ED102:

HISTORYOFEDUCATI
ON(
JAN-
APRI
LSEM 2023WEEKONE)
DEVELOPMENTOFEDUCATI
ONI
NCLASSI
CALSOCI
ETI
ES&THEWORLD

Component
soft
heCour
seUni
t
Thecour
seuni
tisdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreesect
ions:t
hef
ir
stsect
ionexami
neseducat
iont
hrough
hi
stor
y.Theanci
entaspect
sdonotonl
ydealwi
thi
deasoneducat
ioni
nEur
opebutal
soi
nEgy
pt,
I
ndi
a,Chi
na,Gr
eeceandt
heanci
entl
andoft
heHebr
ews.I
deasoneducat
ionwhi
chhavebeen
t
ouchedoni
ncl
udet
hosei
ntheper
iodof
:Medi
evalt
imes,13th t
o15th cent
uri
es;t
hosei
nthe17th
cent
ury
;enl
i
ght
enmenti
nthe18th cent
ury
;sci
enceand nat
ional
i
sm i
nthe19th cent
ury
,and
pr
ogr
essi
vi
sm andr
adi
cal
i
sm i
nthe20th cent
ury
.Appl
i
cat
ionofi
deasoneducat
ioni
sfocusedon
t
hecont
ext
sofAf
ri
caandKeny
a.Thesecondsect
ionl
ooksatt
hehi
stot
yofeducat
ionwi
thi
nthe
cont
extofAf
ri
ca.Her
e,t
hel
ect
uresexposey
out
oavar
iet
yofaspect
srel
evantt
othedevel
opment
ofeducat
ioni
nAf
ri
ca,andspeci
fi
cfeat
uresi
nhi
stor
icaldevel
opmentofeducat
ioni
ntheper
iods:
upt
o1920;1920-
1945,1945-
1960,and1960-
2000.Thet
hir
dsect
ionl
ooksathi
stor
yofeducat
ion
wi
thi
nthecont
extofKeny
a.Her
ethel
ect
uresexposey
out
ovar
iousaspect
srel
evantt
othe
devel
opmentofeducat
iondur
ingt
heper
iods:upt
o1920;
1920-
1945,
and1945-
1963.
Gener
alObj
ect
ivesoft
heCour
seUni
t
Thecour
sei
sai
medathel
i
ngy
out
ounder
standhow educat
ionhasev
olv
edov
ert
he
cent
uri
es.Ther
efor
e,byt
heendoft
hecour
se,
youshoul
dbeabl
eto:
 Descr
ibet
her
oleandi
mpor
tanceofst
udy
inghi
stor
yofeduat
ion.
 Ex
plai
nthe f
act
ors and mov
ement
s whi
ch hav
einf
luenced t
he dev
elopment of
West
erneducat
ion.
 St
atehowt
heev
olut
ionofi
deasoneducat
ionhav
ehel
pedt
oshapemor
der
nsy
stems
ofedcucat
ioni
nAf
ri
ca.
 Ex
plai
ntheex
ist
enceandi
mpor
tanceofi
ndi
genouseducat
ioni
nAf
ri
aandi
tsr
elev
ance
t
othet
heor
yandpr
act
iceofmoder
neducat
ion.
 Ex
ami
ne t
he cont
ri
but
ion ofsome educat
ionalt
hinker
sto moder
n sy
stems of
educat
ioni
nAf
ri
ca.
 Ex
plai
nhoweducat
ionhasdev
elopedi
nKeny
a.
Rel
ati
onshi
poft
heUni
twi
thot
herDi
sci
pli
nes
Thehi
stor
yofeducat
ioncour
sei
srel
atedt
omanyot
hercour
sesof
fer
edwi
teducat
ional
f
oundat
ionsuni
ts.I
nthi
srespect
,thi
suni
tisr
elat
edt
ophi
l
osophyofeducat
ion,soci
ologyof
educat
ion,andcompar
ati
veeducat
ion.Theknowl
edgeacui
redf
rom t
heseuni
tscompl
i
ment
oneanot
her
.Thesecour
sesar
erel
atedt
oot
hehi
stor
yofeducat
iont
oacoonsi
der
abl
eext
ent
.
Def
ini
ti
onofHi
stor
y
 Hi
stor
ianshav
edef
inedhi
stor
yast
her
ecor
dofal
lpasthumanexper
ience,
showi
nghow gr
oupsofpeopl
ear
eandhow t
heycamet
obe.I
tisconcer
nedwi
th
pol
i
tical
,soci
al,
e conomi
c,sci
ent
if
icandt
echnol
ogi
calf
act
orsandevent
s,whi
chhav
e
shapedt
hegr
owt
handdevel
opmentofmanki
nd.

