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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 5

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 5

Uploaded by

harrymainah9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Yes. Stack pointer maintains the address of the last byte that is entered into
stack.
Each time when the data is loaded into stack, Stack pointer gets
decremented. Conversely it is incremented when data is retrieved from stack.

Temporary Register
As the name suggests this register acts as a temporary memory during the
arithmetic and logical operations. Unlike other registers, this temporary
register can only be accessed by the microprocessor and it is completely
inaccessible to programmers. Temporary register is an 8-bit register.

Flags
Flags are nothing but a group of individual Flip-flops. The flags are mainly
associated with arithmetic and logic operations. The flags will show either a
logical (0 or 1) (i.e.) a set or reset depending on the data conditions in
accumulator or various other registers. A flag is actually a latch which can hold
some bits of information. It alerts the processor that some event has taken
place.
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z AC P CY
Fig. 1.2 Flag Register
Intel processors have a set of 5 flags.
1. Carry flag
2. Parity flag
3. Auxiliary carry flag
4. Zero flag
5. Sign flag
Consider two binary numbers.
For example
1100 0000
1000 0000
When we add the above two numbers, a carry is generated in the most
significant bit. The number in the extreme right is least significant bit, while the
number in extreme left is most significant bit. So, a ninth bit is generated due to
the carry. So how to accommodate 9th bit in an 8-bit register?
For this purpose, the Carry flag is used. The carry flag is set whenever a
carry is generated and reset whenever there is no carry. But there is an

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