a regression equation derived by Harper based on
the analysis of Hawaii data and has been modified for use
in Thailand.

(2) However, for Peninsular Malaysia, Morgan tried to

overcome the lack of data to derive the erosivity factor by
making use of total daily rainfalls to predict the daily
erosivity values. The annual erosivity factors derived
from the sum of the daily erosivity values were found to
correlate well with the annual rainfall. This relationship
was also found in studies carried out at UPM. Figure 3.2.4
shows R-Factor for Perbadanan Putrajaya Lake Catchment
Area.

(3) In view of the absence of better information it has been

assumed in this study that the annual rainfall depth shall
be used in place of the rainfall erosivity factor. This
implies that the R-factor has a dimension of mm and thus
the dimension of the soil erodibility factor (K-factor) has
to be modified to tonnes/ha/mm to ensure dimensional
consistency.

(b) Soil Erodibility Factor (K-factor)

The K-factor relates soil erodibility to the texture, organic
matter content, structure and permeability of a soil type.
Each soil type in the image can be assigned a K-value in
the model to generate the soil erodibility image. The
Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia has considered the
above method to get the R-factor to be acceptable and has
adopted it for use in the Ministry of Agriculture. Thus, it

3-18 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

FIGURE 3.2.4 : R- FACTOR MAP Unit in mm

CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PUTRAJAYA LAKE
 has prepared K-factors map for the different types of soils
in Malaysia for use with the method. For this study, K-
Factor map (Figure 3.2.5) were produced based on soil
investigation characteristics carried out by University
Putra Malaysia.

(c) Slope length factor (LS-factor)

The derivation of the slope-length image requires two
images - the slope image and the length-of-slope image.
The slope image is obtained from the elevation image as
explained earlier. The length-of-slope image (L-value) is
generated by the model through the processes of
determining the aspects and flow accumulation at each
pixel of the image, based on the information in the
elevation image.

(d) Conservation Practice factor (CP-factor)

The surface management factor, CP, is a ratio that
compares the soil loss from a field cultivated with a
particular crop type or vegetation cover with that from a
field with bare soil. It has a value of zero, when the soil is
completely protected, to a value of one for bare soil. The
CP-factor image is generated based on the land-use images
produced from the land-use map, by assigning pertinent
CP-factors for the various types of land cover in the
catchment as shown in Figure 3.2.6.

3.2.5 Model simulation

3.2.5.1 Based on the above R, K, LS and CP factor image inputs the

simulated output of the CALSITE model is the soil erosion loss
image. The R-factor image was produced using the average
annual rainfall image from Prang Besar, Ladang Galloway and
Ladang West Country. The simulated soil erosion loss map,
based on the 4 images above were generated from the available
information and were based on three (3) scenarios:

1. Current Landuse
2. Future Landuse
3. Without Cover (worst case scenario)

3-19 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

FIGURE 3.2.6: CP – FACTOR MAP

CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PUTRAJAYA LAKE
(2) The worst case scenario with a CP value of 1 was used to
generate the soil erosion loss map. The worst case scenario
consider that soil surface is totally bare and without any cover.
This scenario will only be significant when considering any
new developments involving major earthworks. From this
map, it can be predicted and determined the location where
erosion will occur most. Preliminary preventive measures to
minimise soil erosion then can be taken during earlier stage of
the projects.

3.2.5.1 Soil Investigation Characteristics by UPM

(1) Soil expert from Universiti Putra Malaysia has been appointed
on 23 July, 1999 to carry out soil investigation characteristics
to determine the properties of soil within Perbadanan Putrajaya
area and the area within Putrajaya Lake Catchment.

(2) The objective of the soil investigation is to determine

parameters required for the refinement of data input to the
CALSITE model. The result of the investigation also can be
used for future study.

(3) Scope of the investigation include the following:-

1. Soil Texture
2. Particle Size Distribution (USDA Particle Size Class)
i. Hydrometer Sedimentation
ii. Sieve Analysis
iii. Percent organic matter
iv. Percent rock content
3. Permeability Test
4. Soil Structure
- Very fine granular
- Fine granular
- Moderate or coarse granular
5. Moisture Content
6. Soil Erodibility Factor, K
7. Soil Description
8. Soil Erodibility Map

3-20 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

3.2.6 CALSITE Modelling results

3.2.6.1 Based on the CALSITE model, soil erosion for Perbadanan

Putrajaya is low compared to other studies that have been
carried out in other areas. Table 3.2.1 shows the comparison of
the estimated erosion rate for various studies.

Table 3.2.1 : Erosion Rate from Selected Watershed in Malaysia and

Singapore

Estimated Erosion Rate

Location Area (ton/ha/yr)
(km2) Forest Agriculture Construction References

1. Sg. Tekam Forest 0.57 0.27 Peh

Reserve (1981)

2. Sg. Telom, 77.0 0.3 26 Shallow

Cameron Highland (1956)

3. Sg. Kial, 21.0 0.3 25 Shallow

Cameron Highland (1956)

4. Sg. Bertam, 73 0.3 22 Shallow

Cameron Highland (1956)

5. Upper Sg. Anak Air 5.9 11,000 Leigh

Batu (1982)

6. Denuded Plot, 0.06 6,000 Leigh

Upper Sg. Anak Air Batu (1982)

7. Erosion Grid Plot, 2.5x10-6 1,300 Chatterjea

NUS, Singapore (1989)

9. Sg. Kurau, Perak 500 DID

(agriculture and (1997)
urbanising areas)

10. Putrajaya Lake Catchment 60.7 50 (Current Landuse) 300 (Average)

150 (Future Landuse) 600
(Max)

3.2.6.2 From Table 3.2.1, the erosion rate for Putrajaya Lake
Catchment is very well below the construction rate and slightly
above the agriculture rate. Compared to other studies, the
erosion rate was very much lower. This is due to the

3-21 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 topography of the Putrajaya Lake Catchment area which is
gently undulating.

3.2.6.3 From Figure 3.2.7, it can be observed that soil erosion rates
(Current Landuse) for the major part of Putrajaya Lake
Catchment area is below 50 ton/ha/yr, which is considered low.
Only small pockets of hilly terrain in the Putrajaya Lake
Catchment have erosion rates of between 51 to 200 ton/ha/yr.

3.2.6.4 From Figure 3.2.8 (current landuse), for major part of Putrajaya
Lake Catchment area, sediment yield is well below 10
Ton/ha/yr. On some parts of the catchment boundary (hilly
area) covering the eastern part of Upper Bisa Wetland have a
value of between 50 to 60 ton/ha/yr.

3.2.6.5 For Future Landuse (Figure 3.2.9) the major part of Putrajaya
Lake Catchment has a soil erosion rate of below 150 ton/ha/yr.
In the north-western fringes near MARDI and eastern fringes
near West Country and Upper Bisa wetlands the soil erosion
rates goes up to 200-300 ton/ha/yr.

3.2.6.6 From Figure 3.2.10, for major part of Putrajaya Lake

Catchment area the sediment yield is up to 50 ton/ha/yr. On
some parts on upper north catchment area (MARDI and UPM
site) and on the fringes of Upper Bisa Wetland, it register
sediment yield of between 60 to 80 ton/ha/yr. On the West
Country site, due to hilly terrain the sediment yield is between
80 to 100 ton/ha/yr.

3.2.6.7 For worst case scenario i.e. without cover (Figure 3.2.11) the
major part of Putrajaya Lake Catchment has a soil erosion rate
of about 300 ton/ha/yr. In the north-western fringes near
MARDI and eastern fringes near West Country and Upper Bisa
wetlands the soil erosion rate goes up to 400-600 ton/ha/yr.

3.2.6.8 From Figure 3.2.12, sediment yield for major part of Putrajaya
Lake Catchment is between 50 to 100 ton/ha/yr. On the Upper
North catchment area and on the eastern part of Upper East and
Lower East Wetland, sediment yield is between 200 to 250
ton/ha/yr.

3-22 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

FIGURE 3.2.7 : SOIL EROSION (CURRENT LANDUSE)
Unit in Ton/Ha/Year

CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PUTRAJAYA LAKE
FIGURE : 3.2.8 : SEDIMENT YIELD (CURRENT LANDUSE)

Catchment Boundary

UNIT IN TON/HA/YR

Perbadanan Boundary

CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PUTRAJAYA LAKE
FIGURE 3.2.9: SOIL EROSION MAP (FUTURE LANDUSE) Unit in Ton/Ha/Yr

Catchment Boundary

Perbadanan Boundary

CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PUTRAJAYA LAKE
FIGURE 3.2.10 : SEDIMENT YIELD (FUTURE LANDUSE)
Unit in Ton/Ha/Yr

Catchment Boundary

Perbadanan Boundary

CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PUTRAJAYA LAKE
FIGURE 3.2.11 : SOIL EROSION (WITHOUT COVER)
Unit in Ton/Ha/Yr

Catchment Boundary

Perbadanan Boundary CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PUTRAJAYA LAKE
FIGURE 3.2.12: SEDIMENT YIELD (WITHOUT COVER)
Unit in Ton/Ha/Yr

Catchment Boundary

Perbadanan Boundary

CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PUTRAJAYA LAKE
3.2.6.9 Based from this result, for future Land-use scenario soil erosion
problems is expected to be rather mild in the Putrajaya Lake
Catchment area provided on-site erosion controls, continuous
monitoring, and regular maintenance are carried out.

3.2.6.10 However, at the area with higher erosion rate especially near
the eastern and northern boundary of Putrajaya Lake
Catchment, on-site erosion and sediment controls should be
implemented and monitored closely during any development
works to prevent sediment entering the wetlands and Putrajaya
Lake.

3.2.7 Review of Existing Guidelines and Legislation on Erosion

and Sediment Control

3.2.7.1 Environmental Legislation and Guidelines

(i) Putrajaya Environmental Management Guide

Based on the report on “Putrajaya Environmental
Management Guide”, Matter pertaining Erosion and
Sediment was mentioned in Chapter 2.10: Environment
Management Plan (EMP) of the report “Putrajaya
Environmental Management Guide”.

2.10.6.4(ii) - Environmental Management–Construction

Stages
2.10.7.3.1 - Environmental Management – Operation
Stages
Attachment (Table A7.2 in Appendix 7)
2.10.8(7) - Audit Requirements
Attachment (Table A7.3 in Appendix 7)

(ii) “Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion

and Siltation in Malaysia”, Department of
Environment (DOE), October 1996
The guideline is recommending various measures for the
control of soil erosion and river sedimentation to adopted
when undertaking site clearing and earthworks. It outlines
the principles for sound practices required to minimise soil

3-23 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 erosion and sedimentation and should be considered as
basis for practicable measures to prevent serious soil
degradation.

(iii) Land Conservation Act 1960, Revision 1989

Part III of the act – Control of silt and erosion.
The act empower State Land Administrator to serve notice
to the land owners or occupiers of any land regarding the
movement of soils or stone that likely to cause damage to
other land.

(iv) Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974

Earthworks (Perbadanan Putrajaya) By-Laws 1996
(1) Erosion protection were mentioned and covered in some
parts of the above mentioned by-laws:-

Part II 6(d)(vii) - protection to the earthworks against

erosion, including protection during the
continuance of the earthworks.
Part IV 18(b) - that silt traps and sediment control
facilities are adequately provided and
properly maintained.
Part IV 18(d) - that slopes are adequately protected
against erosion.

(2) As mentioned and commented in the Chapter 8.1.5.4 (1)

Drainage, Building and Earthworks in Putrajaya
Environmental Management Guide, although there were
sufficient power within Perbadanan Putrajaya to address
the erosion and sedimentation issues, it appeared that the
approach were not adequate. In order to address the issues,
specific task and more focus should be given regarding
control or erosion and sedimentation.

(3) As for area outside of the jurisdiction of Perbadanan

Putrajaya, the respective Majlis Daerah should adhere to
the existing By-laws, act and guidelines.

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3.2.10 Recommendations for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control

3.2.10.1 ‘Erosion and Sediment Control By Law’

(1) In view of the importance and sensitivity of the study area, and
the effect of erosion and sedimentation to the wetland and
Putrajaya Lake, it make sense for erosion and sedimentation
control to be regulated separately at Perbadanan Putrajaya
level. Although erosion and sediment control were mentioned
briefly in the Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974
Earthworks (Perbadanan Putrajaya) By Laws 1996, a new By
Law entitled ‘Erosion and Sediment Control By Law’ is
recommended for Perbadanan Putrajaya and the Local
Authorities within Putrajaya Lake Catchment Area as it is the
most effective way in implementing and enforcing erosion and
sediment control.

(2) Among key features of an effective erosion and sediment

control By Laws are the following:

i. Since erosion and sedimentation control will be directly

affecting the wetland and lake, persons or contractor that
involved in the earthworks must be informed that
maintaining water quality in the lake is the paramount
objectives and must be maintained at required level. The
By Laws will provides a legal basis for Perbadanan to
prosecute the offender if water pollution occurs due to
their negligence.

ii. All earthworks that may result in a significant erosion and

sedimentation should require permit or approval. Other
activities involving very minor earthwork may be
exempted.

iii. Temporary and permanent erosion and sediment control

plan must be submitted for approval. This provision is the
most important and provide strong enforcement tools. The
consultant or contractor must specify the erosion and
sediment control measures for approval by Putrajaya.

iv. Provision should include timetables for regular reporting,

site inspection and schedules when the consultant or
contractor will start the earthworks. This will enable

3-25 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Perbadanan to make necessary arrangement to inspect and
monitor the progress of the works.

v. Perbadanan also may require modification of an erosion

and sedimentation control plan when they feel that such
plan is not adequate or ineffective. This provision will
provide legal basis for requiring plan changes after initial
plan approval.

vi. Strong enforcement should be made available to

Perbadanan. A sequence of progressive provisions, such as
suspension or revocation of permit, fine and imprisonment
should be included in the by-law. The penalties must be
severe enough for the offender to comply to the By Laws.

vii. Contractor is required to provide security in the form of

deposit or performance bond to finance the remedial
works in case the works is not satisfactory and need repair.

(3) There are many other provision that can be incorporated in the
By Laws to make it more effective. However, enforcement also
played the key part to ensure that erosion and sediment control
measures can be implemented successfully. Even though there
are punitive provision in the By Laws, using them meant that
implementation of the project plans has been unsuccessful.
There were many stages before actual action can be taken
against the contractors.

3.2.10.2 Standards for Erosion and Sediment Control

(1) It is recommended that a ‘Standards for Erosion and Sediment
Control’ detailing design and specifications for erosion and
sediment control works and plan be developed to support the
‘Erosion and Sediment Control By Law’.

(2) Developers and engineers involved in earthworks need to

comply with the ‘Standards for Erosion and Sediment Control’
in order for their Erosion and Sediment Control Plan
submission (which is mandatory under the new By Law) to be
approved by the Perbadanan Putrajaya and other Local
Authorities within the Putrajaya Lake Catchment.

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3.3 GEOLOGICAL/HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY

3.3.1 Introduction

3.3.1.1 The groundwater recharge into and seepage loss from the
Putrajaya Lake system is an important management issue,
related to the water quantity in the Lake.

3.3.1.2 Also an understanding of the groundwater flow regime is

essential for the management of non-point sources pollutant
entry into the Lake system through infiltration and groundwater
seepage.

3.3.1.3 An adequate understanding of the geological and hydrological

setting in the catchment is essential for the identification of any
potential problems related to the above issues and for the
formulation of appropriate management strategies to address
them.

3.3.2 The Geological Setting

3.3.2.1 The catchment area has an undulating topography with low hills
rising up to over 100m above sea level.

3.3.2.2 The geology of the catchment is found in the Geological Survey

of Malaysia (GSM) report entitled “Geologi dan Sumber
Mineral Kawasan Sepang-Telok Datok, Selangor” by Abdullah
Sani bin Hashim (in manuscript).

3.3.2.3 Figure 3.3.1 shows the geological structures and distribution of

the rock formation in the catchment.

3.3.2.4 Rock Formation

(1) The following geological formations are present and outcrop
within the catchment area.

• Quaternary - River Alluvium

• Carboniferous-Permian - Kenny Hill Formation
• Silurian - Hawthornden Formation

(2) The alluviums are found in the flat and low-lying areas in the
Central and Southern part of the catchment. They overlie the
Hawthornden and Kenny Hill Formations. The thickest

3-27 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 sequence is developed along the plains and the lower reaches of
the Sungai Chuau and Sungai Limau Manis, and their
tributaries.

(3) The Kenny Hill Formation is found in the West and Northwest
and consists of sandstone and shale which have undergone
some degree of regional metamorphism.

(4) The Hawthornden Formation occupies about 70% of the area.

This unit is made up of metamorphosed rocks i.e. quartz-mica
schist, quartz schist and graphitic schist. This Formation is the
oldest rock unit outcropping in the catchment area.

3.3.2.5 Structure
(1) From aerial photographs and satellite imagery analysis studies
conducted by the GSM, the geological environment in and
around the catchment is regionally folded along the NE-SW
axis resulting in the development of broad anticlines and
synclines. Within the study area an anticline is demarcated to
run along Sungai Chuau.

(2) In addition to the folding, the tectonic movement has also

resulted in fracturing and the development of joints in the
incompetent metamorphosed rocks. Major fractures and joints
seen as lineaments can be pick up in the aerial photographs. In
the study the presence of 3 sets of lineaments trending NNE-
SSW, NW-SE and NE-SW have been recognised.

3.3.3 The Hydrogeological Setting

3.3.3.1 In any catchment area groundwater is a component of the total

water resources available from rainfall. This is illustrated in
Figure 3.3.2, which gives a schematic diagram of the
hydrological flow components in a catchment. Part of the rain
that falls onto the ground moves as surface runoff into the rivers
and streams. However, a certain portion enters the subsurface
through infiltration. The infiltrated water then moves
downwards through the unsaturated zone under the action of
gravity and through the saturated zone in a direction determined
by the surrounding hydraulic situation. They will subsequently
emerge from the ground as discharges into surface bodies such
as streams, rivers and lakes.

3-28 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

3.3.3.2 For the study area the groundwater catchment basin is similar in
shape and size to that which has been established for the surface
water catchment, and is the area demarcated by the basin’s
watershed boundary.

3.3.3.3 The regional groundwater flow system within the basin will
register flow directions towards the low-lying areas i.e. the
valleys, rivers, streams and lakes. This has been confirmed by
the GSM through their analysis of the levels in the groundwater
piezometric heads recorded in the tube wells carried out during
their investigation for groundwater in the Perang Besar area.

3.3.3.4 The GSM report on the groundwater investigation for Perang

Besar also discussed the aquifer systems in the Sungai Chuau
catchment. Aquifers are found in the Kenny Hill and
Hawthornden Formations. They are also found in the alluvium.

3.3.3.1 Aquifer in the Kenny Hill and Hawthornden Formations

(1) The Kenny Hill and the Hawthornden have suffered regional
metamorphism and are dense and indurated. The primary
porosity of the rocks in these formations is low and not
significant. Water bearing zones, commonly described as hard
rock aquifer, are related to secondary features such as joints
and fractures. Joints and fractures increase the storage capacity
and facilitate greater mobility of groundwater. The azimuth
and distribution of the major joints and fractures are shown in
Figure 3.3.1.

(2) Some characteristics of the hard rock aquifer in the Sungai

Chuau catchment are recorded from 2 well localities as
indicated in Figure 3.3.3.

(3) In the area previously occupied by Perang Besar Estate, located

in the central part of the basin, two wells were constructed by
Pacific Industrial & Mining and Drilco Sendirian Berhad. The
wells, TWC-1 and TWC-2, built to reach depths of 137 meters
and 53 meters, respectively gave an optimum yield of 16 cubic
meters/hour/well (3520 gallons/hour/well). It was noted that
the initial discharge rate was higher, 22 cubic meters/hour/well
(4840 gallons/hour/well), indicating that the fracture system is
local in extent and the aquifer is restrictive and irregular in size.

3-29 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

(4) At the UPM, located in the North-Western end of the
catchment, one well (UPM) was constructed by Soilmec and
Drill Equip Supply Company close to the Sungai Chuau. The
well reaches a depth of 60 metres and intercepted a fractured
zone between 42 metres to 54 metres below ground surface in
the metamorphic rocks. Again the optimum yield computed is
lower than the initial discharge, 6 cubic meters/hour (1320
gallons/hour) and 7 cubic meters/hour (1540 gallons/hour),
respectively confirming that the aquifer system in the hard rock
is local in extent.

3.3.3.2 Aquifer in the Alluvium

(1) The groundwater potential of the Alluvium in the catchment
has been investigated by the GSM (Nazan et al., 1994). Table
3.3.1 gives the results of the yield from the 27 piezometers and
wells constructed in the Alluvium. The Alluvium was found to
comprise of clay, sand, fine gravel, silt and peat and varies
from 4 to 14.3 metres in thickness. Bore hole records show that
coarse sediments (aquifer zone) of sand and gravel generally
form the lower layers while finer components of clay and silt
constitute the upper parts. Sand and gravel layers are thicker
closer to the river, particularly along the flood plains and near
the lower reaches of Sungai Chuau, and peat layers were
recorded in several bore holes and vary in thickness from 20
cm to 213 cm. The lithologic logs for HPB 4, 8, and 10 (see
Figures 3.3.4, 3.3.5 & 3.3.6) give an insight on the geologic
profile of the Alluvium in areas where aquifer is present. Wells
sunk in these layers give yields up to 6.8 cubic meters/hour
(1500 gallons/hour).

(2) Pumping test analysis conducted by the GSM shows the

Transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient (S) of the Alluvium
aquifer range from 84 to 163 m2/day and 4.8x10-4 to 4.9x10-3,
respectively.

3.3.3.3 Groundwater Quality

(1) Groundwater samples analysed by the GSM show that the pH
of the water in the Alluvium ranges from 6.1 – 7.1. The water
in the hard rock is slightly more alkaline. TWC-1 gives a pH
value of 7.3 while a figure of 7.2 is recorded in the UPM well.
The hard rock water is higher in bicarbonate and hence low in
iron content, whereas the Alluvium water is lower in
bicarbonate and accordingly higher in iron content.

3-30 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

(2) Nitrate, sulphate and ammonia are low in all the samples. This
suggests that the groundwater was relatively unpolluted at the
time of the investigation. It is also noted that the water samples
registered only trace amounts of heavy metals.

(3) Table 3.3.2 gives the chemistry of the groundwater in area.

The data in the table constitutes an important base line
reference on the quality of the groundwater in the catchment.

3.3.4 Water Quantity Management Issues

Two water quantity management issues, related to the

hydrogeology of the catchment, have been identified. They
are:

• Groundwater recharge to the Lake

• Groundwater seepage losses from the Lake

3.3.4.1 Groundwater recharge to the Lake

(1) Other than the emergence of infiltration water to streams which
subsequently discharged into the Lake, the geological and
hydrogeological setting of the Sungai Chuau catchment reveals
no other natural contribution of water, such as the presence of
artesian water from the subsurface. However, through artificial
means, using mechanical pumping, groundwater from the
Alluvium aquifer can be abstracted for use as an emergency
contingency during periods of prolonged drought, even though
the quantity may not be very large.

(2) To avoid disturbing the hydrological regime of the Lake the

location of the wells are to be located down stream to the Lake.
It is proposed that a well field consisting of 6 wells designed
for a total of ½ cusec (10,000g/hour) be built for the above
purpose. The proposed well design is shown in Figure 3.3.7. If
approved the wells are to be constructed after the dam and lake
has been completed.

(3) It is anticipated that since the volume of water abstracted is

small, there will be little or no implication on downstream
water quantity. In addition, it is pertinent to note that this
volume is less than the designed seepage of the dam (see
Section 3.3.4.2 (c))

3-31 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

3.3.4.2 Groundwater seepage losses from the Lake
The geological and hydrogeological setting of the basin
presents three possible situations for water seepage losses.
They are:

• Losses through the hard rock

• Losses through the peat layers
• Losses through the Alluvium aquifer

(1) Losses through the hard rock

Although the catchment is resting on top of an anticline and is
criss-crossed by 3 sets of fracture lineaments, water loss
through the bedrock is not expected to be large. This is
because the primary porosity and permeability of the
metamorphosed Hawthornden schist and the Kenny Hill are
low and water movement is confined along joints and fractured
zones. Evaluation of wells constructed in these zones indicated
that these joints and fracture systems are localised and lack
regional connection.

In addition, the residual soil developed over the Hawthornden

Schist and the Kenny Hill are 3 to 8m and 5 to 10m in
thickness, respectively.

The soil are described as:

Hawthornden Schist: Yellowish red to red sandy to silty clay

with subordinate amount of fine lateritic gravels. Consistency
varies from soft to stiff.

Kenny Hill: Yellowish brown to red soft to stiff clayey

silt/sand with subordinate amounts of lateritic sand, gravel and
iron concretions.

The estimated coefficient of permeability of the residual soil is

10–8 m/sec and thus movement of groundwater through the
above soils is low.

(2) Losses through the peat layers

Within the catchment, peat is found only in the Alluvium and is
located on lower grounds. In the area occupied by Cyberjaya,
the peat layers outside the catchment are not connected with the
peat inside the catchment. Thus, there is no hydraulic

3-32 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 conductivity between them. No groundwater is expected to
flow out of the catchment at the South-Eastern edge.

However, peat is found in the Alluvium in the proposed site of

the main dam in the South and it is anticipated that water in the
Lake can be lost there through the peat layers. Angkasa GHD
Engineers Sdn. Bhd., the consultant for the design and
construction of the dam has taken cognisance of the situation
and it is noted in their report that in the construction of the dam
all clay and peat layers are to be removed.

(3) Losses through the Alluvium aquifer

The nature of the alluvium at the lower reaches of Sungai
Chuau is illustrated in the geological cross section (Figure
3.3.8) across the proposed dam site. Bore log SPT1 shows an
upper most sequence of silty to sandy clay with decayed wood
of about 5.7m thick. Beneath the clay is a 3.3m aquifer layer of
fine-grained sand. The borehole bottomed on sandstone with
interbeds of shale of the Kenny Hill Formation. Water loss
through the alluvium aquifer may be an issue here. Angkasa
GHD Engineer Sdn. Bhd. has taken note of this and has stated
in their report that all sandy and pervious foundation materials
are to be removed. The dam is to be embedded 1000mm into
the residual soil (grade-4 rock material) with a designed
seepage of not more than 100m3 per day through the dam and
its foundation.

The Alluvium at the locality where the flow of the upper

reaches of Sungai Limau Manis is diverted towards the
Putrajaya area comprises 2m of sandy clay. No distinct aquifer
is present. As such water loss through the Alluvium here may
not be significant.

3-33 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

3.4 REFERENCES

1. Abdullah Sani, H. (unpublished), Geologi dan Sumber Mineral

Kawasan Sepang-Telok Datok, Selangor, Geological Survey
Department.

2. Angkasa GHD Engineers Sdn. Bhd. (1999) Kerja-Kerja

Pembinaan Empangan Utama Fasa 1B Pusat Pentadbiran
Kerajaan Persekutaan, Putrajaya.

3. Charng Ning Chen, “Methodology For Erosion Control in

Urbanizing Watershed”
4. Chow, W.S. (1994), Geotechical investigation of the proposed
Pusat Pentadbiran Persekutuan Perang Besar Report No. 2,
Geological Survey Department.

5. Jabatan Alam Sekitar “Guidelines for Prevention and Control of

Soil Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia”, October, 1996.

6. KTA Tenaga Sendirian Berhad “Putrajaya Environmental

Management Guide” November, 1998

7. Mohd. Nazan, A., et al. (1994), Hydrogeological investigation

of the proposed Pusat Pentadbiran Persekutuan Perang Besar
Sectoral Report No.3, Geological Survey Department.

8. Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysia, “Erosion and

Sediment Study for Sungai Kurau, Perak Darul Ridzwan”
December, 1997

9. Roslan Zainal Abidin, Tew Kia Hui, “Soil Erosion Study at

Jalan Indah 1/1, Taman Universiti Endah, Seri Kembangan,
Selangor Darul Ehsan”. December, 1997.

10. Steven J. Goldman, Katherine Jackson, T.A Burswtynsky

“Erosion & Sediment Control Handbook” McGraw-Hill. 1986.

3-34 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 CHAPTER 4

DRAINAGE MASTERPLAN STUDY

4.0 DRAINAGE MASTERPLAN STUDY

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.1.1 The water quantity in the Putrajaya Lake system depends on

runoffs flowing into the Lake from the drainage system in the
catchment. Thus, it is important that the drainage system in the
catchment are planned, designed and constructed to ensure that
it does not transport pollutants of any kind into the Lake
together with the runoffs. This will be a challenging task
because of the numerous solid and liquid pollutants, associated
with human activities in the catchment, which can be washed
and transported into the drainage system.

4.1.2 Recognising the need for high quality runoffs for the Lake a
Drainage Masterplan for the Putrajaya area (Angkasa, 1996) has
been prepared by the Perbadanan Putrajaya to ensure that the
runoffs from the Putrajaya area are of high quality. However,
the drainage systems in the catchment areas outside of the
Putrajaya Area have not been planned with the same objective.
Thus, there is a need to integrate the other drainage systems
with that in the Putrajaya Area into an integrated Drainage
Masterplan for the Lake catchment.

4.1.3 The integrated Plan should include all pertinent innovative

strategies to minimise pollutant entry into the Lake system.
There is also a need to define pertinent drainage planning and
design guidelines to ensure that the runoff quality entering the
Lake system is high. Such guidelines have also been developed
for the Putrajaya Area (Angkasa, 1998).

4.1.4 The focus of this study will be on integrating the drainage

systems outside of Putrajaya with the Putrajaya Area drainage
system. Thus, most of the standards and guidelines for the
Putrajaya Area will be applicable to the other drainage systems
as well.

4.2 EXISTING AND PROPOSED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN

THE CATCHMENT

4.2.1 Topographical mapsheets (3756 and 3575) of 1:50,000-scale

published by the Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan in 1992, that
encompasses the Sg. Chuau catchment, were used to delineate

4-1 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 the catchment area, in relation to the Putrajaya and the other
stakeholder areas. The result of the delineation exercise is
shown in Figure 4.1.

4.2.2 Information on the existing and planned drainage systems for

the following areas have been compiled:

• Putrajaya Area
• IOI Palm Garden Resort Area
• TNB Generation Area
• MARDI,
• UPM,
• West Country
• Cyberjaya (Flagship Zone).

4.2.3 The overall layout of the drainage system outside the Putrajaya
area is as shown in Figure 4.2. Pertinent details on the above
systems are described below.

4.2.1 Putrajaya Area

4.2.1.1 The drainage system proposed for the Putrajaya Area (Figure
4.3) consists of the following major components:

• Stormwater pipes or conduits

• Open channels
• Culverts
• Detention ponds
• Gross Pollutant Traps (GPTs)
• Water Pollution Control Ponds (WPCP)

4.2.1.2 The total length of the trunk or main drains in the Area is about
58.1km long. To ensure that no gross pollutants are carried into
the Lake by the drainage runoff 116 GPTs have been proposed
for the Area. A standard drawing of a major GPT is shown in
Figure 4.4.

4.2.1.3 The design for the drainage system in the Area is based on the
Major/Minor approach. This is also known as the Major/Initial
Drainage System in the DID Urban Drainage Design Standard
(1975) or UDDS.

4-2 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

4.2.1.4 The Minor system comprises of the street gutters, inlets,
channels and/or pipes. They are to be designed with conveyance
capacities catering for storm runoff of 2 to 10-year average
recurrence interval (ARI). The level of protection to be
provided depends on the acceptable damages and inconvenience
to the public in the surrounding areas caused by any
‘exceedance’.

4.2.1.5 The Major system comprises of trunk drains or pipe networks.

They are to be designed to convey, upon collection from the
minor components, the 100-year ARI flood ‘safely’ to the
receiving waters.

4.2.1.6 An example of the typical dimensions and conveyance of the

open drains are given in Table 4.1 based on the schematic cross-
sections given in Figure 4.5.

4.2.2 IOI Palm Garden Resort Area

4.2.2.1 The IOI Palm Garden Resort is located north of the Upper East
Wetland and east of the Upper North Wetland. It consists of an
existing club house, existing service apartment, an office and
condominium development (under construction), proposed
future office and hotel giving a total catchment area of 135 ha.

4.2.2.2 The area can be divided into 5 sub-catchment areas. The

drainage system in the area comprises of a series of detention
ponds draining into the Upper North and Upper East Wetlands.
There are two existing drainage outlets. They are North-
pointing and drains to the roadside drains connecting to the
Upper North Wetlands. The other three drainage outlets are
proposed. There are two outlets connecting to the Upper North
Wetlands directly and one connecting to the Upper-East
Wetland. The detention ponds in each subcatchment area have
been provided to reduce flood peak discharges from the area.

4.2.2.3 Figure 4.6 shows the location of the detentions ponds and the
drainage outlets. Table 4.2 gives the design discharges for the
drainage system.

4.2.2.4 Most of the drainage system are underground reinforced

concrete pipe from various sizes ranging from 0.75m diameter
up to 1.5m diameter.

4-3 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Table 4.1 Dimensions and Conveyance of Major and Minor Open Drains in the Putrajaya Area

Channel Flow Horizontal Widths per Slope (1V:??H) Composite Top Total Wetted Hydrauli Conveyance Maximum
Type Regime Centre 1 20 2 35 Manning’s Width Area Perimeter cRadius Slope (%)
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) n (m) (m2) (m) (m)

1 Minor 0.90 0.45 1.50 0.40 0.00 0.045 6.5 1.8 6.9 0.26 17 4.7
Major 0.90 0.45 1.50 0.40 7.00 0.055 20.5 4.5 20.9 0.22 29 9.4
2 Minor 0.90 0.45 2.20 1.00 0.00 0.049 9.1 3.2 9.5 0.33 31 4.2
Major 0.90 0.45 2.20 1.00 9.00 0.056 27.1 7.8 27.5 0.28 60 6.8
3 Minor 0.90 0.45 3.70 1.50 0.00 0.052 13.1 5.7 13.5 0.42 61 3.5
Major 0.90 0.45 3.70 1.50 11.00 0.057 35.1 13.3 35.6 0.37 120 4.9
4 Minor 0.90 0.45 4.80 1.80 0.00 0.054 15.9 7.9 16.4 0.48 90 3.1
Major 0.90 0.45 4.80 1.80 13.00 0.058 41.9 18.6 42.4 0.44 187 4.0
5 Minor 1.05 0.53 5.20 2.00 0.00 0.053 17.6 9.8 18.1 0.54 121 2.6
Major 1.05 0.53 5.20 2.00 14.00 0.057 45.6 22.4 46.1 0.49 241 3.5
6 Minor 1.05 0.53 6.20 2.50 0.00 0.054 20.6 13.3 21.1 0.63 180 2.2
Major 1.05 0.53 6.20 2.50 16.00 0.058 52.6 30.0 53.1 0.57 355 2.9
7 Minor 1.20 0.60 7.00 2.70 0.00 0.054 23.0 16.5 23.6 0.70 239 1.9
Major 1.20 0.60 7.00 2.70 19.00 0.058 61.0 39.3 61.6 0.64 503 2.4
8 Minor 1.20 0.60 7.00 3.30 0.00 0.055 24.2 19.3 24.8 0.78 299 1.7
Major 1.20 0.60 7.00 3.30 20.00 0.058 64.2 44.6 64.9 0.69 599 2.2
9 Minor 1.20 0.60 9.00 4.80 0.00 0.056 31.2 32.8 31.9 1.03 599 1.2
Major 1.20 0.60 9.00 4.80 26.00 0.058 83.2 75.3 83.9 0.90 1199 1.6
Source: Drainage Master Plan Study for Putrajaya Development (Angkasa, 1996)

4-4 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Table 4.2 Drainage System Design Data for IOI Palm Garden Resort Area

LOCATION AREA S-AREA TIME OF CON. DESIGN DISCHARGE-INITIAL STORM MAJOR STORM TIME OF FLOW SECT.
Drain Sub- Area Area Runoff Equiv. Overland Drain Sub-Area Design Total Critical Total Storage Rainfall Disch. Q= Design Rainfal Discharge Velocity Length Time of
Section Coeff. Area time time TOC Return Equiv. Time of Time in Coeff. Intensity 0.00278* Return Intensity Q= Flow in
Period Area Concn. Drain Period 0.00278* Section

(A) (C) (C*A) (C*A) (tc) (td) (Cs) (i) (C*A)*i*Cs (i) (C*A)*i*Cs
Ha Ha Min Min Min Years Ha Min Min mm/hr Cumec Years mm/hr Cumec m/s m Min

Outlet A 1 37.02 0.5 18.51 10 11 21 5 18.51 21 11 0.79245 150 6.1166819 100 220 8.9711334 0.90909 600 11.0

Outlet B 2 40.74 0.45 18.33 10 13 23 5 18.33 23 13 0.77966 130 5.1656801 100 190 7.5498401 0.89744 700 13.0

Outlet C 3 27 0.7 18.9 7 7 14 5 18.9 14 7 0.8 150 6.30504 100 240 10.088064 0.83333 350 7.0

Outlet D 4 18.7 0.6 11.22 9 9 18 5 11.22 18 9 0.8 145 3.6182256 100 220 5.4897216 0.55556 300 9.00

Outlet E 5 10.5 0.8 8.4 7 7 14 5 8.4 14 7 0.8 150 2.80224 100 240 4.483584 0.71429 300 7.00

4-5 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Table 4.3 Drainage System Design Data For MARDI
LOCATION AREA S-AREA TIME OF CO DESIGN DISCHARGE - INITIAL STORM MAJOR STORM TIME OF FLOW SECT.
Drain Section Sub-Area Area Runoff Equiv.A Overland Drain Sun- Area Design Total Critical Total Storage Rainfall Disch. Q= Design Rainfall Discharge Velocity Length Time of
Coeff. rea time time TOC Return Equiv. Time of Time in Coeff. Intensity 0.00278* Return Intensity Q= Flow in
Period Area Conc. Drain (C*A)*i*Cs Period 0.00278* Section
(C*A)*i*Cs
(A) (C) (C*A) (C*A) (tc) (td) (Cs) (i) (i)
Ha Ha Min Min Min Years Ha Min Min mm/hr Cumec Years mm/hr Cumec m/s m Min

A-C 1 161.2 0.35 56.42 20 93 113 5 56.42 113 93 0.708846 50 5.556044 100 78 8.6674279 0.30018 1675 93.0

B-C 2 295.3 0.35 103.4 20 156 176 5 103.4 176 156 0.69291 35 6.968243 100 50 9.9546328 0.30043 2812 156.0

Point C 5 159.8 176 156 0.69291 35 10.77211 100 50 15.388723

Point E 3 560 0.45 252 20 136 156 5 252.00 156 136 0.69643 40 19.5156 100 60 29.2734 0.30172 2462 136.0

4-6 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

4.2.3 MARDI
4.2.3.1 MARDI is located adjacent to UPM and has a total area of
about 752 ha. 65% of the MARDI area or 488 ha is located
within the Putrajaya Lake Catchment. The principal land-use of
MARDI is for agricultural research activities such as farms and
orchards.

4.2.3.2 The existing drainage system is as shown in Figure 4.7. The

area is largely undeveloped. There are a few existing large
ponds which helps to reduce flood peak discharges from the
area.

4.2.3.3 It will not be necessary to carry out any major improvement or

treatment works to the drainage system. Table 4.3 gives the
design discharge for the drainage system.

4.2.3.4 The drainage design discharge has been calculated with the
assumption that the area is undeveloped, relatively flat and the
runoff coefficient is 0.35. The result showed that the discharge
for 5 years return period is 5.56 cu.m/s and 8.67 cu.m/s for 100
years return period.

4.2.4 UPM
4.2.4.1 The existing drainage system in the UPM area is as shown in
Figure 4.8. The proposed development of the UPM area is not
known as up-to-date the information has not been provided to
the Consultant by UPM.

4.2.4.2 It is recommended in any case that UPM follow the guidelines

as recommended in the Putrajaya Stormwater Management
Design Guidelines. The area is large and there is plenty of
space for detention ponds and constructed wetlands. UPM will
therefore have little problem in following the guidelines.

4.2.5 Cyberjaya (Flagship Zone)

4.2.5.1 The catchment of Cyberjaya draining into the proposed
Putrajaya Lake totals 231 ha and is made up of the following
land use:

4-7 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Land use Area(ha) Percentage
Open space 52.48 22.72
Housing 54.93 23.78
Road, drains, lake and
119.1 51.56
other public facilities
Commercial 4.49 1.94
TOTAL 231 100
Source: Setia Haruman Sdn. Bhd.

4.2.5.2 The Cyberjaya area can be divided into 4 sub-catchments whose

outfall into the Putrajaya Lake are A, B, C and D as shown in
Figure 4.9.

4.2.5.3 The storm runoff for each location are tabulated as follows:

Catchment Area (ha) Storm Water

Discharge
Location
From Inside From Outside Q5 Q100
Cyberjaya Cyberjaya (cumec) (cumec)

A 89 30 25.8 46
B 58 - 13.5 24
C 62 - 13.5 24
D 22 - 5.6 10
Source: Setia Haruman Sdn. Bhd.

The storm water discharge has been derived based on the

guidelines given in the Urban Drainage Design Standards and
Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia, Planning and Design
Procedures No. 1 from DID.

4.2.5.4 Cyberjaya is quite advance in the design of the drainage system

in its area. The system is designed to comply with the water
quality standards required by the Department of Environment
as surface runoff into the lake would be discharged through
Gross Pollutant Traps (GPTs) and water quality enhancement
pond. The proposed locations of GPTs and water quality
enhancement pond are also shown in the Figure 4.9.

4-8 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

4.2.6 West Country
Figure 4.10 depicts the proposed drainage system, which will
be directed into a detention pond just upstream of the Upper
East Wetlands in Putrajaya, for West Country development.
The proposed area of detention pond is about 11 acres (4.4 ha.)
and will have one drainage outlet system MD1 flowing into the
wetland in Putrajaya.

4.3 DRAINAGE PLANNING AND DESIGN GUIDELINES

(1) The Putrajaya Stormwater Management Design Guidelines

(Angkasa, 1998) has been prepared to ensure a high quality
runoff from the Putrajaya Area. To ensure uniformity in the
drainage design standards, the Consultant recommends that the
Guidelines be also applicable to the catchment areas outside of
the Putrajaya Area. Table 4.4 gives an example of what is
contained in the Guidelines. The table shows the lists of design
considerations associated with 4 stormwater management
objectives.

(2) An example of another appropriate drainage design guideline is

the ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 77
(1992). An extract from the Practice No.77 Report is given
below.

“If the (drainage) design is developed with the following

concepts in mind, a good (storm) water quality management
system will result.

• Design runoff quality controls to capture small storms.

• Design to maximise sediment removal, and removal of other
pollutants.
• The most effective method for reducing urban runoff
pollution is to minimise directly connected impervious areas
(DCIA).
• Infiltration devices are most efficient but most difficult to
maintain (and can only be used where groundwater is not a
problem).
• Dry detention is easiest to design and operate, and efficiency
is satisfactory if properly designed."

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 Table 4.4 Design Considerations Associated with 4 Stormwater Management Objectives

Stormwater Management Objectives Design Considerations

1. Stormwater drainage Cost-effective means of stormwater conveyance system (a risk-based approach in selecting
appropriate design standards for the minor and major drainage system);
Prevention of nuisance flooding (minor drainage system);
Safe conveyance of overland flow through the use of designated floodways and retarding basins
(major drainage system);
Structural measures to prevent the blockage of the drainage system by urban litter and flood
debris.
2. Stormwater as a resource Removal of gross pollutants to facilitate the utilisation of stormwater to sustain urban features
such as lakes and urban streams;
Re-use of stormwater as a source of non-potable water supply
3. Protection of receiving water quality Removal of gross pollutants to facilitate further treatment of stormwater;
Flow detention to facilitate sedimentation of coarse and medium sized particles
Removal or reduction of stormwater pollutants to achieve water quality standards by a
combination of source and in-transit control measures
Environmental management of construction sites
4. Protection of downstream aquatic Flow detention and in-stream retardation to prevent excessive physical disturbance of aquatic
habitats habitat by stormwater runoff
Removal or reduction of stormwater pollutants to achieve water quality standards by a
combination of source and in-transit control measures
Environmental management of construction sites

Source: Putrajaya Stormwater Management Guidelines (Angkasa, 1998)

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(3) The concepts of Best Management Practices (BMPs) have been
established in developed countries during the past two decades
for the design and construction of stormwater drainage systems.
The practices are mainly policies, procedures, measures or
structures implemented to mitigate the adverse impacts on
surface water quality from development.

(4) In this drainage masterplan study, the BMPs highlighted,

emphasized and recommended are focused primarily on surface
run-off control to mitigate peak flows in drainage systems, with
some consideration on preserving water quality by reducing
gross pollutants (sediments). More elaborate control of
pollution in the drainage as well as lake-wetland systems are
presented in the environment and water quality studies.

4.3.1 Reduction of Peak Runoff Discharge

Wetlands require a continuous supply of water in order to
function. However high peak flows will result in water being
flushed out of the system since the excess water will be
discharged rapidly. What is needed is a continuous yet slow
supply of water to maintain the wetlands. A reduction in peak
discharge of the runoff from the catchment before it enters the
wetlands is important. The following steps must be carried out
to ensure that this can be done.

4.3.1.1 Promote infiltration

(1) Rainwater that infiltrates into the ground and slowly enters the
streams contributes to the base flow into the reservoir. This
base flow is dependent on the infiltration capacity of the soil.
A forested area has a high infiltration capacity. The dense root
systems provide ingress to the subsoil. The layer of organic
debris form a sponge like surface, while the burrowing animals
and insects open up ways into the soil. The cover prevents
compaction and the vegetations transpiration removes soil
moisture.

(2) On the other hand, exposed soils can be rendered almost

impermeable by the compacting of large drops coupled with the
tendency to wash very fine particles into the voids.
Compaction due to man or animals treading the surface, or to
vehicular traffic can severely reduced infiltration capacity.

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 Similarly, paved surfaces can reduce the infiltration capacity of
the soil.

(3) Typical schematics of infiltration devices are shown in Figures

4.11 and 4.12.

4.3.1.2 Zero increase in peak discharge

(1) The formula for peak runoff estimation based on the Modified
Rational Method is;

Q= CsCiA

where Q is the peak discharge

i is the average intensity of rainfall
A is the catchment area
C is the runoff coefficient
Cs is the storage coefficient

(2) If all other parameters remain constant, it can be seen from the
above formula that an increase in the peak discharge is directly
proportional to an increase in the runoff coefficient.

(3) At the moment, the land use in the basin is mainly agricultural.
The coefficient of runoff based on the Rational Method is
between 0.3 to 0.45. A fully built up area will have a
coefficient of runoff between 0.8 to 0.9. Thus the peak
discharge can double should the area be fully built up.

(4) While it may be necessary, due to development, to increase the

built up area in the catchment, steps must be taken to ensure
that the peak discharge is not increased. This can be achieved
by careful drainage design.

(5) The Department of Irrigation and Drainage requires that at least

5% of any area proposed for development must be reserved for
conversion into detention ponds.

(6) Using this guideline a hypothetical area (completely paved and

impermeable) of 100 ha with a 5 ha detention pond was
studied.

(7) Assuming a rainfall distribution as shown in Figure 4.13 and

using the design IDF curves for Putrajaya (Figure 4.14), the

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 Figure 4.13 Rainfall Distribution

16

14

12

10
Depth (mm)

8 Rain (mm)

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hours)
 flow from the runoff is routed through a detention pond. The
cases tested were,
(i) A 5ha pond with a 0.5 m long weir.
(ii) A 5ha pond with a 1.0m long weir.
(iii) A 10ha pond with a 0.5m long weir.

(8) It can be seen from Figure 4.15 that the pond can significantly
reduce the peak discharge and allow the runoff to be released
over a longer period. The best option is of course option (iii).
However, it may not be possible to provide such a big area.
Option (i) is better than option (ii) but will require a deeper
pond as can be seen in Figure 4.16. An advantage of providing
detention ponds is that the outlet channels need not convey
such high flows and therefore can be smaller, unlined and
cheaper.

(9) One effective BMP for stormwater drainage systems is the

utilization of extended detention (ED) ponds for both run-off
and sediment control (see the Land Development Handbook
(Dewberry and Davis, 1996)). This two-stage design for
enhanced water quality control is illustrated in Figures 4.17 and
4.18.

(10) In some cases, wet ponds (also widely known as retention

ponds) are required to function as multi-purpose facilities for
flood retardation and water quality improvement. With the
provision of a permanent pool, sediments are designed to settle
while biological and chemical processes are invoked to remove
pollutants. A typical profile and design schematic of wet ponds
is shown in Figures 4.19 and 4.20.

4.3.1.3 Control of land clearing

(1) Land clearing must be carefully controlled. The two
undesirable effects of land clearing are;

a. Soil erosion causing siltation in rivers and reduction of

water quality.
b. Increase in runoff coefficient.

(2) Land clearing must therefore be carefully controlled. It is

necessary to provide strict guidelines on land clearing in the
catchment.