Def
ini
ti
onofHi
stor
yofEducat
ion
Hi
stor
yofEducat
ioncoul
dbedef
inedas:Thest
udyoft
hepastdevel
opmentof
educat
ionalsy
stems,t
heor
ies,pr
act
icesandi
nst
it
uti
onswi
thi
nthegener
alhi
stor
ical
f
ramewor
kofpol
i
tical
,soci
al,
e conomi
c,sci
ent
if
ic,t
echnol
ogi
calandcul
tur
alchanges
t
hatdi
ff
erentsoci
eti
eshav
egonet
hroughov
e rt
ime.

Def
ini
ti
onofEducat
ion
Educat
ioni
sthet
otalpr
ocessbywhi
chhumanact
ivi
ti
esandbehav
iouri
sdev
eloped;or
t
heor
gani
zedandcont
inuousi
nst
ruct
ionai
medati
mpar
ti
ngknowl
edge,
ski
l
ls,
att
it
udes,
and
under
standi
ngnecessar
yforf
ullpar
ti
cipat
ioni
nli
fe.Educat
ioni
sal
soseenasapr
ocess
t
hroughwhi
chamemberofasoci
etyachi
evesi
ndi
vi
dualgr
owt
h,dev
elopment
,andsoci
al
compet
encecar
ri
edouti
nsel
ect
edandwel
l
-def
inedi
nst
it
uti
onal
set
ti
ngs.

Thest
udyofHi
stor
yofEducat
ional
theor
yandpr
act
icei
sther
efor
e:

I
sthest
udyofpr
esenteducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
ons,pol
i
cies,t
heor
ies,andpr
act
icesi
nthe
per
spect
iveoft
hei
rev
olut
ionorpr
ogr
ess.Educat
ioni
satt
heser
viceofsoci
etyandi
tis
t
her
efor
eimpor
tantf
ort
eachert
rai
neest
obeawar
eofsoci
alf
oundat
ionsofeducat
ional
t
heor
yandpr
act
ice.Thati
s,t
hei
mpactof
,soci
alr
eli
gious,economi
c,i
ndust
ri
al,domest
ic
nat
ionalandi
nter
nat
ionalf
orcesoneducat
ionalpr
ocesses.Thest
udyoft
hehi
stor
yof
educat
ionwi
l
lther
efor
eenabl
eteachert
rai
neest
oexami
net
henat
ureandconsequencesof
soci
etyt
oschool
rel
ati
onshi
psi
ndi
ff
erentsoci
o-economi
candpol
i
tical
syst
ems.
Ahi
stor
icalsur
veyoft
heeducat
ionalt
heor
yandpr
act
icewi
l
lenabl
eteachert
rai
neet
o
exami
nei
nahi
stor
icalcont
extsomeoft
heeducat
ionali
ssuesandpr
obl
emst
hatwef
ace
t
oday
.Someoft
hesepr
obl
emsandi
ssueshav
ethei
rroot
sint
hepastandhav
eper
plexed
manyeducat
orsi
nmanysoci
eti
esov
ert
hecent
uri
es.Suchasev
aluat
ioni
nthel
i
ghtoft
hei
r
hi
stor
icaldev
elopmentwoul
d cont
ri
but
eto a bet
terunder
standi
ng oft
hei
rnat
ure and
suggestpossi
blesol
uti
ons.Knowl
edgeoft
hemanydi
ver
sesol
uti
onspr
oposedov
ert
he
y
ear
s shoul
d be ofgr
eathel
pto moder
n educat
ors as t
heywor
k outsol
uti
ons.The
knowl
edgeoft
hepastf
ail
ureswi
l
lreducet
hepossi
bil
i
tyofr
epeat
ingt
hem our
sel
veswhi
l
e
knowl
edgeoft
est
ededucat
ional
val
ueswoul
dimpr
oveoursy
stemsofeducat
ion.
 Thehi
stor
icalst
udyoft
heeducat
ionalt
heor
yandpr
act
iceshoul
dal
sol
eadt
oabet
ter
under
standi
ngoft
her
elat
ionsbet
weent
heor
yandpr
act
ice.Thest
udywi
l
lhel
ptheeducat
or
appr
eci
atet
hef
oundat
ionsofeducat
ionalpr
act
icei
neducat
ionalt
heor
iesaswel
lasi
nsoci
al
i
deal
s.Thest
udywi
l
lal
soacquai
ntst
udent
swi
thgr
eateducat
orsofal
lages.

