1.

Mark the correct statement(s)

Figure to the right shows a mass measurement scale using a spring.

1.1 The span of the scale is
a) 16 kg
b) 21 kg
c) 11 kg
d) 5 -16 kg

1.2 The range of the scale is

a) 16 kg
b) 21 kg
c) 11 kg
d) 5 -16 kg

1.3 The resolution of the measurement device is

a) 0,5 kg
b) 1 kg
c) 11 kg
d) 5 -16 kg

1.4 Two resistors R1 =36Ω ± 5% and R2 =75Ω ±5% are connected in series. Their total resistance is
a) 111 ± 0 Ω
b) 111 ± 2.778 Ω
c) 111 ± 5.55 Ω
d) 111 ± 5%

Resistance Temperature Detector

1.5 Three-wire connection of RTD and temperature transmitter is used to measure and compensate for
a) So that one wire is spare (if one of the two is cut, it can replace it) some of the effects of the
resistance of the lead wires on
b) To decrease resistance of wires between RTD and TT the temperature measurement
c) To ground the temperature element
d) To cancel out the influence of wire resistance on the measurement

1.6 Gauge pressure transmitter measures

a) Pressure relative to vacuum
b) Pressure relative to the surroundings
c) Pressure difference between two points in the measured fluid
d) Is used to measure flow in a pipe or level in a vessel
 1.7 The following instruments give digital signals
a) Thermometer
b) Pressure switch
c) Thermistor
d) Thermo couple
e) Hand switch

1.8 Standard current analog signal ranges from

Voltage: 0 - 10 V a) 4 mA to 20 mA
Current: 4 - 20 mA
b) 0 V to 10 V
c) 0 – 5 Amp
d) 0 mA to 24 mA

1.9 The smallest incremental value that can be generated, modified, measured, or displayed is
known as the measurement
a) parameter
b) precision
c) Repeatability
d) resolution

1.10 Figure to the right shows measurement results with a

certain error. The type of error is
e) Random error
f) Bias (zero) error
g) Sensitivity error
h) Hysteresis error non linear

1.11 One amp applied for one second will 1.12 A sensor is a device that converts:
result in one a) physical quantity into electrical signal only
a) volt b) physical quantity into some measurable
b) watt signal
c) siemens c) electrical signal into physical quantity
d) coulomb d) physical quantity into mechanical signal only
Điện trở R2 được điều chỉnh cho đến khi cầu được "cân bằng" và không có dòng điện nào chạy qua
điện kế Vg. Tại thời điểm này, điện áp giữa hai điểm giữa (B và D) sẽ bằng không. Do đó tỷ số của
hai điện trở trong chân đã biết R2/R1 bằng với tỷ số của hai điện trở trong chân chưa biết Rx/R3
1.13 Which of the following temperature measuring devices typically uses a Wheatstone
bridge circuit?
a) thermistor temperature-dependent resistors, changing resistance with changes in temperature.
b) thermocouple
c) RTD Resistance Temperature Detector
d) infrared pyrometer converts the received radiation into an electrical signal
e) None of the above

1.14 Select the statement that best describes the operation principle of a fluid thermometer
a) Most fluids contract when they are heated and expand when they are cooled
b) Fluids change resistance when temperature changes
c) Most fluids expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled
d) Fluids are not affected by changes in temperature

1.15 Select all of the actions that occur when the temperature surrounding an RTD increases
a sensor whose resistance changes as its
a) The resistance of the RTD changes
temperature changes
b) The circuit detects a change in the current flow
c) The wire in the RTD contracts
d) The circuit increases voltage to the RTD

1.16 What happens when heat is applied to the joined ends of the wires of a thermocouple?
a) The wires contract When the junction of the two metals is heated or cooled, a
voltage is created that can be correlated back to the
b) The wires start to rotate
temperature
c) The wires generate a small voltage
d) The wires separate
e) The thermocouple changes resistance

1.17 The output voltage of a typical thermocouple is

a) less than 100 mV
b) greater than 1 V
c) Thermocouples vary resistance, not voltage.
d) None of the above

1.18 What is the measurable property that changes with temperature in a RTD?
a) Expansion
b) Electrical resistance
c) Thermal radiation
d) Voltage
1.19 When pressure in a chamber containing a liquid increases, the following is usually true
a) The boiling point of the liquid decreases,
b) There is no relation between the boiling point and the pressure to which the liquid
is exposed,
c) The boiling point of the liquid increases,
d) None of the above

1.20 Using differential pressure transmitter, it is possible to measure

a) Flow in a pipe,
b) Level of liquid in a vessel,
c) Pressure in a vessel,
d) Temperature of a fluid,
e) Content of oxygen in a fluid,