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 Figure 4.15 Flow through Retention Pond

4.5

3.5

2.5
Flow (cu. m/s)

Inflow
Outflow for 0.5m weir, 5 ha pond
2
Outflow for 1 m weir, 5 ha pond
Outflow for .5 m weir, 10 ha pond
1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-0.5
Time (h)
 Figure 4.16 Depth of water in pond

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
Depth (m)

Depth for 0.5 m weir, 5 ha pond

0.4 Depth for 1 m weir, 5 ha pond
Depth for 0.5 m weir, 10 ha pond

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

-0.1
Time (h)
4.3.1.4 Limit the amount of built-up areas
Built-up areas must be controlled to ensure that there will not
be increase in peak discharge. However, limiting the built-up
areas will have an impact on the development of the areas.

4.3.2 Control of Sediments

4.3.2.1 The area within 0.5 km from the wetlands must be carefully
managed to ensure that the sediment yield is kept to the
minimum.

4.3.2.2 The streams entering the wetlands must be lined with

vegetation so that sediments will be trapped by the streams.

4.3.2.3 At least 0.5 km of the stream measured from the downstream

end must be kept natural.

4.3.2.4 One way of preventing sediments from entering the wetlands

will be to place gross pollutant traps, GPTs, as recommended
in the Putrajaya Stormwater Management Design Guidelines.
From Putrajaya Master Drainage Plan, GPTs are required when
the contributing catchment exceeds 20 hectares. Underground
GPTs were sized based on 1.5 sq.m plan area per developed
hectare. However, these GPTs can only trap sediments above
the size of 0.25 mm.

4.3.2.5 To deal with finer materials and colloidal substances, it is

recommended that treatment using constructed stormwater
wetlands be provided. The guidelines recommend that wetland
and wet detention basins should be constructed such that
sufficient detention time is provided for particles to settle to the
bottom of the wetland.

4.3.2.6 Colloidal substances that take too long to settle can be filtered
by wetland vegetation. The Design Guidelines also provide
guidelines for the design and construction of wetlands for
stormwater treatment.

4.3.2.7 As described earlier, the usage of extended detention (ED) and

wet ponds is an excellent example of integrated practices and
measures to control run-off, sediment transport and water
quality deterioration in a stormwater drainage system.

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4.3.3 Control of Pollutants
For all streams and drains entering directly into the Putrajaya
Lake or wetlands Gross Pollutant Traps (GPTs) should be
installed. An example of a special-type of GPT is the
Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS) structures used
overseas. The CDS is supposed to require less maintenance.
However, its effectiveness for our local condition is still under
evaluation by the DID. Figures 4.21 and 4.22 shows the typical
and schematic drawing of the CDS structures.

4.3.4 Construction Activities

4.3.4.1 The Putrajaya Stormwater Management Design Guidelines
recommend that Best Practise in Environmental Management
of Construction Activities be followed as a means of ensuring
that the environment of Putrajaya Lake will not be damaged by
construction activities.

4.3.4.2 The measures recommended are as follows:

(i) Runoff and Erosion Reduction

• Site isolation from runoff generated outside the
immediate works area.
• Control of embankment slopes to reduce runoff
velocity, e.g. using benches.
• Align tracks created by dozers such that the grooves
are perpendicular to the slope.
• Installation of cut-off drains to isolate the face of the
embankments from high runoff.

(ii) Runoff Filtration

• Silt-traps.
• Geofabric fences
• Maintaining vegetation

(iii) Scour Protection

• Placement of rocks or gravel.
• Vegetation.
• Geofabric lining of exposed surface.
• Runoff is not allowed to overfall freely over steep
banks.

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 (iv) Runoff Retention and Detention
• Sedimentation basins
• Floating skimmers

4.3.5 Bio-Engineering Techniques, Stream Rehabilitation and

Aesthetic Treatment
4.3.5.1 In the past, most water bodies were designed with engineering
rather than aesthetic considerations in mind and most
watercourses have been developed as large functional channels.
This situation is made worse because watercourses have to
cope with large volumes of rain water during tropical storms
and are therefore much larger than necessary for normal flow
levels. As a result, they are often either empty or near-empty.

4.3.5.2 There is a wealth of information in the literature on the

utilization of bio-engineering techniques for stream and
channel design as a superior alternative to conventional
practices. An example is the provision of natural vegetation
and material to protect and stabilize streambanks (Figure 4.23).
Such techniques have been developed through time and
experience since before modern design are developed, and
ironically these are now considered as a new emerging field.

4.3.5.3 In the process to make water bodies more attractive, it is

necessary to ensure that engineering standards like storm flow
capacity are not compromise. Some of the ways to improve the
aesthetic qualities of water bodies are as follows:

• Adopt a multi-disciplinary approach to waterbody design

The design of waterbodies should involve not only
engineers but architects, landscape designers and town
planners. Proper design guidelines should be developed at
the outset of the planning process so that waterbodies can
be given a decorative as well as practical function.

• Using natural materials in the development of waterbodies

For greater variety, natural materials should be considered
to complement concrete, especially for the exposed banks
of waterbodies. This can be further enhanced by planting
riverside vegetation (Figure 4.24). However, in such
cases, a larger channel may be necessary in order to
maintain sufficient flow capacity.

4-16 Doc Ref : T9903/DOC/013

• Providing easy/direct access to waterbodies
Easy access to waterbodies by way of footpaths, tracks
bridges or roads allow people to get close to, and enjoy,
the water (Figure 4.25). These developments should pay
particular attention to the needs of the physically
handicapped and to public safety.

• Keeping watercourses in their natural state where possible

Not all watercourses need to be drainage channels. In
certain instances they can be preserved in a near natural
state.

• Providing more varied profiles for watercourses

Ensure that watercourses feature a greater variety of
longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles. In addition to
the standard U-shaped and trapezoidal outlines, other
natural profiles can also be explored (Figure 4.26).

• Covering watercourses
Where watercourses have little potential for aesthetic
upgrading, there could be a case for covering them. This
can create more space for parks and green areas and can
remove the physical barrier imposed by such watercourses
(Figure 4.27).

• Allowing sufficient width for watercourses to achieve

design objectives
The DID guideline recommends the amount of land that
must be set aside along watercourses as a drainage
reserve. This land area varies according to the width and
maintenance requirements of the watercourse. For greater
design opportunities, allocation of sufficient land should
be made during the planning stage.

• Maintaining a permanent body of water

The presence of water in watercourses helps reduce the
amount of visible concrete, significantly improving their
appearance (Figure 4.28).

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4.4 DRAINAGE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND
STANDARDS

The following design requirements and standards are applicable

for the design of the drainage system in the catchment.

4.4.1 Design Rainfall IDF Curves

Figure 4.14 shows the design rainfall Intensity-Duration-
Frequency (IDF) curves for Putrajaya. It is recommended that
all drainage design in the catchment use these IDF curves since
the curves have been specifically developed for the Putrajaya
area.

4.4.2 Drainage Reserves Requirements

The drainage reserve requirements in the catchment shall
follow those specified in the DID Urban Drainage Design
Standards (UDDS) as given in Tables 4.5 and 4.6 below.

4.4.3 Water Level Requirements in the Putrajaya Lake System

The weir crest levels in the Putrajaya Lake System have been
designed to operate between a normal operating and a 1%
Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP) water level. This
implies that the design of all upstream drainage system should
take the water level requirements in the Putrajaya Lake system
as a design condition to be met. Table 4.7 gives the water
levels associated with the various components in the Lake
System.

Table 4.5 Drainage Reserves for Areas Less than 100 Acres

Drainage Area 0 – 10 Acres 10-100 Acres

Drain Location
Between building Lots Top Width + 4 feet Top Width + 12 feet
Alongside roads Top Width Top Width
Source: Urban Drainage Design Standards and Procedures (DID, 1975)

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 Table 4.6 Drainage Reserves for Areas More than 100 Acres

100 Year Discharge Reserve Width(chains)

*(X cusecs)
<1000 11/2

1000 < X < 3000 2

3000 < X < 7000 21/2

7000 < X < 10000 3

10000 < X Special Consideration

∗ Based on predicted ultimate land use
Source: Urban Drainage Design Standards and Procedures – (DID,
1975)

4.4.4 Design of Retention Ponds

It is recommended that the DID guideline of 3% to 5% of the
developed area to be reserved for construction of detention
ponds be provided. For the actual design of the ponds, a
competent engineer must be employed. Flood routing
calculation must be carried out to ensure that the pond will have
the desired effect of reducing the peak discharge without
impeding the inflow or water overtopping the banks of the
pond. The inflow into the pond may be calculated using the
Modified Rational Method. The outflow from the pond may be
determined using a weir formula if a weir is provided. For the
purpose of estimating the pond and weir sizes in this study,
flooding routing through ponds of different sizes based on
different catchment areas were carried out

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 Table 4.7 Normal Operating and 1% AEP Water Levels
for the Putrajaya Lake System
Location Normal Operating Weir Crest 1% AEP
Level Level Level
(m) (m) (m)
Upper North Wetland
UN 1A 24.50 25.65 26.50
UN 1B 24.50 25.65 26.50
UN 2A 25.00 26.15 27.50
UN 2B 25.00 26.15 27.50
UN 3 26.00 27.15 28.50
UN 4 26.75 27.90 29.50
UN 5 27.50 28.65 30.00
UN 6 29.00 30.65 32.00
UN 7 30.50 31.65 33.00
UN 8 31.00 32.15 33.50

Upper West Wetland

UW 1 24.50 25.50 26.50
UW 2 25.25 26.25 27.50
UW 3 26.00 27.00 28.00
UW 4 27.00 28.00 29.00
UW 5 27.75 28.75 30.00
UW 6 28.50 29.50 30.50
UW 7 29.00 30.00 31.00
UW 8 28.00 29.00 30.00

Upper East Wetland

UE 1 28.00 29.50 30.50
UE 2 29.00 30.00 31.00
UE 3 30.00 31.00 32.00

Lower East Wetland

LE 1 27.00 28.00 29.00
LE 2 30.00 31.00 32.00

Upper Bisa Wetland

UB 1 24.50 24.50 25.50
UB 2 30.00 30.00 31.00

Central Wetland 23.50 23.50 25.00

Phase 1A Lake 21.00 21.00 22.50

(Temporary Dam)
Phase 1B Lake (Main 21.00 21.00 21.50
Dam)
Source: Putrajaya Stormwater Management Guidelines (Angkasa, 1998)

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4.5 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND DRAINAGE ANALYSIS

4.5.1 Topographical Analysis

4.5.1.1 A topographical analysis of the catchment was carried out based
on the contour information given in 2 printed topographical map
sheets (3756 and 3575) of 1:50,000-scale published by the
Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan in 1992. As evident from Figure
4.1, the analysis is limited by the large map scale (1:50,000) and
lack of elevation data (only 20-m contours available).

4.5.2 Drainage Analysis

4.5.2.1 The Modified Rational Method, as described in the DID UDDS,
is used to compute the design discharge rate for the drainage
analysis. The design rainfall is based on the IDF curves for
Putrajaya, as shown in Figure 4.14.

4.5.2.2 The locations of drainage components, such as detention ponds,

etc. were decided based on the results of the soil erosion and
hydrogeological studies. The calculation for the drainage
system design data for IOI Palm Garden Resort Area and
MARDI are shown in Table 4.2 and Table 4.3.

4.6 THE DRAINAGE MASTERPLAN

4.6.1 Putrajaya Area

No major modification is proposed for the drainage system
within the Putrajaya Area, as they have been planned to meet
the objectives of a high quality runoff from the Putrajaya Area.
What is required in this study is the integration of the outside
drainage systems to the drainage system in the Putrajaya Areas
to give an integrated drainage system for the whole catchment
that will meet the objective of a high quality runoff.

4.6.2 Outside Putrajaya Area

Modifications in the drainage systems for the areas outside
Putrajaya may be required so as to achieve the required water
quality and reduction in peak discharge. Where the drainage
systems have been designed to the Urban Drainage Design
Guidelines, it is assumed that the drains will cater for the
flooding of Minor and Major storms. The modifications are
made in the designed to achieve the standards required for the
Putrajaya wetlands-lake system. Based on a preliminary

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 assessment of the existing and planned drainage systems in the
areas outside Putrajaya the following are the recommended
improvements and changes to the systems.

4.6.2.1 IOI Palm Garden Resort Area

(1) A series of existing and proposed detention ponds are located in
this area as shown in Fig. 4.6.

(2) To improve the water quality of the runoff from the area it is
recommended that the last pond in the series of proposed ponds
draining into the Upper North and Upper East Wetlands be
converted into mini-wetlands and design as wet-detention
ponds. Also, it is recommended that the drain leading from the
last pond into the wetlands be designed as earth-drains,
vegetated and landscaped to blend into the surroundings.

(3) The detention ponds in the proposed development must be

properly designed. It must follow the DID guideline of 5% of
the catchment area.

(4) The weir outfall from the ponds must be sufficiently small to
have a significant impact on the reduction of the peak
discharge, yet not too small that there will be flooding of the
detention ponds. A recommendation of the weir length and
pond sizes based on catchment area is given in Table 4.8.

(5) Figures 4.29 and 4.30 shows the results of the flood routing
analysis for the ponds.

4.6.2.2 MARDI
(1) This area will be conserved as a green-lung area and will be
developed as a natural and green theme park. Thus, its
development should focus on utilizing bio-engineering methods
for the preservation and enhancement of the existing streams
and water bodies.

(2) The existing drainage system is shown in Figure 4.7. It is

based on a scanned map provided by MARDI. It is
recommended that the existing stream be improved with the
provision of a vegetated river corridor as shown in Figure 4.7.
The width of the corridor has been computed based on the
design discharge given in Table 4.3.

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 Figure 4.29 IOI Palm Garden Resort - Flow through Retention Pond

18

16

14

12

10
Flow (cu. m/s)

Inflow
Outflow for 0.5m weir, 2.935 ha pond
8
Outflow for 1 m weir, 2.035 ha pond
Outflow for .5 m weir, 4.07 ha pond
6

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-2
Time (h)
 3

2.5

1.5
Depth (m)

Depth for 0.5 m weir, 2.035 ha pond

Depth for 1 m weir, 2.035 ha pond
Depth for 0.5 m weir, 4.07 ha pond
1

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

-0.5
Time (h)
(3) The design for the river corridor is based on the following
principles.

(i) Water shall flow slowly in the channel and should not
cause scouring of the drainage channel.
(ii) Grass and reeds shall be allowed to grow in the
channel to retard the flow. They will also reduce the
pollutants and sediments carried by the runoff into the
channel.

(4) Based on the above principles, the stream has been designed to
convey flows with a maximum speed of not more than 0.3 m/s.
The vegetation within the drainage channel should be allowed
to grow and should be cut only twice a year at the onset of the
monsoon seasons, which will keep the Manning's n to a value
of 0.05.

(5) The proposed South-Klang Valley Expressway (SKVE) and

Express Rail Link (ERL) passes through the South of MARDI.
There will be some diversions and realignment of the existing
drainage lines in the area. However, it is recommended that the
existing riparian buffer and natural vegetated river corridor
concept be preserved for the revised drainage lines. They
should not be replaced with concrete channels.

(6) Also, the drainage outlets from the SKVE and ERL drainage
systems should be provided with GPTs before they drain into
the existing natural vegetated landscape drainage system
connecting to the Upper West Wetland.

4.6.2.3 UPM
(1) It is recommended that the drainage design for all proposed
developments in the UPM comply with the requirements of the
Putrajaya Stormwater Management Design Guidelines. There
should not be any problem for compliance since there is enough
natural green area, with existing ponds, for the drainage
engineer to be creative in the design of the drainage system.

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 Table 4.8 IOI Palm Garden Resort – Recommendation of the Weir Length and Pond Sizes

Peak Discharge,
Catchment Catchment Area Pond Area Depth of Pond Height of weir Length of Weir
Q100,
No (ha) (ha) (m) (m) (m)
(m3/s)

1 37 1.85 1.3 0.5 0.5 1.34

2 40.7 2.04 1.3 0.5 0.5 1.34

3 27 1.35 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.32

4 18.7 0.94 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.28

5 10.5 0.53 1.2 0.5 0.3 0.76

4-24 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

(2) The Consultant cannot provide firm and specific drainage
recommendation for this area, since detail information on
UPM’s proposed development are not available to the
Consultant. Due to this, an overall drainage concept has been
proposed for the UPM area and is given in Figure 4.8.

(3) The concept is to retard the flow of water into the wetlands,
from the UPM area, through a series of detention ponds. Also,
to improve the quality of the runoff before it flows into the
wetlands it is recommended that natural vegetated landscape
riparian buffers and river corridors be provided.

4.6.2.4 Cyberjaya (Flagship Zone)

(1) The proposed drainage system by the Cyberjaya consultant
shown in Figure 4.9 is based on the runoff that will be
discharged into the proposed water quality enhancement pond
before it flow into the Putrajaya Lake. To remove gross
pollutants from the runoff GPTs have been provided in all
outlets into the pond.

(2) To improve the quality of the runoff flowing into the Lake the
Consultant recommends that, the drainage system should be
based on vegetated landscape drainage corridors and
conversion of water quality enhancement ponds into mini-
wetlands. Also, all drainage lines should terminate at water
quality ponds converted into mini-wetlands. To improve the
quality of the runoff before it flows into the Lake it is
recommended the water quality ponds shall be connected to the
Lake through a vegetated landscape drainage corridor.

4.6.2.5 West Country

(1) A 4.4 ha. (11 acres) Lake has been proposed as part of the
proposed layout for the development in this area. The lake also
acts as a flood detention pond for the proposed development.
The proposed layout for the lake as shown in Figure 4.10 shows
that the alignment of the proposed road leading into Putrajaya
from the SKVE cuts the lake into two and is connected by a
balancing box culvert under the road.

(2) The drainage consultant for West Country has proposed a

number of main drains flowing into the lake and also a drain
connecting the lake to the Upper East wetlands. However, there

4-25 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 are no provisions for GPTs at the inlets into the lake. This will
result in entry of gross pollutants into the proposed lake, which
will spoil the aesthetic feature of the lake. The drainage
consultant for West Country should ensure that GPTs are
installed in all outlets into the lake or ponds in its revised layout
plan for the lake.

(3) It is recommended that the last detention pond leading to the

Upper East wetland should be converted into a mini-wetland.
Also, it is recommended that the proposed concrete drain
leading from the pond to the Upper East wetland be changed to
a vegetated landscape drainage corridor. In this way, the quality
of the runoff flowing into the Upper East wetland can be
improved and any gross pollutants in the pond will also be
trapped by the vegetation in the pond and along the drainage
corridor.

4.7 RESPONSIBILITES OF AUTHORITIES AND

STAKEHOLDERS

4.7.1 Construction
Outside the Putrajaya area, it is the responsibility of the
individual land owners and project proponents to construct the
drainage systems in their individual lots. The local authorities
must monitor and ensure that the drainage systems are
constructed according to the recommended guidelines.

4.7.2 Operation and Maintenance

4.7.2.1 Operation and maintenance of the drains in the individual lots
such as UPM and MARDI will be by the respective land
owners.

4.7.2.2 However, for the areas that will be developed and handed over
to the buyers, the operation and maintenance of the drainage
system will be by the local authorities.

4.7.2.3 Operation and maintenance manuals for the structures must be

prepared and handed over to the local authorities when the
projects are completed.

4-26 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

4.8 REFERENCES

1. ACT Government (1994), Urban Stormwater: Standard

Engineering Practices, Edition 1, Department of Urban
Services, Canberra.
2. American Society of Civil Engineers (1992), Manual and
Reports of Engineering Practice No. 77: Design and
Construction of Urban Stormwater Management Systems,
ASCE, New York.
3. Angkasa GHD Engineers Sdn. Bhd. (1996), Drainage Master
Plan Study Report for Putrajaya Development Project.
4. Angkasa GHD Engineers Sdn. Bhd. (1998), Putrajaya
Stormwater Management Design Guidelines.
5. Drainage and Irrigation Division (1975), Urban Drainage
Design Standards and Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia:
Planning and Design Procedure No. 1, Ministry of Agriculture,
Malaysia.
6. Drewbury and Davies (1996), Land Development Handbook:
Planning, Engineering, and Surveying, McGraw-Hill, New
York.
7. Minconsult Sdn. Bhd. (1995), Putrajaya Lake Development:
Report on Preliminary Design of Drainage, Lake Development
and Temporary Dam.
8. Schueler, T. R. (1987), Controlling Urban Runoff: A Practical
Manual for Planning and Designing Urban BMPs, Metropolitan
Washington Council of Governments, Washington D.C.
9. Soil Conservation Service (1998), Stream Corridor Restoration
– Principles, Practices, and Processes, USDA.

4-27 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 CHAPTER 5

SEWAGE MASTERPLAN STUDY

5.0 SEWERAGE MASTERPLAN STUDY

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.1.1 A self-sustaining and balanced lake ecosystem is important to the

functioning and design philosophy of the Putrajaya Lake.

5.1.2 Other than suspended solids, the clarity of the lake water is
generally related to the population of algae in the lake. The
existence of many other organic and inorganic materials will also
contribute to the trophic condition of the lake.

5.1.3 An oligotrophic lake is very much desired. This can only be

achieved if the minimum or controlled pollutant loadings from
water courses draining into the lake are ensured.

5.1.4 Domestic or municipal wastewater discharges containing

nutrients, biodegradable organics, suspended solids, and
pathogens, if inadequately treated, will cause damage to the
aquatic environment and transmission of communicable diseases.

5.1.5 Sewage effluent discharge is considered a potential point source

pollutant into the Putrajaya Lake. The proper collection, treatment
and disposal of residual (sludge) will ensure the treated sewage
effluents ultimately discharging into the Putrajaya Wetlands and
Lake do not create any adverse effects on the required lake water
quality.

5.1.6 An overall Putrajaya Lake Catchment Sewerage Masterplan

accompanied by sewage effluent standards, pertinent sewerage
planning and design guidelines, emergency response plan and an
appropriate monitoring programme for the treated sewage effluent
discharges, is therefore needed to be incorporated in the Putrajaya
Lake Catchment Development and Management Plan.

5.2 OBJECTIVE

The objective of the sewerage masterplan is to minimise and

control sewage pollutant loadings within the lake catchment from
entering the water courses draining into the Putrajaya Lake.

5-1 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

5.3 LANDUSES AND POPULATION EQUIVALENTS IN THE
LAKE CATCHMENT

5.3.1 The owners and developers of the lands in the Putrajaya Lake
Catchment are:

i. Putrajaya Holdings Sdn Bhd for the Putrajaya

Development

ii. Setia Haruman Sdn Bhd for the Cyberjaya Flagship

Development Zone

iii. Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)

iv. Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development

Institute (MARDI)

v. Industrial Oxygen Incorporated Berhad (IOI) for the Palm

Garden Resort Development

vi. West Country Bhd for the West Country Development

vii. TNB Generation Sdn Bhd for the Serdang Power Station

viii. Private Owners for the Sg. Merab Malay Reserve area.

5.3.2 The existing landuses, proposed development landuses and the

proposed Putrajaya Lake Catchment Landuse Masterplan are
described in detail in Chapter 6.0: Landuse Masterplan Study.

5.3.3 As the land terrain of Putrajaya, Cyberjaya Flagship Zone, UPM,

West Country and TNB Serdang Power Station also lies in some
other river or tributary catchments, the landuses outside the lake
catchment and the information on the sewage population
equivalent (PE) there will not be described.

5.3.4 The recommended Population Equivalents (PE) for various types

of premises and establishments are provided in Appendix 5.1.

5.3.5 Table 5.3.1 summarises the existing landuses as well as the

committed proposed landuse developments in the lake catchment.
3
5.3.6 The treated sewage effluents of total 22,006 PE (4,950 m /d or

5-2 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 3
0.057 m /s) will be discharged into the wetlands and lake when
the presently proposed developments are completed in year 2001.

5.3.7 The estimated existing total sewage effluent discharging into the
3 3
Putrajaya Wetlands and lake is 1,780 m /d or 0.0198 m /s for the
7,597 PE consisting :

UPM : 4,925 PE
MARDI : 600 PE
IOI - Palm Garden : 912 PE
Cyberjaya : 1160 PE
------------
TOTAL 7,597 PE

5-3 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Table 5.3.1 Existing and Proposed Landuses and Population Equivalent (PE)

DEVELOPMENT LANDUSES ESTIMATED PE REMARKS

Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Total Other Sg
River Chuau
1 Putrajaya Phase 1 Federal Phase 2 Federal 100,000 500,000 600,000 100,000+ + Sg Air Hitam
Administration Administration 500,000* *Downstream of Sg Chuau
City City
Development Development Phase 1 Development
in progress
2 Cyberjaya Flagship MDC Head Phase 1B – 1160* 560 1,720 - 1,720* *Temporary Discharges
Zone Office, Cyber Country
Lodge, Site Heights Low
Offices, Service Density
Apartments Residential
Development
(27 ha)

5-4 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Table 5.3.1 Existing and Proposed Landuses and Population Equivalent (PE) (cont’d)
DEVELOPMENT LANDUSES ESTIMATED PE REMARKS
Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Total Other Sg
River Chuau
3 Universiti Putra Kolej 8 Kolej Baru* 1,097 7,000 *Kolej Baru is under construction
Malaysia Expected completion year
Kolej 9 1,038 2000/2001

Kolej Matrikulasi 2,000 Only landuses in the catchment are

included
Pusat Kesihatan
Pelajar 25

Kafe 50

UPM-MTDC
(Research 150
Centre)

Time Telekom 5

UPM Golf Club 360

Infor Post 200

4925 7000 11,925 - 11,925
4 Malaysian Pejabat-pejabat 500 500
Agricultural Quarters 100 100
Research & Dev.
Institute
600 600 - 600

5-5 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Table 5.3.1 Existing and Proposed Landuses and Population Equivalent (PE) (cont’d)
DEVELOPMENT LANDUSES ESTIMATED PE REMARKS
Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Total Other Sg
River Chuau
5 Palm Garden Resort Club-house Future Office 300 1394 * Under Construction Expected
Development Development Completion Year 2000

Service Future Hotel 612 2280

Apartments

Office 1255
Development*

Condominium* 1920

4087 3674 7761 7761

6 TNB Serdang Existing Power 50 - 50 50+ +Sg Gajah
Power Station Plant with 50
operation staff
7 West Country - Residential and 16,090 16,090 16,090+ • Preliminary Planning Stage
Development Commercial + Sg. Air Hitam
Development*
110,822 527,324 638,146 616,140 22,006

5-6 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

5.4 EXISTING SEWERAGE SITUATIONS OF VARIOUS
DEVELOPMENTS

5.4.1 General

5.4.1.1 Figure 5.4.1 shows the locations of the existing, under-

construction and proposed sewage treatment plants in and around
the lake catchment.

5.4.1.2 The existing sewerage situations including the sewerage planning

status for the various developments in the catchment are described
herein to assess the impacts of the sewage effluents on the lake.

5.4.2 Putrajaya Development

The sewage effluent sources in the Putrajaya Development areas
are categorised into three groups :

(a) Septic Tanks

(b) Temporary Sewage Treatment Plant
(c) Permanent Sewage Treatment Plants

5.4.2.1 Septic Tanks

(1) There are several plantation living quarters located in the
Putrajaya Development area. These quarters are very old and
served with localised septic tanks where the effluent discharges
into open drains or infiltrate into the ground. The effluents are
likely to meet the Department of Environment's (DOE) effluent
Standard B.

(2) The quarters of Ladang Sedgelay are located outside the lake
catchment of Sg. Chuau but within the Sg. Air Hitam catchment.

(3) Ladang Perang Besar quarters and Ladang Bukit Permai quarters
are located downstream of Phase 1 Lake. These quarters will be
relocated, similar to that of Ladang Eastnor quarters in Upper
North Wetland, when the development at the areas commences.

(4) Since the effluents from the quarters' septic tanks do not drain into
the lake they have no impact on the lake water quality.

5-7 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

5.4.2.2 Temporary Sewage Treatment Plant
(1) There is an existing temporary packaged sewage treatment plant
maintained by Charterfield, the company providing temporary
accommodation to the construction workers in the Putrajaya area.

(2) The temporary sewage treatment plant is located near Gate 5,

which is downstream of the temporary dam.

5.4.2.3 Permanent Sewage Treatment Plants

(1) Two proposed permanent sewage treatment plants STP1 and
STP2 of capacity 100,000 PE and 500,000 PE respectively
together with modern sewage collection systems with lifting
stations have been designed to serve the entire Putrajaya
Development sewerage requirements.

(2) The proposed sewage treatment plants STP1 and STP2, trunk
gravity sewers, lifting and regional pumping stations and pumping
mains are shown in the Putrajaya Development Sewerage Plan
Layout in Figure 5.4.2.

(3) The STP1 is designed to cater for the Phase 1A Development. It is

located at the North East of Putrajaya and its treated effluent
meets the DOE's effluent standard A. It will be discharged into the
Sg. Air Hitam. Thus its effluent poses no threat to the Putrajaya
Lake system.

(4) The STP1 is designed using conventional activated sludge process

and is practically completed. However, it has not been handed
over to the developer, Putrajaya Holdings Sdn Bhd.

(5) The STP2 plant located at the south of the development is planned
and designed to cater to the sewage treatment needs of the Phase
1B and Phase 2 Putrajaya Development. Since the plant is located
after the Main Dam and the treated effluent will be discharged
outside of the lake body it posed no threat to the water quality of
the lake.

5.4.3 Cyberjaya Flagship Development Zone (Phase 1B)

5.4.3.1 The whole Cyberjaya Development covers about 70,000 hectares
of land for development, which encompasses mixed development
for an ultra modern and High Technology City. The initial phase
of development of about 2800 hectares is located on the eastern
half of Cyberjaya and it is referred as the Cyberjaya Flagship

5-8 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

 Development Zone.

5.4.3.2 The proposed Phase 1B Development area of approximately 398

hectares is located at the South East of the Cyberjaya Flagship
Zone and fronting the Phase 2 Putrajaya Lake. It is also located
within the Lake catchment.

5.4.3.3 There are four existing temporary packaged sewage treatment

plants located at the north west of the Phase 1B Development
Area. The plants are treating the sewage flows from the Multi-
Media Development Corporation (MDC) head office, Cyber
Lodge, site offices and some low-rise service apartments. The
plants are of the enclosed (underground) type with extended
aeration activated sludge system and its treated effluents meets
DOE's Standard A. The capacities of the plants are : Plant A (425
PE), Plant B (170 PE), Plant C (65 PE) and Plant D (500 PE). The
treated effluents discharge into open earth drains which are
approximately one kilometre from the bank of the Phase 2
Putrajaya Lake, i.e. downstream of the temporary dam.

5.4.3.4 One parcel of land of about 27 hectares of low density residential

development (Country Heights Development) is located south of
Phase 1B and will be implemented in the very near future. (The
implementation date is not confirmed). A small temporary sewage
treatment plant of capacity 560 PE will be built for this planned
development. The treated effluent from the plant will be
discharged into the Putrajaya Lake, downstream of the temporary
dam.

5.4.3.5 The overall proposed Cyberjaya Sewerage Plan of the Flagship

Zone Phase 1A as shown in Figure 5.4.3 has formulated the
following planning and implementation strategies :

• All sewered sewage flows for the whole Cyberjaya will be

transferred to a permanent centralised sewage treatment
plant located in the south-west of the Cyberjaya
Development Township.

• All sewered sewage flows of the Cyberjaya Flagship Zone

will be treated by a proposed temporary sewage treatment
plant located at the western part of the Flagship Zone.

• The early and initial developments within the Flagship

5-9 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

 Zone will have their own temporary sewage treatment
plants to treat the sewered sewage, respectively. These
sewage flows will later be transferred to the Flagship Zone
major temporary sewage treatment plant in the very near
future.

• The sewage flows in Phase 1B of the Flagship Zone (within

the lake catchment) will be transferred, treated and
discharged outside the Sg Chuau or Lake Catchment.

5.4.4 Universiti Putra Malaysia

5.4.4.1 Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) has an area of about 1170
hectares and approximately half of the area is located in the
northern part of the lake catchment. The streams and ponds in
UPM are the tributaries of the upstream stretches of Sg. Chuau,
which connects to the constructed Upper North Wetland.

5.4.4.2 There is no sewage collection system or sewer reticulation to

convey sewage flows from the various buildings to a central
sewage treatment plant. Individual sewage treatment plant(s) were
provided at these buildings (which were built in stages) to treat the
receiving sewage flows before discharging into the streams and
ponds, which finally flow into the Upper North Wetland.

5.4.4.3 The existing sewerage works in the lake catchment are

summarised in Table 5.4.1.

5-10 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

 Table 5.4.1 Existing UPM Sewerage Works
Building Estimated Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent Discharging
PE Served Into
Kolej 8 1,097 Three Septic Tanks Existing stream
(Sullage water separated)
Kolej 9 1,038 Imhoff Tank Existing stream and pond
(Sullage water separated)
Kolej 2,000 Packaged Activated Sludge Existing stream and pond
Matrikulasi Treatment Plant
Pusat Kesihatan 25 Septic Tank Open drain
Pelajar
Kafe 50 Septic Tank Open drain
Time Telekom 5 Septic Tank Open drain
UPM-MTDC 150 Septic Tank(s) Open drain
UPM Golf Club 360 Septic Tank Drain and pond
Putra Info Port 200 Septic Tank Open drain

Total 4,925

5.4.4.4 Sewage flows with sullage water separated, from Kolej 8 and 9
are treated by an imhoff tank and three septic tanks respectively.
These sewage treatment septic tanks each consist of simple
compartments for scum/ sludge digestion and settlement, and a
simple filter media for slow filtration of effluent flows. These
sewage tanks are required to be regularly desludged and cleaned
to avoid any accumulation of excess sludge and filter blockage
which will cause overflow or by-passing the simple treatment
processes of the septic tanks. It is known that the septic and
imhoff tanks have very limited biological treatment and no
aeration facilities in the simple sludge compartments. Thus, they
are not capable of treating the domestic sewage to DOE’s
Standard A effluent requirements. Further treatment of septic
tank effluent using trickling or percolating filters or filter trenches
etc are required, depending on the location, soil permeability and
ground water conditions. The level of sewage treatment of the
tanks is further strained due to the over loading of the sewage
flows resulting from more students per room in the hostels.

5.4.4.5 A packaged activated sludge treatment plant of capacity 2,000 PE

treats sewage flows from Kolej Matrikulasi. The two-year-old
treatment plant has been in operation without any major reported

5-11 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

 problems. However, there is no sampling and testing of the
treated effluents from the plant to check that DOE’s Standard A
effluent requirements are met.

5.4.4.6 The UPM privatised hostel project referenced as Kolej Baru is

under construction and is expected to be completed by 2000/2001.
The proposed sewage treatment plant consists of modules of
compact packaged plants of Hi-Kleen (Trade name) using
extended-aeration activated sludge system with total capacity of
7000 PE. The treated effluent, meeting DOE’s Standard A will be
discharged into the existing UPM ponds in series and finally into
the Upper North Wetland.

5.4.4.7 A privatised teaching hospital located close to the existing Putra

Infoport has been proposed. However, the proposed hospital is
still in the very preliminary stage and no information or data is
available.

5.4.5 Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute

(MARDI)
5.4.5.1 Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute
(MARDI) is located adjacent to UPM and has a total area of about
752 hectares. The principal land-use of MARDI is for agricultural
research activities such as farms and orchards.

5.4.5.2 MARDI's head office and associated buildings accommodate

about 1500 office staff. The generated sewage flows from these
buildings are treated by four existing septic tanks. The estimated
PE of MARDI is 500 PE.

5.4.5.3 There are about twenty old living quarters in MARDI and would
contribute a small PE of 100 to the sewage flow, which is treated
by individual septic tanks.

5.4.5.4 The treated effluents from the MARDI's septic tanks are
discharged into the existing open drains, flowing through low
land, ponds, streams and finally into the Upper North Wetland.

5.4.5.5 The treated effluents are likely to meet DOE's Standard B.

However, the total effluent quantity is small and estimated at 135
3 3
m /day or 0.0016 m /s for 600 PE. In addition, the repatriation of

5-12 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

 the effluents with stream water along the flow path of grass-lined
channels before reaching the wetland will greatly enhanced the
quality of the combined flow.

5.4.6 IOI Palm Garden Resort Development

5.4.6.1 The IOI Palm Garden Resort Development is located north of the
Upper East Wetland and east of the Upper North Wetland. It
consists of an existing club house (300 PE), existing service
apartments (612 PE), an office and condominium development
(under construction) (3175 PE), proposed future office (1394 PE)
and hotel (2280 PE), giving a total sewage load of 7761 PE.

5.4.6.2 The existing sewage treatment system consists of two small

packaged Super-Sept (Trade name) tanks and one aerated lagoon
sewage treatment plant. The effluents from the system are
discharged into the existing golf landscaping cum retention ponds,
which are connected to a stream leading to the Upper North
Wetland.

5.4.6.3 The Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembentungan (JPP) has approved the

proposed mechanised sewage treatment plant, with extended
aeration activated sludge process, to serve the entire development
sewage load of 7761 PE. The treated effluent is designed to meet
DOE's Standard A and is discharged into the retention pond,
which flows into the Upper North Wetland, after crossing the
Kajang-Puchong road. The approved sewerage works are shown
in Figure 5.4.4.

5.4.6.4 There is no water quality monitoring program for the combined

discharge of surface runoff and treated effluents at the outlet of
the retention pond. However, it is anticipated that the final
discharge into the Upper North wetlands will not have any
adverse pollutant overloading impact on the wetlands, in view of
the holding period and dilution of the effluent in the retention
pond. The pond, acts to some extent, as a maturation pond for
polishing the soluble organic wastes of the treated effluent.

5-13 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

5.4.7 TNB Serdang Power Station
5.4.7.1 The Serdang Power Station (SPS) is an existing open cycle gas
turbine power plant which comprises 2 units of 110 MW and 3 units
of 135 MW gas turbines. More than half of the plant land is located in
the Sg. Chuau Lake catchment, and the power plant is situated
adjacent to Upper West Wetland, which encroaches slightly into the
power plant land.

5.4.7.2 The SPS is manned by about 50 TNB staff. The small sewage flow
generated from the station is treated by a local septic tank. The
sewage effluent together with storm water runoff from the area and
the machinery cleaning water is collected and passed through
specially designed oil water separator. The combined flow discharges
at only one outlet point into Sg. Gajah via an existing stream at the
north west of the SPS site.

5.4.7.3 As the SPS combined effluent discharges outside of the lake

catchment, there is no impact on the Putrajaya Lake water quality.

5.4.8 West Country Development

5.4.8.1 Presently this area is an oil palm estate and is undeveloped. The
developer is proposing to develop the area into a mixed development
consisting of residential and commercial units. The planning for the
layout plan is still in the preliminary stage. The developer has told the
Consultant that they are planning to pump the sewage, arising from
the low density development within the catchment, for treatment
outside the catchment.

5.4.9 Sg Merab Malay Reserve

Sg. Merab Malay Reserve is owned by individual private land
owners. They are presently planted with rubber trees.

5.5 SEWAGE EFFLUENT QUALITY REQUIREMENTS

5.5.1 Purpose of Effluent Standards

Sewage effluent quality standards or requirements are used to regulate
the quality of treated effluent from sewage treatment plants to
receiving waters. The regulation of effluent discharges will protect
receiving waters such as rivers and lakes from the harmful effects of
inadequately treated sewage.

5-14 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

5.5.2 Existing DOE's Effluent Standards
5.5.2.1 The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 specifies two standards
for effluent discharges:

Standard A: For discharge upstream of any raw water intake for

potable water supply

Standard B: For discharge downstream of any raw water intake

5.5.2.2 The two standards are listed in the Third Schedule of the EQA 1974,
under the Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents)
Regulations, 1979, Regulation 8(1), 8(2) and 8(3). An extract of the
standards is given in Appendix 5.2.

5.5.3 Putrajaya Lake Ambient Water Quality Standard

5.5.3.1 The Putrajaya Lake Management Guide (1998) has established the
ambient lake water quality standard for the Putrajaya Lake body so
that it can meet the intended functions of recreation, boating and
fishing for the lake, in addition to enhancing the aesthetics of the
landscape surrounding the lake.

5.5.3.2 The Putrajaya Lake ambient water quality standard is appended in

Appendix 5.3.

5.5.3.3 The established standard is close to that of Class IIB of Interim

National River Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (INRWQSM),
which is appended in Appendix 5.4.

5.5.4 Sewage Effluent Quality Requirements

5.5.4.1 Based on the water quality requirements for the lake established in the
preceding sections, the receiving water, i.e. Putrajaya Lake will
require the removal of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous,
lower BOD5, lower suspended solids and control of coliform levels
for the treated sewage effluents.

5.5.4.2 It is also recognised that the required effluent standards for the treated
effluents will be higher than DOE’s Standard A and shall include
additional parameter limits with reference to DOE's Standard A.

5.5.4.3 The treated effluents from the sewage treatment plants discharging
into the drainage system in the Sg. Chuau or Putrajaya Lake
catchment are required to meet an effluent standard that will
eventually be established from the water quality modelling study,

5-15 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

 based on the carrying capacity of the Putrajaya Lake system, which
consists of wetlands.

5.5.4.4 It is noted that only the treated sewage flow of Standard A from the
Phase 1B Cyberjaya Flagship Development Zone will be temporarily
discharged directly into the Phase 2 Putrajaya Lake, i.e. downstream
of the temporary dam.

5.5.4.5 The existing and the future treated effluents from UPM, MARDI, IOI
Palm Garden Resort and West Country Resort will be discharged only
into the Upper North Wetland and Upper East Wetland, where the
effluents will be further treated. The wetland vegetation facilitates
attachment of bacteria films, aids in the filtration and absorption of
wastewater constituents, transfers oxygen into the water column and
also controls algae growth. In this respect, the functions of the
Putrajaya Wetlands are considered in the water quality modelling for
the treated sewage pollutant loading and other pollutant loadings.

5.5.4.6 In a typical composition of untreated or raw sewage, the

concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are :

Nitrogen Phosphorus

Total nitrogen 20 - 85 mg/l Total 2-20 mg/l

phosphorus
Organic 8 - 35 mg/l Organic 1-5 mg/l
nitrogen phosphorus
Ammonia 12 - 50 mg/l Inorganic 1-15 mg/l
nitrogen phosphorus
Normal total 40 mg/l Normal Total 8 mg/l
nitrogen phosphorus

5.5.4.7 The combined nitrification and denitrification processes in biological

sewage treatment plant are capable of removing up to 90% of the
total nitrogen. (TN).

The use of advanced wastewater treatments such as combined

removal of nitrogen and phosphorus using biological A2/O processes
could achieve effluent total phosphorus (TP) concentration less than
2.0 mg/l without effluent filtration.

5-16 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

5.5.4.9 In consideration of the possible treatability values of TN and TP
using more-mechanised sewage treatment plant, and the wetland
treatment capability evaluated by the water quality modelling
results, the recommended effluent parameter limits for TN and TP
are to be set at 10 mg/l and 2.0 mg/1, respectively.

5.5.4.10 It is also important to recognise, however, that the concentration

of phosphorus necessary to support an algae bloom is only 0.005
to 0.05 mg/l as TP, and that this level may be readily exceeded
from natural sources in many surface waters. In such
circumstances, treatment of the sewage to remove phosphorus
totally will not prevent algae growth.

5.5.4.11 The faecal coliform counts and total coliform counts can be
controlled to INRWQSM Class IIB parameter limits of 400
counts/100ml and 5000 counts/100ml, respectively by
chlorination treatment.

5.5.4.12 In order to improve the aquatic environment of the lake body and
wetlands, the residual chlorine is recommended to be limited to
0.5 mg/l instead of 1.0 mg/l of DOE's Standard A.

5.5.4.13 Appendix 5.5 has been prepared to facilitate comparison of the

values of the parameter limits for the followings standards :

(i) Interim National River Water Quality Standard for

Malaysia - Class II B.

(ii) Putrajaya Ambient Lake Water Quality Standard

(iii) EQA Effluent Standard A

(iv) Recommended Effluent Standard for Putrajaya Lake

Catchment

5.5.5 Recommended Effluent Standard For Putrajaya Lake

Catchment
The recommended sewage effluent quality standard for Putrajaya
Lake Catchment is presented in Table 5.5.1.

5-17 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

Table 5.5.1 Recommended Effluent Standard for Putrajaya
Lake Catchment

ITEM PARAMETER LIMITING VALUE

(mg/l Unless Otherwise Stated) RECOMMENDED EFFLUENT
STANDARD FOR
PUTRAJAYA LAKE
CATCHMENT
1. Temperature (°C) 40

2. pH (units) 6.0 - 9.0

3. BOD5 at 20°C 20

4. COD 50
5. Suspended Solids 50
6. Mercury 0.005

7. Cadmium 0.01
8. Chromium, hexavalent 0.05

9. Arsenic 0.05

10. Cyanide 0.05

11. Lead 0.10

12. Chromium, trivalent 0.20

13. Copper 0.20

14. Manganese 0.20

15. Nickel 0.20

16. Tin 0.20

17. Zinc 1.0

18. Boron 1.0
19. Iron 1.0
20. Phenol 0.001

21. Free Chlorine 0.5

22. Sulphide 0.5
23. Oil and Grease Not Detectable

24. Dissolved Oxygen 5.0

25. Total Phosphorous 2.0
26. Total Nitrogen 10.0

27. E-Coli (Counts/100 ml) 400

28. Total Coliform (Counts/100 ml) 5,000

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5.6 SEWERAGE PLANNING AND DESIGN GUIDELINES

5.6.1 General
5.6.1.1 Sewerage refers to the collection, treatment and disposal of
domestic wastewater or sewage flow.

5.6.1.2 Sewerage works include all physical structures such as sewers,

manholes, sewage lifting or pumping stations, sewage treatment
plants etc. required for that collection, treatment, and disposal of
sewage flows.

5.6.1.3 This Section intends to provide, in relation to this sewerage

masterplan, some pertinent points on the sewerage planning and
design guidelines, particularly for the sewage treatment plants,
which are required to treat the collected sewage flows to the
Recommended Effluent Standard For The Putrajaya Lake
Catchment, before being discharged into the receiving waters
leading to the Putrajaya Wetlands.

5.6.1.4 Recommended sewage treatment practices are also included for

reference.

5.6.1.5 The detailed planning and design requirements and criteria for the
sewerage works can be obtained from many reference materials.
The following are most relevant :

(i) MS 1228 (1991) : Code of Practice for Design and

Installation of Sewerage Systems

(ii) Guidelines for Developers on the Design and Installation of

Sewerage Systems published by Ministry of Housing and
Local Government, Sewerage Service Department
Volume 1 New Developments
Volume 2 Sewerage Works Procedures
Volume 3 Sewer Networks and Pump Stations
Volume 4 Sewage Treatment Plants
Volume 6 Mechanical and Electrical Equipment

(iii) Environmental Quality Act (Sewage and Industrial

Effluents) Regulations, 1979

(iv) Occupational Safety and Health Act, Malaysia, 1994

(OSHA)

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 (v) Wastewater Engineering - Treatment, Disposal and Reuse
(Third Edition), 1991 by Metcalf & Eddy

(vi) Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants -

Manual of Practice No. 11 Volume I, II, III (Second Edition)
1990 : Water Pollution Control Federation USA.

5.6.2 Sewerage Planning Guidelines

The following are the pertinent points for the sewerage planning
in relation to the Putrajaya Lake Catchment Plan :

5.6.2.1 Wherever possible and applicable, all treated sewage effluents

from the developments in the catchment shall be channelled
outside the drainage system of Sg Chuau or the Putrajaya Lake
catchment.

5.6.2.2 The treated effluents, where possible are to be directed into the
Putrajaya Wetlands or mini wetlands, instead of direct discharge
into the Putrajaya lake.

5.6.2.3 Unless severely restricted by the topography or difficult terrains

of the development area, one single central sewage treatment plant
shall be planned and constructed to treat the sewage flows from
the whole development.

The provision of strategically located transfer pumping stations

will convey the sewage flows to the central sewage treatment
plant(s) effectively.

The central sewage treatment plant could be implemented in few

phases or modules to cater for the incremental increase of sewage
flows resulting from phased developments.

5.6.2.4 The treated effluent, where possible, are to be discharged into

drainage detention ponds, which would act as water dilution body
and maturation pond for polishing the soluble organic wastes of
the treated effluent. The resulting pollutant loads will be further
reduced while entering into the wetlands.

5.6.2.5 The industrial wastewater shall not be allowed to discharge into

the sewers or sewage treatment plants. These wastewater
discharges may contain significant quantities of toxic pollutants

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 and other substances that can affect the sewage treatment system
and interfere with the plant performance.

5.6.3 Sewerage Design Guidelines

Good and established design guidelines and practices for the
sewerage works, particularly the sewage treatment plants, shall
ensure :

(i) effluent quality consistently comply to the required standard

(ii) safety and ease of operations and maintenance

As stated earlier, there are many reference materials for the

sewerage design guidelines outlining the design data, criteria,
parameters, best practices requirements including materials and
standard details, etc. The following provided herein are some
pertinent points of sewerage design requirements including the
design considerations for emergency response measures.