I
mpor
tanceofSt
udy
ingHi
stor
yofEducat
iont
oATeacherTr
aini
ng
(
a)I
mpr
ovi
ngt
hequal
i
tyofeducat
ion
Thepr
obl
emsandchal
lengeswef
acei
noureducat
iont
odayar
enotuni
que;
ot
her
shavef
acedt
hesamepr
obl
emsandat
tempt
edsol
uti
onswi
thv
a r
yingdegr
ees
ofsuccessorf
ail
ure.Wecanadoptt
hei
rsuccessesandavoi
dthei
rmi
stakesi
n
at
tempt
ingt
oimpr
oveoureducat
ion.
(
b)St
rengt
heni
ngt
hepr
ofessi
onalcompet
enceoft
het
eachert
obe
Thesubj
ectcont
ri
but
est
ost
rengt
heni
ngei
thert
eacher
sorst
udentt
eacher
sby
conduct
ing t
hei
rper
sonaland pr
ofessi
onalact
ivi
ti
es by
:Encour
agi
ng t
hem t
o
exami
ne,eval
uat
e,acceptormodi
fyt
hecul
tur
alher
it
age;Becomeaneducat
ional
cr
it
icAgentf
ori
ntel
li
gentcul
tur
alt
ransmi
ssi
onandchanger
athert
hanbl
i
ndl
yaccept
t
heeducat
ionalst
atusquo,
ideas,
pract
icesandunchal
lengedcl
aims.
(
c)Under
standi
ngourowneducat
ionalsyst
emsbet
ter
.
Thepasti
l
lumi
nat
est
hepr
esent
.Hi
stor
ynotonl
yteacheswhateducat
ioni
s,but
al
sowher
eitcamef
rom,whyi
tcamet
obe,andwhati
tisboundt
obecomei
nthe
f
utur
e.I
tis a nar
rat
ive oft
he or
igi
ns,gr
owt
hand devel
opmentofeducat
ional
i
nst
it
uti
ons,met
hods,concept
s,ai
ms,cur
ri
cul
ar,t
heor
yandpr
act
icewi
thoutwhi
ch
t
heywoul
dappearnew,
unexpl
ored,
a ndunt
ri
edt
ousi
nthepr
esentwor
ld.I
thel
psus
t
oappr
eci
atet
her
oadt
ravel
edbyeducat
iont
oreachwher
eiti
stoday.