1.21 The device that changes one instrument signal value to another instrument signal value
is known as:
a) a filter
b) a sensor produces an output signal for the purpose of detecting a physical phenomenon
c) a transducer converts energy from one form to another
d) a transmitter Produce radio waves

1.22 A sensor is a device that converts:

e) physical quantity into electrical signal only
f) physical quantity into some measurable signal
g) electrical signal into physical quantity
h) physical quantity into mechanical signal only

1.23 The temperature unit Kelvin

a) depends on the pressure of a measured object,
b) can be transformed linearly to Fahrenheit scale,
c) can only be used on Earth,
d) can be expressed in units of length and time.
span of temp = 170 output difference = 15 - 4 =11 mA
span of output = 20 - 4 = 16 mA 11 mA = (input+10/170)*16 => input =126.875 C
difference from minimum = 75-10 = 65
output difference = (65/170)*(16) = 6.12 mA
output = 6.12 + 4 = 10.12 mA
2. Transmitter Calibration
transmitter: 4- 20 mA
An electrical temperature transmitter is calibrated to measure the water temperature in a
pressurized tank. If the maximum expected temperature is 180°C, while the minimum is
10°C find:

a) The output of the transmitter if the temperature is 75°C and 400K

b) The temperature of liquid if the output 15 mA
c) Range and span of the transmitter cua input : range 10-180, span 170 C
d) Suggest type of the sensing element thermocouple, RTD

3. Sensitivity

A differential pressure transmitter has an electrical output which is approximately linear.

When the differential pressure is 0 kPa, the output is 4 mA and when the differential
pressure is 40 kPa, the output is 20 mA. What is the sensitivity of this device?
sensitivity = output span/ input span = 16/40 [mA/kPa]
100 = a*0 +b
116.7 = a*316 +b
4. Temperature measurement R(T) = a * T + b ;b = 100 Ohm.
a = (R2 - R1) / (T2 - T1) = (116.7 - 100) / (43 - 0) = 0.3907 Ohm/°C
A table of resistances of Pt100 temperature element is given in Appendix A. You will find
that resistance at 0°C is 100Ohm, and at 43°C, it is 116,7Ohm.

a) Assume linear relationship of resistance and temperature. Taking the mentioned points,
derive the linear of resistance as a function of temperature R(T). R(T)= 0.3907*T + 100
b) What does the table say and what does the equation say – what is the resistance at the
temperature of -116°C? R(157) = 0.3907*157+100
=157 K
5. Wheatstone bridge

An RTD Pt50 is used within a Wheatstone bridge for temperature measurement, as shown
in figure below. Answer the following questions:
determine RTD
a) What is the Wheatstone bridge used for?
b) What are the important factors that need to be
considered when using RTD within Wheatstone
bridge (Name Two)? our source voltage, and known resistors
c) At what temperature the bridge is balanced?
d) If the RTD had a temperature coefficient of
0.004 Ohm/°C find the output at 75°C? R=R0(1+T*(
e) What is the temperature if the output is 0.5 V?
 6. Wheatstone bridge

A circuit consists of two resistors with

resistances R1=6 Ohm and R2=1.5 Ohm, a
variable resistor, the resistance Rvar which can
be adjusted, a resistor of unknown value Ru, and
9.0 volt battery connected as shown in the
figure. When Rvar is adjusted to 12 Ohms, there
is zero current through the ammeter. What is
the unknown resistance Ru?
when no current: R_u = (R_var/R_1)*R_2
= (12/6)*1.5 = 3 Ohm

7. Strain gauge

A uniaxial strain gauge with an unstrained resistance of 100 Ohm and a gauge factor of 3 is
glued onto an aluminum rod 1m long. The rod is placed under tension and it stretches by 2mm.

a) What will the new resistance of the strain gauge be? Remember that

The rod has a circular cross-section with a diameter of 10mm. The Young’s Modulus of
aluminum is assumed to be 69 GPa. The bar is then pulled by a force of 5kN.
F
b) How much strain will be placed on the bar if we know that  and
A
c) What will the resistance of the strain gauge be after the bar is stretched? Use

d) The strain gauge is a part of a Wheatstone bridge, together with three resistors with equal
and fixed resistance of 100 Ohm each. Sketch the Wheatstone's bridge!

e) Derive an expression for output voltage of the bridge as a function of the resistance change
R! Substitute R =R S  and try to simplify the expression further!