5.6.3.1 Safety
(1) The layout planning and design of plant process components for a
sewage treatment plant shall comply with the standards and
procedures as set out in the Occupational Safety and Health
Regulations Design. Considerations shall be given to safety
aspects on storage and handling of hazardous chemicals, confined
spaces, safety exits, operation access, ventilation, odour, noises,
lighting, warning labelling and posting, slick or wet floors,
personal protective equipment provision, etc.

(2) A Hazards and Operability (HAZOP) audit is to be carried out on

the completed treatment plant design to ensure all the safety
measures are provided.

5.6.3.2 Lifting Station

The lifting station could be provided in the sewer network for two
occasions :

(a) as the sewage flows by gravity in a long sewer along flat

terrains or against sloping terrains, the use of a lifting
station to pump the sewage to a higher level could
thereby avoid having deep sewers downstream.

(b) lifting station transfers the collected sewage flow at a

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 localised low sub-sewerage catchment, at times over
high elevation delivering the sewage to a sewage
treatment plant or a receiving gravity sewer.

5.6.3.3 Power Supply

(1) Power failure or interruption will stop the plant and pump
operations.

(2) The following arrangements are to be made, depending on the

capacities of the sewage treatment plants and the lifting stations,
in the descending orders :

(a) Two completely separate power supplies (> 20,000 PE)

(b) Dual incoming mains from the same substation zone (>
5,000 PE)

(c) Back-up diesel generators and stand-by power supply (>

5,000 PE)

(d) Facility to hook up transportable diesel generator (This

is applicable to small pumpsets in lifting stations).

5.6.3.4 Standby Units and Back-up Capacity

(1) The standby units and back-up capacity provision shall be
provided for the following processes of a sewage treatment plant:

(i) Screen Facilities

(ii) Inlet Works / Pumps
(iii) Grease and Grit Removal Chambers
(iv) Biological Treatment
(v) Secondary Clarifiers
(vi) Sludge Treatment Facilities

(2) The standby units will come into operation to avoid plant
stoppage time and overloading of process units.

(3) The back-up capacity provided shall be such that when one unit is
taken out for maintenance or is out of operation, the other
remaining unit(s) shall not be overloaded beyond 50% of their
rated capacities.

(4) The requirements for standby units and back-up capacity of

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 process units, which are well documented in Guidelines for
Developers Volume 4 : Sewage Treatment Plant, should be
adhered to and incorporated into the design of sewage treatment
plants and pumping stations to ensure reliable operation.

5.6.3.5 Pumping Station Storage Capacity

For lifting or pumping stations located near to the Putrajaya Lake
and Wetlands, two (2) hours storage capacity in the station should
be provided. The requirement is to allow time for connecting to
or hook up to a standby generator.

5.6.3.6 Provision of Portable Pumps in Sewage Treatment Plant

Portable pumps operating on diesel could be used to bypass the
sewage in the event that the sewer breaks or sewer blockage
occurs. This will prevent sewage overflowing into the nearby
drains or streams without control.

5.6.3.7 Treatment Process Controls

(1) The sewage treatment plant, though designed to discharge treated
effluent meeting the required effluent quality standard, may fail in
its performance thus leading to pollution of receiving waters.

(2) Thus, the sewage treatment plant has to be operated by qualified

and trained personnel. Also, the plant shall be designed to
incorporate process monitoring and on-line control instrument or
equipment shall be installed at designated locations. This will
enable the plant operator to anticipate the need for operational
adjustments based on changes in process performance and on
review of past operating records.

(3) The characteristics of the wastewater being treated in the process

units may include temperature, pH, turbidity, flow rate,
conductivity, dissolved oxygen and free chlorine. Any variances
of parameter limits in these wastewater characteristics in the
process units will provide an early warning of process deviations,
which can then be captured before they can affect the plant's
biological treatment systems.

5.6.4 Recommended Sewage Treatment Processes

5.6.4.1 The normal treatment processes of a sewage treated plant consist
of :

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 (a) Preliminary Wastewater Treatment that includes :

• preliminary screening
• pumping to lift sewage and provides consistent flow to
the treatment system
• secondary screening
• grease and grit removal

(b) Secondary Treatment that includes :

• biological treatment
• secondary sedimentation
• disinfection

(c) Sludge Treatment and Disposal

5.6.4.2 Sewage Treatment Processes

(1) Biological treatment is the principal sewage treatment process,
where the sewage is exposed to living organisms that remove
major pollutants in the sewage.

(2) There are two basic biological treatment systems and their
combinations, viz. :

• Suspended Growth System

• Fixed Film Growth System
• Combined Process (Contact Aeration) System

(3) In Malaysia, the following biological treatment processes are

commonly used :

Suspended Growth System

(a) Conventional activated sludge process

(b) Extended aeration activated sludge process
(c) Oxidation ditch
(d) Sequence batch reactor

Fixed Film Growth System

(a) Rotating biological contactor

(b) Trickling filter

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(4) In the Putrajaya Lake Catchment, the receiving water bodies such
as the wetland require higher treated effluent quality as set out in
the Recommended Effluent Standard for Putrajaya Lake
Catchment. The standard includes the parameters of total nitrogen
(TN), total phosphorus (TP), and coliforms.

(5) Treatment effluent discharges containing excessive nitrogen and

phosphorus may accelerate the eutrophication of lakes and may
stimulate the growth of algae.

(6) Only about 20% to 30% of the total nitrogen and the total
phosphorus in the wastewater can be removed by conventional
secondary treatment. As such, advanced wastewater treatment is
required as additional treatment to remove or reduce suspended
and dissolved substances remaining after conventional secondary
treatment.

(7) The advanced wastewater treatment normally utilises a

combination of the following unit operations and processes:

• granular-medium filtration
• carbon absorption
• chemical precipitation
• extended biological treatment such as nitrification/
denitrification

(8) A number of biological processes have been developed for

combined removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. These processes
involve a form of the activated sludge process but employ
combinations of anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic compartments or
zones to effect nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The commonly
used processes are the A2/O process, UCT process, VIP process,
sequencing batch reactor, and five-stage Bardenpho process. (Ref
Metcalf & Eddy). However, successful performance of these
processes depends upon sophisticated process monitoring and
control, and specific local conditions.

5.6.4.3 The Recommended Sewage Treatment Practices (Processes)

(1) It is recommended to use :

• biological nitrification/denitrification to remove nitrogen

followed by addition of alum to remove phosphorus

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 • chlorination to remove and control pathogenic organisms in
the effluent.

(2) The biological nitrification/denitrification firstly converts

ammonia aerobically (nitrification) to nitrates, then convert
nitrates to nitrogen gas (denitrification). It is considered the best
process option for nitrogen removal for the following reasons :
(1) high removal efficiency, up to 90%, (2) more stable and
reliable process, (3) relatively easy process control (4)
economical, and (5) operates as secondary biological treatment
(with alum addition to remove phosphors)

(3) The oxidation ditch has been used to achieve nitrification and
denitrification by having mixed liquor flows around a loop type
channel, driven and aerated by mechanical aeration devices.

(4) The addition of alum in secondary clarifiers not only removes

phosphorus but also to coagulate colloidal particles and together
with the metallic precipitates, will settle readily in the secondary
clarifier, thus reducing the suspended solids in the effluent more
effectively.

(5) Chlorination is recommended for effluent disinfection because of

its simple feed and control procedure, and its low cost compared
to other methods. The residual chlorine in the effluent can be
easily controlled not to exceed 0.5 mg/l in chlorine feeding
operation so that aquatic life in the wetland and lake will not be
affected.

5.6.5 Emergency Response plan (ERP)

5.6.5.1 The Emergency Response Plan (ERP) for sewerage works is the
continuous development and documentation of actions and
procedures to deal with all anticipated hazards, both natural and
man-made, that could adversely affect the operation of the
sewerage facilities or the environment.

5.6.5.2 There are four phases of emergency activities, viz.

i. Emergency Preparedness Planning

ii. Mitigation
iii. Response, and
iv. Recovery

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5.6.5.3 The planning process is to identify the hazards and dangers
arising from the operation of the sewerage works. The common
natural hazard in Malaysia is flood while man-made hazards are
chemical release, supply shortage, pipe ruptures, fire, strike etc.
The corresponding dangers are electrocution, power failure,
health risks and death, damage to the environment such as
sewage overflowing the manholes, plant shutdown, plant
inaccessible to operation workers etc.

5.6.5.4 Some of the emergency response measures and planning have

been incorporated in the sewerage design guidelines of Section
5.6.3.

5.6.5.5 However, emergency response plans (ERP’s), one for each

potential situation caused by the occurrence of the hazards,
should be developed and prepared. A typical ERP outlines the
following:

• Emergency flow chart

• Contact lists: name, position, location, telephone
numbers (including home numbers)
• Chain of commands for the line of authority in an
emergency
• Organisation chart of duties identifying each group and
its emergency response activities
• Emergency equipment list of all heavy equipment and
vehicles by their locations
• Damage assessment forms
• Maintenance or clean-up contractor list
• Public information procedures for communication about
emergency and response activities
• Emergency operations centre

It is prudent to test the ERPs for their effectiveness.

5.6.5.6 In the mitigation phase, it is important to provide regular and

appropriate training to personnel in emergency preparedness
procedures. Operation management staff would need to
constantly review and correct improper operation and
maintenance practices such as deferred preventive maintenance.

5.6.5.7 The response is to carry out the relevant ERP activities involving

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 mobilising emergency personnel and equipment, evacuating plant
personnel and alerting the public when necessary. Upon
completion of ERP and response, recovery is followed to
reconstruct or rehabilitate the damaged works as well as to
develop hazard reduction programmes or measures. A review
and improvement on the ERP will also have to be made.

5.7 SEWERAGE MASTERPLAN FOR PUTRAJAYA LAKE

CATCHMENT

5.7.1 General
5.7.1.1 The overall Sewerage Masterplan for the Putrajaya Lake
Catchment shall map out the planning and implementation
strategies of sewerage works in the catchment areas so as to
minimise and control sewage pollutant loadings from water
courses draining into the Putrajaya Lake.

5.7.1.2 The existing landuses, the proposed developments which are

confirmed or being implemented and the proposed future landuses
or the ultimate catchment masterplan landuses, are the major
factors for the formulation of the catchment sewerage masterplan.

5.7.1.3 The existing sewerage situations of the developments in the

catchment are reviewed in the Section 5.3.

5.7.1.4 The existing landuses and catchment masterplan landuses are

detailed in Chapter 6.

5.7.1.5 Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd. (IWK), the Privatisation

Company undertaking the National Sewerage System Project, has
carried out the Sewerage Catchment Strategy Study for the region
of Daerah Petaling in 1998. The study report has identified a
major sewerage sub-catchment called Kota Perdana/ Listari Sub-
Catchment, covering MARDI, UPM and southern areas of Majlis
Perbandaran Subang Jaya. A regional central sewage treatment
plant located in the south of UPM has been proposed to cater for
the sewage loads of the existing developments, where the
treatment facilities are not satisfactory, and also for the future
developments in the sewerage sub-catchment.

5.7.2 Population Equivalent (PE) For Putrajaya Lake Catchment

5.7.2.1 Based on the available ultimate landuses information, the sewage
discharge loadings in the form of Population Equivalent (PE) in

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 the Putrajaya Lake Catchment are estimated and summarised in
Table 5.7.1.

5.7.2.2 The Table also shows the existing and future sewerage loads of
various developments within the lake catchment.

5.7.2.3 The effluent discharges into the Sg. Chuau and into other river
systems outside the lake catchment are also identified.

5.7.2.4 The total average sewage effluent discharging into Sg. Chuau or
3 3
Putrajaya Lake catchment is 9168 m /d or 0.106 m /s of 40,746
PE consisting:
3
MARDI 0.0135 m /s (5180 PE)
3
UPM 0.0724 m /s (27,805 PE)
3
IOI Palm Garden Resort 0.0201 m /s (7,761 PE)

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 Table 5.7.1 PE for Putrajaya Lake Catchment Masterplan
DEVELOPMENT LANDUSES TOTAL * ESTIMATD PE ESTIMATED PE SEWAGE
AREA LOADING
(Ha)
EXISITING FUTURE TOTAL SG CHUAU OTHER RIVERS
PUTRAJAYA Federal Government 4,200 100,000 500,000 600,000 - 600,000
Administrative Centre
Residential
Commercial
Recreational

CYBERJAYA FLAGSHIP Commercial 225 1,160 52,240 53,400 - 53,400

ZONE (Phase 1B) Residential

MARDI Research Centre 488 600 4,580 5,180 5,180 -

UPM Educational 562 11,925 15,880 27,805 27,805 -

Research

IOI Palm Residential 170 4,087 3,674 7,761 7,761 -

Garden Resort Hotel
Offices

West Country Residential 111 - 16,090 16,090 - 16,090

Commercial

TNB Serdang Power Plant Industrial 90 50 - 50 - 50

Kg Sg. Merab Lands Mixed Development 36 - 6,670 6,670 - 6,670

Total 5882 117,822 599,134 716,956 40,746 676,210

* Area in the Putrajaya Lake Catchment

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5.7.3 Sewerage Plans For Various Developments
Ideally, all the development areas within the Putrajaya Lake
catchment could be planned as an integrated development in
terms of overall landuses, utilities and infrastructures including
the sewerage works. However, there are private and public land
owners and Government institutions in the catchment. Also some
of the developments have been in existence for many years. It is
imperative, therefore, to strategise the sewerage planning for each
development and where applicable the combined developments,
to formulate the overall sewerage masterplan for the lake
catchment.

5.7.3.1 Putrajaya Development

(1) Putrajaya Development has a comprehensive sewerage
masterplan consisting of modern sewage collection systems with
lifting stations and two central sewage treatment plants STP 1
(100,000 PE capacity) and STP 2 (500,000 PE).

(2) The proposed sewerage works of Phase 1A Development is being

implemented and near completion with STP 1 physically
completed. Other proposed sewerage works will be carried out
according to the development phasing plan.

(3) The treated effluents of DOE's Standard A of STP 1 will be

discharged into Sg. Air Hitam, and that of STP 2 into
downstream of the proposed Main Dam to the Putrajaya Lake.
The treated effluents in Putrajaya Development will not be
discharged into the lake body and therefore pose no threat to the
lake water quality.

(4) The proposed Putrajaya Development Sewerage Plan shall be

implemented as part of the Putrajaya Lake Catchment Sewerage
Masterplan.

5.7.3.2 Cyberjaya Flagship Development Zone (Phase 1B)

(1) The sewage flows from the Phase 1B Cyberjaya Flagship Zone
that lies within the lake catchment, will be transferred outside the
Sg. Chuau drainage system in accordance with its overall
sewerage development plan. The treated effluents will not
therefore be discharged into the lake body.

(2) However, there are four existing temporary sewage treatment

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 plants of total capacity of 1,160 PE in the Phase 1B Development
area and the treated effluents are discharging into the open drains
that lead to the Phase 2 Putrajaya Lake, i.e. downstream of the
temporary dam. Presently, there is no impact because the Phase 2
Putrajaya Lake is not constructed yet.

(3) It is recommended that, when the Phase 2 Putrajaya Lake is

formed, the treated effluents from the existing temporary sewage
treatment plants shall be collected and transferred outside the lake
catchment.

(4) The proposed Cyberjaya Sewerage Development Plan and

strategy shall be implemented to ensure that the sewage flow in
Phase 1B Cyberjaya Flagship Zone is not discharged into the
Phase 2 Putrajaya Lake, which is scheduled to be completed and
commissioned by 2001.

5.7.3.3 MARDI
(1) It is recommended that the existing sewage flows of 600 PE and
sewage flows from future development in MARDI are to be
sewered to a proposed new central sewage treatment plant.

(2) It is anticipated that a sewerage plan would be proposed to cater

for the combined sewage treatment requirements for the MARDI
and UPM developments lying within the lake catchment. The
plan will be developed when the future landuses of MARDI and
UPM are available.

5.7.3.4 UPM
(1) The sewage treatments for the wastewater of Kolej 8 (1,097 PE)
and Kolej 9 (1,038 PE) are far from satisfactory. Similar to that
of MARDI, it is recommended to upgrade the existing sewage
treatment plants (imhoff and septic tanks) of the two hostels.

(2) The sewage flows from the two hostels, together with those from
the Pusat Kesihatan Pelajar, Kafe, UPM-MTDC and future
developments including UPM Hospital are to be sewered to a
proposed new and central sewage treatment plant located
upstream of UPM ponds and Upper North Wetland.

(3) The proposed central sewage treatment plant could also treat the
sewage flows from MARDI.

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(4) The proposed central sewerage plan can be integrated in the IWK
sewerage development plan of Kota Perdana/ Listari sewerage
sub-catchment in the region of Daerah Petaling. It is
recommended that the sewerage services of UPM and MARDI
are taken over by IWK so that the operation and maintenance of
the existing sewerage facilities, interim sewerage upgrading
works, and future sewerage development can be carried out
effectively by IWK. The treated effluents from the proposed
Kota Perdana/ Listari central sewage treatment plant shall be
transferred outside the lake catchment.

5.7.3.5 IOI Palm Garden Resort

(1) The presently proposed sewer reticulation and a central sewage
treatment plant of capacity 7,761 PE have been approved by
Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembentungan (JPP).

(2) The proposed sewerage plan is to cater for the whole IOI Palm
Garden Resort Development with the estimated 7,761 PE.

(3) The central sewage treatment plant is currently being constructed.

(4) It is recommended that the water quality of the combined

discharge of surface runoff and the treated effluent at the outfall
of the retention pond be monitored. In the event that the sewage
is inadequately treated and does not meet the Recommended
Effluent Standard, the sewage treatment plant is to be upgraded
with supplementary processes for the nutrients (TN and TP)
removal. This would involve provision of anoxic tank and
introduction of alum for the denitrification of TN removal and
chemical precipitation of phosphorous removal respectively.

5.7.3.6 West Country Development

(1) The proposed mixed development of West Country will have
sewer networks and sewage treatment plant(s). The preliminary
development plan is being prepared.

(2) The West Country development extends over two drainage

basins, viz. Sg. Chuau and Sg. Air Hitam.

(3) It is recommended that the sewage flows inside the Sg. Chuau
basin be collected and transferred to the Sg. Air Hitam basin,
where the proposed single central sewage treatment plant could
be located. The treated effluent can be of DOE's Standard A and

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 will be discharged into the tributary of Sg. Air Hitam, which is
outside the lake catchment.

5.7.3.7 TNB Serdang Power Plant

It is recommended that the sewage flow from future development,
if any, shall be treated and discharged into Sg. Gajah, which is
located outside the lake catchment.

5.7.3.8 Sg. Merab Malay Reserve

(1) Part of the Sg. Merab Malay Reserve are included in the
Putrajaya Lake Landuse Masterplan as mixed development.

(2) The 36 hectares of small rubber lands are located just outside the
boundary of Putrajaya. It is anticipated that the Reserve will be
developed jointly with the adjacent lands located in the Sg. Merab
catchment.

(3) It is recommended that the treated sewage effluent of the future

mixed development in the area be diverted into the Sg. Merab
River system.

5.7.4 Sewerage Masterplan for Putrajaya Lake Catchment

The Overall Sewerage Masterplan for Putrajaya Lake Catchment
is formulated as follows:-

1. The proposed Putrajaya Development Sewerage Plan shall

be implemented.

2. The proposed Cyberjaya Flagship Zone Sewerage Plan shall

be implemented to ensure there is no sewage discharge into
the Phase 2 Putrajaya Lake when the lake is formed.

3. The proposed sewerage works of sewer networks and a

central sewage treatment plant located at the north of the
Upper North Wetland catering for existing and future
development, in MARDI, as well as the existing two hostels
and associated future developments in UPM shall be
implemented. The proposed central sewerage works can be
integrated in the IWK sewerage development plan for the
Kota Perdana/ Listari sub-catchment for the region. The
treated effluent discharges from the central sewage
treatment plant shall be transferred outside the lake
catchment.

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 4. The proposed sewerage plan for the whole IOI Palm Garden
Resort Development is being implemented. Monitoring of
the water quality for the combined flows at the outfall shall
be carried out.

5. The treated effluent of West Country Development shall be

planned to be discharged into Sg. Air Hitam, thus outside
the lake catchment.

6. Treated effluent from future development of TNB Serdang

Power Plant, if any, shall be discharged into Sg. Gajah, thus
outside the lake catchment.

7. Treated effluent from the future mixed development of Sg.

Merab Malay Reserve shall be diverted into the Sg. Merab,
which is outside the lake catchment.

5.8 EFFLUENT QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME

5.8.1 The Recommended Effluent Standard for the Putrajaya Lake

Catchment as presented in Section 5.5.5 are sets of quantitative
criteria established to maintain or enhance the quality of receiving
waters, i.e. Putrajaya Lake.

5.8.2 The standard is also required to regulate the disposal of treated

effluents discharged into the lake body.

5.8.3 The proposed monitoring programme for the treated effluent

discharges in the catchment involving the locations, parameters of
testing and frequency of testing are specified in Table 5.8.1 as
follows:-

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 Table 5.8.1 Location of effluent monitoring

Stakeholders No. of locations Location

MARDI 4 locations: One each at the effluent outlet of the
four existing septic tanks
UPM 6 locations: Effluent outlets at Imhoff tank of
Kolej 8, at two septic tanks of Kolej 9,
at packaged plant of Kolej Matrikulasi
and two discharge points of streams
into Putrajaya Upper North Wetland.
IOI Palm 1 location At the combined flow outfall of
Garden retention pond
Cyberjaya 4 locations: One each at the effluent outlets of
Flagship Zone four existing temporary sewage
(Phase 1B) treatment plants
Total 15

Two sets of testing parameters are proposed.

Set A : Consists of complete list of parameters in the

Recommended Effluent Standard For Putrajaya Lake
Catchment (Appendix 5.2). Total numbers of
parameters: 28

Set B Consists of 11 parameters i.e. Temperature (°C) pH,

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids
(TSS), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorous (TP),
Free Chlorine (Cl2), E-Coli and Total Coliform

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 Frequency of Testing:

For each location, the frequency of testing shall be:

Month Week Testing Parameters

Month 1 1 Set A
(Commencing month)
2 Set B
3 Set A
4 Set B
Month 2 4 Set A
Month 3 4 Set B
Month 4 4 Set B
Month 5 onwards Repeat cycle from Month 2

5.8.4 The budgetary monthly cost estimates of the effluent quality

monitoring programme applied to the fifteen (15) locations are
summarised in Table 5.8.2.

5.8.5 The sampling and testing of effluents shall be carried out by an

accredited laboratory company certified by Skim Akreditasi
Makmal Malaysia (SAMM) of Jabatan Standard Malaysia.

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Table 5.8.2 Monthly Cost Estimates of Effluent Quality Monitoring
Programme

COST FOR SAMPLING AND TESTING FOR SET A : RM 550/SAMPLE

COST FOR SAMPLING AND TESTING FOR SET B : RM 300/SAMPLE

NOS. OF MONTH
DEVELOPMENT LOCATIONS

1 2 3 4 5 ON-
WARDS
SET SET SET SET SET
A B A B A
MARDI 4 8 8 4 4 4 (Repeat
cycle
from
Month 2)

UPM 6 12 12 6 6 6

IOI 1 2 2 1 1 1

CYBERJAYA 4 8 8 4 4 4
TOTAL 15 30 30 15 15 15

ESTIMATED 2,250 8,250 4,500 8,250

MONTHLY COST
(RM)

5-38 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/012

 APPENDIX 5.1
RECOMMENDED POPULATION EQUIVALENT (PE)

Type of Premises/Establishment Population Equivalent

(Recommended)
Residential 5 per house
Commercial: 3 per 100 m2 gross area
includes offices, shopping complex,
entertainment/recreational centres, restaurants,
cafeteria, theatres
Schools/Educational Institutions:

- Day schools/Institutions 0.2 per student

- Fully residential 1 per student

- Partial residential 0.2 per non-residential student

1 per residential student
Hospitals 4 per bed
Hotels with dining and laundry facilities 4 per room
Factories, excluding process water 0.3 per staff
Market (wet type) 3 per stall
Market (dry type) 1 per stall
Petrol kiosks/Service stations 15 per toilet
Bus terminal 4 per bus bay
Taxi terminal 4 per taxi bay
Mosque 0.2 per person
Church/Temple 0.2 per person
Stadium 0.2 per person
Swimming pool/Sports complex 0.5 per person
Public toilet 15 per toilet
Airport 0.2 per passenger bay
0.3 per employee
Laundry 10 per machine
Prison 1 per person
Golf course 20 per hole
Source : Guidelines for Developers, Volume 4 ; Sewerage Services Department (Ministry
of Housing and Local Government)
 APPENDIX 5.2
Effluent Discharge Standards to Malaysian Inland Waters
Parameter Maximum Permitted Value
(mg/l unless otherwise stated) Standard A Standard B

Temperature (°C) 40 40

pH (units) 6.0 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0

BOD5 at 20°C 20 50

COD 50 100

Suspended Solids 50 100

Mercury 0.005 0.05

Cadmium 0.01 0.02

Chromium, hexavelant 0.05 0.05

Arsenic 0.05 0.10

Cyanide 0.05 0.10

Lead 0.10 0.5

Chromium, trivalent 0.20# 1.0+

Copper 0.20# 1.0+

Manganese 0.20# 1.0+

0.20+

Nickel 0.20# 1.0+

0.20+

Tin 0.20# 1.0+

Zinc 1.0 1.0

Boron 1.0 4.0

Iron 1.0 5.0

Phenol 0.001 1.0Ú

Free Chlorine 1.0 2.0Ú

Sulphide 0.5 0.5

Oil and Grease Not detectable 10.0

Source: Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979

Notes

* The legislation does not specify any tolerance percentiles for the maximum permitted values and as
such they are absolute values.

# Where two or more of these metals are present in the effluent, the concentration of these metals shall
not be greater than 0.50 mg/l in total.

+ Where two or more of these metals are present in the effluent, the concentration of these metals shall
not be greater than 3.0 mg/l in total or 1.0 mg/l in total for soluble forms.

Ú When both phenol and free chlorine are present, the concentration of phenol shall not be greater than
0.2 mg/l nor the concentration of free chlorine greater than 1.0 mg/l.
 APPENDIX 5.3

PUTRAJAYA LAKE AMBIENT

WATER QUALITY STANDARD
ITEM LIMITING VALUE
PARAMETER PUTRAJAYA LAKE
AMBIENT WATER
QUALITY
STANDARD
(mg/l Unless Otherwise Stated)
1. Temperature (°C) Normal ± 2

2. pH (units) 6.5 - 9.0

3. BOD5 at 20°C 3

4. COD 25
5. Suspended Solids 50
6. Mercury 0.0001
7. Cadmium 0.002
8. Chromium, hexavalent 0.005
9. Arsenic 0.05
10. Cyanide 0.02
11. Lead 0.05
12. Chromium, trivalent -
13. Copper 0.02
14. Manganese 0.10
15. Nickel 0.02
16. Boron 1.0
17. Iron 1.0
18. Phenol
19. Free Chlorine 1.5
20. Oil and Grease 1.5
21. Dissolved Oxygen 5.0 - 7.0
22. Total Phosphorous 0.05
23. Total Nitrogen
24. Nitrate (NO3 - N) 7.0
ITEM LIMITING VALUE
PARAMETER PUTRAJAYA LAKE
AMBIENT WATER
QUALITY
STANDARD
(mg/l Unless Otherwise Stated)
25. Nitrite (NO2 - N) 0.04
26. E-Coli (Counts/100 ml) 100
27. Total Coliform (Counts/100 ml) 5,000
28. Salmonella (Counts/l) 0
29 Enteroviruses (PFU/l) 0
30. Chlorophyll a (ug/l) 0.7
31. Floatables Not Visible
32. Colour (TUC) 150
33. Conductivity (ms/cm) 1,000
34. Salinity (ppt) 1.0
35. Turbidity (NTU) 50
36. Transparency (Secchi) 0.6
37. Hardness 250
38. Taste No Objectional
39. Odour No Objectional
40. Aluminium <0.05 if pH < 6.5
<0.01 if pH > 6.5
41. Ammoniacal Nitrogen 0.3
42. Ammonia 0.02 - 0.03
43. Antimony 0.03
44. Barium 1.0
45. Beryllium 0.004
46. Flourine 1.5
47. Silica 50
48. Selenium 0.01
49. Silver 0.05
50. Sulphur 0.05
51. Sulphate 250
52 Gross-alpha (Bq/l) 0.1
ITEM LIMITING VALUE
PARAMETER PUTRAJAYA LAKE
AMBIENT WATER
QUALITY
STANDARD
(mg/l Unless Otherwise Stated)
53. Gross-Beta (Bq/l) 1.0
54. Radium-226 (Bq/l) <0.1
55. Strontium-90 (Bq/l) <1.0
56. Carbon Chloroform Extract (ug/l) 500
57. MBAS/BAS (ug/l) 500
58. Oil & Grease (mineral) (ug/l) 40, NF
59. Oil & Grease (emulsified edible) (ug/l) 700, NF
60. PCB (ug/l) 0.1
61. Aldrin/Dieldrin (ug/l) 0.02
62. BHC (ug/l) 2.0
63. Chlordane (ug/l) 0.08
64. t-DDT (ug/l) 0.1
65. Endosulfan (ug/l) 10
66. Heptachlor/Epoxide (ug/l) 0.05
67. Lindane (ug/l) 2.0
68. 2,4-D (ug/l) 70
69. 2,4,5-T (ug/l) 10
70. 2,4,5-TP (ug/l) 4.0
71. Paraquat (ug/l) 10
 APPENDIX 5.4

Interim National River Water Quality

Standards for Malaysia

Parameters Classes
(units)

I IIA IIB III IV V

Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/l) 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.9 2.7 >2.7

BOD5 (mg/l) 1 3 3 6 12
>12

COD (mg/l) 10 25 25 50 100 >100

DO (mg/l) 7 5-7 5-7 3-5 <3 <1

pH 6.5 - 8.5 6-9 6-9 5-9 5-9 -

Colour (TCU) 15 150 150 - - -

Elect. Cond.# (mmhos/cm) 1,000 1,000 - - 6,000 -

Floatables N N N - - -

Odour N N N - - -
# 0
Salinity ( /00) 0.5 1 - - 2

Taste N N N - -

Total Diss. Solid# (mg/l) 500 1,000 - - 4,000

Total SS (mg/l) 25 50 50 150 300 >300

Temperature (°C) - Normal± 2 - Normal± 2 - -

Turbidity (NTU) 5 50 50 - - -
+
F. Colif (counts/100 ml) 10 100 400 5,000 5,000 -

Tot. Colif. (counts/100 ml) 100 5,000 5,000 (20,000)* (20,000)*

50,000 50,000 >50,000

N No visible floatable materials/debris, or no objectionable odour, or

no objectionable taste

# Related parameters, only one recommended for use

+ Geometric mean

* Maximum not to be exceeded

 APPENDIX 5.5

APPENDIX 5.5
COMPARISON OF VARIOUS STANDARDS

ITEM PARAMETER LIMITING VALUE

(mg/l Unless Otherwise Stated) RECOMMENDED DOE'S PUTRAJAYA LAKE INTERIM NATIONAL
EFFLUENT STANDARD A AMBIENT WATER RIVER WATER
STANDARD FOR QUALITY STANDARD QUALITY STANDARD
PUTRAJAYA LAKE MALAYSIA - CLASS IIB
CATCHMENT
1. Temperature (°C) 40 40 Normal ± 2

2. pH (units) 6.0 - 9.0 6.0 - 9.0 6.5 - 9.0 6.0 - 9.0

3. BOD5 at 20°C 20 20 3 3

4. COD 50 50 25 25
5. Suspended Solids 50 50 50 50
6. Mercury 0.005 0.05 0.0001 0.001
7. Cadmium 0.01 0.01 0.002 0.01
8. Chromium, hexavalent 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.05
9. Arsenic 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
10. Cyanide 0.05 0,.05 0.02 0.02
11. Lead 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.05
12. Chromium, trivalent 0.20 0.20 - -
13. Copper 0.20 0.20 0.02 0.02
14. Manganese 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.1
15. Nickel 0.20 0.20 0.02 0.05
16. Tin 0.20 0.20 -
17. Zinc 1.0 1.0 5.0
1/4
 APPENDIX 5.5

ITEM PARAMETER LIMITING VALUE

(mg/l Unless Otherwise Stated) RECOMMENDED DOE'S PUTRAJAYA LAKE INTERIM NATIONAL
EFFLUENT STANDARD A AMBIENT WATER RIVER WATER
STANDARD FOR QUALITY STANDARD QUALITY STANDARD
PUTRAJAYA LAKE MALAYSIA - CLASS IIB
CATCHMENT
18. Boron 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
19. Iron 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
20. Phenol 0.001 0.001 10
21. Free Chlorine 0.5 1.0 1.5 -
22. Sulphide 0.5 0.5
23. Oil and Grease Not Detectable Not Detectable 1.5
24. Dissolved Oxygen 5.0 5.0 - 7.0 5.0 - 7.0
25. Total Phosphorous 2.0 0.05 0.2
26. Total Nitrogen 10.0
27. Nitrate (NO3 - N) - 7.0 7.0
28. Nitrite (NO2 - N) - 0.04 0.4
29. E-Coli (Counts/100 ml) 400 100 400
30. Total Coliform (Counts/100 ml) 5,000 5,000 5,000
31. Salmonella (Counts/l) 0
32. Enteroviruses (PFU/l) 0
33. Chlorophyll a (ug/l) 0.7
34. Floatables Not Visible Not Visible
35. Colour (TUC) 150 150
36. Conductivity (ms/cm) 1,000 1000

2/4
 APPENDIX 5.5

ITEM PARAMETER LIMITING VALUE

(mg/l Unless Otherwise Stated) RECOMMENDED DOE'S PUTRAJAYA LAKE INTERIM NATIONAL
EFFLUENT STANDARD A AMBIENT WATER RIVER WATER
STANDARD FOR QUALITY STANDARD QUALITY STANDARD
PUTRAJAYA LAKE MALAYSIA - CLASS IIB
CATCHMENT
37. Salinity (ppt) 1.0 1.0
38. Turbidity (NTU) 50 50
39. Transparency (Secchi) 0.6
40. Hardness 250 250
41. Taste No Objectional No Objectional
42. Odour No Objectional No Objectional
43. Aluminium <0.05 if pH < 6.5 -
<0.01 if pH > 6.5
44. Ammoniacal Nitrogen 0.3 0.3
45. Ammonia 0.02 - 0.03
46. Antimony 0.03
47. Barium 1.0 1.0
48. Beryllium 0.004
49. Flourine 1.5 1.5
50. Silica 50 50
51. Selenium 0.01 0.01
52. Silver 0.05 0.05
53. Sulphur 0.05 0.05
54. Sulphate 250 250
55 Gross-alpha (Bq/l) 0.1 0.1

3/4
 APPENDIX 5.5

ITEM PARAMETER LIMITING VALUE

(mg/l Unless Otherwise Stated) RECOMMENDED DOE'S PUTRAJAYA LAKE INTERIM NATIONAL
EFFLUENT STANDARD A AMBIENT WATER RIVER WATER
STANDARD FOR QUALITY STANDARD QUALITY STANDARD
PUTRAJAYA LAKE MALAYSIA - CLASS IIB
CATCHMENT
56. Gross-Beta (Bq/l) 1.0 1.0
57. Radium-226 (Bq/l) <0.1 <0.1
58. Strontium-90 (Bq/l) <1.0 <1
59. Carbon Chloroform Extract (ug/l) 500 500
60. MBAS/BAS (ug/l) 500 500
61. Oil & Grease (mineral) (ug/l) 40, NF 40 ; NF
62. Oil & Grease (emulsified edible) (ug/l) 700, NF 7,000 ; NF
63. PCB (ug/l) 0.1 0.1
64. Aldrin/Dieldrin (ug/l) 0.02 0.02
65. BHC (ug/l) 2.0 2.0
66. Chlordane (ug/l) 0.08 0.08
67. t-DDT (ug/l) 0.1 0.1
68. Endosulfan (ug/l) 10 10
69. Heptachlor/Epoxide (ug/l) 0.05 0.05
70. Lindane (ug/l) 2.0 2.0
71. 2,4-D (ug/l) 70 70
72. 2,4,5-T (ug/l) 10 10
73. 2,4,5-TP (ug/l) 4.0 4.0
74. Paraquat (ug/l) 10 10

4/4
 CHAPTER 6

LANDUSE MASTERPLAN STUDY

6.0 LAND-USE MASTERPLAN STUDY
6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.1.1 The Putrajaya Lake system is a man-made system. For it to

perform as envisaged there is a need to develop an integrated
land-use masterplan for the catchment, based on an adequate
understanding of the natural system supporting it.

6.1.2 To develop the masterplan there is a need to review the existing

land-use policies and land-use situation in the catchment. Based
on the review and the land-use controls, recommended by the
various specialists in the study team to ensure the success and
sustainability of the Lake, an integrated land-use masterplan can
then be develop to guide the future development in the
catchment.

6.2 REVIEW OF LAND-USE POLICIES AND GUIDELINES

6.2.1 The Structure Plans

6.2.1.1 The current land-use policy in the catchment is governed by two
district Structure Plans. They are:

• The Structure Plan for Putrajaya and part of Sepang District

• The Structure Plan for Petaling District and part of Klang
District

6.2.1.2 The Structure Plan for Putrajaya and part of Sepang District has
defined a set of policies for the planning and development of
Putrajaya. The policies governing the planning and management
of the area in the Putrajaya Lake Catchment are supposed to
create a city possessing the following characteristics:

• an “intelligent City”
• a “City-in-a-Garden”
• a city that meets the administrative needs of the federal
government
• a city with a carefully monitored physical and ambient
environment
• a city with a high quality living environment
• a city that gives priority to public transport

6-1 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

6.2.1.3 The Structure Plan also supported preservation of the existing
development surrounding Putrajaya. They are;

- Golf Course & Country Homes (IOI)

• The activities must be control
• High management standard of environment, with
centralised sewage treatment system

- Gas Turbine Power Station (TNB)

• expansion of existing capacity are not allowed
• Water pollutant must be controlled

- West Country Estate

• Can be developed for low-density development, such as
institution, recreation and green area.

- Bukit Bisa
• Can be developed for low density development

- Kawasan Rezab Melayu

• Land conversion from agriculture to industry is strictly
prohibited. The developments in this area are to be
encouraged for housing. However, other developments
such as commercial, recreation, golf course, tourism etc.
have to be screened thoroughly to ensure the
development concept for the Putrajaya and Sepang
Structure Plan are in line with each other.

6.2.1.4 Basically, the existing and committed developments within the

catchment is in line with the general policies of the Structure
Plan. The developments are compatible for developing such
low-density development and are environmental friendly and
integrated with the Putrajaya development concepts.

6.2.1.5 The Structure Plan for the Petaling District and part of Klang
District also emphasises on the need to preserve the
environment, wherever possible, and to create a green
landscape. The pertinent policies are:

• Development without negative impact to the environment

• Preservation of forest reserve and water catchment area

6-2 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 • Future development must have reservation for recreation and
open space
• Preservation of water sources
• Utilities reserve must be landscaped.

6.2.1.6 The Consultant has carefully reviewed the policies and

objectives described in the above two Structure Plans. The
thrust of the policies in the two Plans is to balance rapid
development growth in the area with the preservation of the
natural environment through low density development. Thus, in
the development of the integrated land-use masterplan for the
catchment the Consultant will be guided by that concept.

6.2.2 The Putrajaya Land-use Masterplan

6.2.2.1 The land-use Masterplan for Putrajaya (see Figure 6.1), also
known as the ‘Master Plan’, was approved by the Perbadanan
Putrajaya on 31st March 1997.

6.2.2.2 The Master Plan reaffirms the concepts of an “intelligent City”

and a “City-in-a-Garden” as defined in the Structure Plan. The
Master Plan reinforces the concept of a “City-in-a-Garden” by
proposing “an integrated system of parks, water courses,
wetlands, forest and open spaces…”

6.2.3 The Putrajaya Urban Design Guidelines (UDG)

6.2.3.1 To support and ensure the successful attainment of the vision
for Putrajaya and its Lake system, a set of detailed Urban
Design Guidelines (UDG) has been prepared. The UDG
provides detail guidelines on the design parameters and control
for different land parcels in the Putrajaya area.

6.2.3.2 A review of the UDG was also carried out with the objective of
incorporating pertinent elements of the UDG in the
development guidelines for the catchment areas outside of the
Putrajaya area. The following are a few pertinent UDG which
were adopted by the Consultants to guide their preparation for
the development guidelines at the catchment areas outside of the
Putrajaya area.

• Urban Design Guidelines (Vol. 1 – Rationale and

Strategies)
• Urban Design Guidelines (Vol. 2 – Development Controls)

6-3 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 • Urban Design Analysis and Strategies (Vol. 1 – Rationale
and Strategies)
• Urban Design Analysis and Strategies (Vol. 2A – Precincts
Analysis and Development Plan. Precinct 7, 8, 9 and 10)
• Urban Design Analysis and Strategies (Vol. 3 – Part 1:
Residential and Residential Centres)
• Urban Design Analysis and Strategies (Vol. 3 – Part 4:
Service Industry, Transport and Public Utilities)
• Urban Design Analysis and Strategies (Vol. 3 – Part 5a &
5b: Landscape, etc.)

6.2.3.3 The UDG also give emphasis on the preservation of greenery

with low density development. Therefore, planning for future
developments in the catchment areas outside of Putrajaya needs
to adhere will follow closely to the guidelines defined in the
UDG.

6.2.4 Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Guidelines

6.2.4.1 The MSC Guidelines were prepared to facilitate local
authorities and developers in the planning and development of
the MSC. This is in line with the vision of the government to
achieve the desired environment for multimedia and IT
development. There are seven planning areas within the MSC
where this set of guidelines are applicable. Only three planning
areas are pertinent to this study. They are as follows;
• Cyberjaya
• Tele-suburb
• Research and Development (R&D) Centre

6.2.4.2 The basic planning of the MSC is based on the following

development principles;
1. Human oriented intelligent city in harmony with nature.
2. Harmonious relation between Man and His Creator, Man
and Man, Man and Technology and Man and Environment.
3. Low density living environment.
4. Ecological and environmental planning with lush tropical
landscape.
5. Human focus design with ‘barrier free’ living.
6. Advanced telecommunication infrastructure for the
multimedia/IT industries.
7. Comfortable and efficient urban infrastructure.

6-4 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

6.3 EXISTING AND COMMITTED LAND-USE SITUATION

6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.1.1 The Putrajaya Lake catchment has a total area of 14,982 acres
or 6,066 ha. It can be divided into two distinct areas – the
Putrajaya area with a size of 10,600 acres (4,291 ha.) and the
areas outside of it with a size of 4,382 acres (1,774ha.)

6.3.1.2 The existing and future land-use in the Putrajaya area is

governed by the Putrajaya Masterplan. The land-use in the 20
precincts of Putrajaya is made-up of various types. The
residential areas, comprising of various housing types and
densities, are located mostly in the Northern part of the Lake.
The Southern part of the Lake will be dominated by mixed
development, i.e. a mixture of government offices, commercial
buildings and high-density residential developments.

6.3.1.3 The existing land-use in the catchment areas outside of the

Putrajaya area can generally be categorised as follows:

• Agricultural production
• Forest reserve
• Low density housing
• Institutional
• Corporate centre

6.3.1.4 The major land owners in the areas are:

• Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)

• MARDI
• Integrated Oxygen Industries (IOI)
• Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
• West Country Berhad
• Cyberjaya
• Sungai Merab Malay Reserve
• Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)

6.3.1.5 The existing and committed land-use plan in the catchment has
been prepared and is given in Table 6.1 and Figure 6.2. Details
on the existing land-use for each of the major landowners are
described below.

6-5 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

6.3.2 Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)
UPM is located at the North of the catchment. It has an area of
2,887 acres (1,168 ha.), however the area within the catchment
is 1,390 acres (562 ha.) and most of it is zoned for institutional
activities. UPM has been set up as an agricultural and
environmental tertiary education centre.

6.3.2.1 Existing and Committed Development

(1) Figure 6.3 shows a plan of the existing land-use in UPM
(within Lake catchment) and the boundary of Putrajaya Lake
Catchment. Details on the acreage and percentage of the
existing and committed land-use in the Lake Catchment are
given in Table 6.2. From Table 6.2 it can be seen that the two
major land uses in the Lake Catchment are for:

• Sports activities (field, stadium and golf courses) –

28.52%
• Farms and orchards – 46.73%

(2) Currently, the development of UPM is in line with the

Putrajaya development concept, i.e. preservation of the
environment and greenery. However, the committed
development of UPM Hospital located at the edge of the
northern side boundary has to take measures to control their
waste discharge into the Putrajaya Lake.

(3) Besides the above development, the plans for the future
includes a games village for Asia Games 2006 next to the
existing stadium, faculty at the northern site of the proposed
ERL or next to the Project College and staff quarters within the
catchment. Certain areas zoned as ‘Flexible Zone’ by UPM
need careful consideration in order to control its development.

6-6 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Table 6.2 Existing and Committed Land-use for UPM (Within
Catchment)

Landuse/Activities Area Percentage

(acre) (%)
A. BUILDINGS
- Hostels 59.76 36.87
- Quarters 3.59 2.21
- Hospital (committed) 43.58 26.89
- Putra Infoport 29.68 18.31
- Others 25.48 15.72
Total 162.09 10.05
B. GREEN AREAS
- Golf Course 186.51 15.08
- Open space/recreation 209.85 16.97
- Stadium 20.19 1.63
- Farms 321.65 26.01
- Orchards 518.50 40.31
Total 1,236.51 76.56
C. WATER BODIES
- Lake 24.18 41.20
- Wetland 34.51 58.80
Total 58.69 3.63
D. INFRASTRUCTURE
- Roads & Drainage 61.57 39.07
- Express Rail Link (Committed) 73.86 46.87
- Kajang Ring Highway 22.17 14.06
Total 157.60 9.76
Grand Total 1,614.89 100.00

6.3.2.1 Physical Characteristics

The topography of UPM is hilly and ranges between 75 to 85
meters, especially at the centre of UPM, with slopes down to
the east and south. There are a few lakes/ponds located at the
western and southern side with a total area of 24.18 acre (10
ha.)

6.3.2.2 Site Potential & Constraints

(1) A review of the existing and committed future land-use
development of the UPM indicates that they are in line with the
development concept of Putrajaya. The preservation of
greenery and low-density development meets the requirements
of an ‘intelligent city’ and ‘a-City-in-a-Garden’ theme.

6-7 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

(2) The Structure Plan has zoned UPM under ‘Institutional’ with
green and low density mixed development. Therefore, UPM
should be developed to preserve the greens within a low-
density development accordingly.

(3) The MSC guideline also stated that the UPM is the R&D
Centre and will be a collaborative cluster of academic
institutions which offer courses on information technology. On
the other hand the corporate R&D centres which undertake
research and development oriented industries require close co-
operation with the academic and research institutions which are
equipped with facilities for laboratory testing, R&D, and skill
training centres. An example of such collaboration is the
MTDC-UPM Incubation Centre.

6.3.3 MARDI
MARDI is located next to the UPM on the North of Putrajaya.
It has a total area of 1,858 acres or 752 ha., and only 1,148 acre
(465 ha.) is in the Putrajaya Lake catchment.

6.3.3.1 Existing and Committed Development

(1) To support the development objectives of Putrajaya, MARDI
has relocated most of its live stocks rearing activities, which are
potential pollutant sources, and are keeping the land as a green
area. Currently, there are only a few farms operating on a small
scale (20%), rearing chicken, sheep, duck, ostrich, cow, etc. in
MARDI’s area. There is no committed development around
the area except the proposed Express Rail Link (ERL) and
South Klang Valley Express (SKVE) at the northern side.

(2) Figure 6.4 shows a plan of the existing land-use in MARDI.

Details on the acreage and percentage of the existing land-use
in the MARDI are given in Table 6.3. From Table 6.3 it can be
seen that MARDI has preserved 74% of its total area as green
areas.

6-8 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Table 6.3 Existing and Committed Land-use for MARDI

Landuse/Activities Area Percentage

(acre) (%)
A. BUILDINGS
- Administration 71.12 61.13
- Laboratory 16.04 13.79
- Quarters 19.30 16.59
- Others 9.88 8.49
Total 116.34 10.13
B. GREEN AREAS
- Farms 487.35 58.06
- Orchards 321.47 38.30
- Open Space/Recreation 30.56 3.64
Total 839.38 73.08
C. WATER BODY
- Pond/lake 32.10 72.00
- Wetland 12.48 28.00
Total 44.58 3.88
D. INFRASTRUCTURE
- Road 53.32 35.97
- Express Rail Link (ERL) 48.32 32.60
- South Klang Valley Highway 46.58 31.43
Total 148.22 12.91
Total Lake Catchment Area 1,148.52 100.00

6.3.3.2 Physical Characteristic

(1) This area is characterised by undulating hills, which ranges
from 70 to 80 meters and with slopes to the southern area. The
dominant land-use is for agricultural research activities, such as
farms and orchards. There are also a few ponds scattered
around the area and a lake is also located in the centre of
MARDI.