(
d)Maki
ngcompar
isonswi
thi
nahi
stor
icalper
spect
ive
I
thel
psonet
odr
awcompar
isonoft
heor
igi
nsanddevel
opmentofsever
al
di
ff
erenti
deas,pr
act
icesandt
heor
iesofeducat
ioni
ndi
ff
erentsoci
eti
es.I
tcanhel
p
onet
ofor
mul
atebet
teri
deas,
pat
ter
nsandpr
inci
plesandpr
ovi
deal
argerper
spect
ive.
I
tmayal
soenabl
eonet
odr
awf
rom andacti
magi
nat
ivel
yusi
ngabr
oaderr
angeof
humani
tyt
hant
hatr
epr
esent
edbyasi
ngl
ecul
tur
alexper
ience.Apar
tfr
om dr
awi
nga
compar
isoni
ntheevol
uti
onofeducat
ionali
deas,onei
sal
soabl
etoshow t
he
devel
opmentofapar
ti
cul
art
heor
yandpr
act
icei
nhi
stor
icalcont
ext
,anddemonst
rat
e
t
hepar
ti
cul
arcondi
ti
onsoutofwhi
chsuchat
heor
yorpr
act
icear
oseandt
hespeci
fi
c
pur
posei
twasi
ntendedt
oser
ve.Maki
ngcompar
isonswi
thi
nahi
stor
icalper
spect
ive
enabl
es one t
o uset
he powerofcont
ext
ualst
udyt
oint
roducei
nnov
a t
ion by
f
ormul
ati
ngnewandbet
terquest
ions,gener
ati
ngf
rui
tf
ulhy
pot
hesesandi
nit
iat
ing
unexpl
oredl
i
nesofi
nqui
ry.
(
e)Sat
isf
yingi
ntel
l
ect
ualcur
iosi
ty
Hi
stor
yofeducat
ioni
sli
keot
herar
easofknowl
edge,wi
thi
tsown
body of knowl
edge and conv
e nt
ional met
hods of acqui
ri
ng t
his
knowl
edge.Humanbei
ngs,andespeci
all
yteacher
sandt
eacher
s-t
o-be
ar
epossessedwi
tht
hei
nher
entdesi
reorcur
iosi
tyt
oexpl
oreandknow
whateducat
ioni
s,wher
eitcamef
rom,
andwher
eiti
sgoi
ng.

(
f)Devel
opi
ngpower
soft
hinki
ng.
I
tcompel
sust
otr
ainandexer
ciseal
louraspect
sofi
ntel
lect
ualact
ivi
ty,
exci
tes
cur
iosi
tyandt
hespi
ri
tofi
nqui
ry,di
sci
pli
nest
hef
acul
tyofr
eason,andcul
ti
vat
est
he
ar
ts ofsel
f-
expr
essi
on and communi
cat
ion.Hi
stor
icalst
udy i
sal
so basi
cto
cul
ti
vat
ingt
heat
ti
tudesoft
hemi
ndt
hatchar
act
eri
zet
heeducat
edper
son,
thehabi
ts
ofskept
ici
smandcr
it
ici
sm;oft
hinki
ngwi
thbr
oadper
spect
iveandobj
ect
ivi
ty;of
di
sti
ngui
shi
ngbet
weent
hegoodandt
hebadi
nhumanexper
ience.I
tgi
vesonet
he
di
scer
ningey
etogi
veshape,f
orm,or
gani
zat
ionsequenceandi
nter
rel
ati
onshi
pand
r
elat
ivei
mpor
tanceofi
deas.

(
g)Exposi
ngonet
oknowl
edgei
not
herdi
sci
pli
nes.
Hi
stor
iansofeducat
ionmustal
way
sgobey
ondt
heconf
inesoft
hei
rdi
sci
pli
ne
t
oful
l
yunder
standt
henat
ureoft
hephenomenat
heyst
udy
.Theypar
ti
cul
arl
yneedt
o
beacquai
ntedwi
tht
hesoci
alsci
encessuchassoci
ology
,psy
chol
ogy
,phi
l
osophyand
compar
ati
veeducat
ion,whi
chcanbeusedi
namut
ual
l
yenr
ichi
ngwayt
oanal
yze
i
mpor
tanteducat
ionali
deas.Thoughschol
arsi
neachdi
sci
pli
nemayoper
atef
rom
t
hei
rownpar
ti
cul
arper
spect
ive,t
heymustofnecessi
tyal
ldr
aw f
rom t
hewel
lof
hi
stor
y,whi
chcont
ainst
her
aw r
ecor
dofhumanexper
ience,andset
sthecont
extof
event
sinat
imecont
inuum wi
thi
nwhi
chot
herdi
sci
pli
nesmustoper
ate.

TheScopeofHi
stor
yofEducat
ion
I
tembr
acest
hedescr
ipt
ion,el
abor
ati
onandanal
ysi
soft
hef
ormal
,
i
nfor
mal
andnon-
for
mal
aspect
sofeducat
ion.