8. Wheatstone bridge and signal conditioning

8.1 Consider the schematic diagram of a simple Wheatstone bridge circuit:

 R3/R4 = R2/R1

This Wheatstone bridge is balanced when

R1R3 = R2R4.

a) TRUE b) FALSE

8.2 If R1=100 Ohm, R2=330 Ohm, R3 is Pt1000 and R4=470 Ohm. You have a 1 kOhm
variable resistor. What is the best way to connect this component and make it possible
to balance the bridge at a certain temperature above 0°C?
a) In parallel with R1,
b) In series with R1 R1*R3 = 100* Pt1000 at 0 C= 100*1000= 100 000
R2*R4 = 330*470 = 115 100
c) In parallel with R4
d) In parallel with R2
e) You suggest _____________________________________

8.3 Supply voltage is 15V. What is the current in RTD? How can you limit it and why?

8.4 In principle, the Wheatstone bridge detects change in unknown resistance by

comparing it to a standard resistance
a) TRUE b) FALSE

9. Amplifier

Consider the following schematic diagram:

If Vin = 1.5 V, what is Vout (in volts)?

Consider the following schematic diagram. The output of the bridge is amplified through the
amplifier circuit; Vcc for the Op-Amps are +/- 12V.

a) What kind of amplifier is shown here?

b) What is the gain of this amplifier?
c) What are the maximum and minimum values for Rx which will give meaningful output V0?

10. Level meter

A technician is calibrating an eletronic pressure transmitter, to act as a level transmitter of an
open water tank. The tank is placed in corrosive environment. The water is destilled and at a
constant temperature. The tank is cylindrical in shape, 6m high and 2m in diameter. Assume
density of water=1000 kg/m3. The transmitter is mounted 1m below the tank bottom. A
technician would like to have 4-20mA signal to a control unit and the option to read the current
value of level on local indicator.

a. What is the span requirement of the electronic

pressure transmitter?
b. What range will it have when calibrated
correctly?
c. What current does the transmitter produce if the
level in tank is 3.5m? Sketch the dependency
level vs. current in a graph, clearly indicating the
slope and intersection point.
d. Assume the maximum error of 1% of the span.
What is the maximum error expressed in mass (kg) of water that can be measured?
e. What is the sensitivity of this pressure transmitter?
11. Pressure, Level

Figure below shows a tank with ultrasonic level sensor located on a sea coast. The time
delay between transmitted and reflected ultrasonic pulse is 0.0485 seconds, while the
velocity of ultrasonic wave is 330m/s. The fluid in the tank is fresh water, and the height
h=15m. Answer the following:

a) Find the depth d of the water in the tank.

b) Find the gauge pressure and the absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank.
c) If the mass of water is 14.000 kg, find the maximum capacity of the tank

12.Flow
12.1 Differential pressure of a DP flow meter increases 1.5 times as a result of a
change in flow. The flow just
a) Increased 1.5 times,
b) Increased 0.75 times,
c) Increased 2.25 times,
d) Decreased 1.5 times.

12.2 Electromagnetic flow meter

a) Uses Faradays law to determine the flow,
b) Can only measure the flow of conductive fluids,
c) Creates a large pressure drop in the pipe,
d) Measures mass flow rate,
e) Actually measures the velocity of fluid in the pipe and calculates the volumetric
flow.
12.3 A pressure sensing device has an electrical output and is approximately linear.
When the input is 100 kPa, the output is 5 m V and when the output is 1000 kPa, the
output is 125 m V. What is the sensitivity of this device?

12.4 The vacuum pressure at a certain location in an experiment is measured as 4.50

psi. The local atmospheric pressure is equal to 14.50 psi. Calculate the gage pressure at
the same location in the experiment.

13.Units, General

13.1 Units

a. Name a few commonly used units of pressure.

b. What is luminous intensity? What is its unit?
c. How many nano-Joules is 1MW/s?
d. Express 0.01mm in km.
e. Name a few commonly used units of temperature.
f. What is the unit of electrical current? What is its unit? How is it defined?
g. Express 0.01MWh in Joule.

13.2 The device that changes one instrument signal value to another instrument
signal value is known as:
e) a filter
f) a sensor
g) a transducer
h) a transmitter

13.3 A sensor is a device that converts:

a) physical quantity into electrical signal only
b) physical quantity into some measurable signal
c) electrical signal into physical quantity
d) physical quantity into mechanical signal only

13.4 The pressure unit Pascal (Pa) is

a) defined as N/m,
b) equal to 10-5 atm.
c) Can be related linearly to psi,
d) Is always zero in conditions of zero gravity.
 13.5 Complete to make equal quantities

100 Kelvin = __________°C

1 Newton = Joules________
100 m = __________ m
10 liters = __________cm3
1 cm3 = __________ m3

13.6 Connect units and corresponding physical variables.

Light-year
Energy Ohm
Length inch
Conductance Joule
Temperature Fahrenheit
Force Watt
Time Ampere
Resistance Volt
Power Newton
Current Siemens
Millennium

13.7 Aluminum has a density of 2,70 g/cm3. Find the volume (in ml) of a piece of aluminum
with a mass of 0,1242 kg?

13.8 Complete to make equal quantities

25 °C = __________K

1 Watt =

10 km = __________ nm

5 liters = __________cm3

1 cm3 = __________dm3