(2) Basically, the dominant land-use can be categorised into two,

which is
• Orchards at the northern part (58%)
• Farms at the southern part (38%)

6.3.3.3 Site Potentials and Constraints

(1) A review of the existing and committed future land-use
development of the MARDI indicates that they are in line with
the development concept of Putrajaya. The preservation of
greenery with their Research & Development activities in the

6-9 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 future will meets the requirements of an ‘intelligent city’ and
‘a-City-in-a-Garden’ theme. The environmental friendly
concept that MARDI is proposing for it’s Farms, Orchards
Complexes and ponds are in line with the Structure Plans and
the Putrajaya concept.

6.3.4 Integrated Oxygen Industries (IOI)

The IOI development, with a size of 418 acres or 170 ha, is
located next to the North-Eastern wetlands. Basically, the
overall development is in the catchment area, including Bukit
Bisa.

6.3.4.1 Existing & Committed Development

(1) IOI is being developed as a low-density residential area with an
average density of 12 units/acre for bungalow and 50 units/acre
for condominium, together with commercial lots and a golf
course.

(2) Figure 6.5 shows a plan of the existing land-use in the IOI
development. Details on the acreage and percentage of the
existing and committed land-use in the IOI development are
given in Table 6.4. From Table 6.4 it can be seen that the total
percentage of the green area of the development is 42%.

6.3.4.2 Physical Characteristic

The development is located in a hilly area, which ranges
between 150 to 225 feet. The highest point of the area is Bukit
Bisa (145 meter or 430 feet) (see Figure 6.6). The physical
character (hilly) has encouraged the development of low-
density condominiums and apartments with bungalow lots.
There are 6 ponds with a total area of 7 acres. They act as
flood retention ponds at the lowest part of the development.

6-10 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Figure 6.6 : Northern part of Bukit Bisa - with the
development of low density mixed
housing

Table 6.4 Existing and Committed Land-use for IOI

Landuse/Activities Unit Area Percentage

(acre) (%)
A. BUILDINGS
- Bungalow Lots 101 72.39 44.98
- Condominium (33 unit/acre) 1,737 47.91 29.77
- Apartments (40 unit/acre) 487 11.9 7.39
- Commercial Lots 1 17.46 10.86
- Club 1 11.27 7.00
Total 160.93 30.77
B. GREEN AREAS
- Open Space/Green 5.82 2.61
- Golf Course 216.90 97.39
Total - 222.72 42.59
C. WATER BODY
- Flood Catchment Lake 7.00 100.00
Total - 7.00 1.34
D. INFRASTRUCTURE
- Reservoir 0.84 3.08
- Sewerage Treatment Plant 1.99 7.29
- Roads 24.47 89.63
Total - 27.30 25.30
Total Lake Catchment Area - 522.91 100.00

6-11 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

6.3.4.3 Site Potentials and Constraints
The development is compatible with that of Putrajaya and
follows the Structure Plan. The concept of ‘country homes’,
which is a low density residential development and a golf
course, is in harmony with the spacious and green living
concept emphasised in the Putrajaya development. Basically,
the development is already committed and currently the
discharge of water into the Putrajaya Lake is under control.

6.3.5 Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)

This site is currently occupied by the Serdang Gas Turbine
Power Plant by TNB (see Figure 6.7) with an area of 297 acre
(120 ha). However the catchment boundary only takes 75% of
the site with the area of 223 acre (90 ha.).

Figure 6.7: TNB Serdang Gas Turbine Power Plant

6.3.5.1 Existing & Committed Development

There are significant stores of chemicals and fuel at this site.
Thus, there are potential risks from chemical and fuel spills or
explosions. In the event of such an environmental-related
emergency at the power plant, there could be significant
impacts on the adjacent developments, i.e. the residential and
commercial areas.

6.3.5.2 Physical Characteristic

It is located at the northern part of Putrajaya and adjacent to the
Taman Wetland and committed mixed housing development in
Putrajaya. However, the buffer zone provided around the
power station helps to reduce the risk of emergencies.

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6.3.5.3 Site Potentials & Constraints
(1) The impact on the wetlands and the Lake arises primarily from
hazardous chemical and fuel spills. Although the risk of such
an occurrence is small the impact of such an occurrence could
be immense. TNB has to develop emergency response plans to
cope with such potential environmental-related emergencies.

(2) The other possible environmental impacts maybe the fallout

from any explosions and the release of toxic gases. The wind
direction has generally been observed to be from the North
Westerly direction. This has implications on the land uses to
the South of the power plant. The land use zoning should take
this into consideration.

6.3.6 West Country Berhad

This area is located at the north-eastern edge of Putrajaya and is
adjacent to the Wetland and IOI (Bukit Bisa). The existing
land-use is oil palm and rubber tree cultivation (see Figure 6.8).
However, plans are being made to develop the area at the north-
eastern end into a mixed development. The land area is 423
acres (171 ha.). The total land area within the Lake Catchment
is 381 acres 9154 ha).

Figure 6.8 : Western part of West Country with

proposed low density housing –
Bungalow lots, located adjacent to
IOI golf course.

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6.3.6.1 Existing and Committed Development
Currently there is an oil palm estate with slopes of 5 – 20
degrees. West Country Berhad have tentatively proposed
mixed development on their 289 acre land, with low density
housing developments on the western part which lies within the
lake Catchment.

6.3.6.2 Physical Characteristic

The site is undulating and ranges from 100 – 250 feet. The
northern site is sloping to the Putrajaya Lake.

6.3.6.3 Site Potentials & Constraints

There is a proposed highway from Putrajaya cutting through the
site at the Western end. Tentatively, this area was proposed for
mixed development, i.e. bungalow lots, terrace house,
commercial, facilities (school, mosque) etc. This development
is still in line with that of the Putrajaya Structure Plan. The
proposed lake at the middle of the northern side will help to
control the runoff discharge into Putrajaya.

6.3.7 Cyberjaya
The Cyberjaya Flagship Development Zone (Phase 1B), also
known as ‘Kawasan Persyarikatan’ in the Structure Plan of
Putrajaya and part of Sepang District covers an area of 18,300
acres or 7,589 ha. The development in this area is governed by
the policies described in the Structure Plan for the area. Only
607 acres (225 ha) of the total area lies within the Putrajaya
Lake Catchment. The overall development concept of the area
has to be in line with the planning concept for Putrajaya, i.e.
development to create an ‘Intelligent City’ and a ‘City In A
Garden’. All private and individual land owners in the vicinity
of Cyberjaya are required to develop their land in accordance
with the overall development concept. Figure 6.9 shows a plan
of the Cyberjaya Flagship Development Zone phase 1B.

6.3.7.1 The Existing and Committed Development

(1) The concept of the Cyberjaya development emphasises the
following characteristics:

• Intelligent City
• City In A Garden
• Neighbourhood Concept

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 • Environmental Friendly
• Efficient Transportation System
• Effective Public Utility
• Green Belt Concept

(2) The land-use of this area are for housing, commercial,

administration centre etc. with emphasis on open space, which
is more than 30%. The breakdown of land-uses is shown in
Table 6.5.

6.3.7.2 Physical Characteristic

The site is hilly towards the Putrajaya lake and ranges between
25 to 50 meter. There is also provision for 51 acres of Lake in
the development, complete with gross pollutant traps.

6.3.7.3 Site Potentials and Constraints

(1) The site has been committed with low density mixed
development, which is in line with the Putrajaya development
and policies underlined in the Putrajaya and Sepang Structure
Plan. The development principles of Cyberjaya in terms of
environmental considerations are;

• Low density development, well landscaped features

and environmentally-friendly,
• Development emphasis on free standing buildings,
• Energy saving, clean and pollutant free activities.

(2) The MSC guideline also stated that Cyberjaya should follow
the world-class environmental standards and guideline, and
only R&D activities are allowed. Industries are strictly
prohibited.

6-15 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Table 6.5 Existing and Committed Land-use for Cyberjaya

Landuse/Activities Area Percentage

(acre) (%)
B. BUILDINGS
- Offices 66.45 27.40
- Housing 121.45 50.08
- School 6.05 2.49
- Commercial 12.15 5.01
- Other Public Facilities 36.43 15.02
Total 242.53 39.96
B. GREEN AREAS
- Open Space/Green 104.22 88.86
- Recreation 13.07 11.14
Total 117.29 19.32
D. WATER BODY
- Lake 51.03 100.00
Total 51.03 8.40
D. INFRASTRUCTURE
- Express Rail Link (ERL) 35.77 18.23
- Highway 81.85 41.72
- Roads & Drainage 48.22 24.58
- Others 30.35 15.47
Total 196.19 32.32
Total Lake Catchment Area 607.04 100.00

6.3.8 Sungai Merab Malay Reserve

The Sungai Merab Malay Reserve is located on the eastern side
of Putrajaya (adjacent to Putrajaya housing development) at
Kampung Tengah which covers only 89.60 acres of agriculture
lands.

6.3.8.1 Existing and Committed Development

Currently, there is no development around this area. The
existing land-use is rubber tree cultivation and 5 numbers of
village houses.

6.3.8.2 Physical Characteristic

17 lots are affected within the catchment. The topography of
this area is sloping down towards Precinct 15 of Taman Jati and
Precinct 16 (Putrajaya). The highest point is about 100 feet.

6-16 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

6.3.8.3 Site Potentials & Constraints
Sungai Merab Malay Reserve is predominantly residential
zones where smart homes and smart schools will be located as
stated in the MSC guideline. This area will also be the test-bed
for electronic innovations and information technology. All
Malay Reserve, especially the Sg. Merab Village are deemed
approved for enterprise, residential, commercial and social
facilities development, as stated in the Structure Plan policy,
Putrajaya and MSC guidelines. They are required to support
the Putrajaya development and preserve it’s environment.

6.3.9 Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)

This area is located at the north-eastern edge of the lake
catchment adjacent to West Country. The existing land-use is
rubber tree cultivation. The area within the catchment is only
93.80 acres.

6.3.9.1 Existing and Committed Development

Currently there is a rubber tree estate with slopes of 5 – 20
degrees. UNITEN has been zoned as institutional with
academic and R&D development.

6.3.9.2 Physical Characteristic

The topography of UNITEN is hilly and ranges between 70 to
80 meter and slopes to the western area. The dominant land use
is agriculture.

6.3.9.3 Site Potentials & Constraints

The Structure Plan has zoned UNITEN under Sungai Merab,
Bangi Institutional Area with green and low-density
development. Therefore, UNITEN should be developed along
the same concept as UPM, which is to preserve the greens
within a low-density development.

As the institutional zone, UNITEN will be developed as a

collaborative cluster of academic institutions and R&D Centre.

6.3.10 Comments on the existing developments

6.3.10.1 The following are the Consultants comments on the existing
developments, based on the information compiled todate.

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 • The stakeholders in general follow the concept of the
Putrajaya development, which emphasises the preservation
of the green and environmental friendly environment.
• Some of the stakeholders are in the process of developing
their land or are in the process of applying for
development planning approval for land.
• Most of the highway network and rail link have been
committed on the stakeholder land.

6.3.10.2 Generally, the existing land-use of the lake catchment is still

under control and in line with the concept proposed by
Putrajaya development and within the policies of the Structure
Plan and existing Guidelines. However, expansion of
development or future plans from the stakeholder especially
MARDI, UPM, West Country and in the Sg. Merab Malay
Reserve (others are committed) need to be taken into
consideration. They are as follows;

UPM
- It’s masterplan has indicated plans for the expansion for
sports complexes, hospital, faculty complexes and flexible
development zones.

MARDI
- To develop into an effective Research & Development
Centre on agriculture, with farms and orchards complex.

TNB
- There are no proposed development for this area. It has
been fully utilised and there is a buffer zone of green areas
to cater for emergency events.

IOI
- This site has been fully committed with low-density
development. The development is in line with the
Putrajaya development concept.

West Country Berhad

- It has plans for low-density housing developments in the
areas within the lake catchment.

6-18 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Cyberjaya
- The areas within the Lake Catchment have been
committed with mixed development. The development is
in line with the overall concept of Putrajaya.

Sungai Merab
- The development of Malay Reserve areas is to be
encouraged for housing. However, other developments
such as commercial, recreation, golf course, tourism etc.
have to be screened thoroughly to ensure the development
concept for the Putrajaya and Sepang Structure Plan and to
support the Putrajaya development and preserve it’s
environment.

UNITEN
- The future development will be academic and R&D
purposes as have been zoned in the development plan.

6.4 THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND CONCEPT

6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.1.1 The development strategy for the Putrajaya Lake Catchment is
based on the concept of a harmonious relationship between
Man and His Creator, Man and Man, Man and Technology, and
Man and the Environment.

6.4.1.2 The development concept has taken into consideration all

factors that has risen in the preparation of the development
forms based on planning principles. Figure 6.10 shows the
concept for the lake catchment development.

6.4.2 Development Component

6.4.2.1 Generally the development component for the lake catchment
can be described as follows;
• Institutional Use
• Low Density Housing
• Park & recreation
• Farm & Orchards
• Lake/pond

6-19 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

6.4.2.2 Institutional Use
In line with the MSC and Putrajaya development, the lake
catchment was proposed as a collaborative cluster of research
institutions concentrating on IT research and learning within an
R&D Centre. The development is to be concentrated to the
North of the Lake Catchment.

6.4.2.3 Low Density Housing

Development with high-tech infrastructure and social facilities
to create an excellent living environment with clean and
pollutant free activities. The development also gives emphasis
on well-landscaped features and is to be environmental-
friendly.

6.4.2.4 Park & Recreation

In line with the objective to create and harmonise the
development with the environment, parks and recreation areas
have also been proposed e.g. cyber park, forest park, golf
course and sport complexes.

6.4.2.5 Farms & Orchard

The development of MARDI will be based on the concept of
green lung so as to support the development of Putrajaya. The
development will be focussed on introducing to the public a
love for nature. The emphasis of the developments will be on
education, upgrading of the environment, public recreation
(forest park) and encouragement of agro-based entrepreneur.

6.4.2.6 Lake/pond
Development within the lake catchment areas will be based on
these water bodies which are the essential elements that will
create the natural environment in the area. It will also be used
for water recreational activities, e.g. canoeing, fishing, boating
etc.

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6.4.3 Rationale & Justification
6.4.3.1 The factors that form the development strategy and concept are
as follows;

• The Structure Plan policies states that low-density

development which is in line with the Putrajaya
development concepts are to be carried out. The Plan also
emphasizes the need to preserve the environment and
create a green landscape. The pertinent policies are;

− Development without negative impact to the

environment.
− Preservation of forest reserve and water catchment
areas.
− Recreation and open space reservation in future
developments.
− Preservation of water sources.
− Landscaped utility reserves.

• Potential land that can be developed is about 2,098 acres

(850 ha) (48%), which gives space to various scales of
development.

• Natural assets e.g. hills, rivers, ponds and agriculture can

be created to achieve the “World Class Environment”.

• Infrastructure Plans, e.g. Express Rail Link (ERL), South

Klang Valley Expressway (SKVE) and main roads that
pass through the study area can be used to encourage and
facilitate future development.

• Existing developments, e.g. the Institutional Zone, R&D

and green areas have given a unique identity to the area
which are in line with the Putrajaya development.

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6.5 THE PROPOSED LAND-USE MASTERPLAN

6.5.1 Introduction
6.5.1.1 The integrated land-use masterplan for the catchment is
described under the analysis for the zoning plan below. The
analysis is based on the results from the various studies, such as
existing and committed development, physical characteristic,
environmental or sensitive area, drainage and geology.
Furthermore, the Putrajaya and MSC guidelines and the
Structure Plan policies have also been incorporated to form the
Lake catchment masterplan.

6.5.1.2 The Lake catchment masterplan gives emphasis on integrated

and sustainable development. It is shown in Figure 6.11 and
the land-use tabulated in Table 6.6. Basically the future
development in the lake catchment will be concentrated in the
areas of UPM, MARDI and in the Sungai Merab Malay
Reserve. The other stakeholders have already committed their
developments and there is only a need to monitor their
development implementations.

6.5.2 Zoning Plan

6.5.2.1 UPM
(1) UPM is zoned under Institutional with ample green area and
low density mixed development. Therefore UPM can be
developed in a manner to preserve the greens with low-density
development.

(2) It is proposed that UPM will serve as the R&D Centre and will
be a collaborative cluster of academic institutions which offer
courses on information technology and corporate R&D centres
as shown in Figure 6.12. UPM will undertake research and
development oriented industries which require close co-
operation with academic and research institution equipped with
facilities for laboratory testing, R&D, and skill training centres.
An example of such collaboration is the MTDC-UPM
Incubation Centre. The existing pond/lake can also be
upgraded as a recreational centre for public use, as illustrated
in Illustration 6.1.

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TABLE 6.6 : PROPOSED LANDUSE MASTERPLAN FOR PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT (ACRE)

LAKE CATCHMENT UPM % MARDI % IOI % TNB % WEST % CYBER % SUNGAI % UNITEN % TOTAL %
AREA (Acre) COUNTRY JAYA MERAB

A. BUILDINGS
Administration/Offices - - 151.38 57.48 - - - - - - 66.45 27.40 - - - - 217.83 11.84
Hostels/College 213.68 29.52 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 213.68 11.62
Housing/Quarters - - 19.30 7.33 132.20 82.14 - - 236.26 100.00 121.45 50.00 89.60 100.00 - - 598.81 32.56
Commercial - - - - 17.46 10.86 - - - - 12.15 5.01 - - - - 29.61 1.61
Academic/R&D 312.89 43.23 - - - - - - - - - - - - 93.80 100.00 406.69 22.11
Power Station - - - - - - 28.95 100.00 - - - - - - - - 28.95 1.57
Facilities 197.25 27.25 92.68 35.19 11.27 7.00 - - - - 42.48 15.02 - - - - 343.68 18.69
TOTAL 723.82 50.94 263.36 22.93 160.93 30.77 28.95 12.98 236.26 61.96 242.53 39.96 89.60 100.00 93.80 100.00 1,839.25 41.97

B. GREEN AREAS
Open Space/Field Recreation 189.66 49.28 183.49 26.82 5.82 2.61 - - 17.66 - 110.06 100.00 - - - - 506.69 31.16
Golf Course 186.51 48.46 - - 216.90 97.39 - - - - - - - - - - 403.41 24.81
Farms - - 141.21 20.64 - - - - - - - - - - - - 141.21 8.68
Orchards - - 354.96 51.88 - - - - - - - - - - - - 354.96 21.83
Buffer Zone 8.67 2.25 4.51 0.66 - - 194.03 100.00 5.34 23.22 7.23 - - - - - 219.78 13.52
TOTAL 384.84 27.09 684.17 59.57 222.72 42.59 194.03 87.02 23.00 6.03 117.29 19.32 - - - - 1,626.05 37.11

C. WATER BODIES
Pond/Lake 24.18 100.00 56.02 81.78 7.00 14.29 - - 18.30 100.00 51.03 100.00 - - - - 156.53 76.91
Wetland 34.51 - 12.48 - - 85.71 - - - - - - - - - - 46.99 23.09
TOTAL 58.69 4.13 68.50 5.96 7.00 21.41 - - 18.30 4.80 51.03 8.40 - - - - 203.52 4.64

D. INFRASTRUCTURE
Roads/Drainage 61.57 24.29 53.32 40.24 24.47 89.63 - - 55.27 53.26 48.22 24.58 - - - - 242.85 34.05
Express Rail Link 73.86 29.13 48.32 36.47 - - - - - - 35.77 18.23 - - - - 157.95 22.14
Highway 118.08 46.58 30.85 23.28 - - - - 47.20 45.49 81.85 41.72 - - - - 277.98 38.97
Others - - - - 2.83 10.37 - - 1.30 1.25 30.35 15.47 - - - - 34.48 4.83
TOTAL 253.51 17.84 132.49 11.54 27.30 5.23 - - 103.77 27.21 196.19 32.32 - - - - 713.26 16.28
GRAND TOTAL 1,420.86 100.00 1,148.52 100.00 417.95 100.00 222.98 100.00 381.33 100.00 607.04 100.00 89.60 100.00 93.80 100.00 4,382.08 100.00
6.5.2.2 MARDI
MARDI will also be zoned under R&D centres with green lung
concept for agriculture with complexes of farms, orchards
complex for agricultural education and experimental, public
forest park purposes as shown in Figure 6.13. Illustration 6.2
also shows the types of activities at the forest park..

6.5.2.3 Sungai Merab

The section of the Sungai Merab Malay Reserve areas that lies
within the catchment are proposed for enterprise, residential,
commercial and social facilities development to support the
Putrajaya development and preserve the environment with
minimal pollution.

6.5.3 Use Class Order

The development in the lake catchment should also be
controlled under the use class order listed in Table 6.7.

6.6 LAND-USE CONTROL GUIDELINES

6.6.1 Introduction
The land-use control guidelines are as follows;
• Preservation and Conservation of Environmentally
Sensitive Areas
• Protection of rare, endemic and endangered species
• Pollution Prevention and Minimisation
• Water Conservation

6.6.2 Existing Guidelines

The following generic guidelines should be adopted for any
development proposals within the catchment, namely;

• The Environmental Quality Act, 1974 and all regulations

made thereunder
• Guidelines on Environmental Impact Assessment:
Procedure and Requirement in Malaysia, Department of
Environment (1995)
• ‘Garis Panduan Konsep Pembangunan berhadapan
Sungai’, Jabatan pengairan dan Saliran (1995)
• Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion and
Siltation, Final Draft, Department of Environment (1996)

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TABLE 6.7: LAKE CATCHMENT LANDUSE MASTERPLAN – USE CLASS ORDER
LAKE CATCHMENT AREA PERMITTED USE PERMITTED WITH CONDITION
(PLOT) NON PERMITTED USE
UPM INSTITUTIONAL Activities Conditions
• Hostels/College • Hospital • To comply with Guidelines - Planning Standard, • Industry
Institutional Centre • Faculty • Staff Quarters Lake Catctment, Putrajaya, MSC Guidelines and Sg. • Land earthwork clearing
Total Area: 1,420.86 acre • Administration Centre • Supporting Commercial Merab Local Plan. more than 15% of
• R&D Centre - Bank, Shop, Food court, • Enhance and introduce riparian buffer strips (non- catchment at anyone time
• Farms & Orchards clinic etc. point BMP) • Development with pollution
• Open Space/Feild • Mosque • Medical/laboratory wastes should be discharged out - excess fertilizers,
• Library • Pedestrian walk of the catchment herbicides, and insecticides
• Laboratory • Buffer Zone • Shoreline & riparian buffer are planned along from agricultural lands and
• Sewage Treatment Plant drainage lines & the lake. parks
• Road/Drainage • Install mitigating measures to prevent pollutant input - bacteria and nutrients from
• Highway/ERL from the roads crossing the wetland livestock, wildlife, pet
• Fetilizer & pesticide use is controlled and wastes and sewerage
monitored. system
• Stream flow to be preserve
• Turfing of cleared land to carried out
• EMP programme must be implemented
- soil erosion management programme to be included
MARDI REASEARCH CENTRE Activities Conditions
• Administration Office • Staff Quarters • To comply with Guidelines - Planning Standard, • Industry
Research Centre • R&D Centre • Hostels Lake Catctment, Putrajaya, MSC Guidelines and Sg. • Land earthwork clearing
Total Area: 1,148.52 acre • Laboratory • Supporting Commercial Merab Local Plan. more than 15% of
• Store - Canteen, Food court, etc. • Enhance and introduce riparian buffer strips (non- catchment at anyone time
• Farms & Orchards • Buffer zone point BMP) • Development with pollution
• Nursery • Recreation/Open Space • Utilise constructed ponds to retain drainage and - excess fertilizers,
• Lake/pond stream flows herbicides, and insecticides
• Road/Drainage • Laboratory wastes should be discharged out of the from agricultural lands and
• Highway/ERL catchment parks
• Shoreline & riparian buffer are planned along • bacteria and nutrients from
drainage lines & the lake. livestock, wildlife, pet
• Install mitigating measures to prevent pollutant input wastes and sewerage
from the roads crossing the wetland system
• Stream flow to be preserve
• Turfing of cleared land to carried out
• EMP programme must be implemented
- soil erosion management programme to be included
LAKE CATCHMENT AREA PERMITTED USE PERMITTED WITH CONDITION NON PERMITTED USE
(PLOT)
IOI HOUSING & RECREATION Activities Conditions
• Low Density Housing • Neighbourhood • To comply with Guidelines - Planning Standard, Lake • Industry
Country Homes & Golf Course - Bungalow lots Commercial Catctment, Putrajaya, MSC Guidelines and Sg. Merab • Development with
Total Area: 417.95 acre • Sports and recreations - Club House Local Plan. pollution
• Open Space/Feild - Nursery Centre • Low Medium Density Development - sediment from
- Health Club • Enhance and introduce riparian buffer strips (non-point improperly managed
- Shops BMP) construction sites and
- Clinic • Development should occur in stages, planned to extend eroding stream banks.
• Golf Course over 8 to 10 years to allow for monitoring and re- • Development on slope
• Road/Drainage evaluation of impacts. with more than 20%
• Providing Flood Detention Pond (except recreations)
• Fetilizer & pesticide use is controlled and monitored
• Stream flow to be preserved
• Turfing of cleared land to carried out
• EMP programme must be implemented
- soil erosion management programme to be included
TNB FACILITIES Activities Conditions
• Power Plant • Recreation • To comply with Guidelines - Planning Standard, Lake • Any development
Power Station • Green Network • TNB Facilities Catctment, Putrajaya, MSC Guidelines and Sg. Merab accept TNB use
Total Area: 222.98 acre - Reserve for electric line • Open Space/Feild Local Plan.
- Buffer Zone • Enhance and introduce riparian buffer strips (non-point
BMP)
• Install mitigating measures to prevent pollutant input
from the roads crossing the wetland
WEST COUNTRY BHD. HOUSING Activities Conditions
• Low Density Housing • Neighbourhood • To comply with Guidelines – Planning Standard, Lake • Industry
Housing - Bungalow lots Commercial Catctment, Putrajaya, MSC Guidelines and Sg. Merab • Development with
Total Area: 381.33 acre • Sports and recreations - Shops, Clinic etc. Local Plan. pollution
• • Institutional • Enhance and introduce riparian buffer strips (non-point - sediment from
• Lake/pond BMP) improperly managed
• Sewage Treatment • Development should occur in stages, planned to extend construction sites and
Plant over 8 to 10 years to allow for monitoring eroding stream banks.
• Road/Drainage • Providing Flood Detention Pond • Development on slope
• Highway • Fetilizer & pesticide use is controlled and monitored with more than 20%
• Stream flow to be preserved (accept recreations)
• Turfing of cleared land to carried out
• EMP programme must be implemented
- soil erosion management programme to be included
LAKE CATCHMENT AREA PERMITTED USE PERMITTED WITH CONDITION NON PERMITTED USE
(PLOT)
CYBERJAYA HOUSING & OFFICES Activities Conditions
• Low & Medium Density • Institutional • To comply with Guidelines – Planning Standard, • Industry
Mixed Housing & Offices Housing • Commercial Lake Catctment, Putrajaya, MSC Guidelines and Sg. • Development with
Total Area: 607.04 acre • Commercial • Public facilities Merab Local Plan. pollution
- shops, clinic, bank, food • Recreation • Enhance and introduce riparian buffer strips (non- - sediment from
court etc. • Lake/pond point BMP) improperly managed
• Offices • Sewage Treatment Plant • Development should occur in stages, planned to construction sites and
• Open Space/Feild • Road/Drainage extend over 8 to 10 years to allow for monitoring eroding stream banks.
• • Highway/ERL and re-evaluation of impacts. • Development on slope
• Providing Flood Detention Pond with more than 20%
• Fetilizer & pesticide use is controlled and monitored (accept recreations)
• Stream flow to be preserved
• Turfing of cleared land to carried out
• EMP programme must be implemented
- soil erosion management programme to be included
UNITEN INSTITUTIONAL Activities Conditions
• Hostels/College • Staff Quarters • To comply with Guidelines – Planning Standard, • Industry
Institutional Centre • Faculty • Supporting Commercial Lake Catctment, Putrajaya, MSC Guidelines and Sg. • Land earthwork clearing
Total Area: 93.80 acre • Administration Centre - Bank, Shop, Food court, Merab Local Plan. more than 15% of
• R&D Centre clinic etc. • Enhance and introduce riparian buffer strips (non- catchment at anyone
• Farms & Orchards • Mosque point BMP) time
• Open Space/Feild • Pedestrian walk • Medical/laboratory wastes should be discharged out • Development with
• Library • Buffer Zone of the catchment pollution
• Laboratory • Sewage Treatment Plant • Development should occur in stages, planned to - excess fertilizers,
• Road/Drainage extend over 8 to 10 years to allow for monitoring herbicides, and
• Highway/ERL and re-evaluation of impacts. insecticides from
• Install mitigating measuresss to prevent pollutant agricultural lands and
input from the roads crossing the wetland parks
• Fetilizer & pesticide use is controlled and monitored - bacteria and nutrients
• Stream flow to be preserved from livestock, wildlife,
• Turfing of cleared land to be carried out pet wastes and sewerage
• EMP programme must be implemented system
- soil erosion management programme to be included
LAKE CATCHMENT AREA PERMITTED USE PERMITTED WITH CONDITION NON PERMITTED
(PLOT) USE
SUNGAI MERAB VILLAGE HOUSING Activities Conditions
• Low Density Housing • Neighbourhood Commercial • To comply with Guidelines - Planning Standard, • Industry
Housing - Bungalow lots - Local Shopping Centre Lake Catctment, Putrajaya, MSC Guidelines and Sg. • Development with
Total Area: 89.60 acre - Cluster • Enterprise Office Merab Local Plan. pollution
- Semi Detached • Research Centre/Institutional • Structure which are complimentary to recreational - sediment from
• Small/medium Enterprise activities and environment improperly managed
related to IT • Enhance and introduce riparian buffer strips (non- construction sites
• Open Space & Recreation point BMP) and eroding stream
• Public Facilities • Development should occur in stages, planned to banks.
• Golf Course extend over 8 to 10 years to allow for monitoring • Development on
• Tourism and re-evaluation of impacts. slope with more than
• Lake/pond • Providing Flood Detention Pond 20% (accept
• Sewage Treatment Plant • Fetilizer & pesticide use is controlled and monitored recreations)
• Road/drainage • Stream flow to be preserved
• Turfing of cleared land to carried out
• EMP programme must be implemented
- soil erosion management programme to be included

Note;
Non Point BMP - Non Point Source of Best Management Practise (as described in Chapter 2.5)
Detail ‘Conditions’ can be refer in Chapter 2.5 (Assesment of pollutant impact to Putrajaya Lake System)
 • Environmental Requirement: A guide For Investors,
Department of Environment (1994)
• ‘Garis Panduan kawasan Kolam takungan Sebagai
Sebahagian tanah Lapang’, JPBD (1997)
• Guideline on Development Proposal Report, JPBD (1996)

6.6.3 Lake Catchment Guidelines

6.6.3.1 Generic Guidelines

The design concept of the lake catchment should observe the
following general design guidelines;

1. Urban Design

• Creating design characteristics and building types that are

compatible and flexible to the needs of a ‘high tech’
environment, varied life styles and affordability of the
users.
• Creating networks of water bodies, green open spaces,
public squares, pedestrian walkways and cycle paths as a
basic concept in planning.
• Taking into account the natural topography of the area and
blending this with the man-made elements in order to
preserve the natural environment and to create attractive
viewing points or vistas, serial vision, landmarks, balanced
and harmonious skyline, etc.
• Creating urban design elements such as boulevards,
landmarks, vistas, silhouettes, walkways, serial visions,
public open spaces/squares, nodes, courtyards, theme
parks, pedestrian malls, etc.
• Creating harmonious linkages between zones and other
planned land-use components/activities.
• Promoting medium and low density developments with
low rise buildings (except buildings which are planned as
landmarks, subject to site development standards).
• Promoting characteristics of beauty, convenience,
harmony, health and safety through combinations of land-
use components and activities that are compatible and
balanced in scale.
• Consists of elements of flexibility and sustainability to
cater for the current and future needs without undermining
the original goal and design concept of development.

6-24 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

• Orientation and design of buildings which optimise views
or use of water bodies and parks, privacy considerations
and design art of adjacent buildings. This is illustrated in
Illustration 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5.
• Creation of balanced and attractive building skylines
which harmonise with the surrounding natural physical
features such as hills, water bodies and parks.

2. Housing

• Residential neighbourhoods shall be based on a residential

park concept, and should represent a diverse and user-
friendly dwelling types and styles
• Each residential neighbourhood shall be self sufficient in
terms of provision of amenities, open space and retail
activities as well as having the characteristics of a
neighbourly atmosphere.
• Residential developments shall be in harmony with the site
conditions, conform to the natural contours of the land and
adapt to the surrounding terrain.
• Residential developments shall be designed based on the
cluster design to allow for the utilisation of best building
sites while preserving environmentally sensitive areas.
Monotonous barrack-like layout is not encouraged.
• The orientation of buildings will have to be adapted to the
natural vistas of the site to take advantage of the most
potential and attractive natural view, sunlight and
prevailing breezes.
• Housing development in hill areas would have to observe
and abide with the guidelines on Natural Topography
Preservation in Physical Planning and Development.

3. Environment

• Enhancement of open spaces, improving ecological

functions in terms of biodiversity, wildlife habitats, urban
forest and increasing total biomass to act as pollution
sinks.
• Priority and greater percentage for public transport,
efficient modal integration and maximum use of non-
polluting forms of transport, creating more cycling paths
and pedestrian-priority areas.

6-25 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

• Setback requirements and buffer zones must be
incorporated into the planning and design process to
reduce adverse environmental impacts.
• Formulate Environmental Management System to
continuously monitor and improve quality of air, water
and solid waste management.

4. Open Space and Recreation

• Maximising the assets of the natural environment such as

the water bodies, particularly ponds and/or lakes, hills and
greenery, to create a garden city or Forest Park image
wherever relevant.
• Preserve large areas and open spaces sufficient to meet the
long-term needs of the lake catchment.
• Develop and maintain a balanced city-wide system of high
quality public open space.
• Land for open space and recreational use should not be
alienated to any private ownership.
• Open spaces and recreational areas, which can generate
economic gains such as Theme Parks, Botanical and
Herbal Gardens, should be encouraged.
• Multipurpose open space should be provided for each of
the neighbourhood centres. This is mainly to hold public
activities such as children’s playground or community
fairs.
• Other open spaces are reserved for greeneries at the
appropriate locations. These may be used as green areas
to act as visual barriers and for screening.
• Creating a continuos network of green belts and buffers
that run throughout the whole development.
• Functional open spaces should be provided for leisure
activities.
• Designs of appropriate open spaces, meeting places, eating
areas or place settings such as plazas, promenades,
boulevards, open theatre and the like to cater for day to
day activities or for festive events, cultural processions or
activities.
• Designs to encourage participative, healthy and socio-
cultural activities.

6-26 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

• Provide easily accessible and affordable public park
amenities, facilities and recreational opportunities for the
general public, especially for the under privileged.
• Identify and provide appropriate mechanisms for adequate
management and sensitive environmental and ecological
areas such as water bodies, wetlands, highlands and steep
terrain.

5. Institutional

• Incorporate comprehensive research and educational

facilities such as libraries, research centres, information
kiosks, educational guides and literatures.
• The institutions within the lake catchment will have a
spin-off effect and would benefit supporting Putrajaya
development and its environment.
• Preserving and promoting a park-like environment.
Intensity in terms of overall gross plot ratios (GPR) with
low intensity area with GPR of 0.5 or maximum nett plot
ratio of 1:1.
• A minimum requirement of 10% to 15% of total area
should be set aside for public open space.
• Plinth area or site coverage permitted to a maximum of
60% of individual site areas.

6. Infrastructure and Utilities

Roads
• Throughout the development region, the road
networks should consist of the following hierarchy
(Illustration 6.6);

i. Expressways
- Providing inter-region and inter-state
communication linkages.
- U6 design standard with minimum reserve
width of 60 metres.
- Three-lane, dual-carriageways with
provision for an additional lane in the
future.
- All junctions and intersections are grade-
separated with full access control.

6-27 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 ii. Primary Distributors
- Providing linkages between U6
Expressways and the internal areas.
- U5 design standard with a minimum
reserve of 50 meters.
- Also three lane dual-carriageways with
provision for an additional lane in the
future.
- All junctions are to be grade-separated but
with partial access control.

iii. Secondary Distributors

- Providing access between development
areas within a locality.
- U4 design standard with a minimum
reserve of 40 metres.
- Three lane dual-carriageways.
- Junctions are at-grade with partial access
control.

iv. Local Distributors

- Connect adjacent landuses.
- 2 lane dual-carriageways of U3 design
standard with 30 metre minimum reserve
width.
- At grade junctions with partial access
control.

v. Local Accesses
- Provide access to individual lots
- U2 design standards with minimum
reserves of 20 metres.
- U1 design standards with minimum
reserves of 12 metres.
- 2 lane single-carriageways with no access
control.

• The pedestrian walkways and bicycle paths should be

provided within the landscaping reserves.
• Independent footpath networks for the purpose of
facilitating social interaction should be provided in
residential, institutional zones, linking them to

6-28 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 neighbourhood centres as well as to public transport
station.
• The use of road reserves for utility trenching should
be limited to the outer edge of the carriageways.

Drainage
• The storm drains should be connected to a system of
trunk and secondary drains which ends at an existing
river/waterbody.
• Treated waste water from the Sewage Treatment
Plant may be released into rivers or streams only after
meeting the Putrajaya Effluent Quality Standards.
This level is to be strictly adhered to at all times to
prevent water pollution.
• The treated water may also be used for landscaping
purposes.
• All drainage design in the catchment are to conform
to the Putrajaya Stormwater Management Design
Guidelines.
• The drainage reserve requirements in the catchment
shall follow those specified in the DID Urban
Drainage Design Standards (UDDS).
• The individual land owners and project proponents
are to be responsible for the construction of the
drainage systems in their individual lots. The local
authorities must monitor and ensure that the drainage
systems are constructed according to the
recommended guidelines.

Sewerage
• Sewerage design will accommodate modern sewage
treatment system that will not only meet specific
standard as stipulated by the Environmental Quality
(Sewerage and Industrial effluents) Regulation 1979
for effluent discharge but also keep the limit for
nutrient into the waterbodies to a minimum.

6-29 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 7. Construction

• The working area for various facilities within a

construction site should be kept to less than twice the
plinths of the building.
• Development schedule must be clearly defined.
Completion date for each phase of development shall be
indicated and all clearing, grading and stabilisation
operations shall be completed before moving onto the next
phase.
• Timing of construction activities shall, wherever possible,
be spread evenly over the development time-scale to
ensure that the deleterious effects arising from
construction activities are minimised.
• All known rare and endemic flora and fauna areas or
niches within the construction site shall be demarcated and
preserved.
• All trees that are rare shall be fenced and preserved or
carefully uprooted and transferred to a nursery/another site
for replanting.
• Roads and permanent storm drains should be installed as
early as possible so that they can control runoff during
construction. However, they should be temporarily
connected to the sediment basins until stabilisation of
graded areas is achieved.

6.6.3.2 Specific Guidelines

(1) Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)

• All development must follows Planning Standard, Lake

Catchment Guidelines, Putrajaya Guidelines and MSC
Guidelines.
• Faculty, Hostels, Administration and others building
planned within the lake catchment area should be clustered
as an institutional village.
• The institutional area will comprise of academic uses and
R&D centres and other supporting institutional element
e.g. laboratories, sports complex, shops, mosque, etc.
• Medical/laboratory development should discharge their
waste outside the catchment.

6-30 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

• Maximum number of storeys permissible is 4 storeys for
low intensity area and 5 storeys for the medium intensity
area.
• Only low and medium intensity development with an
overall gross plot ratios (GPR) are permitted as below;
- Low intensity area with maximum GPR of 1:0.5
- Medium intensity are with maximum GPR of 1:1
• Conserve and well-balanced reserve of ‘green lung’ as
sources of pollution filters and buffers for the sustenance
of the overall development and environment.
• A minimum of 30% of the individual development parcel
should be landscaped and be set aside as green area.
• A minimum of 30m riparian buffer should be landscaped
along the development parcel, e.g. roads, water bodies,
ERL’s and highways.
• Maximising the assets of the natural environment such as
water bodies, particularly ponds/lakes, hills and greenery
and to create a garden city or recreational park image.
• Preserve large areas and open spaces sufficient to meet the
long range needs of the lake catchment.
• Other open spaces are reserved for greeneries at
appropriate location. These may be used as green areas to
act as visual barrier and for screening.
• Creating a continuous network of green belt and buffer
that runs throughout the whole development.
• Functional open spaces should be provided to utilise for
leisure activities.
• Design of appropriate open spaces, meeting places, eating
areas or place settings such as plazas, promenades,
boulevards, open theatre and the like to cater for day to
day activities or for festive events, cultural processions or
activities.
• Provide easily accessible and affordable public parks
amenities, facilities and recreational opportunities for the
general public with interaction of students, especially for
the under privileged.

(2) MARDI

• All development must follows Planning Standard, Lake

Catchment Guidelines, Putrajaya Guidelines and MSC
Guidelines.

6-31 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

• Institutional building planned within the lake catchment
area should be clustered as an institutional village.
• The institutional area will comprise of R&D centres,
laboratories, etc.
• Maximum number of storeys permissible is 4 storeys for
low intensity area and 5 storeys for the medium intensity
area.
• Only low and medium intensity development with an
overall gross plot ratios (GPR) are permitted as below;
- Low intensity area with maximum GPR of 1:0.5
- Medium intensity are with maximum GPR of 1:1
• Building setback is to be provided between buildings and
roads to provide a green buffer and landscaping within
each parcel. The front setback for each individual parcel
should be at least 9m while a minimum of 6m setback for
all sides.
• A minimum of 30% of the individual development parcel
should be landscaped and be set aside as green area.
• A minimum of 30m green buffer should be landscaped
along the development parcel, e.g. roads, water bodies,
ERL’s and highways.
• Conserve and balance well the reserve of ‘green lung’ as
sources of pollution filters and buffers for the sustenance
of the overall development and environment.
• Maximising the assets of the natural environment such as
water bodies, particularly ponds/lakes, hills and greenery
and to create a garden city or forest park image.
• Preserve large areas and open spaces sufficient to meet the
long range needs of the lake catchment.
• Open spaces and recreational areas such as Theme Parks,
Botanical Garden and Herbal Garden, which can generate
economic gains should be encouraged.
• Other open spaces are reserved for greeneries at
appropriate location. These may be used as green areas to
act as visual barrier and for screening.
• Creating a continuous network of green belt and buffer
that runs throughout the whole development.
• Functional open spaces should be provided to utilise for
leisure activities.
• Design of appropriate open spaces, meeting places, eating
areas or place settings such as plazas, promenades,
boulevards, open theatre and the like to cater for day to

6-32 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 day activities or for festive events, cultural processions or
activities.
• Provide easily accessible and affordable public parks
amenities, facilities and recreational opportunities for the
general public, especially for the under privileged.
• Stream buffers shall be retained for rivers, the width of the
buffers shall follow the DID regulations.

(3) TNB Serdang Power Plant

• No further development is allowed in this area except,

development to reduce the risk due to emergencies related
to the operation of the existing TNB Power Station.

(4) IOI

• All development must follow Planning Standard, Lake

Catchment Guidelines, Putrajaya Guidelines and MSC
Guidelines.
• Housing layouts shall be cluster type to reduce the total
length of roads and the extent of corresponding
infrastructure.
• The residential development shall be in harmony with the
site conditions and adapted to the surrounding terrain.
• The intensity of housing shall be based on 15 units per
hectare.
• Maximising the assets of the natural environment such as
water bodies, particularly ponds/lakes, hills and greenery
and to create a resort and homestead image.
• Orientation and design of buildings which optimise views,
water bodies and parks, respect and consider privacy and
design art of adjacent buildings.
• Create a balanced and attractive building skyline which is
in harmony with their surrounding natural physical
features such as hills, water bodies and parks.
• For hilly land, terracing shall be done and maintained.
Cover plants shall be established on the slopes of the
platforms and walls of terrace immediately after
commencement of earthworks.

6-33 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

(5) West Country

• All development must follows Planning Standard, Lake

Catchment Guidelines, Putrajaya Guidelines and MSC
Guidelines.
• Housing layouts shall be cluster type to reduce the total
length of roads and the extend of corresponding
infrastructure.
• The residential development shall be in harmony with the
site conditions and adapted to the surrounding terrain.
• The intensity of housing shall be based on 15 units per
hectare.
• Maximising the assets of the natural environment such as
water bodies, particularly ponds/lakes, hills and greenery
and to create a resort and homestead image.
• Orientation and design of buildings which optimise views,
water bodies and parks, respect and consider privacy and
design art of adjacent buildings.
• Create a balanced and attractive building skyline which is
in harmony with their surrounding natural physical
features such as hills, water bodies and parks.
• Terrace type housing layout should be avoided.
• A minimum of 30m green buffer should be landscaped
along the development parcel, e.g. roads, water bodies and
highways.
• For hilly land, terracing shall be done and maintained.
Cover plants shall be established on the slopes of the
platforms and walls of terrace immediately after
commencement of earthworks.

(6) Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)

• All development must follows Planning Standard, Lake

Catchment Guidelines, Putrajaya Guidelines and MSC
Guidelines.
• Faculty, Hostels, Administration and other supporting
institutional buildings planned within the lake catchment
area should be clustered as an institutional village.
• The institutional area will comprise of academic uses and
R&D centres and other supporting institutional element,
e.g. laboratories, sports complex, shops, mosque etc.

6-34 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

• Maximum number of storeys permissible is 4 storeys for
low intensity area and 5 storeys for the medium intensity
area.
• Only low and medium intensity development with an
overall gross plot ratios (GPR) are permitted as below;
- Low intensity area with maximum GPR of 1:0.5
- Medium intensity are with maximum GPR of 1:1
• Conserve and balance well the reserve of ‘green lung’ as
sources of pollution filters and buffers for the sustenance
of the overall development and environment.
• Maximising the assets of the natural environment such as
water bodies, particularly ponds/lakes, hills and greenery
and to create a garden city or forest park image.
• Preserve large areas and open spaces sufficient to meet the
long range needs of the lake catchment.
• Other open spaces are reserved for greeneries at
appropriate location. These may be used as green areas to
act as visual barrier and for screening.
• Creating a continuous network of green belt and buffer
that runs throughout the whole development.
• Functional open spaces should be provided to utilise for
leisure activities.
• Design of appropriate open spaces, meeting places, eating
areas or place settings such as plazas, promenades,
boulevards, open theatre and the like to cater for day to
day activities or for festive events, cultural processions or
activities.
• Provide easily accessible and affordable public parks
amenities, facilities and recreational opportunities for the
general public, especially for the under privileged.

(7) Sg. Merab Malay Reserve

• All development must follows Planning Standard, Lake

Catchment Guidelines, Putrajaya Guidelines and MSC
Guidelines.
• Housing layouts shall be cluster type to reduce the total
length of roads and the extend of corresponding
infrastructure.
• The residential development shall be in harmony with the
site conditions and adapted to the surrounding terrain.

6-35 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

• The intensity of housing shall be based on 15 units per
hectare (6 upe).
• Maximising the assets of the natural environment such as
water bodies, particularly ponds/lakes, hills and greenery
and to create a resort and homestead image.
• Orientation and design of buildings which optimise views,
water bodies and parks, respect and consider privacy and
design art of adjacent buildings.
• Create balanced and attractive building skyline which is in
harmony with their surrounding natural physical features
such as hills, water bodies and parks.
• For hilly land, terracing shall be done and maintained.
Cover plants shall be established on the slopes of the
platforms and walls of terrace immediately after
commencement of earthworks.

(8) Utilities Areas

• All development must follows Planning Standard, Lake

Catchment Guidelines, Putrajaya Guidelines and MSC
Guidelines.
• A minimum of 30m green buffer should be landscaped
along the development parcel, e.g. roads, water bodies,
ERL’s and highways.
• Road shoulders are to be protected mechanically or
vegetatively against erosion.
• Roads, permanent storm drains and other utilities should
be installed as early as possible so that they can control
runoff during construction. However, they should be
temporarily connected to the sediment basins until
stabilisation of graded areas is achieved.
• Runoff water should be directed so that it does not run
across disturbed and unstable areas.
• The storm drains should be connected to the existing water
bodies such as ex-mining pools for flood prevention
purposes.

6-36 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 CHAPTER 7

DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASIC ICMS

7.0 DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASIC ICMS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.1.1 For the successful implementation of the Catchment

Development and Management Plan there is a need to develop
an information management system that will provide adequate
and timely processed information related to the Plan for use by
pertinent decision-makers. Thus, the Consultant has proposed
that a basic or low-level Integrated Catchment Management
System (ICMS) be developed as part of this study to support
decision-making on the implementation of the Plan.

