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Lecture 3 Plus SEM

Particle technology lectures for Bs chemical engineering student

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Madeeha Seemab
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22 views

Lecture 3 Plus SEM

Particle technology lectures for Bs chemical engineering student

Uploaded by

Madeeha Seemab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Particle Technology

(ChE-203)
Lecture No. 3

1
Contents

• State of Matter
• Solid characterization
• Particle Shape
• Sphericity
• Particle Size
• Concept of Equivalent Diameter

2
States of Matter
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma

3
Solids Characteristics
• Different Forms: angular pieces, continuous sheets, finely divided powders
• Different textures: hard and abrasive, tough and rubber, soft or fragile, dusty,
cohesive, free flowing or sticky.
• More difficult to handle than liquids and gases
• Structure rigidity
• Resist distortion
• Bulk solid
• Bulk solids are loose, dry commodities such as sugar, starch, minerals,
chemicals, pigments, fillers, plastic resin and recycled plastics. These
materials make up more than 80 percent of items transported around the
world.
• Particulate solid
• Particles with close packing, smaller size or high density materials.

4
Characterization of Solid Particles
• Individual solid particles are characterized by:
• Shape
• Size
• Density
• Particles of homogenous solids: same density as bulk
• Particles of composite solids (by breaking): different density
from bulk Example: metal-bearing ore

5
Example
Very Fine sugar- Icing Sugar
Fine sugar – Granulated Sugar
Compact sugar – Gula Merah

6
Particle Shape
• Regular Particles: Size and shape can be specified (spheres,
cubes)
• Irregular Particles: Size and shape is not clear (sand grains
or mica flakes)

7
Particle Shapes

• Spherical

• Cubical

• Cylindrical

• Tetragonal

• Raschig rings etc

8
Shape Factor

• Dimensionless quantity that describes the shape of particle

irrespective of its size.


• Calculated from measured dimension of particle.

• Surface shape factor

• Volume shape factor

• Shape Factor
• Coarse Particles
• Fine Particles
9
Sphericity
•

10
Concept of Sphericity
• For non-spherical particles
• Several definitions depend on the
measurement of a particle in a particular
orientation.
• Thus Feret’s statistical diameter is the
mean distance apart of two parallel lines
which are tangential to the particle in an
arbitrarily fixed direction, irrespective of the
orientation of each particle coming up for
inspection. This is shown in Figure 1.1.

11
Note entries for cubes and cylinders. For convenience,
some just calculate a nominal (average) diameter and
assign a sphericity of unity.
For greatest contact area we want lower sphericity.

12
Terminal velocity is the
maximum attainable velo
by an object
as it falls through a fluid
13
What is the particle size of my powder
???

14
Talc particles – as in baking powder

Irregular 15
In engineering, we wish to perform
calculations using diameter; so we need
simple basis for describing the irregularly
shaped particle that can be used in
communication and calculations

It is common practise to talk


about particle size, which
really means particle diameter
16
Measurement of Particle Size
• Equivalent Diameter
• Diameter of a sphere of equal volume
• According to the IUPAC definition, the equivalent diameter
of a non-spherical particle is equal to a diameter of a
spherical particle that exhibits identical properties (e.g.,
aerodynamic, hydrodynamic, optical, electrical) to that of
the investigated non-spherical particle.
• The diameter computed for a hypothetical sphere which w
ould have the same volume as the calculated volume for
specific sedimentary particle. Also known as equivalent
diameter. Or The aperture of screens (rounded) or sieves
(square) that lets a particle through identifies the nominal
diameter.
17
Units of particle size measurement
• Equi-dimensional particles: Diameter
• Non-equi-dimensional particles: second longest major
dimension
• e.g. Needle-like particle, D = thickness not the length
p

• Coarse particle (chunks) : inches or millimetres


• Fine particle (sand or flour) : screen size
• Very fine particles (ground minerals) : micrometers or
nanometers
• Ultra fine particle (catalyst support): surface area per unit
mass, m /g
2

18
19
Characterization of Solid Particles
• Composition (it determine such properties as density).

• Particle is porous or consist of continuous matrix in


which particle of other material are distributed.
• Why Particle size is important? (It affects the properties
such as surface per unit volume and rate at which
particle settle in a fluid).
• Properties of irregular particles are expressed in terms
of regular shaped particles.
• Important operations relating to the system of particles
include storage in hoppers, flow through pipes.
20
• Diameters may be specified for equidimensional particles.

• Non equidimensional particles are characterized by the

second longest major dimension.


• Simplest shape of particle is the sphere because of its
symmetry and no question regarding its orientation. So
particle will behave in the same manner in a fluid.

21
Recommended Books
Text Book:
• W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith and P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering, 5th Ed. McGraw-Hill: 2004. (Section V: Chapter 28)
Reference Books:
• J. F. Ric ha r d son, J. H. Ha r k er a nd J. R. B a c k hur st, C oul son a nd
Richardson’s Chemical Engineering-Vol 2: Particle Technology &
Separation Processes, 5th Ed. Butterworth-Heinemann: 2002. (Chapter 1)
• W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith and P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering, 7th Ed. McGraw-Hill: 2004.

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