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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 16

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 16

Uploaded by

harrymainah9
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dr. N. Karuppiah & Dr. S.

Ravivarman

1.12 Timing Diagrams


Timing diagram is the display of initiation of read/write and transfer of
data operations under the control of 3-status signals IO/M’, S1 and S0. Each
machine cycle is composed of many clock cycles. Since, the data and
instructions, both are stored in the memory, the µP performs fetch operation to
read the instruction or data and then execute the instruction. The 3-status
signals: IO / M’, S1 and S0 are generated at the beginning of each machine cycle.
The unique combination of these 3-status signals identifies read or write
operation and remain valid for the duration of the cycle. Thus, time taken by
any µP to execute one instruction is calculated in terms of the clock period. The
execution of instruction always requires read and writes operations to transfer
data to or from the µP and memory or I/O devices. Each read/ write operation
constitutes one machine cycle. Each machine cycle consists of many clock
periods/ cycles, called T-states.

Fig. 1.6 Machine cycle showing clock periods


Each and every operation inside the microprocessor is under the control of
the clock cycle. The clock signal determines the time taken by the
microprocessor to execute any instruction. State is defined as the time interval
between 2-trailing or leading edges of the clock. Machine cycle is the time
required to transfer data to or from memory or I/O devices.

The 8085 microprocessor has 5 basic machine cycles. They are


 Opcode fetch cycle (4T)
 Memory read cycle (3 T)
 Memory write cycle (3 T)
 I/O read cycle (3 T)
 I/O write cycle (3 T)

Processor Cycle
The function of the microprocessor is divided into fetch and execute cycle of
any instruction of a program. The program is nothing but number of
instructions stored in the memory in sequence. In the normal process of

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