7.1.2 The complete ICMS is envisaged by the Consultant to be an IT-

based decision support system comprising of four components,
as illustrated in Figure 7.1. They are:

• Data and information pre-processing

• Information system
• Analytical system
• Graphical user interface (GUI)

External data External

sources Models and
expertise

Map conversion Model integration

Image processing DATA AND INFORMATION PRE-PROCESSING Knowledge engineering
Data filtering

Expert
Database GIS Models System
Information System Analytical System

visualisation Help and explain function hypertext

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

Figure 7.1 The Complete ICMS

7.1.3 At this stage of the study it is only feasible to develop the

information system component, comprising of the information
database and the Geographical Information System (GIS) used
to manage the information in the database. Thus, the low-level
ICMS will involve work to develop the Information System

7-1 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 component and its associated data inputs pre-processing and
outputs visualisation.

7.1.4 To support the development and maintenance of the ICMS,

there is a need to define an Information Management Plan
(IMP). The IMP will address all the major issues of information
flow within an organisation. It will also highlight the
importance of having a management structure for data sharing
and the need to classify information.

7.1.5 The system development life cycle for the low-level ICMS is
illustrated in Figure 7.2. The steps are as follows:

(a) User requirements study

(b) System design
(c) System development
(d) System implementation
(e) Maintenance and support

System Development Life Cycle for the Low Level

Integrated Catchment Management System (ICMS) Figure 7.2
Remote Sensing
Geographical Information System
Land Surveying
Telecommunications
SCADA
Engineering

USER REQUIREMENT STUDY

Project Study Objectives

- Environmental
- Water Resources
- Drainage & Sewerage
- Institutional
MAINTENANCE & SUPPORT - Landuse & Legislation SYSTEM DESIGN
- Information Management Implementation

Integrated
Digital Map
Identify Data & Map Output
Design
On-going modification to - Cadastral
ensure long-term viability - Topographical
of the system GUI Design - Infrastructural

DATABASE
Design

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

GUI DATABASE Integrated

Design Design Digital Map
Installation, configuration
Design
& testing

Actual coding Digital Map

and testing of Development
the GUI -sourcing
Data Entry
programs and -digitising
Training datasets -data entry
-verification

- With each cycle, the ICMS functionality should be enhanced and become more sophisticated
NOTE : - This development life cycle allows for the ICMS to be developed in stages depending on priorities and budget

7-2 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

7.2 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PLAN (IMP)

7.2.1 The need for an IMP

7.2.1.1 The basic requirement for integrated catchment management is
comprehensive understanding of the catchment, its physical
forms and functions. This can only be achieved if data and
information on the catchment are sufficient and accurate.

7.2.1.2 Within the Perbadanan Putrajaya, the various technical units

must be diligent in the management of the data collected as part
of the environmental monitoring programmes. Proper
management of data is important to enable it to pass on
processed information for decision-making.

7.2.1.3 Whilst data and information are available for areas within the
Putrajaya administrative boundary, gaps in information may
exist for areas outside it. With data residing and owned by
different parties, there is a clear need to have an understanding
between the Perbadanan Putrajaya and the other stakeholders in
the catchment on the issue of sharing of certain information for
mutual development benefits.

7.2.1.4 Thus, an Information Management Plan is necessary to facilitate

the handling and management of information related to the
management of the Putrajaya catchment. It is an essential
component of the study to develop and implement the
Integrated Catchment Management System.

7.2.2 Information Sharing

7.2.2.1 Objectives of Information Sharing

(1) Information sharing is important for successful integrated
catchment management. It’s main purpose is to provide
information to all parties with interests in the catchment based
on the principle that proper management can only be achieved
with continuous growth of knowledge and understanding of the
catchment and its issues.

(2) It encompasses all levels of society - from government and

local authorities to property developers and landowners, and
even to the general public.

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(3) For the Putrajaya Lake catchment, information sharing can
achieve the following objectives:-

• Avoid duplication of effort in data collection in the

catchment
• Co-ordinate approach in obtaining data types that
transcend property boundaries
• Prepare plans for individual development based on
information from the same source
• Pool information for participatory management of
the catchment
• Pave the way for future close co-operation on
development and environmental issues

(4) One way to avoid duplication of effort in data collection is by

creating a co-ordinated local data resource base. The benefit of
this data resource base has been long realised but the
implementation of data sharing mechanisms, although
attempted at various levels and sectors of Government, are
often hampered by bureaucracy and lack of continuity in
representation. The ongoing National Land Information
System (NALIS), however, proves that concerted effort and
planning in data sharing can be successful.

(5) With the formation of the Putrajaya Lake Catchment

Management Committee, a platform to discuss major
developmental concerns has been created. A Technical
Committee has also been formed to address technical issues.
Information sharing is one of the agendas of this technical
committee and this Plan shall further refine the needs of
information sharing.

7.2.2.2 Benefits of Information Sharing

(1) In promoting data sharing amongst multiple stakeholders, one
of the most common questions asked by stakeholders is what
are the benefits for them? The benefits of information sharing
amongst stakeholders can be summarised as follows:

• Access to up-to-date information on the catchment

area.

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 • Conflicting issues on development will manifest
earlier allowing time for discussion and solution
before permanent changes take place
• Avoids duplication of data collection efforts
• Identification of gaps in information
• Greater awareness of the area as a whole
• Learning from the experience of other stakeholders
• General public appreciation of environment

(2) Information sharing usually paves the way for future two-way
co-operation in handling joint concerns. It is critical however;
that a consensus is reached by all involved as to the mechanism
for data sharing.

7.2.3 Obtaining Information

7.2.3.1 Information sharing between stakeholders requires several
issues to be discussed and agreed upon by all. They are
described below:

7.2.3.2 Inventory of Information - Determine what information is held

elsewhere and how it can be obtained

7.2.3.3 Copyrights and Sharing Conditions - Ownership and copyrights

must be respected hence the limitations to the use of information
passed on by one stakeholder to another must be stated and
agreed upon. For example, the information should not be made
available to a third party without the express consent of the
original source.

7.2.3.4 Information requirements - The information or data to be

shared should be clearly defined. The type of information, the
format in which it is required and the time period expected for
the request to be met. The setting of a deadline for response
indicates the seriousness of the request and implies that there
will be impending downstream action.

7.2.3.5 Regular Contact - Stakeholders must often be in touch with each

other in order for information status to be continuously
updated. The catchment committee meetings may be spaced too
far apart to allow for successful implementation of the
information management strategy. Hence a smaller but more
technical group may be appropriate. This technical group

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 could meet bi-monthly to report on data updates and address
other information-related issues.

7.2.4 Assessment of Response to Information Request

7.2.4.1 In the effort to understand stakeholders’ concerns, several
meetings were held with the stakeholders during the study.
Corresponding to this, information management survey
questionnaires were distributed. The purpose of the survey is to
inquire on the presence of information among the stakeholders
and identify general concerns.

7.2.4.2 Only two out of ten stakeholders (including local authority)

responded. Most stakeholders however did respond by
agreeing to meetings where mutual issues on data were
discussed. In most cases, the developers were represented by
their engineering consultants. The sectoral experts were quite
successful in obtaining information from the stakeholders only
after explaining at length the reasons and objectives of the
study.

7.2.5 Information Dissemination

7.2.5.1 To encourage stakeholders and the general public’s
participation in catchment management, correct and accurate
information should be periodically made available to the
stakeholders and the general public. This can be in various
forms and in several levels of detail. For example:

• Reports – technical or management reports on engineering,

environment or development status targeted for internal use
or academic interest
• Booklets – guidelines to development in the catchment
targeted at developers, engineers and environment
managers
• Pamphlets/Brochure – summary of information; Putrajaya
map of roads and buildings targeted for general public
• Newsletters – summary of study findings, current affairs,
warnings of potential hazards, public announcements
• Internet – website on areas of interest in the Putrajaya
catchment such as buildings, wetlands and current issues.

7.2.5.2 The release of information by government agencies to the

private sector and the general public is usually hampered by the

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 lack of an official information policy. Thus, there is a need to
define an appropriate Information Management Policy.

7.2.5.3 For sharing to be successful, data should be appropriately

classified and clearance of data for public use can be co-
ordinated by a committee entrusted with the task.

7.2.6 Perbadanan Putrajaya as Lead Agency for Information

Management
7.2.6.1 The stakeholder that will benefit most from information sharing
is Perbadanan Putrajaya. Thus, it should be the leading
stakeholder in this catchment to provide information sharing
and must play a proactive role.

7.2.6.2 Perbadanan Putrajaya has the necessary resources to carry out

the necessary environmental monitoring operations in the areas
of the other stakeholders to support the lake Management. This
could include:

• Establishing water quality measuring stations within the

areas owned by stakeholders
• Providing data to stakeholders e.g. rainfall, streamflow,
water quality
• Providing overall landuse maps of the catchment area
• Advice on environment and development issues
• Central depository for data collected by stakeholders
• Providing digital information
• Commission research activities which encompass the entire
catchment

7.2.6.3 However, for any of the services provided above, a reciprocal

contribution should be provided by the other stakeholders.

7.2.6.4 A co-ordinated local data resource base should be designed to

avoid duplication of effort in data collection. This benefit has
been long realised by the Government but the implementation
of data sharing mechanisms, although attempted at various
levels and sectors, are often hampered by bureaucracy and lack
of continuity in representation.

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7.2.6.5 Due to its technical and administrative capabilities, Perbadanan
Putrajaya is well positioned to take the lead as the data resource
base for the Putrajaya catchment.

7.2.6.6 Data held centrally by an agreed organisation facilitates a

common mechanism for data sharing. Hence, plans for
individual development can be based on information from the
same source.

7.2.6.7 Thus, it is recommended that Perbadanan Putrajaya should play

the role of data custodian for the catchment and the referral
centre for development-related information. Appendix 7.1
gives the details on how the Perbadanan can carry out this
function.

7.3 ICMS - USER REQUIREMENTS STUDY

7.3.1 The first step in the development of the low-level ICMS is to

identify the information management needs of the end-user of
the ICMS. The information to be identified are the monitoring
datasets to be collected and processed, and all informative maps
that are necessary to support decision-making in the catchment.

7.3.2 Based on the identified information the IT team will design the
structure of the database, process into digital form all pertinent
maps, and design the necessary linkages between the data and
maps, so as to integrate the spatial and attribute data
information in the database.

7.3.3 The “enduser” for the Basic ICMS will be Perbadanan

Putrajaya. However, since the various studies are out-sourced
by Perbadanan Putrajaya to Consultants, the User Request
Study (URS) was carried out by focussing more on the scope of
work of the Consultants, and the expected data and map outputs
which will be delivered to the “enduser”. Additionally, the
URS also took into account the Perbadanan Putrajaya’s existing
and planned IT infrastructure, objectives and manpower
resources.

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7.4 SYSTEM DESIGN

7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.1.1 In developing the system design for the low-level ICMS the IT
team is guided by the following consideration:

(a) The design should be compatible with Perbadanan

Putrajaya’s IT system – the Sumber Putra.
(b) The design should allow information stored in it to be
easily exported to other IT systems.
(c) The design should take into account the level of IT literacy
of the potential end-user.

7.4.1.2 Based on the above consideration the IT team has defined the
system requirements for the software and hardware for the low-
level ICMS. Detail discussion on the Sumber Putra IT system
and on the IT team’s assessment are described below.

7.4.2 The Perbadanan’s IT System

7.4.2.1 The current desktop workstations in the Perbadanan Putrajaya
run on Windows NT with a Unix server at the heart of the
network. The Unix is opaque to the general users. The desktop
software used by the Perbadanan’s staff includes the Microsoft
Office 98 suite of programmes. All softwares are server-
installed and hence a protocol for software usage already exists.

7.4.2.2 AutoCAD release 14 by Autodesk is currently the Perbadanan

Putrajaya standard for the development of plans and design
drawings. Autocad Map also by Autodesk, is also used by some
technical Units to provide the GIS facility.

7.4.3 The Sumber Putra IT System

7.4.3.1 The Sumber Putra IT system represents the core of Perbadanan
Putrajaya’s IT development. The system is still in the early
stages of development and is reported to comprise of five
different applications.

7.4.3.2 Work on the first and flagship – the Electronic Submission

Standards (ESS) system, is in progress. The following are
details on the ESS system provided by the Perbadanan’s IT
consultant, Mr. Rishipal Singh from Novasprint.

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7.4.3.3 Electronic Submission Standards (ESS) System - Introduction
(1) The ESS system is an electronic system for the processing and
approval of electronic submissions by project proponents, on
all aspects of planning approval to the Perbadanan. It consists
of two parts. They are:

• A main processing system at the Perbadanan Putrajaya

and,
• A user-end module use by the project proponents to
submit his drawing/plans electronically to the Perbadanan.

(2) To submit its plans electronically the project proponent must

adhere to a standard digital drawing format, which define
details for the thickness of each line entity and the standard
icons for point entities.

(3) The ESS is designed to be an intelligent system, i.e. it is

supposed to conduct the routine checks on the electronic
drawings submitted to ensure compliance to the Perbadanan’s
standard drawing format. It also includes provision for
registration, confidentiality, security and re-submission, in case
of non-compliance.

7.4.3.4 ESS System – User-end Module

(1) A project proponent has to purchase the user-end module of the
ESS from the Perbadanan. The module contains a software and
a guideline that describes the outlines of the hardware
requirements to establish an online link with the Perbadanan
Putrajaya’s ESS.

(2) The hardware required to connect with the ESS is no different

from those used normally by a user to connect with the Internet.

(3) The drawing format for submission to the ESS is the AutoCAD
- dxf file format, which is the de-facto standard due to its wide
application in the local engineering scene. The accompanying
database has to be prepared using Microsoft Access.

(4) The user-end ESS module is designed to take advantage of the

availability of off-the-shelf software and comprises of a user-
friendly graphical user interface that facilitates the entry of
submission and drawing information.

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(5) Once the entry form is filled, the information can be submitted
via a modem through the Internet connection to the Perbadanan
Putrajaya.

7.4.3.5 ESS System – System-end Module

(1) At the Perbadanan Putrajaya the ESS is run on a network
platform with a UNIX server at its core.

(2) The operating system for the workstations used by the

Perbadanan’s staff runs on Windows NT.

(3) The system database is Oracle which remains opaque to the

workstation users.

7.4.3.6 ESS System – Vetting of submission

(1) There are two levels of vetting of the submitted documents. The
first stage is a non-interactive stage and the second stage
requires interaction with the staff in the Perbadanan’s technical
Units.

(2) In the first stage the ESS system screens and analyses the
electronic submissions for general compliance to the
Perbadanan’s procedures and standards. Upon fulfilling the
registration requirements the submitted documents undergo an
electronic check for drawing format compliance. Only when
this stage is cleared will the submission be channelled to the
next stage for the interactive vetting by the relevant technical
Units in the Perbadanan.

(3) The Perbadanan’s technical Units are responsible for assessing

the feasibility and technical compliance of the development
proposal plans. This vetting exercise is an interactive process
with the ESS, where the assigned personnel query the ESS on
the various technical aspects of the development plans. They
would include an assessment of the proposal’s compliance to
building by-laws, buffer zone requirements, engineering and
technical guidelines requirements.

7.4.4 The Software Requirements

7.4.4.1 The Need
(1) There is a need to define the database and GIS software to be
used for the development of the low-level ICMS. After taking

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 into consideration a number of factors the IT team has decided
on the following database and GIS software. They are:

• Database - Microsoft Access

• GIS - ArcView Rel. 3.0

(2) The reasons for the above choices are described below.

7.4.4.2 Selection of Database Software

The Microsoft Access database program has been chosen for the
development of the database in the low-level ICMS for the
following reasons:

(a) It is widely available, as it comes bundled with every

purchase of the popular Microsoft Office Professional
suite.
(b) Microsoft Access is the database program used in the
Sumber Putra IT system.
(c) The Program is readily available on most workstations at
the Perbadanan Putrajaya.
(d) The database created using the Program is readily read by
AutoCadMap, the GIS software currently used by a few
technical units in the Perbadanan.
(e) The learning curve for Microsoft Access is not very steep.

7.4.4.3 Selection of GIS software

(1) For the development of the ICMS, there was no necessity for
immediate physical integration between the IT team’s output
and the ongoing Sumber Putra IT system. The developments
for both systems can be independent of each other, with the
ICMS eventually being subservient to the Sumber Putra. Since
the ICMS is a low-level system, containing only digital
databases and maps, future convergence with the Sumber Putra
IT system or with any other IT system should not be a problem.

(2) Thus, for the development of the low-level ICMS, the IT team
recommends that ArcView Rel. 3.0 GIS be used. The program
is a simple, Windows-based GIS software.

(3) To familiarise the potential users of the low-level ICMS on its

use, before it is incorporated as a component of Phase-2 of the
Sumber Putra project, it is recommended that a copy of Arc
View and a desktop computer be purchased.

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7.5 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

The work of developing the low-level ICMS can be divided into

2 distinct components. They are:

• Development of the Integrated Digital Map

• Development of the database structure

7.5.1 Development of the Integrated Digital Map

7.5.1.1 Three groups of maps and their associated data will be
generated from this study. They are Cadastral, Topographical
and Infrastructure or Development maps. The nature of the map
data is described below.

(a) Cadastral data deals with information on property

parcels, land ownership, size, land valuation, existing
land use and zoning categories. Most, if not all, of the
cadastral maps and data have already been digitised by
the town planner.

(b) Topographical data deals with information on the

physical layout of the land such as terrain, contours, hills,
lakes, rivers, watercourses, roads, buildings, etc.

(c) Infrastructure data deals with information on the physical

development that have been built or are being planned for
the future, such as telecommunication, sewerage, water,
electricity, highways and roads, buildings, etc.

7.5.1.2 Most of the topographical and infrastructure data covering

Putrajaya is already in digital format, as part of Perbadanan
Putrajaya’s Sumber Putra Information System Project. For
areas outside of Putrajaya, topographical and infrastructure
maps will have to be obtained from the Survey and Mapping
Department and from the other stakeholders within the
catchment area.

7.5.1.3 These datasets have been organised into logical GIS layers and
integrated into a common MRSO co-ordinate system in a single
GIS platform (ArcView). By integrating these datasets into a
GIS-technology environment in a logical manner and with
comprehensive associated databases, the ultimate aim is to
ensure that they become useful information.

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7.5.1.4 Extensive geographical maps and data have and are being
collected by the vendors of Sumber Putra as part of the Land
Information System module and this has yet to be completed.
The creation of the Integrated Digital Map was done
progressively with a view to updating certain layers and data
from Sumber Putra, as and when they are ready.

7.5.1.5 A common co-ordinate system has to be adopted for integrating

the 3 datasets layers into a single GIS. The co-ordinate system
to be adopted will logically follow those used in the Sumber
Putra IT system, i.e. Cassini, MRSO, Latitude/Longitude or
WGS84.

7.5.1.6 Some problems were encountered during the creation of the

Integrated Digital Maps: -

• lack of available data outside Putrajaya

• lack of knowledge of what data is available at Putrajaya
as part of Sumber Putra
• lack of metadata about the Sumber Putra maps and data
• massive data editing required to convert from CAD to
GIS format

7.5.1.7 Appendix 7.2 shows the Data Description for the development
of the ICMS

7.5.2 Development of the Database Structure

7.5.2.1 Introduction
(1) The implementation of the monitoring program in the Plan will
result in the generation of a number of databases. The format
of the digital data and the structure of their database tables have
to be defined. Careful design of the table structure is essential
to facilitate the design of queries, analysis and subsequently for
tie-in with the spatial data in the GIS.

(2) In the design of the datatable structures the IT team has taken
into account the procedures for the data sampling and their
subsequent processing into useful information. However, it
must be noted that the format and design of the datatables
presented in this study should be considered as basic. They
should be improved as the monitoring programmes are refined
and tailored to meet the needs of the pertinent end-user.

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(3) The following are detail descriptions on the design of the
following databases:

• Monitoring station location

• Water quality monitoring
• Wetlands
• Hydrology
• Drainage
• Sewerage

Appendix 7.3 gives the Database Manual developed for the low-
level ICMS.

7.5.2.2 Monitoring Station Location Database

(1) A general structure for the database containing information on
any monitoring station location has been developed. The table
contains the following information:

• Monitoring station ID number - a unique number that

differentiates one monitoring station from another
• Description of a station’s location
• Latitude in degrees MRSO - to enable geo-referencing
• Longitude in degrees MRSO - to enable geo-referencing
• Date of first sampling - a historical record of the station’s
date of commissioning
• Maintained by – specify the ownership of the station and
its data

(2) Photographs may also be added into the datatable to provide a

visual description of the area.

7.5.2.3 Water Quality Monitoring Database

(1) The water quality monitoring requirements for Putrajaya Lake
have been described in the Putrajaya Lake Management Guide.
Based on the monitoring requirements four datatables are
considered adequate for the water quality monitoring database.
The four datatables are:

• Monitoring station location datatable (see Section

8.4.2.1)
• Job identification datatable
• Measurement record datatable

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 • Threshold datatable

(2) Detail descriptions of the pertinent datatables are described

below.

(a) Job identification datatable WQJob

The attributes of the data fields in this table are as follows:

• Water quality station ID number – This provides the

link to the station location datatable
• Sampling Job Number – This is a unique identifier
for each sampling job
• Sampling date
• Weather condition during sampling
• Initials of person doing the sampling
• Notes on any related field activity

The last three fields provide an audit trail for data quality
assurance. The notes on any related field activity is a field
provided for recording any in-situ observations that may
influence the use or interpretation of the data.

(b) Measurement record datatable WQSample

The attributes of the data fields in this table are as follows:

• Sampling Job Number - This provides the link

to the job identification datatable
• Sample number
• Time of sampling
• Depth of sampling in metres
• One or more fields for each of the measured
parameters

Based on discussions with the environmental specialist the

following five parameters have been recommended to be
measured:

• pH value
• Dissolve Oxygen (DO)
• Suspended Solids (SS)
• Total Phosphorous (RP)

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 • Reactive Phosphorous (RP)

(c) Threshold datatable

A datatable containing the threshold values for all the
water quality parameters listed in the Putrajaya Lake
Water Quality Standard (see Appendix 5.3) has also been
prepared to complement the other datatables of the water
quality database. The threshold data will be useful for
comparisons with the measured water quality data to
check that they are within permissible levels.

7.5.2.4 Wetlands Database

(1) The wetlands database is an inventory of wetlands identified
inside the Putrajaya catchment area including those outside the
administrative boundaries of Putrajaya. Information on
location, size, flora and fauna are included in the database.

(2) Detail descriptions of the pertinent datatables are described

below.

(a) Wetlands datatable Wetland1

This datatable holds the location attributes of the wetland
and is tied with the digital map. The wetlands of Putrajaya
have been identified by the wetlands expert in his report.
In this datatable, each wetland is given a unique identifier
and key information including a name, size and
georeference coordinates.

(b) Wetland subcells datatable Wetland2

This datatable holds subcells of Wetland1. It was designed
primarily to identify the wetlands plant types in the subcell
areas.

(c) Plant and wildlife datatables XX_TerPlant,

XXX_WetPlant, Fish1, Mammal1 and Bird1
These are simple datatables for plant and wildlife
inventory. They can be designed in a few ways but are
usually more helpful when a picture is included.

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7.5.2.5 Hydrology Database
(1) This database is designed for hydrological information.
Hydrological information includes rainfall, streamflow and
sediment records. Each hydrological data collection station is
identified by coordinates.

(2) Detail descriptions of the pertinent datatables are described

below.

(a) Hydrological Station datatable HydStation

This is a datatable that identifies the location of
hydrological stations i.e. for rainfall, evaporation or
streamflow gauging stations. Geographical coordinates in
the datatable connect the database with the relevant GIS
map. Actual parameter records for any particular station
can exist in a different datatable but linked to this.

7.5.2.6 Drainage Plan Database

(1) The drainage database provides the user with information on
location and size of drains corresponding to a line feature on
the GIS map. This is a drainage structure information database
which linked with the proposed drainage master plan drawing.
The database will be associated with the line entities
representing drainage structures.

(2) Detail descriptions of the pertinent datatables are described

below.

(a) Drain datatable Drain1

This datatable will complement the final drainage map by
displaying information on the drain type, size and
maximum discharge including length and slope at the click
of a button.

(b) Gross Pollutant Trap datatable GPT_DControl

This datatable stores information on the gross pollutant
traps designed as part of the drainage plan including
design parameters and dimensions. GPTs are man-made
structures constructed as part of the drainage system. As
the name implies, its function is to trap all visible
pollutants including rubbish, sediment and debris. GPTs
have to be cleaned and maintained. GPT’s are often built
based on trial-and-error and may need to be redesigned to

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 meet efficiency requirements designs. The last record in
this data table represents the current design.

(c) Gross Pollutant Trap Water Quality datatable

GPT_WQ1
This water quality data table is associated with the GPT
station. It keeps the records of suspended solids
measurements entering and exiting the GPT. The
efficiency of the structure based on the measurements
recorded here can be calculated manually using the
parameters or alternatively, a query can also be designed
to calculate it automatically.

(d) Detention Pond datatable DetPond1

Eight areas within the Putrajaya area have been designated
as permanent flood detention ponds. Outside the
Putrajaya area, five areas have been found to be potential
sites for flood detention ponds. DetPond1 is a datatable of
detention ponds found in the Putrajaya catchment.
Information provided therein includes the sub-catchments
in which they are located as well as the size and width of
the ponds.

7.5.2.7 Sewerage Database

(1) One potential point source pollutant to the Putrajaya Lake is the
discharge of untreated or inadequately treated sewage effluent
into the catchment drainage system of the lake. Among the
information pertinent to manage sewage in Putrajaya is the
location and capacity of the existing and proposed sewage
treatment plants. This database houses this information and
provides an overall view of the major sewage treatment
facilities in the area.

(2) Detail descriptions of the pertinent datatables are described

below.

(a) Sewage Treatment Plant datatable STPlant1

This datatable georeferences the location of all sewage
treatment plants in the Putrajaya catchment both inside
and outside the Putrajaya administrative boundaries.
Records of the capacity of the sewage treatment plant,
status of construction and information on the discharge
from the plant can be included within STPlant1.

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7.6 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

7.6.1 Installation and ICMS Training for Users

The proposed basic stand-alone hardware system will first have
to be purchased before training in the low-level ICMS can be
conducted. This basic system comprises of one (1) licence
ArcView release 3.0 and a desktop PC. Should Perbadanan
Putrajaya defer the purchase of the software, the consultant will
proceed to transfer the GIS files of the study over to the IT Unit
in ESRI .dxf format.

7.6.2 Database Training

A hands-on session on water quality data entry is proposed
using the forms and datatables designed by the MIS specialist.
The Water Quality Specialist will be called in to conduct a
water quality sampling assignment specifically to demonstrate
the use of the data entry form and datatable. The session will
include post-processing of water quality sample data using the
existing datatables and basic analysis. The purpose of the
training is to impart to Perbadanan Putrajaya personnel the
basic database management skills using tools afforded by
Microsoft Access and Excel. The target group will be the
technical staff from the Environment, Lake and Hydrology
Units of the City Planning Department.

7.7 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT

7.7.1 The low-level ICMS is a simple stand-alone system and the IT

team do not envisage any difficulty for the Perbadanan’s IT
staff to carry out the routine maintenance and support tasks for
the system.

7.7.2 Based on the IT team’s understanding of the management

requirements recommended by the various specialists, the IT
team envisage the complete ICMS to comprise of the following
core technologies :

• Real time monitoring system

• Geographical Information System
• Relational Database Management System
• Satellite Image Processing System
• Aerial Photography

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 • Web based decision support system

7.7.3 Brief descriptions on the technologies are given in the

conceptual proposal for the complete ICMS in Appendix 7.4.

7.8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.8.1 Perbadanan Putrajaya is well positioned to play a leading role

in the management of resources and information within the
Putrajaya Lake catchment. To do this successfully, it needs up-
to-date and accurate information.

7.8.2 The following are the IT Team’s recommendations, in order of

priority:

(a) Perbadanan to purchase, as soon as possible, a copy of the

ArcView GIS software and a stand-alone computer for the
installation of the low-level ICMS, developed as part of
this Study. The indicative cost of the software and
computer are as follows:

• ArcView GIS Software – RM11,500

• Stand-alone computer – RM 9,000
TOTAL: RM20,500

(b) The pertinent Units (Lake & Wetlands, Environment,

Hydrology) in the Perbadanan are required to evaluate,
over a period of 6 months, the usefulness of the low-level
ICMS in facilitating their management of the Lake
catchment and identify the items within the system where
further refinements should be carried out to support their
work.

(c) Based on the evaluation the Perbadanan shall make a

decision on whether to proceed to the next stage of the
development of the low-level ICMS. If the Perbadanan
decides to proceed with the next stage of the ICMS
development it is recommended that the data and
information in the low-level ICMS be converted to the
SiCAD GIS system that has been adopted by the
Perbadanan for its Sumber Putra System.

7-21 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 During the development of the low-level ICMS it was
found that a lot of the data are quite “dirty” and it was not
possible within the time-constraint and scope of work
within the Study to do a thorough data cleaning exercise.
Thus, the bulk of the work during the second phase of the
ICMS development will be on data editing, data
integration, data-clean-up and data verification. It will also
involve refinements to the various components and
databases in the low-level ICMS, based on the feedback
from the respective Units using the low-level ICMS. The
indicative consulting services costs for this second-phase
is estimated to be about RM200,000.

(d) Further developments of the ICMS system on the SiCAD

GIS to include the various technological components, such
as real-time water quality and hydrological data
monitoring through telemetry, as described in the
conceptual proposal for the complete ICMS in Appendix
7.4, can be carried out after another period of use of the
refined low-level ICMS on the SiCAD GIS, by the
pertinent Units. It is not possible at this stage of the Study
to define the indicative cost for this stage of the ICMS
development.

(e) The Perbadanan should also consider creating a position

for a Geographical Information Officer (GIO) within its IT
Unit to handle all issues related to the managing of geo-
referenced digital information within the Perbadanan. The
Consultant understands that the Perbadanan has plans to
recruit such a person in the near future.

(f) To facilitate information sharing among the various

government agencies, regulatory bodies and major
stakeholders within the catchment it is recommended that
the Perbadanan and the proposed Putrajaya Lake
Catchment Management Committee agree on a clear set of
objectives for data collection, updating and sharing among
themselves.

7-22 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 APPENDIX 7.1
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT WITHIN
PERBADANAN PUTRAJAYA

1.0 Administrative Structure, Responsibilities and Management

1.1 Within the context of the study, the technical units directly
involved are grouped under the Landscape and Environment
Division of the City Planning Department. They are:

• Hydrology Unit
• Environment Unit
• Lake Unit
• Horticultural Unit
• Landscape Unit

1.2 These units will be responsible for the environmental monitoring

programmes, including data collection and processing. All
programmes should have clearly defined management objectives
and process paths.

1.3 If data is shared between units, then the procedures for sharing and
the format should be stated. This may seem trivial when the units
and the department are small, however, as their functions mature
and routines are set, procedures become necessary to enable an
audit trail.

1.4 The custodian of digital data is the Information Technology Unit

(ITU) under the Corporate Services Department. The ITU is
responsible for the development and updating of all plans related to
the development of Putrajaya. It plays a central role in maintaining
electronic data relating to development and management of the
city.

1.5 However, it is more appropriate if the Landscape and Environment

Division manages its environmental database as the need for
information amongst the units of the division are often immediate
particularly in response to an environmental emergency.

1.6 Each department and unit of Perbadanan Putrajaya should be

responsible for collecting, keying-in and updating their own maps
 and datasets. However, this should be carried out in a co-ordinated
manner so that they are not duplicating each other’s efforts.

1.7 For example, the Town Planning Department should be responsible

for creating and updating the cadastral and zoning basemaps.
However, the valuation data is simply an attribute Oracle database
maintained by the Valuation and Property Department, which is
linked to the lot parcel maps.

1.8 It may thus be helpful if an Information Unit (IU) be created under

each department as the intermediary to the ITU. A Geographic
Information Officer (see section 4.1) will play a key role in the
proper co-ordination of these efforts.

1.9 In summary, the role of the technical department’s is to collect,

process and manage their data in an agreed format whilst that of the
ITU is to coordinate all relevant information for inter-departmental
sharing and to develop official maps of the Putrajaya
administrative and catchment area.

2.0 Information flow within the City planning Department

2.1 Figure A7.1 describes a proposed process for data flow between
the units of the Landscape and Environment Division. It treats the
 department as an independent organisation which contributes a
certain level of data to the central ITU.

2.2 Initially, the amount of data and information to be processed may

seem overbearing and some effort may be required to identify
data/information pertinent to the day-to-day functions of the unit.
The following are the proposed exercises:-

2.2.1 General Exercise - Identification of information requirements for

(a) Divisional level – data in both raw and processed format;

technical notes and analysis
(b) Departmental level – processed and analysed data; with
description of trends, technical reports
(c) Board level – summarised information; statements of
problems, alternative solutions and conclusions;
management reports
(d) Public level – officially endorsed documents, maps and
digital data

2.2.2 Specific Exercises – The specific exercises are as follows:

• Identifying data sources to provide information to

management
• Targeting monitoring programmes to produce information
that achieve management needs
• Identification of resource persons at unit level and department
level for data management and sharing
• Identification of actual data to be shared, its format and
frequency of sharing (weekly updates, monthly updates)

2.3 While the nature of work does not permit every information
requirement to be anticipated, it is worthwhile to start by first
identifying management objectives and subsequently identifying
the information required to achieve the said objective. The
information requirements will then lead to identification of data
needed to be collected.

2.4 Some examples are tabulated below in Table A7.1:

 Table A7.1 Management objectives and information requirement
Management Information Frequency of Data Source
Objective Required Submission
To maintain water Water level at key Daily Hydrological stations (Lake &
level at X meters in points, Wetlands Unit)
central lake Rainfall data,
streamflow data
To maintain water Water quality in Weekly Water quality monitoring stations,
quality in central lake, water hydrological stations
lake within quality at (Hydrology, Environment Unit)
permitted levels
monitoring
points
To check pollutant Parameter levels Monthly Environment Unit,
levels from north from GPT’s along Lake & Wetlands Unit
west drain X, water
Sector quality at station
Y,wetland
Z

2.5 The information requirements should later be improved if it does

not meet the management objective. Similarly, if information is
insufficient, the data collection programme should then be
reviewed. Figure A7.2 illustrates the process.

2.6 The sharing of technical data between the various units, divisions
and departments of Perbadanan Putrajaya will require control. This
will allow each section of Perbadanan Putrajaya to manage
information according to its hierarchical position.

2.7 Data sharing within divisions are handled at departmental level

whereas inter-departmental sharing is managed by the ITU.

2.8 A data clearance committee can be formed if necessary to serve as

a final check before information is released to the public. Figure
A7.3 illustrates the structure of levels and controls of data within
and outside Perbadanan Putrajaya.
3.0 The Use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

3.1 The usefulness of Geographical Information Systems in

environmental monitoring have been widely accepted and is one of
the reasons why an ICMS is recommended to accompany the
Catchment Management and Development Plan.

3.2 SiCad is the GIS software used in Perbadanan Putrajaya’s Sumber

Putra central data management system. Future GIS applications, if
purchased whether at Department or Unit level must ensure cross-
compatibility. However, the need of the management must be
defined in order to decide as to what level or platform of GIS.

3.3 Costs for GIS systems are expensive particularly, fully-interactive

types. A complete Decision-Support System may require
administrative adjustments for its proper upkeep and utilisation.

3.4 Most studies carried out as part of this project require maps to carry
out its analysis. In a few of the studies, maps are the most
important criteria e.g. drainage and sewerage, slope analysis and
land use studies, all requires contour maps and land parcel maps.

3.5 By putting all the maps in digital format and keying in the
associated data (or attributes as it is referred to in GIS parlance),
the GIS becomes a powerful tool for data entry, storage and
updates, data query and analysis and for producing hardcopy and
softcopy maps and data output.

3.6 Gaining access to the study data from the GIS is also faster and
easier, and maps provide a spatial perspective, which is impossible
to achieve with spreadsheets and hardcopy reports. GIS
technology also promote data sharing by encouraging consultants,
decision makers and other endusers to utilise each other’s data in
order to carry out better and more powerful analysis.

3.7 Figure A7.4 shows the representation of real-world objects in GIS

concepts.
 • Computer mapping
• Information represented by
points, lines, polygons and text
• Linked to multiple layers of
databases
• Automated system for
– Capture
– Storage
– Retrieval
– Analysis
– Display
– Output

Figure A7.4 GIS Concepts

3.8 The main concerns in GIS implementation are maps and data,
procedures and application development.

3.9 The factors to be considered for selection of a GIS software and

system are: -

• The software choices of other parties which have

information relevant to environment and catchment
monitoring
• The risk of data loss between software types and versions
particularly, the loss of topological data which will be time
consuming to rectify.
• The availability of skilled personnel in the selected software
• The choice of operating system platform; a UNIX based GIS
on a server system although being more powerful than a
personal-computer (PC) or desktop system requires
 appropriately trained and skilled personnel for support and
development work
• The learning curve of the selected software; Unix based
systems require longer training time as compared to PC
systems.

4.0 Recommendation

4.1 Geographic Information Officer (GIO)

4.1.1 A Geographic Information Officer (GIO) is

recommended to be part of Perbadanan Putrajaya’s
Information Technology management team. The task of
the GIO is to formulate strategies that incorporate
geographic information technology to improve the
organisation’s overall performance.

4.1.2 The GIO should be responsible for:

• Development of the geographic information plans

and associated policies to achieve the strategic
objectives of the organisation.
• Development of organisation-wide information
product and technology requirements.
• Directing the investment of information technology
funds to maximise organisation benefits and
maintaining a managed portfolio of those
investments.
• Providing external representation for the
organisation on all matters relating to geographic
information.
• Supporting the creation and management of the
enterprise geographic data model with respect to
content, standards, quality, geographic reference,
integration, interoperability, and appropriate
documentation, including metadata.
• Providing open access to data where appropriate
and promoting sharing of commonly needed data
resources, within Putrajaya, among other
stakeholders in the catchment area and the public at
large.
 4.1.3 As with the Head of Information Technology, a GIO
brings specialised skills to the organisation. A GIO has a
comprehensive knowledge of geographically distributed
phenomena and the processes that create and modify the
geographic landscape. The GIO has knowledge of
geographic information technologies and the digital
representation of geographic phenomena, and has
knowledge of the role of geospatial information in
organisation-wide operations such as management,
decision-making, and policy formulation.

4.1.4 A GIO should have an advanced degree in geographic

information science, geography, remote sensing,
computer science or a closely related field and has
demonstrated GIS management experience.

4.2 Procedures for handling Digital Maps and Databases

4.2.1 Perbadanan Putrajaya is in a unique position to develop

proper procedures for the handling of digital maps and
databases as the whole Putrajaya City is being built from
scratch.

4.2.2 Proper procedures need to be put in place in terms of:

• Electronic and hardcopy archiving – Who has

responsibility? How often? Where? Firewall?
Disaster and Recovery Centre? Archiving and
circulation of hardcopy maps and documents?
• Responsibilities for maintenance and updates of
different databases. This is best addressed by
allowing different departments to be responsible for
their own datasets whilst not duplicating each other’s
efforts.
• Access and Security issues need to be properly
addressed so that only authorised personnel are
given access to sensitive documents, whilst not
hindering the promotion of data sharing concept.

4.3 Conversion of CAD datasets to GIS Format

4.3.1 The CAD datasets submitted by various outside parties

(developers, planners, and landowners) in the Sumber
 Putra Project are recommended to be converted into GIS
format. This will allow them to be integrated to the GIS
data repository in the GIS Server.

4.3.2 Over time, these integrated GIS digital maps and data
will become an invaluable resource to Putrajaya.

4.4 Data Sharing through Intranet (Internal Access) and Internet Map
Server (External Access)

4.4.1 Staff within Perbadanan Putrajaya should undergo

training not only on GIS software and concepts but also
on the maps and datasets in the GIS Server so that they
have a deep understanding of available resources. Each
department should be given access to the GIS Server (but
not necessarily “editing” access) via a corporate Intranet.

4.4.2 Furthermore, certain information, which might be of use

and concern to the public, should be made available via
the Internet Map Server. These could be the general
cadastral, planning, topographical and zoning
information, which could be useful to developers, for
instance, in their preparation of proposed Development
Master Plans or Layout Plans. Currently, they would
need to obtain this information over the counter from
various public institutions.

4.5 Develop and Integrate Specific GIS Applications for All

Departments within Putrajaya

4.5.1 GIS can be utilised by the Town Planning Department,

the I.T. Department, the Licensing Department, the
Building Department, the Valuation and Property
Department, the Engineering Department, the Customer
Services Department, the Irrigation and Drainage
Department, and the Perbadanan Putrajaya management.

4.5.2 However, most of the time, the endusers do not

necessarily want to, or have the time to undergo proper
training to become proficient users in GIS. Then there
are users who only need to use some basic GIS
functionality coupled with their own datasets or maps.
4.5.3 For all these users, the power of GIS technology can be
harnessed so that they can utilise fully their maps and
databases by developing small, specific applications
using a combination of MapObjects, Visual Basic and/or
Visual C++, to suit their individual department’s
requirements.

4.5.4 Finally, document imaging is a widely available and used

tool in Malaysia today. However, document imaging
linked to the GIS is a new area and requires proper
expertise and careful planning before implementation.
This can be an extremely useful tool for planners,
engineers and managers as they can zoom onto an area
using the GIS and retrieve whatever scanned images of
engineering plans and drawings available within the area
(especially underground utilities).
 APPENDIX 7.2
Catchment Development and Management Plan for
Putrajaya Lake
Data Description for the ICMS (Version 1)

Produced by:

Head Office: Branch Office:

No: 35, 1st & 2nd Floor Lot 442, No. 8, 2nd Floor
Jalan USJ 10/1 Jalan Rubber
47620 UEP Subang Jaya 93400 Kuching
Selangor Darul Ehsan, MALAYSIA Sarawak, MALAYSIA
Tel: (603) 734 4197 Tel: (6082) 236 310
Fax: (603) 733 7142 Fax: (6082) 236311
E-mail: [email protected]

Website: http://www.malsat.com.my
 APPENDIX 7.2

Installation

For your convenience, the data description for the ICMS for the Catchment Development
and Management Plan for Putrajaya Lake Version 1.0 is delivered to you in the following
data formats: -

ArcView Native Format (*.SHP)

The datasets are stored in a single 100Mb Zip Disk or eight 1.44Mb 3.5” diskettes, or other
suitable digital data medium. Where necessary, especially DXF files, they are compressed
using the PKZIP.EXE utility. These can be uncompressed using a WINZIP shareware which
is included in the Zip Disk or in the 3.5” diskette No. 8. The WINZIP shareware has a
PKUNZIP.EXE utility for compressing/decompressing data. Please register the WINZIP
shareware with the copyright owner.

Data Delivered

All the data delivered was installed in a GIS Unix Server under logical path
(“\database\dg_map\professional\putrajaya”). Under the folder of \putrajaya, there are
11 more sub-folders, which indicates the type of features, which is included in this delivery:

1. \putrajaya \Pollution_Source_Study
2. \putrajaya \Mini_Wetland_Study
3. \putrajaya \Water_Quality_Study
4. \putrajaya \Hydrological_Study
5. \putrajaya \Erosion&Sedimentation_Study
6. \putrajaya \Geological&Hydrological_Study
7. \putrajaya \Drainage_Master_Plan
8. \putrajaya \Sewarage_Master_Plan
9. \putrajaya \Existing_Landuse
10. \putrajaya \Landuse_Master_Plan
11. \putrajaya \Features

Page 2 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2
Layers
There are 46 ArcView Shape (*.shp) files.

Layer Code Filename Description Entity Type

1 ROAD Road Network Polygon
2 RIVERLINE River Line
3 RIVERPOLY River Polygon
4 DAM Dam Polygon
5 LAKE Lake Polygon
6 PHIGHWAY Plus Highway Line
7 PEXLINK Proposed Express Link Line
8 WETLAND Wetland area Polygon
10 CONLINE Contour Lines Polyline
12 CONTEXT Contour lines text/description Text
14 RCASE Road Case Polygon
16 MASPLAN Master Plant (Combination all layers) Pgon/Pline/Pt/tx
17 LOT Lots Polygon
18 PUTLACAT Putrajaya Lake Catchment Polygon
20 PUTBOUND Putrajaya Boundary Polygon
21 SGCHAUB Boundary of Sg Chua catchment area Polygon
22 DISTBOUN District Boundary Polygon
23 WEIRCW Weir in center wetland Polygon
24 SWAMFZCW Swamp Forest Zone in center wetland Polygon
25 PONDCW Pond in center wetland Polygon
26 MARSHCW Marsh in center wetland Polygon
27 WEIRPL Weir in center Primary Lake Polygon
28 SWAMPL Swamp Forest Zone in center P. Lake Polygon
29 PONDPL Pond in center Primary Lake Polygon
30 MARSHPL Marsh in center Primary Lake Polygon
31 SYNCLINE Geology - Syncline Point
32 KENNYHF Geology – Kenny Hill Formation Polygon
33 HAWTFOR Geology – Hawthornden Formation Polygon
34 ALLUVIUM Geology – Alluvium Polygon
35 FRACTURE Geology – Fractures - Lineaments Line
36 ANTICLIN Geology - Anticline Point
37 DETPOND Detention Ponds Point
38 VEGEBUF Vegetation buffer Point
39 KENNYHI2 Kenny Hill Formation 2 Point
40 HAWTHO2 Hawthornden Formation 2 Point
41 WELLPRO Existing Production wells Point
42 ALLUVIU2 Alluvium 2 Point
43 RSTATION Rainfall Station Point
44 SFSTATIO Stream flow station Point
45 WQSATIO Water Quality Station Point
46 STPLANT Sewerage Treatment Plant Point
Page 3 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2
47 SDRAIND Surface Drainage Direction Line
48 CATCHA Putrajaya catchment area Polygon
49 WETLAND Wetland Polygon
50 ERL_CENT Erl_cent Line
51 LANDUSE Land use Polygon
52 PIEZOME Piezometer Point

Accuracy

The expected accuracy is +/- 15 meters. This needs to be verified by collecting GPS points at
road intersections or other landmarks.

Map Projection

All data were from various sources with different map projections, i.e. Lat./Long (Malaysia)
and MRSO. Additional data were obtained by field GPS Survey in the WGS84 coordinate
system but the final digital data products were merged in a single MRSO ((West Malaysia)
projection only.

Page 4 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2

Attributes
Apart from their respective individual attributes, e.g. street name for ROAD, all features or
GIS layers has four common attributes:

Map Source - Coded to reflect either topographical maps, town maps, Aerial
Photography, or other sources.
Map Projection - Of the map source, NOT the projection of the Digital Data.
Map Scale - Of the map source, NOT the projection of the Digital Data
Last Updated - Date of last map and data update by MALSAT’s Technical
Department, NOT the currency of the map sources.

Where certain information is not available, the attributes are entered as “N/A”. For example,
an attribute for a road with the entry “N/A” means that after field verification the road has no
name.

Page 5 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2

Spatial Database Structure

Layer Code 1: Structure for table ROAD

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Name Character 30
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 2: Structure for table RIVERLINE

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Name Character 30
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 3: Structure for table RIVERPOLY

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Name Character 30
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 4: Structure for table DAM

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Name Character 30
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 6 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2

Layer Code 5: Structure for table LAKE

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Name Character 35
3 Description Character 25
4 Map_Source Character 10
5 Map_Scale Character 10
6 Map_Projection Character 50
7 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 6: Structure for table PHIGHWAY

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Name Character 30
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 7: Structure for table PEXLINK

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Name Character 30
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 8: Structure for table WETLAND

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Map_Source Character 10
3 Map_Scale Character 10
4 Map_Projection Character 50
5 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 7 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2
Layer Code 10: Structure for table CONLINE

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Elevation Number 10
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 12: Structure for table CONTEXT

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Contour Info Character 50

Layer Code 14: Structure for table RCASE

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Road_Name Character 30
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 16: Structure for table MASPLAN

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
4 Map_Source Character 10
5 Map_Scale Character 10
6 Map_Projection Character 50
7 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 17: Structure for table LOT

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Lot No Character 10
3 Map_Projection Character 20
4 Map_Source Logical
5 Map_Scale Character 10
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 8 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2

Layer Code 18: Structure for table PUTLACAT

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 20: Structure for table PUTBOUND

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 21: Structure for table SGCHAUB

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 22: Structure for table DISTBOUN

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 9 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2
Layer Code 23: Structure for table WEIRCW

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 TCom_Code Character 2
4 Map_Source Character 10
5 Map_Scale Character 10
6 Map_Projection Character 50
7 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 24: Structure for table SWAMZCW

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 TCom_Code Character 2
4 Map_Source Character 10
5 Map_Scale Character 10
6 Map_Projection Character 50
7 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 25: Structure for table PONDCW

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 26: Structure for table MARSHCW

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 10 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2

Layer Code 27: Structure for table WEIRPL

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 28: Structure for table SWAMPL

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 29: Structure for table PONDPL

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 30: Structure for table MARSHPL

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 11 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2
Layer Code 31: Structure for table SYNCLINE

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 32: Structure for table KENNYHF

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 33: Structure for table HAWTFOR

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 34: Structure for table FRACTURE

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 12 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2
Layer Code 35: Structure for table ANTICLIN

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 36: Structure for table ALLUVIUM

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 37: Structure for table DETPOND

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 38: Structure for table VEGEBUF

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 13 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2
Layer Code 39: Structure for table KENNYHF2

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 40: Structure for table HAWTHO2

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 42: Structure for table ALLIVIU2

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 43: Structure for table RSTATION

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 14 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2
Layer Code 44: Structure for table SFSTATION

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 45: Structure for table WQSATIO

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 46: Structure for table STPLANT

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 47: Structure for table SDRAIND

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 15 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2
Layer Code 48: Structure for table CATCHA

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 49: Structure for table WETLAND

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 50: Structure for table ERL_CENT

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Layer Code 51: Structure for table PIEZOM

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 16 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.2
Layer Code 52: Structure for table LANDUSE

Field Field Name Type Width Dec

1 Layer_Code Character 2
2 Feature_Name Character 50
3 Map_Source Character 10
4 Map_Scale Character 10
5 Map_Projection Character 50
6 Last_Updated Character 10

Page 17 of 17
 APPENDIX 7.3

APPENDIX 7.3

DATABASE MANUAL FOR LOW-LEVEL ICMS

PREPARED BY

National Hydraulic Research Institute Malaysia (NAHRIM)

Page 1 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Water Quality Database : WaterQuality.mdb

Purpose: This database is designed for the storage of in-situ water quality data

End-user: Environmental Management Unit , Lake Management Unit

Background

The water quality database and data tables allows for the prompt record of field water quality
measurements. The data tables are tailored to accompany the water quality monitoring programme as
proposed in the Putrajaya Lake Management Guide. The water quality parameters proposed to be
measured are:

1. PH value
2. Dissolve Oxygen (DO)
3. Suspended Solids (SS)
4. Total Phosphorous (TP)
5. Reactive Phosphorous (RP)

Description

The database comprises four tables and is discussed below:

• Thresh – the table containing threshold data for effluent parameters based on the Environmental
Quality Act, 1974. This table is a table of standards. It is primarily static and updates of this table
is expected to accompany legislative changes to the national or local water quality standards. It’s
function is to provide the facility for queries involving comparisons between field data recorded in
the other water quality datatables with the current standards. The structure of this table has been
extracted from Appendix 16 of the Putrajaya Environmental Management Guide – Second
Schedule; Environmental Quality Act, 1974; Environmental Quality (Perbadanan Putrajaya)
(Water Pollution Control) Regulations, 1998 [Regulations 8(1), 8(2)]; Parameter Limits of
Effluent

• WQStation - the table containing information pertaining to the station location, description and
management. This data table provides the GIS link to planning maps.

• WQJob – the data table containing information regarding the sampling assignment or job. This
table is used to record weather conditions, site notes and dates of sampling. This table can be
copied and named after the actual stations once they are established.

• WQSample – the sampling data table that is used to record sampling times, depths and readings for
the various water quality parameters tested. This table can be copied and named after the actual
stations once they are established.

The three data tables can be linked by the primary key fields (i) the Station ID and (ii) the Sampling
Job Number. The Station ID (primary key) links table WQStation to WQJob, the former providing the
geographical reference to the actual water quality measurements. The Sampling Job Number links the
field assignment records in WQJob to the measurements at various depths recorded in WQSample

Page 1 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

WATERQUALITY

Datatable: WQStation

Datatable: WQJob

Datatable: WQSample

Page 2 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Relationship between Datatables in the WaterQuality Database

For field water quality parameter data entry, a form has been designed using the WQJob and
WQSample datatables. The form consists of a main form, WQJob, and a subform, WQSample. This
form allows data entry into both the datatables whereby each sampling job assignment and each sample
can be recorded. It is important that the job ID and the sample ID be unique.

In order for such a form to be designed, the tables WQJob and WQSample must first be connected
using the relationships feature in Microsoft Access. The relationships are as shown below.

The fields in bold have been designated as primary keys within each datatable. The relationship
between WQStation and WQJob and between WQJob and WQSample is termed a “one-to-many”
relationship. This means that for each station there can be more than one sampling job assignment and
for each sampling job assignment there can be several samples.

Page 3 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Water Quality Parameter Data Entry Form

The Water Quality Parameter Data Entry Form is displayed below:

Form: WQJob

This form actually comprises of the main form WQJob and the subform WQSample. Entry of data will
fill both the WQJob and WQSample datatables simultaneously due to the relationship set as explained
earlier. Changes to the design of the subform can only be done by opening the subform independently.

Page 4 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Hydrology Database

Purpose: This database is designed for the storage of hydrological station information

End-user: Hydrology Unit

Background

This database is designed for hydrological information.

Description

HydStation: Datatable for location of hydrological stations i.e. for rainfall, evaporation or
streamflow gauging stations. Geographical coordinates in the datatable connect the
database with the relevant GIS map.

The HydStation table structure and form are shown below. The form is an alternative
way to enter and also to view data.

Datatable: HydStation

Page 5 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Form: HydStation Data Entry/Viewing Form

Page 6 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Drainage Database

Purpose: This is a drainage structure information database. It is to be linked with the

proposed drainage master plan drawing. The database will be associated with the
line entities representing drainage structures.

End-user: Hydrology Unit, Environmental Unit

Background

The drainage database provides the user with information on location and size of drains corresponding
to a line feature on the GIS map.

Description

A drainage master plan is one of the deliverables of the study and the expected final recommendation
presentation will include a drainage plan. The plan will indicate the layout of the proposed drains
within the Putrajaya administrative area. The drainage database comprises 5 tables described below.

Drain1: this datatable will complement the final drainage map by displaying information on
the drain type, size and maximum discharge including length and slope at the click of
a button.

GPT1: this datatable is stores the inventory of gross pollutant traps installed in the drainage
system

GPT_DControl: this datatable stores information on the gross pollutant traps designed as part of the
drainage plan including design parameters and dimensions. GPTs are man-made
structures constructed as part of the drainage system. As the name implies, its
function is to trap all visible pollutants including rubbish, sediment and debris. GPTs
have to be cleaned and maintained. GPT’s are often built based on trial-and-error and
may need to be redesigned to meet efficiency requirements designs. The last record
in this data table represents the current design.

GPT_WQ1: is the water quality data table associated with the GPT station. It keeps the records of
suspended solids measurements entering and exiting the GPT. A query programme
can be designed to calculate the efficiency of the structure based on the
measurements recorded here and provides a status report of the GPT. This will make
fields DesMaxEff and Eff_MinVar fields redundant. Alternatively, the information
can be exported to a spreadsheet for further analytical purposes.

DetPond1: Eight areas within the Putrajaya area have been designated as permanent flood
detention ponds. Outside the Putrajaya area, five areas have been found to be
potential sites for flood detention ponds. DetPond1 is a datatable for detention ponds
found in the Putrajaya catchment. Information provided therein includes the sub-
catchments in which they are located as well as the size and width of the ponds.

Page 7 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Datatable: Drain1

Datatable: GPT1

Datatable: GPT_DControl

Datatable: GPT_WQ1

Page 8 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Datatable: GPT_WQ1

Datatable: DetPond1

Page 9 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Wetlands Database

Purpose: Inventory of wetlands, flora and fauna

End-user: Lake and Wetlands Unit, Environment Management Unit

Background

The wetlands database is an inventory of wetlands identified inside the Putrajaya catchment area
including those outside the administrative boundaries Putrajaya. Information on location, size, flora
and fauna are included in the database.

Description

Wetland1: The seven wetland areas of Putrajaya have been identified by the wetlands expert in
his report. In this datatable, each wetland is given a unique identifier and key
information including a name, size and georeference coordinates. The number of
subcells identified for wetland plant inventory purposes is also included.

Wetland2: The wetlands have also been subdivided into subcells for the purpose of marking
areas where wetland plants are present. There are 22 subcells including the central
wetland and the primary lake.

XX_TerPlant: This datatable stores an inventory of the type of terrestrial plants found in each
respective wetland and includes a photograph of the item. This datatable can be
duplicated and named after each particular wetland cell.

XXX_WetPlant: This is the generic database structure for the wetland plants in each Wetland subcell.
This datatable can be duplicated and named after each particular wetland cell.

Fish1: Information from Table 2.7.5 of the report has been transferred into this datatable

Mammal1: Information from Table 2.7.6 of the report has been transferred to this datatable

Birds1: Information from Table 2.7.7 of the report has been transferred to this datatable

Page 10 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Datatable: Wetlands1

Datatable: Wetlands2

Datatable: XX_TerPlant

This is the generic database structure for the terrestrial plants around each Wetland area. The first 2
letters of the datatable would be the ID initials of the wetland area e.e CW_TerPLant for Central
Wetland.

Datatable: XXX_WetPlant

This is the generic database structure for the wetland plants in each Wetland subcell. The first 3 letters
of the datatable would be the ID initials of the wetland area e.g. UB1_WetPlant for Upper Bisa subcell
1.

Page 11 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Datatable: Mammals1, Birds1, Fish1

Simple datatable structures for inventory of wildlife. A hyperlink field can be added to link the data
with pictures.

Ddasf

Picture Gallery
Wildlife inventory datatables can be enhanced by photographs. A picture gallery should be created to
store all photographs related to the wetland flora and fauna. The hyperlinked fields in XXX_WetPlant,
XX_TerPlant, Fish1, Mammal1 and Bird1 would then be associated with this to access the
photographs. The photographs should be in JPG or TIF rather than BMP format to conserve space.

Page 12 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Sewerage Database

Purpose: Inventory of sewage treatment plants in Putrajaya Lake Catchment

End-user: Environment Unit

Background

One potential point source pollutant to the Putrajaya Lake is the discharge of untreated or inadequately
treated sewage effluent into the catchment drainage system of the lake. Among the information
pertinent to manage sewage in Putrajaya is the location and capacity of the existing and proposed
sewage treatment plants. This database houses this information and provides an overall view of the
major sewage treatment facilities in the area..

Description

STPlant1: This datatable georeferences the lcoation of all sewage treatment plants in the
Putrajaya catchment both inside and outside the Putrajaya administrative boundaries.
Records of the capacity of the sewage treatment plant, status of construction and
information on the discharge from the plant can be included within STPlant1.

Datatable: STPlant1

Page 13 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.3

Form: STPlant1

Page 14 of 15
 APPENDIX 7.4

APPENDIX 7.4

CONCEPTUAL PROPOSAL FOR COMPLETE ICMS

1. INTRODUCTION

The Kawasan Putrajaya, covering an area of about 4,581 hectares, is being

developed by the Malaysian Federal government as a new administrative
capital. The city is being developed based on a “City in a Garden” concept, with
Putrajaya lake forming the focal point. The lake is being formed by the
impoundment of Sg. Chuau and has an Catchment area of about 4,500 hectares.
The Putrajaya lake is planned to cater to the needs for multi-purpose uses, such
as recreation, boating, fishing, water transport etc. Hence a high water quality
standard has to be maintained in the lake.

In view of the above, an efficient system has to be develop to monitor and

maintain the water quality level of the lake. As many external parameters are
contributing to water quality of the lake an integrated system has to be
developed to manage the water quality of the lake as well as the ecosystem
around the lake and the catchment.

The success of any environment management plan is largely dependent on the

timely collection of critical data, proper processing and prompt dissemination to
the users and decision makers. In view of the importance attached to the project
and the environment, regular updating of the data both spatial and attribute
becomes imperative. With technology growing vertically in many segments
with overlapping features between features, the web technology has to be
leveraged to its best in passing the information to the decision-makers.

Taking into consideration all the factors the complete Integrated Catchment
Management System, ICMS, is envisaged to consists of the following:

♦ Real time monitoring system

♦ Geographical Information System
♦ Relational Database Management System
♦ Satellite Image Processing System
♦ Aerial Photography
♦ Web based decision support system

1.1 REAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEM

The technology of Telemetry and computer networking have made it possible to

access data in real-time. Real-time hydrological data like rainfall, surface

Page 1 of 5
 APPENDIX 7.4

runoff, temperature, etc make it possible to analyze and determine what

influences daily observations will have on the environment.

The system is proposed to support the following functions:

♦ Real-time tracking of the hydrological parameters.

♦ Reservoir (lake) levels & Level Trending.
♦ Monitoring of water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, BOD etc.
♦ Warning the users based on user defined threshold.

It is proposed that the real time data collected using the telemetry RTU’s be
integrated with GIS and RDBMS system.

1.2 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Geographic Information System (GIS) helps in querying and analyzing the data
in a spatial domain. As the definition itself specifies that data plays an important
role, the database imparts a major impact on the efficiency of the system. The
GIS should be able to support the following functions:

♦ Easy mode of data entry, retrieval, analysis and output.

♦ Integrate with other systems like Telemetry and RDBMS.
♦ Data updating using Aerial photographs.
♦ Simulation analysis

The GIS is proposed to act as a GIS web server for web related front-end
application.

1.3 RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (RDBMS)

A comprehensive and reliable Database Management System is being proposed

as part of the system to support attribute database, storage and management of
data and data security. The RDBMS not only stores the attribute database, but
also manages the related GIS spatial database.

1.4 SATELLITE IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM

To assist in Environmental Impact Assessment studies, landuse/landcover

patterns etc, a Satellite Image Processing System is being proposed. This system
forms as a data source to GIS in the integrated system.

1.5 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

In order to have up-to-date information of the development surrounding

Putrajaya and its catchment, frequent collection of large scale data is proposed,
either by using aerial photographs or high resolution satellite images.

Page 2 of 5
 APPENDIX 7.4

1.6 WEB BASED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

To facilitate easy access of selected information by the pertinent regulatory

agencies, a web-based information and decision support system is proposed.

2. INTEGRATED CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The efficiency of the system depends on the type and amount of data collected
and managed in all the components. A close look of data criteria along with the
proposed applications and the role of the applications is given below.

2.1 TELEMETRY

For monitoring the water quality parameters like pH, turbidity etc. and quantity
parameters such as level of the reservoir (lake), surface flow, setting up of
RTUs (Remote Testing Units) at important locations is proposed. Constant
monitoring of water quality and water quantity is proposed. A predefined
threshold is proposed as a benchmark and an alarm system is triggered once the
system moves above or below the threshold values. As an example, the
following functions are proposed which may require GIS technology to be
embeded.

♦ Inform the lake administrator of heavy flow or anomalies

♦ Help in locating active pollution zones and identify the possible offenders
through GIS
♦ Collect water quality parameters
♦ Collect hydrological parameters

All data collected from the RTUs and hydrology stations are proposed to be
stored in RDBMS.

2.2 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

A GIS client server environment is proposed for all the GIS related functions.
Data creation and related activities are proposed to be performed on the server
and viewing & query of data is performed on the client systems.

2.3 LAYERS OF DATA

For the purpose of an effective and efficient system, the base data should be
relevant, extensive and accurate. Above which all the related information has to
be added. A few of the layers which is a must are given below:

♦ Geology
♦ Topography – slope and aspect

Page 3 of 5
 APPENDIX 7.4

♦ Lot Parcels
♦ Road Network – different classes
♦ Land use/ Land Cover
♦ Settlement details at larger scale (with all the existing details)
♦ River network
♦ Drainage patterns and Water bodies
♦ Location of Hydrological stations, Water quality monitoring stations
♦ Location of Environmental details
♦ Location of RTUs

For each of these layers the attribute data has to be prepared and stored in a
RDBMS. Following functions are proposed for the GIS within the ICMS. In the
system GIS will be getting data from integrated components also.

♦ Query and Analysis of the data

♦ Able to access telemetry data

2.4 ENVIRONMENT FUNCTIONS

♦ Perform analysis to support Environment Impact Assessment studies

♦ Identify the polluting zones and possible offenders (industries)
♦ Preparation of environmental zoning mapping
♦ Potential zones of sedimentation

2.5 WATER RESOURCES FUNCTIONS

♦ Water quality monitoring

♦ Watershed management

2.6 PERSPECTIVE VIEWING

♦ Landscape management in a 3D perspective

♦ Terrain modeling and Fly through

2.7 MAP UPDATING

♦ Update the data using high resolution data

2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ZONE MAPPING

A comprehensive and integrated map is proposed to have up to date zoning

map, categorized based on the environmental, geological, landuse/landcover,
hydrological parameters.

Page 4 of 5
 APPENDIX 7.4

2.9 SATELLITE IMAGE PROCESSING

This system is proposed to function as a sub-system to GIS and is proposed to

perform the following functions

♦ Landuse/landcover maps
♦ Reservoir siltation analysis
♦ Change detection studies
♦ Updating of details at smaller scale

2.10 MAP UPDATING

To regularly update the details of the Putrajaya area, procurement of aerial

photographs or high-resolution satellite images is recommended. A scale of
1:10,000 or larger is recommended.

Page 5 of 5
 CHAPTER 8

LEGISLATION AND INSTITUTIONAL STUDIES

8.0 LEGISLATION AND INSTITUTIONAL STUDIES

8.1 LEGISLATION STUDY

8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.1.1 To ensure that the water quality in the Putrajaya Lake can be
achieved and maintained there is a need to identify and review the
existing legislation, involving catchment management issues, to
ensure that they are adequate. Based on the review there may be a
need to recommend appropriate amendments to the existing
legislation or propose new legislation to address any ambiguities or
inadequacies, respectively, in the existing legislation.

8.1.1.2 The adequacy of the legislative controls covering the following

areas in the Putrajaya Lake catchment will have to be reviewed.

• Putrajaya Lake System

• Putrajaya Area
• Catchment areas outside the Putrajaya Area

8.1.1.3 The review and adequacy of the legislative controls covering the
Putrajaya Lake System is the subject of another Study. It is
expected that adequate legal measures will be taken in that Study to
address issues pertaining to the sustainable management of the
Lake.

8.1.1.4 The management of the catchment area within the Putrajaya Area
will be within the control of the Perbadanan Putrajaya and is most
probably not an issue. Thus, the focus of the review of the existing
legislation will be concentrated largely on the legal issues
pertaining to the management of the catchment areas outside of the
Putrajaya Area.

8.1.2 Background review

8.1.2.1 The integrated management of the Lake and its catchment is
essential to ensure that the Putrajaya development achieves the
objective of being a “City in a Garden”. The waterfront of the
Lake is about 30 km long and adjoins various land uses proposed
under the Master Plan. Several minor rivers drain into the Lake of
which the main river is the Sungai Chuau. These rivers are
tributaries of the Sungai Langat and are part of the larger Langat
River Basin. The rapid pace of urbanisation within Putrajaya and
in the surrounding areas of Putrajaya will cause immense pressures

8-1 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 on the Authorities in terms of managing the conflicting demands
between rapid development and maintaining the desired level of
water quality in the Lake.

8.1.2.2 The catchment areas outside Putrajaya fall within the jurisdiction of
the Sepang and Subang Jaya Local Councils, both of which lie in
the State of Selangor. It is critical that land use in the catchment
area is regulated to protect the quality of water flowing into the
Lake, to preserve the aquatic habitats and generally to enhance the
waterfront environment.

8.1.2.3 In Selangor the statutory framework for the management of waters

has been consolidated in the Selangor Waters Management
Authority Enactment 1999 (SWMAE). The Selangor Waters
Management Authority (SWMA) to be set up under the SWMAE is
required to take a multi sectoral and multidisciplinary approach to
the management of water resources with controls over pollution,
drainage, adjoining lands and catchments.

8.1.2.4 The integrated management of water resources in general and of

large water bodies is something new in this country. The adoption
by Malaysia of the Ramsar Convention and the designation of
Tasik Bera as a wetland site under the Convention is a relatively
new initiative but there is certainly an increasing awareness of the
need to manage water resources in a much more integrated and
holistic manner.

8.1.2.5 The Lake itself is intended to be an integral part of the Putrajaya

community. It will be available for the activities of the community.
The types of activities that are likely to be allowed in the Lake
include fishing, boating (both motorised and non-motorised),
floating restaurants, eco-tourism, swimming, construction of
floating and fixed structures, and other activities on and along the
waterfront. Activities requiring primary contact with the Lake
waters imply that the quality of water in the Lake has to be high.
This in turn will translate into requirements to be imposed on the
quality of waters that will flow from the catchment areas into the
Lake and the attendant constraints or restrictions that may have to
be considered in undertaking any development or activity that
impacts on such flows.

8-2 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

8.1.2.6 Two critical problems that afflict most waterways in the country
are silt due to soil erosion and pollution caused by solid and
industrial wastes. It is to be expected that these two problems will
also be critical to maintaining the water quality in the Lake.

8.1.3 The Status of Perbadanan Putrajaya

8.1.3.1 The creation of the Federal Administrative Capital of Putrajaya was
concluded by way of an Agreement between the Federal
Government and the State Government of Selangor (hereafter
referred to as the “Agreement”). The Agreement delineates the
powers of Putrajaya, which essentially includes all powers over
local government and to act as the Land Administrator as
enumerated in the Second Schedule of the Agreement.
Notwithstanding the latter devolution of powers, Article 3, Clause
3(1) and the Third Schedule of the Agreement identifies certain
matters that will remain under the jurisdiction of the State. This
includes item 7 – “water and water supply and the revenue
collected therefrom.”

8.1.3.2 The term “water supply and the revenues collected therefrom”
refers to the supply of treated water. The term “water” is not
defined in the Agreement. It could be broadly interpreted to mean
the general regulation and control of water in any source including
rivers, water bodies and ground water. In so far as matters
pertaining to water outside Putrajaya the State has the sole
jurisdiction. In so far as “water” within Putrajaya is concerned the
matter is a bit more complex and will be discussed in detail in a
later part of this Report.

8.1.3.3 The Perbadanan was established as a body corporate by an act of

Parliament (Perbadanan Putrajaya Act, 1995) (PPA) with effect
from 1996. The Act gave effect to the provisions of the Agreement
and in particular placed the Putrajaya area under the sole
jurisdiction and control of the Perbadanan. The main objective of
the Perbadanan is to “administer and manage” the Putrajaya area.
Its detailed duties include the performance of all functions of a
local government in the Putrajaya area. Through subsidiary
legislation made by the State the powers of a local government has
been bestowed on the Perbadanan.

8.1.3.4 The Perbadanan has full powers to implement the provisions of the
PPA. The State Authority may further assign certain powers of the
State Authority to the Perbadanan. Accordingly, by way of orders

8-3 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 made under the Putrajaya (Performance of Functions) Enactment
1995 the State of Selangor has assigned its powers and functions
under the Street, Drainage and Building Act, 1974 (SDBA), Town
and Country Planning Act, 1976 (TCPA) and Local Government
Act, 1976 (LGA), in so far as the latter legislation apply to
Putrajaya, to the Minister (who in this case is the Prime Minister)
and the Perbadanan. It has also appointed a Land Administrator in
Perbadanan under the National Land Code to undertake
administration of land within Putrajaya.

8.1.4 Review of Laws on Catchment Management

8.1.4.1 Introduction
(1) In addressing issues related to catchment management one has to
look at laws relating to the following issues within the catchment
area:

(a) water which includes rivers, groundwater, lakes, wetlands

and other water bodies;
(b) land and the development/exploitation of such land;
(c) municipal administration which is under the authority of
the State Authority/local government; and
(d) environmental management.

(2) Other issues such as state/federal/local authority relationships,

constitutional jurisdictions and the rights and participation of
stakeholders will also be given due consideration.

8.1.4.2 Constitutional Position - Federal/State Jurisdiction

(1) The constitutional position between the Federal and State
authorities related to the following issues are discussed below:

• Water
• Land
• Municipal Administration
• Environmental Management

(a) Water
(2) A detailed review of the position of the Federal Government
vis-à-vis the State Governments on water has been undertaken
elsewhere (Kerajaan Negeri Selangor, 1998) and need not be
repeated here. It may be stated that, in general, "water" is a
State matter. This would include rivers, lakes, streams, and

8-4 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 water beneath the surface of the land. However water is not
exclusively a matter within the sole jurisdiction of the States.
The Federal Government has specific powers, for example
over federal works including water supplies, rivers and
canals, except those which are wholly within one State or are
regulated by an agreement between the States concerned. The
Federal Government has control over other aspects of water
resource utilisation such as hydropower generation,
navigation within ports, marine fisheries and mining.

(3) Parliament has powers to make laws with respect to any

matter in the State List for the purpose of promoting
uniformity of the laws of two or more States. The power to
make such laws, however, is subject to restrictions. Article 78
of the Constitution stipulates that any law made by Parliament
that restricts the right of a State to the use of any river wholly
within that State, shall not have effect unless it is approved by
the State Legislature. Water rates are also deemed to be a
source of revenue to the States. Further, the Federal
Government cannot exercise executive authority over matters
within the Concurrent List unless the Federal or State laws
specifically provide for it. Thus, whilst the Federal
Government may legislate for uniformity in the country, it
must take into consideration the above mentioned restrictions
on its powers. The Federal Government, subject to the above
restrictions, has enacted legislation on matters that may be
considered to occur in the State List. These laws include the
Waters Act, Land Conservation Act, Fisheries Act, Streets
Drainage and Buildings Act, Local Government Act and
National Land Code.

(4) The State Authorities, by virtue of the fact that water and
matters relating thereto, and in particular land is within their
jurisdiction, would appear to be in a better position to control
and regulate matters on the ground pertaining to the effective
management of water resources in their respective States.
The State of Selangor in particular has enacted the SWMAE
that has resulted in the establishment of the SWMA. The
latter Authority is expected to regulate and manage all water
resources in the State on a sustainable basis.

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 (b) Land
(5) Pursuant to List II of the Ninth Schedule, item 2, all matters
relating to Land is under the State. Consistent with Article
76(4) Parliament enacted the National Land Code for the
purpose of uniformity in the administration of land
throughout the Federation. The definition of “land” includes
land under water. Together with land, related matters such as
forestry, agriculture and mining, are also under State
jurisdiction. Article 91 also establishes the National Land
Council (which comprised of Federal and State
representatives chaired by the Minister) which formulates
national policies “for the promotion and control of the
utilisation of land… for mining, agriculture, forestry or any
other purpose…”. The Federal Government or any State
Government may consult the NLC with respect to any matters
relating to the utilisation of land or in respect of any
purported legislation dealing with land or the administration
of any such law. The Federal and State Governments shall
implement the policy so formulated. Article 92 allows the
Federal Government to proclaim any area as a “development
area”. Upon such declaration Parliament may give effect to
the “development plan” by making any laws necessary to
implement the Plan including on matters which are not under
the Federal List. Putrajaya was declared under Article 92.

(6) The Constitution contains no direct reference to the

management or control of catchment areas. Compared to the
Federal List however the State List includes matters
pertaining to land including colonisation, land improvement
and soil conservation, agriculture, forestry and water,
including rivers, canals, riparian rights, turtles and riverine
fishing. The Concurrent List includes the protection of wild
animals, birds, national parks, drainage and irrigation and
rehabilitation of land that has suffered soil erosion. It would
appear that the State has more powers over catchment
management than the Federal Government.

(c) Municipal Administration

(7) Pursuant to List II of the Ninth Schedule, item 4 local
government including local government services, local
administration, obnoxious trades and public nuisances in local
authority areas are under the jurisdiction of the State
Governments. Article 95A also establishes the National

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 Council for Local Government (which comprised of Federal
and State representatives chaired by the Minister) which
formulates national policies “for the promotion, development
and control of local government throughout the Federation
and for the administration of any laws relating thereto…”
The Federal and State Governments shall implement the
policy so formulated. It is also the duty of the Federal and
State Governments to consult the Council in respect of any
proposed legislation dealing with local government.

(d) Environmental Management

(8) There is no direct reference to the control and regulation of
environmental pollution in the Constitution as concern for the
environment and control of pollution are relatively new
issues. It is necessary therefore to infer the source of
authority for environmental matters by examining particular
issues. In the Federal List Item 8 "Trade, commerce and
industry" - sub-item (k) which relates to "factories, boilers,
machinery, and dangerous trades" and sub-item (l) relating to
"dangerous and inflammable substances" are the only specific
items which may be inferred to impinge on environmental
issues.

(9) There are however more items under the State List, such as

• item 2 which relates to "land, land improvement and soil

conservation"
• item 4 which relates to "local government, including
obnoxious trades and public nuisances in local authority
areas and local administration"
• item 6 which relates to "water, control of silt and riparian
rights"
• item 12 which relates to "turtles and riverine fishing"

(10) They may all be inferred to relate to environmental concerns.

The Concurrent List also includes similar provisions, such as

• item 3 for "the protection of wild animals and birds

including national parks"
• item 5 for "town and country planning"
• item 7 includes "public health, sanitation and the
prevention of diseases"

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 • item 8, which relates to drainage and irrigation
• item 9 includes "the rehabilitation of mining land and land
which has suffered soil erosion"

(11) All of the above may, in their particular areas, is inferred to

include environmental concerns.

(12) It would therefore appear that both the Federal and State
Governments have powers over environmental matters
depending upon the subject matter under consideration. In the
leading case of Ketua Pengarah Jabatan Alam Sekitar &
Anor. V Kajing Tubek & Ors. (3 MLJ 1997) the Court of
Appeal decided that (in the event of conflict between State
law and the Federal EQA) environmental law which was to
be applied depends on the specific subject matter to which it
applies and whether the State or Federal Government had
powers on the matter. Environmental matters related to land,
water and municipal services for example would be under the
State Government. Article 77 also provides for residual
powers whereby the State Legislature may make laws with
respect to any matter not enumerated in any of the Lists set
out in the 9th Schedule, if it is not a matter in respect of
which Parliament has powers to make such laws. This Article
would be relevant in considering matters that are not clearly
delineated in the Constitution, such as for example, matters
pertaining to the environment.

(13) In so far as the constitutional position related to catchment

management is concerned therefore it would appear that
State Governments have the jurisdiction to play a larger role
than the Federal Government.

8.1.5 Review Of Existing Legislation

8.1.5.1 Introduction
(1) Consistent with the constitutional position whereby both the
Federal and State governments appear to have jurisdiction over
water it is not surprising that the management of water resources in
Malaysia is covered by numerous Federal and State laws.
Legislation in Malaysia directly or indirectly related to water, land,
municipal government and the environment is itemised in
Appendix 8.1.1

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8.1.5.2 Ownership of Water and Water Rights
(1) Various legislation relating to water vest ownership of water in the
State Governments, particularly in terms of waters that occur in
rivers and water bodies within the State. Pursuant to this the
Waters Act 1920 provides that "the entire property in and control
of all rivers in any State is and shall be vested solely in the Ruler
of such State." It defines a "river" to include:

• “a tributary of a river and any other stream or natural water

course; and
• any canal declared by the State Authority of the State . . . by
notification in the Gazette."

(2) The Waters Act has been repealed and replaced with the SWMAE
in Selangor. The SWMAE is a much more comprehensive
legislation and it vests far greater powers of control over all waters
including wetlands, ground water, lakes and other water bodies and
coastal waters.

(3) State ownership of water is further entrenched by the National

Land Code that identifies "water" as an integral element of "land,"
whose disposition is subject principally to State control. The
Mining Enactment, 1929 further considers "water" as a property
that vests with the Ruler of the State.

(4) The right to use water, whether it is surface or underground, is thus

subject to the control of the State Authority. Unlike many other
countries such as the USA there is no private ownership rights to
water. In practice, the owner or occupier of land may use water for
domestic purposes and in this respect is not required to hold a
licence to enjoy such usage. The SWMAE however specifically
prohibits, except for subsistence agriculture, the diversion of water
from any river or the taking of any water except in accordance with
the terms of a licence. Licences to divert water from rivers for
private, domestic or industrial purposes or for agriculture may be
granted by the SWMA. The SWMA is empowered to authorise
the licensee to erect, cut or construct and maintain upon any State
lands or alienated lands any drain, dam or reservoir and to take and
use the water therefrom in such quantities and in such manner as
the SWMA may approve under the licence.

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(5) The Agreement between Putrajaya and Selangor does appear to
reserve all rights over water to the State and a strict application of
this Agreement would mean that Putrajaya should obtain the
approval of the State for actions related to waters and the Lake.
However the SWMAE appears to exclude its application to
Putrajaya but under limited circumstances. The exclusion of
application of the Enactment is only under circumstances where
any river or water body occurs wholly within Putrajaya. It would
appear that there are no such rivers as all of them originate outside
Putrajaya. It also now appears that the Lake itself, in Phase Two
of its inundation program, will eventually stretch out of Putrajaya
into Cyberjaya. If this does occur then the Lake too would not be
exempted from the application of the SWMAE as it would not fall
wholly within Putrajaya. Under the circumstances it would appear
that the SWMA would have authority over the whole catchment
area including those areas within Putrajaya.

8.1.5.3 Recreational Activities on Water Bodies

(1) States do have power to enact laws pertaining to local shipping and
navigation on rivers, lakes and other inland water bodies outside
the limits of ports and harbours. Pursuant to such powers under
the Constitution, various states have enacted legislation (some
under the colonial administration) which include:

(a) The Waters Enactment, 1920 (adopted, some with

amendments, by most States);
(b) The Selangor Waters Management Enactment, 1999;
(c) River Launches (F.M.S.) Cap.177; Pahang (En No. 6/49);
(d) River traffic (Kelantan) En. 2/1955;
(e) River Traffic (Trengganu) En. 3/1988;
(f) Sarawak Rivers Ord., 1993;
(g) Sarawak Water Ord., 1994; and
(h) Lights and Registration of Small Shipping Enactment, 1899
(Selangor), Federated Malay States Enactment XXVII of
1899.

(2) In general such legislation provides for the control of navigation

on inland waters and regulates localised traffic within rivers. It
provides for the licensing and registration of small boats in local
waters. Under the Local Government Act (LGA) the local
authorities have enabling municipal powers to control any
recreational activity on rivers and other water bodies including
navigation, swimming, boating, fishing and any other works

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 carried out on such water sources. The requisite power of a local
government has been delegated to the Perbadanan by the State.

8.1.5.4 Drainage, Buildings and Earthworks

(1) The carrying out of any earthworks and buildings is controlled
under the Street, Drainage and Building Act (SDBA). The SDBA
provides sufficient powers to local authorities to effect control on
all building and earthworks within their jurisdiction. Earthworks
include earthworks undertaken on any land that includes land
under water. Perbadanan Putrajaya has made Earthworks By-Laws
to control all earthworks. Present day approach to the control of
earthworks, particularly in respect of prevention of soil loss and
erosion and the consequent siltation of rivers, does not seem to be
adequately addressed within present by-laws. There are adequate
powers within the SDBA, LGA and TCPA to address this issue and
greater attention should be given to this aspect.

(2) Drainage in municipal areas is the responsibility of the Local

Authorities under the LGA and SDBA. Every Local Authority is
empowered to make bylaws to provide drains in the interest of
public health. None of the authorities have however made any
drainage by-laws. Local authorities appear to follow the Urban
Drainage Design, Standards and Procedures issued by the DID.
The authority is also empowered to impose a drainage rate or fee
to defray the construction and maintenance cost of such drainage
systems. The SDBA also imposes an obligation on the Local
Authority to construct and maintain drains. The cost for
construction and maintenance of such drains may be recovered
from persons who are "frontagers" to such works. Usually the
developer of a housing scheme is required to pay a deposit to
enable the local authority to construct drains. Alternatively, the
developer is required to construct the drains to standards
determined by the Local Authority. The Local Authority has
powers under this Act to levy fees or charges to enable it to defray
expenses in executing its functions. It also has powers to
determine the location, design, flow and other detailed
characteristics of drainage in any area within its jurisdiction. The
problem of diversion of the flow of waters away from the Lake can
be addressed under these laws.

(3) Whilst the SDBA provides adequate powers for the design and
layout of drainage it does not however provide for controls over
the quality of discharge of such drains. The quality of discharge

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 may be controlled under other legislation such as the SWMAE and
the EQA. The EQA controls largely point sources of discharge
originating from prescribed premises such as factories and plants.
The SWMAE can control both point and non point sources of
discharge into any water source including the connection of urban
drains into rivers. Local authorities too, have some limited powers
(under the LGA) in terms of controlling discharge of effluents and
noxious substances into any drain.

(4) There will be a need for local authorities, DOE and the SWMAE to
work together on determining the quality of discharges into any
water source. There is also a need to address the quality of runoff
from streets to ensure that its main pollutants such as oil and
grease is trapped and removed before it enters rivers and the Lake.
Appropriate technical measures will have to be considered for this
purpose and the drainage systems appropriately designed.

8.1.5.5 Flood Mitigation

(1) Traditionally, drainage and flood control works and services have
largely been undertaken by the Department of Irrigation and
Drainage by virtue of its role in providing drainage and irrigation
for agricultural development as provided for in the Concurrent
List. The Irrigation Areas Act, 1953 and the Drainage Works Act,
1954, accordingly provides for the control, protection and
maintenance of such works and services and appropriate authority
is vested with the DID Engineer for this purpose.

(2) Under the Ministerial Functions Act, 1969, the Minister of

Agriculture has responsibility for and is entrusted with the
responsibility for flood mitigation and river conservancy works.
The actual implementation is carried out by the DID, an agency
under the Ministry of Agriculture, and which also acts as the
Secretariat to the Flood Commission. The Minister of Agriculture
is currently the Chairman of the Commission.

(3) The DID obtains large Federal funding for flood mitigation works.
In carrying out large scale flood mitigation and agricultural
drainage works country-wide, the DID had invariably undertaken
urban drainage works as an integral part of such projects (like in
Kuala Lumpur, Georgetown, Batu Pahat, Kota Bharu and other
major towns).

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(4) Urban Drainage Design Standards and Procedures, currently in use
by all local authorities, were developed by the DID. The DID
continues to provide specialist services in urban drainage to local
authorities, wherever such competencies are deficient.

(5) Municipal authorities consider large urban drainage works,

particularly those involving flood mitigation and riverine works, as
the responsibility of DID, especially since such works invariably
involve more than one LA area.

(6) However, from a strictly legal sense, drainage within local

authority areas is the sole responsibility of the local authority. The
State Governments are responsible for drainage and flood
mitigation within the State concerned.

(7) With the implementation of the SWMAE, the SWMA should work
with DID as the latter has a macro view of the problem.

8.1.5.6 Catchment Management

(1) In order to minimise, prevent or mitigate potential problems of
flooding, ensure adequate flow of waters and maintain water
quality, catchment areas must be carefully managed, preserved and
protected. The immediate land reserves surrounding rivers and
other water sources such as the Lake should be similarly managed.
There are various laws pertaining to these matters. The Land
Conservation Act 1960 enables the State Authority to declare any
area to be "hill land" by notification in the Gazette. Upon such
declaration no person can clear such land or interfere with or
destroy trees and plants on such land. This is to prevent soil
erosion and siltation.

(2) Under the Forest Enactment, State Authorities may also constitute
any area as a reserved forest for the purposes of protecting
catchment areas. Upon such proclamation all activities within the
area are prohibited. Generally, the administration of land is
undertaken through the National Land Code and this law can also
be used to control development. Detailed urban planning is
sanctioned by the State Authorities under the Town and Country
Planning Act. Within local authority areas the structure and local
plans can play a critical role in controlling and determining
appropriate development and compatible land use patterns within
the catchment area.

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(3) The SWMAE provides for catchment management of river basins
within Selangor. Among others it has powers to:

(a) take measures to protect the water from pollution;

(b) take measures to improve the quality of water;
(c) prevent any unauthorised interference with the flow or
availability of water;
(d) declare flood zones, river reserves, protection zones and
buffer zones;
(e) declare catchment areas; and
(f) control all works within such catchment areas.

(4) The SWMAE makes possible the adoption of a more

comprehensive approach and can be a powerful vehicle for the
management of the Lake catchment area.

8.1.5.7 Environmental Protection

(1) The Environmental Quality Act of 1974 (EQA), a Federal law, is
the principal legislation pertaining to environmental protection.
Section 25 of the EQA provides that "no person shall, unless
licensed, emit, discharge or deposit any waste into any inland
waters in contravention of acceptable conditions." The Minister of
Science, Technology and Environment may specify the acceptable
conditions for emission or discharge of waste into any area of the
environment. Pursuant to this Act, several regulations have been
enacted.

(2) The Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Crude Palm

Oil) Regulations 1977 regulate discharges from palm oil refineries.
The Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Raw Natural
Rubber) Regulations 1978 regulate discharges from rubber
operations. The Environmental Quality (Sewerage and Industrial
Effluents) Regulations 1979 regulates discharges from the
industrial sector.

(3) The EQA has also prescribed catchment areas for water intake
points and the classification of such areas for purposes of
maintaining water quality. The application of any rules pertaining
to water or rivers will however require the prior approval of the
State concerned.

(4) The EQA applies to all States in the country. However Sarawak
has enacted some of the provisions of the EQA into state

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 legislation. The Department of Environment (DOE) licences
prescribed premises so as to monitor discharges from such
premises. It is also supposed to monitor water quality from these
sources of discharge so as to ensure that discharges are maintained
within the stipulated limits. Section 34(A) of the EQA provides
for environmental impact assessment. The Environmental Quality
(Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order
1987 has prescribed measures to prevent or mitigate the impact of
large projects. The EIA requirement is a preventive measure to
ensure that proposed projects take into consideration
environmental matters in their implementation. The EQA and in
particular the EIA regulations do not cover existing projects or the
smaller projects. Further there appears to be problems of
enforcement of the EIA conditions and the monitoring of
implementation of such conditions. The EQA also does not cover
non-point sources of pollution.

(5) Besides the EQA, the SWMAE provides for control of pollution in
water sources. The Enactment prohibits the discharge of any
poisonous, noxious or polluting matter that will render any water
source harmful to public health, safety or welfare, or to animal or
plant life or other beneficial uses of such water source. However,
discharges may be made by licence approved by the SWMA in line
with the SWMA’s overall strategy of protection and sustainable
management of a water source. Except for the Fisheries Act and
the SWMAE, none of the other laws cover the requirement for
minimum flow to protect in stream resources.

(6) Part VIII of the LGA also provides for the control of activities or
nuisance that may pollute “any stream, channel, public drain or
other water course within the local authority area”. Local
authorities may:

(a) prevent littering or depositing of any wastes or filth;

(b) prevent any waste being allowed to flow or the discharge of
any liquid or solid;
(c) regulate bathing, washing or swimming of persons or
animals;
(d) prohibit, abate, remove or prevent the occurrence of any
nuisance;
(e) control the method of cultivation, irrigation and the use of
manure or fertilisers;
(f) control the keeping of fish; and

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 (g) generally, to do all things necessary for or conducive to safety
of the public, health and convenience.

(7) All three local authorities within the Lake catchment area have
enacted various rules including anti-litter, control of activities in
parks and vandalism (See Appendix 8.1.1 for the full list). None
of them have however tackled issues related to pollution in general
or non-point sources of pollution as in (e) above which would be
an important source of non-point pollution. The authorities, with
the exception of Perbadanan, have not made any systematic
approaches to manage water sources within their jurisdiction.

(8) Strict control of pollution is a matter vital to the maintenance of

the water quality in the Lake. Whilst the EQA is a specific law
made to control environmental concerns its approach however has
been “national” rather than “local”. Its application in localised
areas for specific concerns may lead to inadequacies. It is also
dependent on the capacity and capability of the DOE on the
ground. The DOE certainly does not have the capacity to
undertake strict enforcement of the EQA in particular catchment
areas. Standards determined by the DOE are meant to apply
throughout the country. It may not be adequate for the purposes of
the Lake. The SWMAE provides an alternative in this respect for
the integrated management of the catchment area.

8.1.5.8 Mining
The Mining Enactment, 1929 allows the taking, diversion and
discharge of water for the purposes of mining. The National Land
Code allows the Land Administrator to allow the mining of rock
material (including sand) from rivers. The impact of such mining
activities on river regimes would be severe and cause a disruption
to the flow of the water including having an adverse impact on the
in-stream resources of the water sources. However the SWMAE
has now imposed a requirement for consultation and approval prior
to any of these activities being undertaken by the authorities.

8.1.5.9 Stakeholder Participation

Participation by the affected parties including consumers, water
users, land owners and non government organisations has generally
resulted in better compliance with the laws and more effective and
less costly implementation in many countries. Only the SWMAE
provides for the participation and encouragement of formation of
stakeholder groups.

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8.1.6 Recommendations
8.1.6.1 Based on the above review the following are the main points of
some pertinent recommendations. They are discussed in details
below.

• Sub-catchment management approach

• SWMAE – the legal vehicle for integrated sub-catchment
management
• New rules under the SWMAE

8.1.6.2 (a) Sub-catchment management approach

It would appear that there is a number of enabling legislation
that would allow the catchment to be managed by the various
authorities. However the profusion of laws may not allow and
in fact could be a hindrance to the integrated management of
the Lake catchment area. Most of the rivers in the catchment
area are also part and parcel of the larger Sg. Langat
Catchment. The full application of the SWMAE including the
designation of the Sg. Langat Catchment as an integrated
river basin management area may take some time. In the
interim it is recommended that a sub-catchment management
approach be adopted for the Lake’s catchment area.

8.1.6.3 (b) SWMAE – the legal vehicle for integrated sub-catchment

management
The SWMAE presents the best legal vehicle to implement an
integrated sub-catchment management plan for the Lake
Catchment. The Enactment is comprehensive and well suited
to manage the whole sub-catchment area including the area
within Putrajaya. A detailed review of the SWMAE is
included in Appendix 8.1.2. The SWMA has the legal
authority to manage the Lake Catchment area. However it
would be far better for the SWMA to take the lead but work
together with the Perbadanan in managing the catchment area
both inside and outside Putrajaya.

A sub-catchment management plan could be drawn up under

the SWMAE and jointly implemented by SWMA, Putrajaya,
Sepang and Subang local councils. The SWMAE together
with the various provisions of the SDBA, LGA and TCPA
could then be used to implement the plan. An appropriate
institutional framework for such co-operation amongst all
stakeholders should be formulated.

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8.1.6.4 (c) New Rules under the SWMAE
Having reviewed the recommendations made by the various
specialists in the Study Team for the management of the Lake
Catchment area the Consultant are of the opinion that it is not
necessary to review or make amendments to any existing
legislation. At this point in time the Consultant does not see
the need for any rules other than that pertaining to the
designation of the sub-catchment area. Thy can be done later
after the Sub-Catchment Management Committee has been
formed and started its work. This is because the Committee
would be in a much better position to assess the need for
supporting rules and the declaration of the sub-catchment as a
designated area under the SWMAE. There are presently
sufficient powers within the SWMAE for the Committee to
start off with its work.

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8.2 INSTITUTIONAL STUDY

8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.1.1 The objective of the institutional component of the study as
outlined in item 5 (xiii) of the "Scope of Work" of the Study
Terms of Reference, relates to:

"Examining the existing institutional arrangement/set-up and

legislation, and recommend improvement for the effective
implementation of the proposed catchment and monitoring
plan".

8.2.1.2 The study scope covered the following:

(a) Existing Institutional Framework Study

A systematic review of the existing institutional
arrangement/set-up and administrative framework of
important institutions which in one way or another have
responsibilities for water, land and catchment
management. It involved an analysis of the role and
responsibilities, organisational structure and function of
these authorities in relation to the above concerns areas of
management.

(b) Recommended Institutional Framework Study

A study to develop and recommend the most effective
and appropriate institutional/administrative arrangement
or set-up to implement and manage the developed
Catchment Development and Management Plan for
Putrajaya Lake. It involved examining the legislative
provisions for such a set-up and the action programme
recommended by the various consultants involved in the
project.

(c) Stakeholder's Participation in Catchment

Management
A study to determine the strategies for engaging current
and future catchment stakeholder’s participation for
sustainable management of the catchment.

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8.2.2 Existing Institutional and Administrative Framework
8.2.2.1 Introduction
(1) Land and water and the use of such resources represent the
most important elements in the management of the Putrajaya
Lake catchment. Jurisdiction over the subjects of “land” and
“water” is spelt out within the provisions of the Constitution.
(Please see Section 8.1.5.2 for a review of this matter). These
provisions provide the basis for the formulation of laws for
administration of matters related to the two subjects. Associated
with the formulation of laws is the requirement that necessary
institutions be set up to administer them.

(2) As outlined in the Constitution, “water” and “land” are State

matters, which means that jurisdiction for control and use of
these two resources rest with the states concerned. In relation to
water, ownership of water that occurs in rivers and other water
bodies is vested in the State within which the resource is
located. Based on these provisions it can be seen that
administration of water and land with regards to the right to use
rests with the states concerned, except in so far as the state may
assign such responsibilities to authorities that the state
designates otherwise. Hence any proposal to use these
resources or change its use category generally requires the
approval of the States.

(3) The catchment of the Putrajaya Lake falls within the two
Districts of Sepang and Petaling in the State of Selangor. The
two districts are administered by the respective District and
Land Offices who have as their head a District Officer.

(4) Within these two districts, three local government

administrative areas are to be found within which the Putrajaya
Lake catchment lies. The three local authorities administering
these areas are:

• Perbadanan Putrajaya,
• Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya, and
• Majlis Daerah Sepang

(5) In general, local governments are sub-sets of the State

Government who generally have powers to control such matters
as the use of land and water within the areas of local

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 authorities. In the case of Perbadanan Putrajaya, it is a body
established by an Act of Parliament to administer and manage
the Kawasan Perbadanan Putrajaya on behalf of the Federal
Government. The State of Selangor has assigned most of its
powers and functions relating to local government to the
Perbadanan and the Minister responsible, under the main
legislations to which local authorities have jurisdiction, these
being the Street, Drainage and Building Act, 1974 (SDBA), the
Local Government Act, 1976 (LGA) and the Town and Country
Planning Act, 1976 (TCPA). It thus differs from the other two
local authorities in that it has powers to act independently of the
State in so far as matters related to land use and land use
planning are concerned. However, in matters related to land
revenue and “water and water supply and the revenue collected
therefrom” these remain with the State (see Ramadas, 1999).

(6) The following review briefly describes and discusses the

functions and responsibilities of various levels of government
and the authorities and departments relevant to the development
and management of the catchment of the Putrajaya Lake.

8.2.2.2 State Government of Selangor

(i) Administration
(1) The highest level of government administration, in
respect of matters relating to land and water affecting the
Putrajaya Lake catchment, is the State Government of
Selangor. Changes in land use or the use of water for any
purpose requires, in general, the approval of the state. The
highest level of authority for decision making is within
the purview of the Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri
(MMKN) or the State Executive Council, chaired by the
Menteri Besar. The MMKN is made up of State
Assembly Members who are the chairpersons of various
portfolios (equated to that of ministers in a Cabinet).

(2) Various state departments and agencies at state and

district level assist in planning and development in the
state. Local authorities represent the “lowest” level of
government in the implementation of projects and
programmes for development. The role and function of
these authorities are described later in this report.

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 (ii) Planning And Development
(3) In relation to planning and development within the state,
two important committees have been set up which have
powers to plan and approve projects and programmes
within the state. These are:

• Majlis Pembangunan Negeri (MPN) or State

Development Council , and the
• Jawatankuasa Perancangan Negeri (JPN) or State
Planning Committee.

(4) The functions of the MPN include the following:

a) Determine the strategy and programme for

implementation of development projects in
accordance with the National Development Policy,

b) Monitor and evaluate the implementation strategies

for programmes and projects, and

c) Assess the progress of implementation of

programmes and projects.

(5) In relation to land use and land use planning, the State
Planning Committee (JPN) has the function to advise the
State Government on matters relating to protection, use
and development of land. The members of the Committee
include the following:

Chairman : Menteri Besar

Deputy Chairman : Member of MMKN
State Secretary
State Director (UPEN)
State Director (JKR)
State Director (Lands & Mines)
State Legal Advisor
4 Members who are appointed
Secretary : State Director (JPBD)

(6) The JPN plays an important role in catchment

management since matters related to project planning

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 approval and structure and local plans are referred to the
committee for review and endorsement prior to approval
by the State.

8.2.2.3 State Agencies And Departments

(1) Various state agencies and departments assist in the planning
and implementation of various policies, programmes and
projects that are planned and proposed to be undertaken in the
state. Of interest to the management of the Putrajaya Lake
catchment area, are the following:

• Department of Town and Country Planning (JPBD),

• Department of Drainage and Irrigation (JPS),
• Department of Public Works (JKR), and
• Office of Lands and Mines (PTG).

(i) Department of Town and Country Planning (JPBD)

(2) The department has been given powers to advise the State
with regards to physical planning and to manage and
implement the provisions of the Town and Country
Planning Act, 1976. The general structure of the
department is shown in Figure 8.2.1.

(3) The functions of the department include:

• Advise the State Government and provide feedback

to the Federal Government with regards to town and
country planning,
• Advise the State Government with regards to
policies and controls over the planning of land and
buildings,
• Act as Secretariat to the State Planning Committee,
• Collect, collate and analyse data and information for
planning, and
• Advise local authorities with regards to policy and
control of planning.

(4) JPBD plays an important role in catchment management

since it has responsibilities to draft structure and local
plans and advise on land use planning and development
controls. The type of land use dictates to a large extent
the type of activity that would be allowed for a particular

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 land area. This has important implications to pollution
control and waste management.

(ii) Department of Drainage and Irrigation (JPS)

(5) The JPS operates both as a federal and a state agency
since matters to which it has jurisdiction is a shared
responsibility under the provisions of the Constitution.
The department at state level has responsibilities for the
implementation of projects related to irrigation, drainage,
river improvement and coastal protection. The
organisational structure and general functions of the
department at state level are outlined in Figure 8.2.2.

(6) In general the department has been entrusted with the

responsibility for implementation of irrigation, flood
mitigation and river conservancy works. It is an important
organisation with regards to rivers and catchment
management. The department has also been largely
responsible for providing advise to the State and Federal
Governments with respect to water resource planning, use
and exploitation.

(7) It is to be noted that drainage within a local authority area

is the sole responsibility of the local authority although in
some cases, especially with respect to main drainage
systems and rivers, the JPS has taken over responsibility
or been consulted for advise. It has also been known that
the department provides advise to the State with regards
to water use, abstraction and diversion. In this regards,
the department plays an important role in water resource
management since its recommendations have implications
to river hydrology and water availability (see section
8.1.6.5).

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 (iii) Department of Public Works (JKR)
(8) The role of JKR in catchment management is small since
its responsibilities are related to implementation of works,
such as bridges, buildings and roads that have indirect
impacts to rivers. The responsibility of water supply,
which has traditionally been a function of the JKR, has
now been taken over by water authorities or water supply
departments. More recently, responsibilities with respect
to water treatment and supply have been taken over by
private companies under the privatisation scheme.
However, this is not of concern to the present study since
the use of water for public water supply from the
Putrajaya Lake catchment does not arise.

(9) Nevertheless, drainage related to road works is important

since runoff from roads and other works such as car parks
have potential to carry pollutants such as oils and
sediment into rivers. For the Putrajaya Lake catchment,
concern has been expressed with regards to main JKR
roads that cut across the catchment since these roads are
frequently used by tankers that carry petroleum and other
chemical products. Spillage of such products onto roads
and roadside drains and their subsequent discharge into
the river or lake system has serious implications to the
lake and its wetlands.

(10) The general structure and areas of responsibilities of the

department is shown in Figure 8.2.3.

(iv) Office of Land and Mines (PTG)

(11) Land matters in respect of the National Land Code, 1965
are the responsibility of the PTG. In general the
department has the responsibility to co-ordinate matters
related to land conversion and the issuance of land titles,
mining leases and the collection of land revenue. The
department serves as the co-ordinating body for the
transmission of all applications related to land
conversion, mining and related land matters to the
MMKN for decision.

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(12) With respect to catchment management, the department
can play an important role in advising the state where
there are proposals for the conversion of land within the
catchment.

8.2.2.4 Local Authorities

(1) Local authorities are the lowest level of government within the
structure of the government system in the country. The powers
of local authorities are vested in the Local Government Act
1976 (LGA), and the Street, Drainage and Building Act, 1974
(SDBA). In addition, local authorities have also been vested
with powers to implement the Town and Country Planning Act
1976 (TCPA).

(2) The two local authorities of Sepang and Subang Jaya are
subservient to the State Government of Selangor while the
Perbadanan is subservient to the Federal Government. In
relation to matters concerning local authorities, the powers of
the State over local authorities, include:

• Accept or otherwise any legislation relating to local

authorities that is formulated by Parliament,

• Control changes to boundary, incorporation of new

areas and approve the status of a local authority,

• Appoint Council Members, Mayor or the President

of a local authority (the Perbadanan is excluded),

• Approve expenditure of local authority (the

Perbadanan is excluded),

• Approve appointments of local authorities (the

Perbadanan is excluded), and

• Confirm by-laws made by local authorities.

(3) Local authorities have heavy responsibilities since they look

after largely urbanised areas where developmental activities are
the most intense and rapid. They have an important role in
implementation of decisions on land use determined within
Structure and Local plans approved by the State, as well as the

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 approval of building plans and the development of urban
drainage. The control of developmental activities that have
potential to impact the physical, biological and human
environment as a result of earthworks is also an important
function of local authorities.

(i) Perbadanan Putrajaya

(4) Perbadanan Putrajaya (“Perbadanan” in short) was
established as a body under the Perbadanan Putrajaya
Act 1995 (Act 536), to administer and manage the
Kawasan Perbadanan Putrajaya (KPP) on behalf of the
Federal Government. The functions of the Perbadanan are
to:

• Perform functions of a local government within the

KPP;

• Promote, stimulate, facilitate and undertake

economic and social development in the KPP;

• Promote, stimulate, facilitate and undertake

commercial development, infrastructure
development as well as residential development in
the KPP; and

• Control and co-ordinate the performance, in the

KPP, of the activities mentioned in (b) and (c).

(5) To undertake the above functions, an organisational

structure as shown in Figure 8.2.4 has been implemented.
The President is the Chief Executive Officer of the
Perbadanan and is assisted by a Director General with a
Board overseeing the overall functions of the Perbadanan.
The Perbadanan has been organised into 4 departments to
perform the functions described above. The main areas of
responsibilities of each of these departments is also
outlined in Figure 8.2.4.

(6) Environmental matters are managed under the City

Planning Department within the Landscape and
Environment Division, as shown in Figure 8.2.5. The
division presently composes of 4 units, namely the

8-27 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Landscape Unit, Environment Unit, Horticultural Unit
and the Hydrology Unit. Two other units were
recommended to be formed, namely the Lake
Management Unit and the Wetlands Management Unit
(see Putrajaya Environmental Management Guide,
1998). Only one new unit, which combines the two
functions of lake and wetlands management, has been
formed, this being the Lake and Wetlands Unit. The
general function and responsibilities of the new unit are
described later in Section 8.2.6.2.

(7) Two other Departments which have relevance to lake

catchment management include that of the City
Development Department and the City Services
Department. Within the former department, the Building
Control Division is important since the regulation of
earthworks and building development falls within its
responsibility (see Figure 8.2.6). Besides, monitoring of
physical development, project progress and project
compliance is the responsibility of the Development Co-
ordination Division within the same department.

(8) The responsibility for enforcement with respect to public

health, traffic and business establishments is that of the
Enforcement Unit of the City Services Department (see
Figure 8.2.7). This is besides the enforcement of specific
requirements that is undertaken by various units in the
other departments.

(ii) Local Authorities of Sepang and Subang Jaya

(9) The status of the two local authorities of Sepang and
Subang Jaya differ in that the former operates as a Local
Council (Majlis Daerah Sepang or MDS) while the latter
as a Municipality (Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya or
MPSJ). Despite this difference, they share the same
functions and responsibilities in the management of their
respective areas of control.

(10) The structures of the two local authorities are in general

similar, though in the case of MPSJ, it is organised into
departments while in the MDS it is organised in the form
of divisions (see Figures 8.2.8 and 8.2.9 respectively).

8-28 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Both are headed by a President nominated by the State
Government and assisted by a Secretary. However, in the
case of the MDS, the District Officer doubles up as the
President of the Council. This means that the President is
not full time on the job and the Secretary represents the
highest level officer who is full time with the Council.

(11) Both local authorities have similar set ups with basic
units looking after planning and building, engineering,
public health, valuation and management of property,
enforcement, revenue and finance and general
administration. Presently, MPSJ is better organised in
terms of structure and manpower for management and
enforcement of various by-laws that have been made
under the LGA, the SDBA and the TCPA. The present
management and enforcement capability of the MDS is
weak, though there are proposals to increase staff strength
significantly in the future.

(12) The area of jurisdiction of the MDS is large and covers

the new development areas of the Kuala Lumpur
International Airport (KLIA) as well as the new
townships of Cyberjaya and Salak Tinggi. Unlike the
MDS, MPSJ has jurisdiction over largely urbanised and
developed areas with a larger population compared to that
of the MDS.

(13) In relation to the Putrajaya Lake Catchment, the area of

catchment that lies outside the boundary of the
Perbadanan falls within the jurisdiction of the two local
authorities, with a larger area falling within the MDS and
the remainder under MPSJ. In terms of potential to
impact the lake catchment, the former area is more
important since these are areas that are privately owned
and have high potential to be converted for other land
uses. Areas that are presently classified as “institutional”,
such as those that belong to MARDI and UPM, are less
likely to be converted to other land uses since the types of
development that are likely to be allowed would not be
expected to deviate from that of the institutions
concerned, which are for research and teaching.

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(14) Compared to the Perbadanan, the two local authorities are
not as well organised or staffed for the administration of
environmental matters. Their present set-up does not
provide for a dedicated environmental unit to look after
environmental issues such as water quality management,
control of pollution and other related matters.
Environmental matters within the MPSJ are handled by
the Urban Services Department while within the MDS
this is not indicated within its structure. Nevertheless, the
latter has requested for secondment of an officer from the
Department of Environment to assist in the matter but to
date this position has not been filled.

8.2.2.5 District and Land Office

(1) As outlined earlier, the catchment of the Putrajaya lake is to be
found within the two districts of Petaling and Sepang. The
District and Land Office (PTD) of these two districts represent
the most important agency for administration at the district
level and have as their main function the co-ordination of
implementation of projects and programmes at the district level
and the administration and management of land. This is
reflected in the structure of the two PTDs as shown in Figures
8.2.10 and 8.2.11. In general, PTDs are structured to
administer the functions of Development, Land Administration
and General Administration.

(2) All PTDs come under the purview of the State Secretary and
have as one of their main functions, the co-ordination and
control of activities and works that have been planned to be
implemented by various departments and agencies operating at
the district level. The importance of the office is reflected by
the fact that although projects may be planned at the state or
federal level these are ultimately implemented at the district
level. The mechanism for co-ordination of development
programmes and projects is through the Jawatankuasa
Pembangunan Daerah or District Committee for Development
which is Chaired by the District Officer. This Committee has as
its members, representatives of Parliament and the State
Assembly as well as heads of public agencies and departments
at the district level.

8-30 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

(3) An equally important function of the PTDs is in the
administration and management of land. The process of land
conversion (involving a change in land use) or application for
land, generally goes through the PTDs who act to obtain the
views and comments of various public agencies and
departments and forward these to the Office of Land and Mines
(PTG). The latter has the responsibility to submit such
applications to the MMKN which makes the final decision on
whether to approve or reject such requests.

(4) In relation to land matters, the PTDs play an important role,

since any application for change in land use status or in the
application of land is first made known to the office. They are
also the “custodian” of state land since they have been given
the responsibility to ensure that such land is not illegally used
or converted without the permission of the state.

8.2.2.6 Federal Agency at State Level

(1) Various Federal Agencies and Departments operate at state
level and one of them, the Department of Environment, has
relevance to catchment management by virtue of its role in the
protection of the environment. Another agency, the Sewerage
Services Department, does not operate at state level but has
regional offices which cover more than one state. Its
importance in relation to catchment management is in the
approval of sewerage services for developments in an area.
Related to this is the development and management of
sewerage services which has largely been privatised to Indah
Water Konsortium for most areas in the country.

(i) Department of Environment (JAS)

(2) An important agency for catchment management, of the
Federal Government that also operates at state level, is
the Department of Environment (JAS). The department
has the function to enforce the provisions of the
Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA).

(3) The functions of JAS in the state, includes Prevention

(through the requirements for Environmental Impact
Assessment or EIA), Enforcement (in relation to
contravention of the provisions of the EQA and its
subsidiary legislation and to investigate complaints),

8-31 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 Development (covering the assessment and approval of
new industrial and related applications, education and
others), and General Administration. It has also been
proposed that two units be set up to look into matters
related to coastal management and river management, the
latter being in response to the Selangor Waters
Management Authority Enactment 1999 (Figure 8.2.12).

(4) The department does not operate at district level.

However, there has been a request for the secondment of
an officer to the Majlis Daerah Sepang in view of the
rapid development of the area with the operation of the
KLIA and Cyberjaya. To date an officer has yet to be
seconded. The department itself is facing a shortage of
staff as shown by the number of vacancies within its
office.

(ii) Sewerage Services Department (JPP)

(5) The JPP has been given the responsibility to co-ordinate
and approve the development of sewerage services in the
country under the Sewerage Services Act 1993. The
actual responsibility of development and management of
sewerage works has since been privatised to Indah Water
Konsortium (IWK), although in the past sewerage
services was a responsibility of local authorities. Except
for the areas managed by Perbadanan Putrajaya, IWK has
taken over responsibility in the local authority areas of
Sepang and Subang Jaya.

(6) Although IWK has taken over the development and

management of sewerage works in local authority areas,
they have so far not been effective in the implementation
of new capital works. Refurbishment of old sewage
treatment plants have been undertaken while treatment
works for new development areas have generally been
borne by private developers. In this regards, the role of
the JPP in ensuring that treatment plants approved in the
catchment area of the Putrajaya Lake meet standards that
are effective for water quality management is crucial.

8-32 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

8.2.2.7 Putrajaya Lake Catchment Management Committee
(1) The Putrajaya Lake Catchment Management Committee
(PLCMC), is an administrative committee that was formed in
January 1997 to address the concerns of developments in the
catchment outside of the Perbadanan Putrajaya, which have
potential to affect water quality of the lake. The Committee has
no legal powers since it does not operate under any specific law
but the recommendations made by the Committee may be
effected through the various responsible government agencies
and departments by way of laws in which they have
jurisdiction.

(2) The Committee is made up of various government agencies and

department, the three local authorities of Sepang, Subang Jaya
and Putrajaya as well as two of the major stakeholders,
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and Malaysian Agricultural
Research and Development Institute (MARDI). It is chaired by
the Secretary General of the Ministry of Agriculture.

(3) The Terms of Reference of the Committee (see Appendix 8.2.1)

is as follows:

1. Menyelaras kawalan pembangunan sekitar kawasan

tadahan di luar Putrajaya, khususnya yang melibatkan
kawasan IOI, UPM, MARDI dan TNB.
To co-ordinate the control of development in the
catchment areas outside Putrajaya, in particular in the
areas occupied by IOI, UPM, MARDI and TNB.
2. Memastikan penggunaan tanah sekitar kawasan terlibat
adalah bersesuaian bagi menjamin dan memelihara kualiti
air di kawasan terlibat termasuk yang akan mengalir
masuk ke Tasik Putrajaya.
To ensure suitable land-use in the areas concerned to
safeguard and maintain the desirable water quality in the
concerned areas as well as for outflows into Putrajaya
Lake.
3. Mengubal dasar dan peruntukan undang-undang berkaitan
dengan drainage discharge ke kawasan tadahan yang
mampu merangka sebarang ancaman pencemaran daripada
berlaku; dan

8-33 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 To formulate policies and legislation that can regulate
drainage discharge from the catchment area against any
potential pollution.
4. Menentukan lain-lain peruntukan dan langkah yang perlu
diambil dalam usaha memelihara kualiti air kawasan
tadahan dan tasik supaya harus berada ditahap yang tinggi.

To undertake such other measures and provisions that are

necessary to ensure that the water quality is maintained at
high standards in the catchment area and the Lake.

(4) The members of the Committee, chaired by the Secretary-

General of the Ministry of Agriculture, are as follows:

1. Ketua Setiausaha Kementerian Pertanian (Chairman)

2. Setiausaha Kerajaan Negeri Selangor
3. Unit Perancang Ekonomi
4. Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa, Malaysia
5. Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa, Selangor
6. Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Malaysia
7. Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Selangor
8. Pengarah Tanah dan Galian, Selangor
9. Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya
10. Majlis Daerah Sepang
11. Universiti Putra Malaysia
12. Putrajaya Holdings Sdn Bhd
13. Perbadanan Putrajaya
14. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, Malaysia
15. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, Selangor
16. MARDI
17. Penasihat Undang-undang Kementerian Pertanian

(5) The Committee is supported by a Technical Committee

chaired by the Director General of JPS (see Appendix
8.2.2). This Technical Committee has as its members,
representatives of local authorities, state agencies and
departments as well as all the major stakeholders within
the catchment.

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8.2.2.8 Stakeholders
(1) Within the catchment of the Putrajaya Lake are to be found
several stakeholders who own land within the catchment and in
one way or another have potential to affect the catchment and
hence generate impacts to the lake system. The major
stakeholders include institutions such as, UPM, MARDI and
Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) who own a gas fired power
plant and Universiti Tenaga Malaysia (UNITEN) within the
catchment.

(2) Private land owners and developers include IOI Berhad (the
owners of a recreational, residential and hotel complex), West
Country Sdn Bhd (owns land adjacent to Putrajaya with a view
to convert this for residential development) and Cyberview Sdn
Bhd who are involved in the development of Cyberjaya.

8.2.3 Management and Control Systems

Protection of the water quality of the Putrajaya Lake system
requires effective management of its catchment to minimise the
generation of pollutants and to prevent the entry of undesirable
pollutants in excessive amounts into the lake. In this regards
three main areas of management and control may be considered
crucial to protect the lake system. These being:

• Planning and land use control,

• Drainage management and control, and
• Environmental management and pollution control.

8.2.3.1 Planning and Land Use Control

(1) Planning and land use control of areas within the catchment of
the lake system represents one of the most important
mechanisms for protection of water quality of the lake. This is
due to the impact that a change in land use has on runoff which
affects drainage and the hydrology of the river and lake system.
In addition, activities that are undertaken in an area as a result
of changes in land use that is allowed, has potential to generate
pollutants which affect water quality.

(2) Presently, land use is determined by the State except in

Putrajaya. Changes in land use in all other areas require the
approval of the State and generally all proposals for land
conversion are referred to the MMKN for approval (see Section

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 8.2.2.2). Co-ordination of such submissions is by the PTG.
While various agencies and departments at district and state
level are expected to give their views with respect to such
applications for conversion of land, the final decision on the
application rests with the MMKN. Local authorities like other
agencies and departments may present their views and
comments. Nevertheless, requirements recommended by the
agencies and departments may be imposed as conditions of
approval.

(3) Private stakeholders within the catchment of the Putrajaya Lake

may be expected to apply for a change in land use if these
changes provide commercial and economic gains. For instance,
West Country Sdn Bhd owns prime land just adjacent to
Putrajaya. Plans are being made to convert the land for mixed
residential development. Such changes in land use have
implication to the lake catchment and hence lake water quality.

(4) Structure plans for both the MDS and MPSJ have been
prepared but for most areas, local plans that detail out the
approved land use for the area are being prepared but only for
some areas. It is expected that this process will take time to be
completed and gazetted. As such these areas are still open to
applications for ad-hoc conversion of land which is undesirable
since this has the potential to prevent effective land use control
and management.

(5) Within the areas of Putrajaya and Cyberjaya, master plans for
land use have been prepared. The master plans that have been
prepared are very detailed and planning controls are strictly
enforced and effectively managed. Local plans are also being
made for various development areas within Putrajaya and these
are expected to be gazetted and made mandatory for future
developments. In this regards, changes to land use to those
approved in the local plans are not expected to be a major issue
for the two areas.

(6) Based on an analysis of the mechanism of planning control and

land use management it is clear that, except for the Putrajaya
area, the State is the approving authority for conversion of land
and hence the type of land use within the local authority areas
of Sepang and Subang Jaya. The absence of local plans within

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 the two areas precludes effective land use control by the two
local authorities since ad-hoc applications for conversion may
still be made to the State.

8.2.3.2 Drainage Management and Control

(1) The responsibility for control and management of drainage
rests with local authorities (urban drainage), the JPS (main
drainage systems and rivers), and the JKR (roadside drains).
Each has its own area of responsibility but not necessarily co-
ordinated.

(2) With regards to catchment management, the JPS has generally

taken the lead for managing rivers where issues of stream flow,
water availability and use, and flood management arise,
whereas local authorities and the JKR are more concerned
about drainage where it affects the local authority area or
project (such as road) respectively. Drainage from the latter two
are ultimately directed to main drainage systems or rivers
which are taken to be the responsibility of the JPS.

(3) Changes in runoff arising as a result of urban development or

the implementation of projects, such as roads, affects receiving
streams and rivers since large increases in runoff can lead to
flooding downstream and land clearing can lead to increase in
soil erosion and sediment transport to rivers. Hence controls on
developments within a catchment is important. Presently the
JPS is consulted where land development projects are proposed.
The department imposes conditions for runoff management and
flood control and requires that developers submit appropriate
plans for its approval.

(4) Even though the JPS has control on runoff and manages
flooding, it has no jurisdiction over the quality of water that is
discharged. As discussed earlier, runoff generated from local
authority areas and from roadside drains of JKR roads, have the
potential to carry sediment and other pollutants. Drainage of
such pollutants into the river system and ultimately into the
lake has potential to affect its water quality. Control of such
discharges into main drains and rivers is an issue that needs to
be addressed if protection of the Putrajaya Lake is to be
achieved.

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8.2.3.3 Environmental Management and Pollution Control
(1) Agencies which have direct responsibilities for environmental
management and pollution control are essentially the local
authorities and JAS. The areas of responsibility of these two
authorities and the relevant laws which are enforced have been
discussed earlier and in Section 8.1.6 of the Legislative study.
Other agencies, such as the JPP and IWK play an indirect role
in the planning and implementation of sewerage programmes
and works to ensure that sewage is properly treated prior to its
discharge.

(2) The control of pollution within the catchment of the Putrajaya

Lake may be discussed with respect to point and non-point
sources of pollution. Both sources of pollution are to be found
within the lake catchment and the present mechanism for the
control of these sources is outlined in the following.

(i) Points sources

(3) Point sources of pollution are associated with the
discharge of sewage from residential, recreational and
institutional developments. There is no significant
industrial sources of pollution within the catchment. For
new developments, sewage is presently quite well
controlled since it is required by the JPP that proper
sewerage systems be constructed and operated. Except for
Putrajaya, no centralised sewerage system is operated in
the area of the catchment outside of Putrajaya. Individual
sewerage systems are used which cater to the needs of
specific developments.

(4) Within Putrajaya, sewerage systems are presently

constructed by the Perbadanan and this could be the case
for operation and maintenance. However, the latter may
be privatised or managed by IWK. For all other areas that
have been taken over by IWK, they are to be operated and
managed by the Consortium.

(5) In relation to the quality of discharge, JAS has set

standards of discharge for treated effluents under the
Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents)
Regulations 1979. These standards apply to both sewage
and industrial effluents. More stringent standards may be

8-38 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 set if this is required to safeguard the quality of lake
water.

(6) The Perbadanan is proposing to adopt more stringent

standards of discharge to control water pollution of the
lake by way of regulations to be made under the EQA
1974.

(7) It is to be noted that the powers to set standards for

discharges and water quality is within JAS but the
department is a Federal agency and only operates up to
state level. It does not have offices at the district or local
authority levels and this limits to some extent its
effectiveness in enforcement.

(ii) Non-Point sources

(8) Non-point sources of pollution present problems for
control as often no specific laws have been made to
control them. Following are some of the non-point
sources of pollution and the legislative controls that are
currently applied.

a) Soil Erosion and Sedimentation

(9) Soil erosion is expected to represent the most important
problem that has potential to affect the quality of lake
water as a result of silt carried into rivers and the lake.
Earthworks and construction activities result in the
opening up of land and expose them to erosion. From the
legal standpoint, control is mainly through the
Earthworks By-laws which are enforced by local
authorities.

(10) Other agencies such as JAS and the JPS do this

administratively. For example, JAS requires project
proponents whose EIAs have been approved, to prepare
an Environment Management Plan (EMP) as a condition
of EIA approval. It has also issued a guideline on the
format of the EMP to be prepared (See Appendix 8.2.3).

(11) Based on the legislative analysis undertaken,

improvements to the Earthworks By-laws is required to

8-39 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 strengthen and make it more effective. In addition,
enforcement of the by-laws is important.

b) Pollutants in Runoff
(12) Pollutants in runoff include nutrients from agricultural
areas, and sediment and chemicals (such as oils) from
roads, car parks and sources from urbanised areas. There
are no specific laws governing the control of quality of
runoff and this is presently done administratively, such as
the requirement for silt traps and sedimentation basins.
The responsibility for the management of runoff rests
with the local authority and the respective agencies such
as the JKR and other developers or owners of the
property.

(13) These non-point sources can be significant sources of

pollutant inputs into the catchment and represent areas of
control that are currently not adequately addressed.

8.2.4 Assessment of Institutional and Administrative Framework

for Catchment Management
8.2.4.1 A review of the administrative set-up and institutional
arrangements for management of pollution from the Putrajaya
Lake Catchment has been made and following are some of the
preliminary conclusions that can be drawn:

8.2.4.2 Effective planning and Landuse Control in Putrajaya and

Cyberjaya areas
The control of planning and land use management within areas
such as Putrajaya and Cyberjaya is expected to be effective
since detailed Master Plans have been drawn up for the two
areas. In the case of Putrajaya, the mechanism and set-up for
control and management of planning is well organised
compared to those of the other local authority areas. Although
Cyberjaya lies within the MDS it nevertheless is a special case
since control of planning and development is within the
authority of the Multi Media Development Corporation.
Cyberview Sdn Bhd, the developer of Cyberjaya, is bound to
adhere to the conditions imposed by the Corporation.

8-40 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

8.2.4.3 No local plans for the areas outside Putrajaya and Cyberjaya
Areas that fall outside of the two areas are managed by the
respective local authorities, MDS and MPSJ. Structure Plans
have been prepared for the two local council areas but Local
Plans have yet to be made and gazetted for those areas within
which the Putrajaya Lake Catchment lies. Ad-hoc applications
for conversion of land is likely to occur and the final decision to
allow such conversions lies with the state and not with the local
authority.

8.2.4.4 No integrated approach to drainage

With respect to drainage, there is no integrated approach to the
issue since the responsibilities for drainage lies with the JPS, the
local authorities and other agencies such as the JKR and other
developers. All runoff and discharges into drainage systems
ultimately flow into rivers which is the main source of water for
the lake. Integrated management of drainage and the river
system is important and needs to be addressed. Control of
quality of runoff represents one of the issues that need to be
given attention.

8.2.4.5 MDS and MPSJ have inadequate set-ups for management of

environmental issues
The two local authorities, MDS and MPSJ, have set ups that are
similar except that the latter is more organised and better
staffed, it being a municipality. However, compared to the
Perbadanan, the organisational structure of both local authorities
for effective management of environmental issues such as
control of water pollution, runoff management and others that
have an effect on lake water quality, are generally inadequate.
They lack suitable staff for undertaking such responsibilities.

8.2.4.6 No effective control of non-point sources of pollution

The powers of JAS to control pollution are wide but effectively
these are mainly directed towards point sources of pollution. Its
jurisdiction with respect to non-point sources of pollution, such
as soil erosion and siltation, contaminants in runoff and others
are limited (see Section 8.1.6.7 of Legislative review). These
matters are better addressed by local authorities since these
issues relate to activities which fall within their jurisdiction.
Hence, local authorities need to be structured to manage and
control non-point sources of pollution which are expected to be

8-41 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 important in the management of the Putrajaya Lake Catchment.
The enforcement functions of local authorities should not be
confined to those related to public health (such as domestic
waste or pest management), traffic and businesses but expanded
to include environmental quality management.

8.2.5 Proposed Institutional Arrangement For Administration

8.2.5.1 The present arrangements for control of planning and
management of land use, control and management of drainage,
and environmental management and pollution control suggests
that significant improvements to the present arrangement are
necessary for effective management of the Putrajaya Lake
Catchment.

8.2.5.2 A review of the legislative provisions for management suggests

that the Selangor Waters Management Authority Enactment
1999 (SWMAE) provides a mechanism for integrated
management of the catchment (see Section 8.1.7 of the
Legislative review). The structure of the Selangor Waters
Management Authority (SWMA) has been proposed and is
shown in Figure 8.2.13. It includes the formation of Regional
Offices which are to be responsible for the management of
entire river basin systems, such as the Sg. Langat of which the
Sg. Chuau is a tributary.

8.2.5.3 Based on an analysis of the powers within the Enactment and

the structure of the Authority, the following conclusions can be
drawn:

(1) The SWMAE is a comprehensive law and provides the

legal basis for management of a catchment since the issue
of water is a state matter;

(2) The Enactment provides for the management of water

resources on a catchment basis in a sustainable and
integrated manner. It allows for a sub-catchment
approach to be adopted for the management of the
Putrajaya Lake Catchment;

(3) The Enactment provides the best basis for water quality
management since it has provision for prescribing water
quality standards and the imposition of control on total

8-42 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 pollutant load discharges into the catchment. It provides
the means to control more effectively non-point sources
of pollution and complements the provisions under the
EQA for point sources;

(4) There are provisions within the Enactment to ensure that

land use within a catchment is reviewed by the Authority
before approval for conversion is given. The Authority
has a Planning role which is to advise on Structure and
Local Plans that are prepared;

(5) Drainage planning and development, which is presently

not approached in an integrated manner, can be more
effectively addressed by the Authority since it has
authority over an entire catchment;

8.2.5.4 Based on the above analysis, it can be summarised that the

SWMA has both the legal clout and the administrative linkages
to undertake overall catchment management effectively. The
contribution from other existing agencies to catchment
management will continue to complement those of the
Authority, since it is expected that the actual exercise of
enforcement can remain the function of the local authorities and
other existing agencies who already have such powers or can be
delegated such powers under the SWMA.

8.2.6 Recommendations
8.2.6.1 The findings from the Institutional Review have shown that
catchment management is best undertaken by the SWMA which
has the legal powers and institutional set-up for undertaking
this. It is thus recommended that overall management of the
Putrajaya Lake Catchment be the responsibility of the SWMA
in the long term as part and parcel of the overall management
scheme for the Sungai Langat River Basin which is to be
managed by the proposed Regional office of the SWMA.

8.2.6.2 However, the Authority is at its infancy and although a Director

has been appointed, the formation and full functioning of the
Authority has yet to be made known. As such interim measures
for catchment management are recommended to be taken until
such time that the Authority has specific plans and programmes
for the management of the Sg. Langat Catchment. It is

8-43 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 anticipated that the Perbadanan and the other local authorities
will continue to take lead roles in the management of the
catchment.

8.2.6.3 Sub-Catchment Management

(1) Section 46 (1) of the SWMAE allows the SWMA to establish
local area management committees and stakeholders’ groups to
work with the SWMA. In this context, it is proposed that a Sub-
Catchment Management Committee (SCMC) be appointed in
the interim to advise the Authority on matters relating to the
management of the Putrajaya lake catchment, of which the Sg.
Chuau, a tributary of the Sg. Langat, is the main river system.
The SCMC will operate as a sub-committee of the SWMA
Technical Committee.

(2) The members of the Committee is to comprise of technical

experts from the various government agencies and departments,
and also a representative from the stakeholders. The
Committee is suggested to be chaired by the State Secretary or
his representative and comprise the following members:

Chairman: State Secretary/Representative

Members: SWMA
Drainage and Irrigation Department
Department of Environment
Town and Country Planning Department
Perbadanan Putrajaya
Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya
Majlis Daerah Sepang
Jabatan Kerja Raya
Sewerage Services Department
Representative of Stakeholder’s
Consultative Committee

Secretariat: SWMA / Perbadanan Putrajaya’s Lake &

Wetlands Unit

(3) The Perbadanan has the greatest stake in preserving the water
quality in the Lake and has all the necessary resources to
manage the Putrajaya Area to meet the desired water quality
objectives of the Lake. Thus, it is recommended that the

8-44 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 functions of the Committee be confined to the following main
issues related to integrated management of the catchment, for
the areas outside Putrajaya.

• Provide advise relating to land use planning and

management in the areas, that are necessary for
integrated management of the catchment;
• Provide advise relating to drainage control and
management;
• Provide advise relating to pollution control and
management;
• Provide advise on the monitoring programme
required for the integrated management of the
catchment;
• Provide advise on the enforcement action required
to be taken; and
• Provide advise on the works required to support
the integrated management of the catchment.

A draft TOR for the Committee has been drawn-up (see

Appendix 8.2.4). The Committee has to be formalised by the
SWMA eventually.

With the above institutional arrangements the micro-

management of the catchment areas within Putrajaya will be the
responsibility of the Perbadanan, whereas those outside will be
the responsibility of the SWMA. However, from the macro-
management perspective of the Langat River Basin, the
Perbadanan still has to meet the water quantity and quality
requirement, downstream of the Putrajaya Lake catchment, set
by the SWMA.

(4) It is to be noted that the Committee is not intended to override

the functions of the various local authorities and other
government agencies but to act as a forum for consultative
discussions and decisions to ensure integrated catchment
management. It is still left to the various local authorities as
well as other government agencies to enforce matters related to
their areas of jurisdiction.

(5) It is anticipated that the Perbadanan will play a lead role in the
Committee since it is the best placed to do so by virtue of its

8-45 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 technical and financial strength and commitment to ensure that
the lake is protected. In this context it is proposed that the
management of the catchment within Putrajaya be the
responsibility of the Perbadanan, while the SWMA be
responsible mainly for the catchment outside of the
Perbadanan.

(6) The formation of a Lake and Wetlands Unit within the City
Planning Department of the Perbadanan is expected to enhance
the effectiveness of the Sub-Catchment Management
Committee as discussed in the following.

8.2.6.4 Role of Perbadanan Putrajaya’s Lake & Wetlands Unit

(1) The Perbadanan Putrajaya has formed a Lake and Wetlands
Unit within its City planning Department (see section 8.2.2.4
(6)) with the responsibility for managing and maintaining the
lake and the wetlands. It has been assigned the task to plan, co-
ordinate and implement programmes for monitoring and
undertake research. The general structure and functions that
have been assigned to the Unit is outlined in Figure 8.2.14.

(2) The SCMC, has representatives from various government

departments and local authorities. The Committee is
effectively a co-ordinating body and as such it would not be
expected that matters relating to the collection, collation and
analyse data (such as water quality, waste inventory, source
emissions and other information that is required for integrated
catchment management), be undertaken by the Committee. It is
best that these be undertaken by a supporting “unit” that has
capabilities and facilities to undertake such works. The
centralisation of data and information to enable ease of
collation, analysis and interpretation is thus recommended.

(3) In this regards it is recommended that the Perbadanan

Putrajaya’s Lake and Wetlands Unit (PLWU) either wholly or
jointly with the SWMA be assigned the overall task of
monitoring the implementation of the Catchment Management
Plan and acting as the Secretariat to the SCMC. It should be
assigned the task to collect, collate, analyse and manage the
information that is generated from the monitoring, source
inventory and model studies. It would be required to provide
technical reports to the SCMC on matters such as:

8-46 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 • trends in water quality and causes of changes,
• source inventory updates (point and non-point),
and
• biological changes affecting the lake and wetlands.

(4) Overall co-ordination of monitoring of the catchment is also

proposed to be delegated to the Perbadanan and be the
responsibility of the Unit. It is to be assisted by the Hydrology
Unit of the Perbadanan in providing information on drainage,
lake and river hydrology and related hydrogeological
information. Agencies such as JAS, JPS, JPP, MPSJ, MDS and
other technical departments and various stakeholders are
expected to contribute to the information database that is kept
by the PLWU.

8.2.6.5 Stakeholders’ Participation

(1) The involvement of stakeholders in catchment management is
important and a platform for their participation is proposed both
at the Sub-Catchment Management Committee as well as the
Stakeholders’ Group which will be in the form of a
Stakeholders’ Consultative Committee (SCC). It is
recommended that the SCC be chaired by the Director of
SWMA or his/her representative.

(2) The SCC is recommended to be formed as it presents a separate

forum for members to discuss matters that affect them. The
involvement of all stakeholders in the Sub-Catchment
Management Committee is too unwieldy and will not provide
adequate opportunity for effective discussion of such matters.
Awareness and understanding of the decisions of the SCMC is
important to ensure that stakeholders will contribute positively
to catchment management. The SCC should meet at least
annually but also as and when issues are referred to it by the
SCMC.

8.2.6.6 Structure For Catchment Management

(1) Figure 8.2.15 outlines the suggested arrangement for catchment
management between the Selangor Waters Management
Authority (SWMA), the Sub-Catchment Management
Committee (SCMC) and the Stakeholders’ Consultative
Committee (SCC). It is anticipated that these new committees

8-47 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 will replace the present ad-hoc Putrajaya Lake Catchment
Management Committee (PLCMC) and its technical arm that
has been set up to manage the catchment.

(2) The suggested Terms of Reference for the SCMC and the SCC
are outlined in Appendix 8.2.4 and 8.2.5 of this report.

8.2.6.7 Putrajaya Lake Catchment Management Committee

(1) As outlined earlier, the PLCMC was formed as an ad-hoc
committee to co-ordinate the control of development within the
catchment with the aim of safeguarding the quality of water in
the Putrajaya Lake. Until the formation of the new SCMC by
the SWMA, it is suggested that the PLCMC continues with its
present function.

(2) Similarly, the Technical Committee assisting the PLCMC,

chaired by the Director General of JPS, is to continue its
function until such time that the new SCMC is formed by the
SWMA. It is then proposed that both these present committees
be disbanded upon the coming into operation of the two new
committees.

8.2.6.8 Organisational Strengthening

(1) The recommendations for integrated catchment management
require that the tasks for management be assigned to various
organisations and parties. These relate to planning, operation
and implementation of various programmes and projects in the
catchment area besides the enforcement of laws within which
they have jurisdiction. Some of these works require that certain
organisations be strengthened while others may require that
new functions be added.

(2) Following are recommendations relating to new functions and

manpower requirements for various organisations.

(i) Perbadanan Putrajaya

(3) The additional duties proposed for the Lake and Wetlands
Unit of the City Planning Department requires that the
Unit be beefed up and reorganised to consist of at least 2
graduate officers (besides the Penolong Pengarah) instead
of 1 as presently. At least one of these two officers is to
have substantial training in chemistry or chemical

8-48 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

FIGURE 8.2.15 : PROPOSED STRUCTURE FOR PUTRAJAYA
LAKE CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT

SWMA

SUB-CATCHMENT STAKEHOLDERS’
MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE

Chairman :- State Secretary/ Chairman :- SWMA Director/

Representative Representative

Members - JPS Members - MARDI

JAS IOI
JPBD West Country
Perbadanan UPM
MPSJ TNB
MDS MDS
JKR MPSJ
Stakeholder’s Perbadanan
Representative Residents’ Association

Secretariat - SWMA/ Lake and Secretariat - SWMA

Wetlands Unit,
Perbadanan
 engineering, while the other is to have substantial training
in aquatic science. The rationale for this is change is to
ensure effective analysis and interpretation of data and
information that is required to support the SCMC.

(4) It is also suggested that the position of the Penolong

Pegawai Sains be substituted for an additional position of
a Pembantu Teknik since the former is irrelevant in the
presence of the latter. These technicians should be in
possession of at least a diploma in science or engineering.
The role of the technicians in monitoring, collection and
collation of data and information is substantial, and unless
they are conducted efficiently, the analysis and
interpretation of data would not be effectively carried out.

(ii) Majlis Daerah Sepang

(5) The status of MDS should be upgraded to that of a
Municipality in view of the large area of jurisdiction and
the anticipated increase in development that is expected in
the presence of the KLIA, Cyberjaya, Salak Tinggi and
other developments in the area. With this status the
organisational structure and budget of the local authority
can be enhanced and increased.

(6) In view of the importance of land use planning and land

use control in catchment management, it is recommended
that additional staff be assigned to the Planning Division.
An additional Planner and a Technical Assistant is
recommended to be added to the present set-up in the
MDS in view of the heavy work load in the MDS.

(7) As urban drainage is an important function of the local

authority, it is also suggested that an additional Engineer
and a Technical Assistant be recruited into the
Engineering and Buildings Division of the MDS. The
engineer is to give special attention to drainage and
earthworks as well as undertake other responsibilities that
may be assigned to him/her.

(8) In view of the importance of environmental management

in the catchment, it is recommended that an Environmental
Unit comprising of a graduate Environmental Officer and

8-49 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 a Technical Assistant be added to the present set-up of the
MDS.

(9) In order to shorten the timeframe for operation of these

units, it is recommended that trained or experienced staff
be given preference. All the above additional staff may be
recruited through secondment from other pertinent
government agencies and departments.

(iii) Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya

(10) The area of catchment which is within the jurisdiction of
MPSJ is small and confined to the MARDI area. Although
the Municipality is well structured, it still lacks graduate
officers to manage its planning and look after its
engineering works.

(11) For the purposes of catchment management of the Sg.

Chuau, there is no necessity for any increase in staff for
the Municipality. However, over the long term if
catchment management is to be extended to whole river
systems, it is recommended that additional graduate staff
be recruited to strengthen the Planning and Engineering
Departments of the MPSJ. The formation of an
Environmental Department should also be given due
consideration.

(iv) Other Government Departments and Agencies

(12) Organisational strengthening of other government
departments and agencies is presently not required.

(v) Stakeholders
(13) While stakeholders are expected to be involved in
catchment management, such as monitoring of discharges,
this is expected to be undertaken by contractors appointed
by the stakeholders. Ensuring that there is control on the
quality of the monitoring that is undertaken is an
important aspect that needs to be given due consideration.
Results of the monitoring is expected to be submitted to
the Secretariat of the SCMC for collation and analysis.

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8.2.7 REFERENCES

1. Ramadas, K. & Associates (1999) - Formulation of

Regulations and Guidelines For The Control of Activities
And Use of The Lake And Other Water Bodies In Putrajaya.
June 1999.

2. Perunding Utama Sdn Bhd (1998) Putrajaya - Legislative

Review for Environmental Management. October 1998.

3. Jurutera Perunding Zaaba Sdn Bhd (1999) - Institutional and

Legal Study for The Establishment of a State Government
River Management Institution. Draft Final Report. June
1999.

4. Kassim Chan Management Consultants (1997) -

Organisation Scheme and Compensation Scheme/Salary
Structure Study for Perbadanan Putrajaya. Phase 1 Final
Report. March 1997.

5. Kassim Chan Management Consultants (undated) - Job

Description for the City Planning Department.

6. Kassim Chan Management Consultants (undated) - Job

Description for the City Development Department.

7. Kassim Chan Management Consultants (undated) - Job

Description for the Top Management Section and the
Corporate Services Department.

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 Appendix 8.1.1

APPENDIX 8.1.1
LIST OF LEGISLATION RELEVANT TO THE
MANAGEMENT OF THE PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT AREA

1. Waters Act, 1920

2. Geological Survey Act, 1974
3. Irrigation Areas Act, 1953
4. Street, Drainage and Building Act, 1974
5. The Forest Act, 1984
6. The National Land Code, 1965
7. The Drainage Works Act, 1954
8. The Fisheries Act, 1985
9. Environmental Quality Act, 1974
10. Land Conservation Act, 1960
11. Town and Country Planning Act, 1976
12. Local Government Act, 1976
13. Selangor Waters Management Authority Enactment, 1999
14. Mining Enactment, 1929
15. Sewerage Services Act, 1993

MUNICIPAL RULES

1. Planning Control (General) Rules

2. Earthworks By-Laws
3. Stray Animal By-laws
4. Licensing of Trades, Businesses and Industries By-laws
5. Refuse Collection, Removal and Disposal By-Laws
6. The Public Cleansing By-Laws
7. Anti-Litter By-laws
8. Parks By-laws
 Appendix 8.2.2

APPENDIX 8.2.2
MEMBERS OF THE PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

1. Ketua Pengarah (Chairman)

Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin
50626 Kuala Lumpur

2. Ketua Pengarah
Jabatan Alam Sekitar Malaysia
Tingkat 13, Wisma Sime Darby
]alan Raja laut
Kuata Lumpur
(UP: Puan Wan Ramlah Haji Wan lbrahim)

3. Ketua Pengarah
Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
Jalan Cenderasari
50646 Kuala Lureput
(UP: Puan Asmi Mustafa)

4. Penasihat Undang-undang
Kementerian Pertanian Malaysia

5. Presiden
Perbadanan Putrajaya
Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan Putrajaya
43000 Kajang

6. Yang Di Pertua
Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya
USJ 5, Persiaran Perpaduan
47610 Subang Jaya
(UP: En. Alias Miskon)

7. Yang Di Pertua
Majlis Daerah Sepang
Tingkat 1, Bangunan Tun Aziz
43900 Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi
Sepang
(UP: En. Asraruddin Jaafar)

1
 Appendix 8.2.2

8. Pengarah, Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran

Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan
Tingkat 5, Blok Podium Selatan
Bangunan Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah
40626 Shah Alam

9. Pengarah
Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa
Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan
Tingkat 5, Blok Podium Selatan
Bangunan Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah
40646 Shah Alam
(UP: En. Che Mohamad Che Idris)

10. Pengarah
Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Negeri Selangor
Tingkat 5, Bangunan Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah
40626 Shah Alam

11. Pengarah Tanah dan Galian

Negeri Selangor
Tingkat Bawah
Bangunan Sultan Salahuddln Abdul Aziz Shah
40626 Shah Alam

12. Pengarah Bahagian Pembangunan

Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 UPM
Serdang, Selangor
(UP: Hj. Zakaria A. Hamid)

13. Pengurus Besar

MARDITECH Corporation Sdn. Bhd.
19-21-2, SHL Business Centre,
Jalan SR 8/1, Serdang Raya
43300 Seri Kembangan
Selangor
(UP: En. Ibrahim Osman)

2
 Appendix 8.2.2

14. Pengurus Besar

Putrajaya Holdings Sdn. Bhd.
Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan Putraiaya
43000, Kajang
(UP: En. Norazmi Mohamed Nordin)

15. Pengurus Besar Steysen.Janaletrik Serdang

Tenaga Nasional Generation Sdn. Bhd.
Bag Berkunci 211
43009 Kajang
(UP: En. Izam Ismail)

16. Pengurus
Industrial Oxygen Incorporated Bhd.
Bangunan IOI, No. 8, Jalan Kenari 5
Bandar Puchong Jaya
47100 Puchong
(UP: En. David Tan)

17. Pengurus
West Country Sdn. Bhd.
33rd Floor, Menara Multi Purpose
Capital Square
No. 8. Jalan Munshi Abdullah
50100 Kuala Lumpur
(UP: En. Martin Chung)

18. Pengarah Hidrologi

JPS Malaysia
Cawangan ]alan Ampang
68000 Jalan Ampang
(UP: En. Azmi Mohd. Jaafri)

19. Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif

Cyberview Sdn. Bhd.
Level 7, Menara 1
Faber Towers
Jalan Desa Bahagia
Taman Desa
58100 Kuala Lumpur

20. Angkasa GHD Engineering Sdn. Bhd.

(UP: Ir. Khor Chai Huat)

3
 APPENDIX 8.2.4
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR
SUB-CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE

The following is the suggested Terms of Reference for the Sub-

Catchment Management Committee:

1. To review land use and development plans in the catchment areas

outside Putrajaya and to advise the Selangor Waters Management
Authority (SWMA), and such other local and state authorities or
agencies, on acceptable land use or development for the areas, so as
to support the integrated management of the Lake catchment.

2. To advise the SWMA and such other local and state authorities on
acceptable land use for the structure and local plans that are to be
prepared for the areas;

3. To review and assess water quality trends in the streams, wetlands

and the Lake and to make recommendations for pollution control and
enforcement action in the areas, where this is necessary to protect the
water quality;

4. To review the monitoring programme and make recommendations

for changes in the areas, where they are required to enhance
catchment management;

5. To review and advise on acceptable physical and engineering works

in the areas, which are necessary for water quality management and
catchment protection; and

6. To advise on stakeholders’ participation in catchment management

and to refer matters that affect stakeholders to the Stakeholders’
Consultative Committee for review and feedback.
 APPENDIX 8.2.5
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR
STAKEHOLDERS’ CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE

The following are the suggested Terms of Reference for the

Stakeholders’ Consultative Committee (SCC):

1. To review matters related to management of the Putrajaya

Lake Catchment that is referred to the SCC by the Sub-
Catchment Management Committee (SCMC);

2. To provide feedback or decisions to the SCMC on matters

referred to it where this requires a decision of members of the
SCC; and

3. To consult, where necessary, with members of the public, land

owners or residents’ association and such other individuals or
groups on matters (referred by the SCMC) related to
management of the Putrajaya Lake Catchment that are likely to
affect them.
 CHAPTER 9

COSTING, BUDGET AND FUNDING

9.0 COSTING, BUDGET AND FUNDING

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.1.1 The management and monitoring programs, together with the

implementation requirements specified in this Catchment
Development and Management Plan will involve financial
expenditure. Thus, there is a need to compile the indicative costs
associated with the programs for the preparation of an indicative
budget for the proposed implementation schedule in the Plan.

9.1.2 There is also a need to identify and assess the possible funding
sources and funding options, respectively, so that an equitable
funding mechanism, in line with the policy of the Plan, can be
agreed upon by all stakeholders in the catchment.

9.2 INDICATIVE COSTS ESTIMATES

9.2.1 Introduction
9.2.1.1 The Consultant has attempted to provide cost estimates under two
categories, viz. one-off capital expenditure (development
expenditure), and their concomitant operating overheads
(operations and maintenance costs). (NB: Where operating and
maintenance costs include salaries, only the basic salary costs
have been computed. It is beyond the scope of this study to compute
EPF, SOCSO and other employee benefits).

9.2.1.2 Wherever possible, the specialists have tried to obtain the cost
estimates in the case of development expenditure from third party
suppliers. Where this was not possible, the specialists have
prepared estimates based on their own past experience.

9.2.1.3 The indicative cost estimates for the following study components
have been compiled:

• Water quality
• Hydro-geology
• Hydrology
• Drainage
• Sewerage
• ICMS

9-1 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 • Institutional

9.2.2 Water Quality Study

9.2.2.1 The water quality specialist has proposed a Water Quality

Monitoring Program to be implemented, over a 3-year period,
upon the implementation of the Lake Catchment Management
Plan.

9.2.2.2 The details of the Program are specified in the Putrajaya Lake
Management Guide. A total of 81 water level recorders and 23
water gauging stations have been proposed to be installed over the
3-year period.

9.2.2.3 Table 9.1 gives the summary of the indicative Capital, Operations
& Maintenance (O & M) and water quality sampling costs
associated with the Water Quality Monitoring Program over the 3-
year period. The details are given in Appendix 9.1.

Table 9.1 Indicative costs associated with the Water Quality

Monitoring Program for a 3-year period.

Period Year-1 (RM) Year-2 (RM) Year-3 (RM) Total (RM)

Capital 335,000 425,000 335,000 1,095,000
O&M 5,000 15,000 20,000 40,000
Sampling 725,000 1,815,000 2,446,400 4,986,400

9.2.3 Hydro-geological Study

9.2.3.1 The hydro-geologist has indicated that a groundwater well field of

6 wells can be developed, downstream of the main dam. The
timing for the construction of the well field depends on the needs
of Putrajaya for the groundwater.

9.2.3.2 The development of the well field may be implemented as part of

the irrigation master plan for Putrajaya.

9.2.3.3 The indicative capital and annual O & M costs associated with the
development and operations of the groundwater well field are
given below. The details are given in Appendix 9.2.

9-2 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 • Capital cost – RM144,000
• O& M cost – RM16,433/year

9.2.4 Hydrological Study

9.2.4.1 The hydrologist has proposed that a hydrological monitoring

station network be installed to support the management of the
Putrajaya Lake, upon the implementation of the Lake Catchment
Management Plan.

9.2.4.2 A total of five (5) automatic rainfall measuring stations, seven (7)
automatic streamflow gauging stations, five (5) automatic water
level measuring stations and six (6) automatic groundwater level
monitoring stations have been proposed. The locations of the
stations are given in Figure 3.1.10 in Chapter 3.

9.2.4.3 The indicative capital and annual O & M costs associated with the
setting-up and operations of the hydrological monitoring station
network are given below. The details are given in Appendix 9.3.

• Capital cost – RM881,00

• O& M cost – RM69,000 /year

9.2.5 Drainage Masterplan Study

9.2.5.1 The drainage engineer has proposed that mini-wetlands and

vegetated landscape drainage corridors be constructed as part of
the drainage system improvement in the areas outside Putrajaya.

9.2.5.2 Table 9.2 gives the indicative capital and annual O & M costs
associated with the drainage system improvement works for the
areas outside Putrajaya, together with pertinent remarks on their
respective implementation schedule. The details are given in
Appendix 9.4.

9-3 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

Table 9.2 Indicative costs associated with the drainage system
improvement works in the areas outside Putrajaya.

Stakeholder Capital Cost Annual Remarks on

Area O&M cost implementation
schedule
1. MARDI RM8,942,400 RM56,000 To be implemented as
- Drainage part of the SKVE,
corridor ERL and MARDI’s
improvement development in the
(6.9 km) area

2. UPM RM7,776,000 RM60,000 To be implemented as

- Drainage part of UPM’s
corridor development
improvement
(6 km)

3. IOI RM72,000 RM14,400 To be implemented as

- 3 Nos. mini- part of the
wetlands development for the
proposed ponds.

4. West RM31,500 RM6,300 To be implemented as

Country part of West
- 1 No. mini- Country’s
wetland development

5. Cyberjaya RM81,000 RM16,200 To be implemented as

- 6 water part of Cyberjaya’s
quality development
enhancement
ponds
provided
with GPTs

Total RM16,902,900 RM152,900

9-4 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

9.2.6 Sewerage Masterplan Study

9.2.6.1 The sewerage engineer has proposed that a sewage effluent

discharge monitoring program be implemented, upon the
implementation of the Lake Management Plan. He has also
proposed that the existing sewerage treatment plants for two
student hostels in UPM, Kolej 8 (1097 PE) and Kolej 9 (1038 PE),
be upgraded as soon as possible.

9.2.6.2 The indicative cost for the upgrading works for the two student
hostels in UPM is RM854, 000 at RM400/PE.

9.2.6.3 The monitoring program will require the carrying out of sampling
and testing of the sewage effluent discharge by the following four
stakeholders in the catchment – MARDI, UPM, IOI and
Cyberjaya.

9.2.6.4 The indicative annual operational costs associated with the

operations of the sewage effluent discharge monitoring program,
for the 4 stakeholders, are given below. The details are given in
Appendix 9.5.

• UPM – RM55,800/year
• MARDI – RM37,200/year
• IOI – RM9,300/year
• Cyberjaya – RM37,200/year
Total: RM139, 500/year

9.2.7 ICMS Study

9.2.7.1 The ICMS team has recommended the purchase of a GIS program
and a personal computer for the installation and training in the use
of the low-level ICMS, developed as part of this study, upon the
completion of the study.

9.2.7.2 The team also recommended that a decision be made, after a trial
period of 6 months, on the refinement of the low-level ICMS and
conversion to the Perbadanan’s SiCAD GIS.

9-5 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

9.2.7.3 The indicative cost associated with the above two
recommendations are as follows:

(a) Installation and Training in the use of low-level ICMS

• GIS program (ArcView) – RM11,500
• Personal Computer – RM 9,000
Total RM20, 500

(b) Refinement and conversion to SiCAD GIS

• Consulting cost – RM200,000 (see Appendix 9.6 for
details)

9.2.8 Institutional Study

9.2.8.1 The institutional specialist has recommended the recruitment of

additional 6 staff for the Majlis Daerah Sepang (MDS), as part of
the institutional strengthening exercise, upon the implementation
of the Lake Catchment Management Plan.

9.2.8.2 He has also indicated that there are expenses associated with the
holding of meetings of the Lake Management Committee and
Stakeholders Consultative Committee.

9.2.8.3 The indicative costs associated with the above two items are as
follows. The details are given in Appendix 9.7.

• Staff recruitment for the MDS – RM141,000/year

• Meeting expenses – RM 26,000/year
Total RM167, 000/year

9.3 INDICATIVE IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET

9.3.1 Table 9.3 gives the indicative implementation schedule and budget
for the various programs recommended by the respective
specialists for an implementation period of 3 years.

9.3.2 From Table 9.3 it can be seen that the total indicative 3-year total
cost of the recommended programs is about RM 26.6 million,
made up of about RM20.3 million for capital expenditure and
about RM6.3 million for O&M expenditure. The bulk of the
capital expenditure, about 83%, is for drainage improvement

9-6 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 PUTRAJAYA LAKE CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

CAPITAL COSTS (RM) O & M COSTS (RM) REMARKS

PROGRAMS Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Unscheduled Total Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Unscheduled Total
1. Water Quality Monitoring Network 335,000 425,000 335,000 1,095,000 725,000 1,815,000 2,446,400 4,986,400 O & M Cost includes
(Refer App. 9.1 for details) sampling costs

2. Development of groundwater well field 144,000 144,000 16,433 16,433 To be implemented

(Refer App. 9.2 for details) when needed

3. Hydrological Monitoring Network 881,000 0 0 881,000 881,000 69,000 69,000 69,000 207,000
(Refer App. 9.3 for details)

4. Drainage Improvement Cost To be implemented

(a) MARDI 8,942,400 8,942,400 56,000 56,000 as part of each
(b) UPM 7,776,000 7,776,000 60,000 60,000 stakeholder's
(c) IOI 72,000 72,000 14,400 14,400 development program
(d) West Country 31,500 31,500 6,300 6,300
(e) Cyberjaya 81,000 81,000 16,200 16,200
(Refer App. 9.4 for details) 16,902,900 152,900

5. Sewerage Improvement/Monitoring Cost

(a) UPM 854,000 854,000 55,800 55,800 55,800 167,400
(b) MARDI 240,000 240,000 37,200 37,200 37,200 111,600
(c) IOI 0 0 9,300 9,300 9,300 27,900
(d) Cyberjaya 0 0 37,200 37,200 37,200 111,600
(Refer App. 9.5 for details) 1,094,000 139,500 139,500 139,500 418,500

6. ICMS Installation and Improvement 20,500 200,000 220,500

(Refer App. 9.6 for details)

7. Institutional Strengthening (manpower) 167,000 167,000 167,000 501,000

(Refer App. 9.7 for details)

TOTAL COSTS 2,330,500 625,000 335,000 17,927,900 20,337,400 1,100,500 2,190,500 2,821,900 169,333 6,282,233
 which cost about RM16.9 million. Also, the bulk of the O&M
expenditure, about 81%, comes from the water quality sampling
costs over the 3-year period.

9.3.3 The following programs are recommended to be implemented in

the first year upon approval of the Lake Catchment Management
Plan:

• Water quality monitoring network

• Hydrological monitoring network
• Sewerage effluent discharge monitoring
• Sewerage improvement at UPM
• ICMS Installation
• Institutional Strengthening (additional manpower for MDS)

9.3.4 The total indicative capital expenditure in the first year is about
RM2,330,500 and that for O&M expenditure is about
RM1,100,500. 74.5% of the capital expenditure in the first year,
i.e. RM1,735,000 has been estimated for the upgrading of the
sewerage treatment facilities for the two student hostels in UPM
(RM854,000) and for the hydrological monitoring network
(RM881,000). 69% of the O&M expenditure in the first year, i.e.
RM725, 000, is for the cost of the water quality sampling.

9.4 FUNDING

9.4.1 Funding Sources

9.4.1.1 The three main sources of funding for the successful

implementation of the Consultant’s recommendations are:

• The Federal Government

• The Selangor State Government
• The individual stakeholders

9.4.1.2 The Federal Government, through Perbadanan Putrajaya as the

main stakeholder in the catchment, will have to bear most of the
cost associated with the implementation of the recommended
programs within the 70% of the catchment where Putrajaya lies.
9.4.1.3 The Selangor State Government, through its respective agencies
and local authorities, will have to bear additional costs arising

9-7 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 from increased regulatory supervision and maintenance in the 30%
of the Lake catchment area that lies within the State, to meet the
desired environmental objectives for the catchment.

9.4.1.4 The individual stakeholders in the catchment will have to bear

additional costs as a result of complying with the additional
regulatory requirements imposed in the catchment to meet the
desired environmental objectives for the catchment.

9.4.2 Funding Principles

9.4.2.1 The Federal Government, as the main project proponent for the
development of Putrajaya, and the primary beneficiary from the
development will most probably have to bear all additional costs
arising from the implementation of the recommended programs in
the Lake Catchment Management Plan, that would not normally
have been expended by the Selangor State Government and the
individual stakeholders under normal circumstances.

9.4.2.2 However, the Selangor State Government and the individual

stakeholders also benefit from the development of Putrajaya,
through increased economic activities and appreciation of property
values due to their proximity to Putrajaya and its high quality
living environment. Thus, it is not unfair to expect the Selangor
State Government and the individual stakeholders in the catchment
to bear part of the additional costs arising from the implementation
of the recommended programs and compliance with the high
regulatory requirements set to meet the desired environmental
objectives for the Putrajaya Lake and its catchment.

9.4.2.3 An equitable approach has to be found through negotiations

between the Federal and State Government of Selangor. As for the
individual stakeholders in the catchment the following approach
maybe acceptable:

(a) For existing and committed developments in the catchment it

would be fair to compensate the respective affected
stakeholders for the additional costs burden incurred by them
as a result of complying with the requirements of the
programs in the Lake Catchment Management Plan.

9-8 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 (b) For all uncommitted developments the additional cost
associated with complying with the requirements of the
programs in the Lake Catchment Management Plan shall be
borne by the respective stakeholders, as part of compliance
with the regulatory requirements. The regulatory provisions
for the management of the development in the Lake
catchment will be further strengthened by the designation of
the Putrajaya Lake Catchment as a designated sub-
catchment under the SWMA Enactment, as recommended by
the Consultant.

9.4.3 Funding For The Recommended Programs

9.4.3.1 Based upon the above funding principles the Consultant has
identified the possible funding sources for the recommended
programs. They are given in Table 9.4 and are discussed below.

9.4.3.2 Water Quality Monitoring Network

The Perbadanan Putrajaya is the primary stakeholder of Putrajaya
Lake and is also the body responsible for the monitoring of the
water quality in the Lake. Thus, the most likely funding source for
this program is the Perbadanan Putrajaya.

9.4.3.3 Development of groundwater well field

The groundwater well field can be developed by the Perbadanan
Putrajaya if required to meet the irrigation and other water needs in
Putrajaya. Thus, the funding source for this program will be the
Perbadanan Putrajaya.

9.4.3.4 Hydrological Monitoring Network

Similar to the water quality monitoring network the hydrological
monitoring network is an essential requirement for the
management of the Putrajaya Lake. Thus, the most likely funding
source for this program is the Perbadanan Putrajaya.

9-9 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 TABLE 9.4 POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES

FUNDING SOURCE PROGRAMS CAPITAL COSTS (RM) O & M COSTS (RM) REMARKS

Perbadanan Putrajaya 1. Water Quality Monitoring Network 1,095,000 4,986,400 To be implemented in Year 1 over a 3-year period

2. Development of groundwater well field 144,000 16,433 To be implemented when needed

3. Hydrological Monitoring Network 881,000 207,000 To be implemented in Year 1

4. Sewerage Effluent Monitoring 418,500 To be implemented in Year 1 over a 3-year period

5. ICMS Installation 20,500 To be implemented in Year 1 for a trial period of 6 months

6. ICMS Improvement 200,000 To be decided based on 6 months trial

TOTAL COST TO BE BORNED BY PERBADANAN PUTRAJAYA 2,340,500 5,628,333

Federal Government 1. Sewerage Improvement Cost 1,094,000 Sewerage Improvement in UPM and MARDI to be implemented in Year 1
(subject to negotiation with UPM and MARDI)

2. Institutional Strengthening 167,000 1. Annual O & M cost

2. To be implemented in Year 1
3. Subject to negotiation with the Selangor State Government

3. Drainage Maintenance Cost 152,900 Federal Government to fund maintenance program in areas outside Putrajaya

TOTAL COST TO BE BORNED BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 1,094,000 319,900

Selangor State Government Institutional Strengthening 167,000 1. Annual O & M cost

2. To be implemented in Year 1
3. Subject to negotiation with the Federal Government

TOTAL COST TO BE BORNED BY SELANGOR STATE GOVERNMENT 167,000

MARDI 1. Drainage Improvement Cost 8,942,400 To be implemented as part of MARDI's development program

2. Sewerage Improvement Cost 240,000 Subject to negotiation with Federal Government (to be implemented in Year 1)

TOTAL COST TO BE BORNED BY MARDI 9,182,400

IOI Drainage Improvement Cost 72,000

TOTAL COST TO BE BORNED BY IOI 72,000

West Country Drainage Improvement Cost 31,500 To be implemented as part of each stakeholder's development program
TOTAL COST TO BE BORNED BY WEST COUNTRY 31,500

Cyberjaya Drainage Improvement Cost 81,000

TOTAL COST TO BE BORNED BY CYBERJAYA 81,000

SKVE Drainage Improvement Cost**

TOTAL COST TO BE BORNED BY SKVE PROJECT ** To carry out drainage improvement in UPM and MARDI areas which are
affected by the respective project
ERL Drainage Improvement Cost** ** Costs cannot be ascertained
TOTAL COST TO BE BORNED BY ERL PROJECT **

UPM 1. Drainage Improvement Cost 7,776,000 To be implemented as part of UPM's development program

2. Sewerage Improvement Cost 854,000 Subject to negotiation with Federal Government (to be implemented in Year 1)

TOTAL COST TO BE BORNED BY UPM 8,630,000

9.4.3.5 Drainage Improvement Program
(1) There is no immediate need for the improvement of the existing
drainage systems outside Putrajaya. All of the recommended
drainage improvements for the following stakeholders are to be
implemented by them, as part of their normal development cost:

• MARDI
• UPM
• IOI
• West Country
• Cyberjaya

(2) There is a need to ensure that the respective project proponents for
the SKVE and ERL implement the recommended vegetated
landscape drainage corridor in the MARDI and UPM areas, where
the SKVE and ERL passes through. There is also a need to ensure
that the drainage inlets from the SKVE and ERL to the vegetated
landscape drainage corridor are provided with GPTs. The costs for
complying with the recommended requirements will most
probably be the responsibility of the respective project proponents.

(3) The responsibility for the maintenance of the drainage corridors

and mini-wetlands in the public areas lies with the pertinent local
authorities, whereas those in the individual stakeholder’s areas,
such as MARDI, UPM and IOI, should be borne by the respective
stakeholders. Since the maintenance funds of local authorities are
limited the Federal Government may have to develop and fund
specific maintenance programs for identified areas outside
Putrajaya.

9.4.3.6 Sewerage Improvement/Monitoring Program

(1) There is an immediate need to upgrade the sewage treatment
facilities of two student hostels in UPM. IWK has identified the
MARDI and UPM areas as part of the sewerage catchment area to
be served by its proposed Kota Perdana/Listari central sewerage
treatment plant. However, the exact date of the implementation of
the central sewerage treatment plant is not certain. Thus, in the
interim there may be a need to upgrade the sewage treatment
facilities of the two student hostels in UPM. The cost for the
upgrading will most probably have to be borne by both the Federal
Government and UPM.

9-10 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

(2) There is a need to conduct additional monitoring of the quality of
the sewage effluent discharge coming from the UPM, MARDI, IOI
and Cyberjaya, beyond those required by the DOE. The
monitoring can be carried out as an additional part of the water
quality monitoring program. The cost for this monitoring program
will have to be borne by the Perbadanan Putrajaya.

9.4.3.7 ICMS Installation and Improvement Program

(1) There is an immediate need to purchase the ArcView GIS software
and a personal computer for the installation and training in the use
of the low-level ICMS, developed as part of this study. The cost
for the purchase has to be borne by the Perbadanan Putrajaya. The
SWMA may also wish to make the same purchase, and send its
staff for the training in the use of the low-level ICMS.

(2) After a recommended trial period of 6 months, the Perbadanan

Putrajaya may be able to make a decision on whether to proceed
with further improvement of the ICMS. The next-stage
improvement cost for the low-level ICMS will also have to be
borne by the Perbadanan Putrajaya.

9.4.3.8 Institutional Strengthening Program (Additional Manpower)

There is an immediate need to strengthen the existing institutional
structure in the Majlis Daerah Sepang to cope with the additional
recommended regulatory responsibilities for developments in the
areas outside Putrajaya. The costs associated with this program
will have to be borne by both the Federal and Selangor State
Government.

9-11 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

9.5 COST RECOVERY

9.5.1 The capital expenditure associated with the programs to achieve the
environmental objectives and desired living environment for the
Lake catchment is not expected to be recovered. However, there is
a need for the respective Local, State and Federal authorities to
consider the option of implementing a means of cost recovery for
the funding of the maintenance programs in the Lake catchment
area.

9.5.2 A detailed review of the various possible funding options has to be

carried out, which is beyond the scope of the current study. The
following are two possible equitable policy options for cost
recovery:

• Adopt and implement the policy of “the polluter pays”

• Adopt and implement the policy of “the direct beneficiaries
pays”

9.5.3 The “polluter pays” policy option will require the respective
regulatory authorities to diligently enforce all pertinent legislative
provisions for the imposition of fines and penalties for causing
pollution in the catchment. This would help to encourage
regulatory compliance, in addition to being a source of funds for
the maintenance programs. The SWMA Enactment provides for
quite drastic fines and penalties for causing pollution in a
designated catchment.

9.5.4 The “direct beneficiary pays” policy option will require the
respective regulatory authorities to find ways to collect funds from
direct beneficiaries of the enhanced living environment in the Lake
catchment. One such way is to put a surcharge on the assessment
rates of the property owners in the Lake catchment areas.

9-12 Doc Ref: T9903/DOC/013

 APPENDIX 9.1
DETAILS OF INDICATIVE COST ESTIMATES FOR
WATER QUALITY STUDY

1. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

Setting up Physical Measurement Stations

Year 1 (2000)
(a) Installation of 25 Water Level Recorders
at GPTs @ RM 5,000.00 each RM 125,000.00
(b) Construction of 7 Gauging Stations
(including recorder)@ RM 30,000.00 RM 210,000.00

Estimated Capital Expenditure in Year 1 RM 335,000.00

Year 2 (2001)
(a) Installation of 31 Water Level Recorders
at GPTs @ RM 5,000.00 each RM 155,000.00
(b) Construction of 9 Gauging Stations
(including recorder)@ RM 30,000.00 RM 270,000.00

Estimated Capital Expenditure in Year 2 RM 425,000.00

Year 3 (2002)
(a) Installation of 25 Water Level Recorders
at GPTs @ RM 5,000.00 each RM 125,000.00
(b) Construction of 7 Gauging Stations
(including recorder)@ RM 30,000.00 RM 210,000.00

Estimated Capital Expenditure in Year 3 RM 335,000.00

Total Estimated Capital RM 1,095,000.00

Expenditure For 3 years

Appendix 9.1 Page 1 of 2

2. OPERATIONS/MAINTENANCE AND
SAMPLING/ ANALYSIS COSTS

A. Operating Costs of Physical Measurement Stations:

Year 1 RM 5,000.00
Year 2 RM 15,000.00
Year 3 RM 20,000.00

Total Operating Costs for 3 years RM40,000.00

B. Water Quality Sampling /Analysis Cost

Per Month Per Annum

Year 1 (2000)
100 samples/month RM 60,000.00 RM 720,000.00
@ RM 600.00

Year 2 (2001)
250 samples/month RM 150,000.00 RM 1,800,000.00
@ RM 600.00

Year 3 (2002)
337 samples/month RM 202,200.00 RM 2,426,400.00
@ RM 600.00

Appendix 9.1 Page 2 of 2

 APPENDIX 9.2
DETAILS OF INDICATIVE COST ESTIMATES FOR
HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY

1. Capital Expenditure

(1) Well field development cost

Construction cost per well

RM
Mobilisation & Demobilisation 500.00
Drilling/bailing 11½ in dia to 30 ft below ground level 5,500.00
PVC 10 in dia class D x 2 lengths inclusive of installation 1,200.00
Stainless steel screen 10 in dia slot size 0.020 x 3m
inclusive installation 3,300.00
Gravel packing-graded 3-6mm quartz sand inclusive of
installation 500.00
Well development min 8 hrs 2,500.00
Pumping Test 2,500.00
TOTAL 16,000.00

Construction costs of 6 wells

(including one test well) = RM96,000.00

Supply and Installation of submersible pump set per well

RM
SP5 A4 SUBMERSIBLE PUMP 3,180.00
G. 1.2 in dia class B x 1 length plus fittings 100.00
Dip pipe ¾ in dia class B x 1½ lengths 60.00
4 core cable for power supply 700.00
Control panel 2,600.00
Well clamp cap 160.00
Installation service 1,200.00
TOTAL 8,000.00

Supply and Installation of

6 submersible pump sets
RM8,000.00 x 6 = RM48,000.00

Total RM144,000.00

Appendix 9.2 1/ 2
 (2) Schedule for completion of works:

Completion of test well 7 days

Completion of 6 production wells 30 days
Delivery and installation of pumps 84 days

2. Operations and Maintenance Costs

Salary for 1 pump operator

RM800.00 per month = RM 9,600.00 per annum

Energy costs (24 hrs. pumping)

RM15.98 per day, = RM 5,833 per annum

Well and Pump maintenance = RM1,000.00 per annum

Total Annual RM16,433.00 per annum

Maintenance Costs

(NB: The above maintenance costs will cover the whole well
field)

Appendix 9.2 2/ 2
 APPENDIX 9.3
DETAILS OF INDICATIVE COST ESTIMATES OF
HYDROLOGICAL MONITORING STATIONS

Annual
Capital Operation
Item Expenditure and
(RM) Maintenance
Costs (RM)
1. Setting up of Automatic Rainfall Station (5 stations)
i. Continuous Rainfall Sensor RM 10,000 x 5 RM 50,000
ii. Housing (Civil Works) RM 5,000 x 5 RM 25,000
iii. Data Logger RM 6,000 x 5 RM 30,000
iv. Commissioning RM 4,000 x 5 RM 20,000
v. Maintenance (1 year) RM 3,000 x 5 RM 15,000
Sub Total RM 125,000 RM 15,000
2. Setting up of Automatic Streamflow Station (7 stations)
i. Area Velocity Flow Meter
(Water Level and Velocity RM 20,000 x 7 RM 140,000
Sensor)
ii. Housing (Civil Works) RM 20,000 x 7 RM 140,000
iii. Data Logger RM 6,000 x 7 RM 42,000
iv. Commissioning RM 5,000 x 7 RM 35,000
v. Maintenance (1 year) RM 3,000 x 7 RM 21,000
Sub Total RM 357,000 RM 21,000
3. Setting up of Automatic Water Level Station (5 stations)
i. Water Level Sensor RM 13,000 x 5 RM 65,000
ii Housing (Civil Works) RM 15,000 x 5 RM 75,000
iii Data Logger RM 6,000 x 5 RM 30,000
iv. Commissioning RM 5,000 x 5 RM 25,000
v. Maintenance (1 year) RM 3,000 x 5 RM 15,000
Sub Total RM 195,000 RM 15,000
4. Setting up of Automatic Groundwater Level Station (6 stations)
i. Water Level Sensor RM 13,000 x 6 RM 78,000
ii. Housing (Civil Works) RM 10,000 x 6 RM 60,000
iii. Data Logger RM 6,000 x 6 RM 36,000
iv. Commissioning RM 5,000 x 6 RM 30,000
v. Maintenance (1 year) RM 3,000 x 6 RM 18,000
Sub Total RM 204,000 RM 18,000
GRAND TOTAL RM 881,000 RM 69,000

APPENDIX 9.3 1/1

 APPENDIX 9.4
DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN

1.0 CAPITAL COSTS ESTIMATES

Cost basis :
i. Planting cost of mini-wetland
Planting of various species of wetland plants, viz. Phragmites Karka, Lepinoria,
Eleocharia, Cyperas, Sceleria.

The recommended planting volume is 6 plants per sq. metre @ RM1.50 per
plant.

ii. Landscaping cost of riparian buffer zone

The per metre/run cost estimates for landscaping the 30 metre riparian buffer
zone for the drain corridor improvement are estimated as follows:

Cost of planting 2 rows of

shaded trees with materials
@ 0.5 metres apart
6 x RM 30 per tree RM 180.00 per metre/run

Cost of planting 3 rows of

shrub hedges@ 6 ins. apart RM 108.00 per metre/run
with raw materials

Lump turfing: 24 sq. metre/metre run

@ RM 15.00 per sq. metre RM 360.00 per metre/run

Total landscaping capital costs RM648.00 per metre/run

The following are the estimated capital costs:

a) Cyberjaya (Flagship Zone)

Planting of wetland
Total pond area to be vegetated = 9,000 sq.m
6 plants/m.sq x 9,000 = 54,000 plants @RM1.50/plant =RM81,000

b) I0I Palm Garden Resort Area

Planting of wetland
Total pond area to be vegetated = 8,000 sq.m
6 plants/m.sq x 8,800 = 48,000 plants @RM1.50/plant =RM72,000

APPENDIX 9.4 1/3

c) West Country Area

Planting of wetland
Total pond area to be vegetated = 3,500 sq.m
6 plants/m.sq x 3,500 = 21,000 plants @RM1.50/plant =RM31,500

d) MARDI

Drain Corridor Improvement

Total length of stream = 6.9 km
Length of streams for riparian buffer zone=6.9x2=13.8km
Total cost =13,800m x RM648/m** run =RM8.9Million

e) UPM

Drain Corridor Improvement

Total length of stream = 6 km
Length of streams for riparian buffer zone=6x2=12km
Total cost =12000m x RM648/m** run =RM7.8Million

2.0 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COSTS

1. IOI

Item Descriptions Per Annum (RM)

a. Replanting 20% x 48,000 14,400
(Assume 20% replanting of the plant @
total plants required per year) RM1.50/plant

2. WEST COUNTRY

Item Descriptions Per Annum (RM)

a. Replanting 20% x 21,000 6,300
(Assume 20% replanting of the plant @
total plants required per year) RM1.50/plant

3. CYBERJAYA

Item Descriptions Per Annum (RM)

a. Replanting 20% x 54,000 plant 16,200
(Assume 20% replanting of the @ RM1.50/plant
total plants required per year)

APPENDIX 9.4 2/3

4. UPM

Item Descriptions Per Annum (RM)

a. Grass cutting RM1000/km
@ 6 km @ 2 time/yr 12,000

b. Desilting
(once a year) 6 km @ 1.5m3/m-run 48,000
@ RM8/-

Total Annual 60,000

Maintenance Cost

5. MARDI

Description Per Annum (RM)

a. Grass cutting RM1000/km
@ 7km @ 2 time/yr 14,000

b. Desilting 7 km @ 1m3/m-run @
(Once a year) RM6/- 42,000

Total Annual 56,000

Maintenance Cost

APPENDIX 9.4 3/3

 APPENDIX 9.5
DETAILS OF INDICATIVE COST ESTIMATES OF
SEWERAGE MASTERPLAN STUDY

1. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

The capital expenditure budget for UPM is based on the

following estimated combined flows:

PE Cost
i. Kolej 8 1097 PE 438,800
ii. Kolej 9 1038 PE 415,200
Total 2,135 PE 854,000

@ RM 400.00 per PE

2. OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS

The monitoring programme as recommended by the Sewerage

specialist will necessitate carrying out testing and sampling by
the following stakeholders with their attached estimated cost
burdens on a 4 monthly basis.

SET A : Sampling and Testing RM300/sample

SET B :Sampling and Testing RM550/sample
Development Nos. Of Month RM
Location 1 2 3 4
SET A SET B SET A SET A SET B Set A Set B

MARDI 4 8 8 4 4 4 3600 8800

UPM 6 12 12 6 6 6 5400 13200

IOI 1 2 2 1 1 1 900 2200

CYBERJAYA 4 8 8 4 4 4 3600 8800

TOTAL 15 30 30 15 15 15

ESTIMATED 25500 4500 4500 8250

COST (RM)

Appendix 9.5 1/2

 RM RM
(4-monthly basis) (per Annum)
MARDI 12,400.00 37,200.00
UPM 18,600.00 55,800.00
IOI 3,100.00 9,300.00
Cyberjaya 12,400.00 37,200.00

Total 46,500.00 139,500.00

NB: No cost estimates are shown for West Country as they

have not yet constructed any treatment plants.

Appendix 9.5 2/2

 APPENDIX 9.6

DETAIL INDICATIVE COST ESTIMATES FOR THE DATA CONVERSION TO SiCAD AND REFINEMENT PHASE OF THE LOW-LEVEL ICMS

Item Station Description Duration Unit Amount (RM) Remarks 1 Remarks 2 Pricing Sou Data Sources
A Consultation Fee

A1 Mohamed Razali Mohamed Consultation for developing ICMS 8 months L/S $ 14,080.00 10% loading RM8,000 per month MALSAT
A2 Steve McCrone Consultation for developing ICMS 8 months L/S $ 79,200.00 30% loading RM15,000 per month MALSAT
A3 Ghazaly Yeop Zainuddin Project Manager 8 months L/S $ 22,000.00 50% loading RM2,500 per month MALSAT
Sub - total $ 115,280.00

B Data Conversion for Integrated Digital Maps

Scope of work include :-
- Sourcing from Perbadanan Putrajaya, other
Stakeholders, and Government agencies
- Conversion fron SiCAD and AutoCAD into GIS format
- Conversion of coordinates
- Registration of coordinates
- Digitising
- Polygonisation
- Topology
- Database creation
- Data entry
- Draft Plotting
- Field Survey for detailed verification
- Field GPS Survey for accuracy verification
- Final Editing and Data Entry
- Final Plotting

B1 Topographical Maps - Contours (1 meter and 5 metres) 6 months L/S $ 39,600.00 2 GIS Technicians @RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Perbadanan Putrajaya
- Spot Heights $ 26,400.00 1 GIS Specialist @RM2,000 per month
- Rivers
- Lakes
- Digital Terrain Model

- Aerial Photographs 1 month L/S $ 3,300.00 1 GIS Technician @RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Perbadanan Putrajaya
Jurukur Perunding

Page 1of 2
 APPENDIX 9.6

B2 Infrastructural/Physical Maps - Buildings 4 months L/S $ 26,400.00 2 GIS Technicians @RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Perbadanan Putrajaya
- Roads and Highways
- Drainage
- LRT line & LRT station
- Emergency Services (police,fire brigade,hospitals)
- Telecomunication infrastructure
- Electricity Infrastructure
- Water Infrastructure
- Gas Infrastructure
- Public services (schools, postal)
- Other Landmarks

B3 Cadastral Maps - Lot Parcels 3 months L/S $ 19,800.00 2 GIS Technicians @RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Perbadanan Putrajaya

B4 Catchment Study Map Output

Pollutant Sources Study 3 Weeks L/S $ 7,425.00 2 GIS Technicians, 1 Survey Technic@RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Consultants
Ecological Study 3 Weeks L/S $ 7,425.00 2 GIS Technicians, 1 Survey Technic@RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Consultants
Mini Wetland Study 3 Weeks L/S $ 7,425.00 2 GIS Technicians, 1 Survey Technic@RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Consultants
Water Quality Study 3 Weeks L/S $ 7,425.00 2 GIS Technicians, 1 Survey Technic@RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Consultants
Hydrological Study 3 Weeks L/S $ 7,425.00 2 GIS Technicians, 1 Survey Technic@RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Consultants
Erosion and Sedimentation 3 Weeks L/S $ 7,425.00 2 GIS Technicians, 1 Survey Technic@RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Consultants
Geological / Hydrogeological Study 3 Weeks L/S $ 7,425.00 2 GIS Technicians, 1 Survey Technic@RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Consultants
Drainage Masterplan Study 3 Weeks L/S $ 7,425.00 2 GIS Technicians, 1 Survey Technic@RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Consultants
Sewerage Masterplan Study 3 Weeks L/S $ 7,425.00 2 GIS Technicians, 1 Survey Technic@RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Consultants
Existing Landuse 3 Weeks L/S $ 7,425.00 2 GIS Technicians, 1 Survey Technic@RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Consultants
Landuse Master Plan 3 Weeks L/S $ 7,425.00 2 GIS Technicians, 1 Survey Technic@RM1,500 per mon MALSAT Consultants

Sub - total $ 197,175.00

Page 2of 2
 APPENDIX 9.7
DETAILS OF INDICATIVE COST ESTIMATES OF THE
INSTITUTIONAL STUDY

The Institutional Specialist’s recommendations would necessitate an increase

in staff costs as follows:

Majlis Daerah Sepang

1 Planner RM 26,000.00 per annum
1 Environmental Officer RM 26,000.00 per annum
1 Engineer RM 26,000.00 per annum
1 Planning Assistant RM 21,000.00 per annum
2 Technical Assistant RM 42,000.00 per annum

Total RM141,000.00 per annum

In addition to the above additional staff costs, an operational budget has to be

allocated to support the “Sub-Catchment Management Committee” and the
“Stakeholders Consultative Committee”

The costs are as follows :

(a) Travel & communication RM 20,000.00 per annum

(b) Purchases RM 4,000.00 per annum
(c) Refreshment RM 2,000.00 per annum

Total RM 26,000.00 per annum

Total annual additional RM167,000.00 per annum

operating budget

APPENDIX 9.7 1/1

GLOSSARY
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
A

Activated sludge process

A sewage treatment process in which the sludge in the secondary stage is put into aeration tank to facilitate
aerobic decomposition by micro-organisms

Aeration
Exposing to the action of air or oxygen

Aerobic
Living in present of free oxygen (gaseous or dissolved).

Algae
Simple, photosynthetic plants with unicellular organs of reproduction.

Anaerobic
Living in absence of free oxygen (gaseous or dissolved).

Attribute
A trait, quality or property describing a geographical feature such as location co-ordinates, features, name
and colour. It can also be depicted as a fact describing an entity in a relational data model, equivalent to the
column in a relational table.

Base Map
A set of topographic data displayed in map form providing a frame of reference or contextual information to
the user.

Biomass
The weight of all the organisms forming a given population or trophic level, or inhabiting a given region.

Biotype
Naturally occurring group of individuals having the same genetic composition.

Buffer
In spatial information systems, a buffer zone or simply buffer, is a polygon enclosing an area within a
specified distance from a point, line or polygon. Accordingly, there are point buffers, line buffers and
polygon buffers. Buffers are useful for proximity analysis, for example, find all stream segments within 300
feet of a proposed logging area.

CAD - Computer Aided Design

The design activities, including drafting and illustrating, in which information processing systems are used
to carry out functions such as designing or improving a part or a product.

Carnivorous
Fish that feeds on mainly small insects and small fish.

Chlorination
Introduction of chlorine into effluent for disinfecting purposes.

Chlorophyll
Green pigment found in all algae and higher plants, responsible for light capture in photosynthetic. Several
chlorophyll exits, with chlorophyll a being the only one common to all.

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Clean Data
Data that is devoid of errors for GIS application. For example is a coverage that is without topological
errors.

Coliform
Colon bacilli bacteria

Concept Plan
Illustration that show the proposed zone for development in general incoporate the land-use and circulation
system.

Contour
A set of points representing the same value of a selected attribute and forming an imaginary line. The terms
contour or contour line is most commonly used for lines connecting points on the ground having the same
elevation.

Conversion of land
Land that have change the activity or restricted use for other use or development.

Database
A collection of data organized according to a conceptual structure describing the characteristics of the data and
the relationships among their corresponding entities, supporting applications areas. For example, a GIS
database includes data about the position and characteristics of geographical features.

Data Capture
The encoding of data. In the context of digital mapping this includes digitising, direct recording by
electronic survey instruments, and the encoding of text and attributes.

Data Conversion
The translation of data from one format to another. Often, when data is moved from one system to another,
some form of data conversion is required to convert the data to a format the receiving system can interpret.
Sometimes it may be necessary to have an intermediate format. Many GIS supports conversion algorithms
that enable them to accepts data in other formats.

Data Format
A specification that defines the order in which data is stored or a description of the way data is held in a file
or record.

Denitrification
Reduction of nitrate to gaseous products such as nitrogen gas brought about by denitrifying bacteria

Dentritus
Organic debris from decomposing plants and animals.

Detrivorous
Fish that feeds on dead organisms and detrual materials.

Digitising
A method of data capture that involves the conversion of data in analogue form, such as maps and aerial
photographs, into a digital form that is directly readable by a computer. This is normally achieved manually
by a human operator using a digitizer, although methods of automated digitising and semi-automated
digitising also exist. The result of digitising is a digital map in vector form.

DXF - Digital Exchange Format

A format for transferring drawings between Computer Aided Design systems widely used as a de facto
standard in the engineering and construction industries.

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 E

Ecology
Study of the relations of animals and plants, particularly of animal and plant communities, to their
surroundings.

Ecosystem
A community of organisms, interacting with one another, plus the environment in which they live and with
which they also interact.

Effluent
Treated sewage discharge

Expert System
A computer system that provides for solving problems in a particular application area by drawing inferences
from a knowledge base acquired by human expertise, it is a form of artificial intelligence. Knowledge based
systems, or more commonly, expert systems have been used for purposes of automated map generalisation.
This is an area that they have particular application within the field of Geographic Information Systems.

File Structure
The organisation imposed on a file to facilitate processing.

Fixed film growth processes

Active microorganisms are developed by passing organic sewage over a solid covered in a biomass (slime).

GIS - Geographical Information System - Geographic Information System

A computer system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying
data related to positions on the Earth's surface. Typically, a Geographical Information System (or Spatial
Information System) is used for handling maps of one kind or another. These might be represented as
several different layers where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature. Each feature is linked
to a position on the graphical image of a map.

Layers of data are organised to be studied and to perform statistical analysis. Uses are primarily government
related, town planning, local authority and public utility management, environmental, resource
management, engineering, business, marketing, and distribution.

H
Habitat
Place with particular kind of environment inhabited by organism(s)

Hard Copy
A print or plot of output data on paper or some other tangible medium.

Herbivorous
Fish that feed predominantly on plant leaves and small grasses.

Integrated Planning
The planning that integrate all aspect of politic, social, economy, physical and involved various related
agency.

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 L

Layer
A usable subdivision of a dataset, generally containing objects of certain classes, for example rivers, roads
or geology.

Littoral Zone
Refers to the edge of the closed water body particularly pond, lake and reservoir.

Map
A graphic representation of features of the earth's surface or other geographically distributed phenomena.
Examples are topographic maps, road maps, and weather maps.

Master plan
Overall strategic planning for the area, that shows the land-use zoning and main acessibility, and normally
its in the form of written report with illustration and diagram.

Microbial Carrying Capacity

Refers to limit beyond which decomposition of organic materials by microbes is generally not possible.

Network
An interconnected set of arcs or lines representing possible paths for the movement of resources from one
location to another. A group of computers that are linked, and are able to share peripherals, software and
data. The Internet is probably the most well known example of a computer network. A type of database
structure. A network data model is based upon the idea of explicit links between related entities. The most
well known example of the network model is the CODASYL data model.

Nitrification
Conversion by bacteria of organic compounds of nitrogen, unavailable to green plants, into available nitrates.

Oligotrophic
(Of lakes) poorly productive in terms of organic matter formed, nutrient supply low.

Omnivorous
Fish that feeds on wide variety of organisms from plant to animals.

One-off capital expenditure

These are expenditure that will occur once, especially on the setting up of a facility or system initially, and
which expenditure may be incurred again after several years at the end of its depreciated life. Common
examples of such capital items are plant and machinery, computer hardware and software, software
development costs, laboratory equipment, etc.

One-off establishment costs

These are expenditure that again may occur only once, as opposed to being of a recurring type that would
be expended in every financial period. Examples would be professional legal fees for the drafting of new
laws, professional consultants’ fees for specific one-off studies, the setting up a laboratory building, etc.

Photosynthetic
In green plants, synthetic of organic compounds from water and carbon dioxide using energy absorbed by
chlorophyll from sunlight.

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Polygon
A feature used to represent areas. A polygon is defined by the lines that make up its boundary and a point
inside its boundary for identification. Polygons have attributes that describe the geographic feature they
represent.

Population Equivalent (PE)

Unit as person or capital for sewage loading estimation. One PE contributes 225l per day of raw sewage

Query
A statement expressing a set of conditions that form the basis for the retrieval of information from a
database. Queries are often written in a standardized language such as SQL.

Recurring direct costs of operations

These are costs that would need to be incurred every financial period to enable an activity to be maintained
or sustained. Examples would be the staff’s salaries, the utilities (electricity, water, etc,), repairs and
renewal expenditure that would need to be incurred after the setting up of a laboratory. (Such a lab may be
set up to implement a monitoring programme, for instance).

Rhizome
Underground stem, bearing buds in axils of reduced scale-like leaves, serving as means of perennation and
vegetative propagation.

Riparian Park
Refers to vegetable area of the edge of stream, river or tributary.

Sequencing batch reactor

A fill-and-draw activated-sludge treatment system having five steps in sequence: fill, react (aeration) settle
(sedimentation/clarification), draw (decant)

Sewage Treatment
Processes for purification of wastewater or sewage flow

Sewer
An underground pipe for carrying sewage

Sludge
Semiliquid residual waste from the treatment of sewage

Spatial Data
Any information about the location and shape of, and relationships among, geographic features. This
includes remotely sensed data as well as map data.

Standing Crop
The production of plant material water existing condition.

Structure Plan
Written document with illustration and diagram. The document explained the policies and general proposal
for local authority in term of preservation, development, land-uses etc. in their area.

Suspended growth processes

Micro-organisms remain in suspension in the sewage and are aerated over a period to remove the organics

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 U

Use Class Order

Regulations under written laws that allowed type or activities in the use class to develop for other purpose
in the same classes without any development order.

User Requirements Analysis

A study of the needs of a user of a system conducted prior to system development.

Vector Data Model

An abstraction of the real world where positional data is represented in the form of co-ordinates. In vector
data, the basic units of spatial information are points, lines and polygons. Each of these units is composed
simply as a series of one or more co-ordinate points, for example, a line is a collection of related points, and
a polygon is a collection of related lines.

Wastewater or Sewage
Fluid discharge from domestic sanitary appliances.

Zoning Plan
Distribution plan that show the land-uses and density for the purpose of planning and development control.

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