For
mal
Educat
ion
Thef
ormalaspectofeducat
ionr
efer
stot
hei
nst
it
uti
onal
i
zedf
orm ofl
ear
ning
f
oundi
neducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onsorschool
sofv
ary
ingl
evel
sandor
gani
zat
ionwhi
ch
soci
eti
esest
abl
i
sht
o beagent
sfort
hespeci
fi
cpur
posesoft
ransmi
tt
ing ski
l
ls,
knowl
edgeandv
alues.For
mal
educat
ioni
shi
erar
chi
cal
l
yst
ruct
ured,
chr
onol
ogi
cal
l
ygr
aded,
educat
ionsy
stem.

I
nfor
mal
Educat
ion
I
nfor
maleducat
ion r
efer
sto al
i
fel
ong l
ear
ning pr
ocess,wher
ebyeach i
ndi
vi
dual
acqui
res at
ti
tudes,v
alues,ski
l
ls and knowl
edge f
rom t
he educat
ionali
nfl
uences and
r
esour
cesi
nhi
sorherownenv
ironmentandf
rom dai
l
yexper
ience.I
thasno def
ini
te
cur
ri
cul
um ordef
ini
teai
m ordef
ini
tecour
se.Nof
ixedt
imel
i
mit
s.Ther
eisnopr
operpl
anni
ng.
I
tisanat
uralpr
ocess,hencet
her
eisnoment
alst
rai
n.Ther
eisnospeci
fi
cager
equi
red.
I
nfor
maleducat
ionagenci
esi
ncl
ude:t
hef
ami
l
y,t
hechur
ch,t
hemosque,t
heshr
ine,bot
h
massandel
ect
roni
cmedi
a,t
hest
ate,
andpeergr
oups.

Non-
for
mal
Educat
ion
The non-
for
malaspectort
hir
dchannelofeducat
ion r
efer
sto pl
anned
educat
ionalact
ivi
ti
es and pr
ogr
ams t
hat exi
st out
side t
he hi
ghl
yfor
mal
i
zed
i
nst
it
uti
onalschoolst
ruct
ure.Thus,non-
for
maleducat
ioni
sanyt
ypeofst
ruct
uredand
or
gani
zed l
ear
ning whi
ch i
sinst
it
uti
onal
i
zed,i
ntent
ionaland pl
anned byan educat
ional
pr
ovi
der
,butwhi
chdoesnotl
eadt
ofor
mall
evelofqual
i
ficat
ionr
ecogni
zedbyt
her
elev
ant
nat
ionaleducat
ion aut
hor
it
ies.Peopl
e ofal
lage gr
oups can par
ti
cipat
ein non-
for
mal
educat
ionwhi
chcanbeof
fer
edt
hroughcour
ses,wor
kshops,semi
nar
s.Exampl
esoft
he
f
ormal
,i
nfor
mal
,andnon-
for
maleducat
ionwoul
dbet
he8-
4-4,
Afr
icanI
ndi
genousEducat
ion,
andAdul
tLi
ter
acyEducat
ionr
espect
ivel
y.

NB
I
ntheconceptofbot
hfor
mal
,inf
ormal
,andnon-
for
maleducat
ionpr
ocesses,hi
stor
y
ofeducat
ionwi
l
ldealwi
tht
hef
oundat
ionsofmoder
neducat
ionsi
ncet
heanci
entt
imesi
n
sel
ect
edr
egi
onsi
ntheWor
ld,Hebr
aicChr
ist
ianEducat
ion,I
slami
cEducat
ion,Renai
ssance,
Ref
ormat
ionandCount
erRef
ormat
ion,
Moder
nMov
ement
sinEducat
ionf
rom 17thCent
uryt
o
t
hePr
esent
,Af
ri
canI
ndi
genousEducat
ion,andt
hedev
elopmentofWest
ernEducat
ioni
n
Af
ri
cawi
thspeci
alr
efer
encet
oKeny
a,f
rom t
hecol
oni
alt
othepost
-col
oni
alper
iods.

Ear
lymanandEducat
ion(
inPr
e-Hi
stor
icPer
iod)
Manhasexi
stedi
nsomef
orm ont
hispl
anetf
orbet
ween0.
5mi
l
li
onand1
mi
l
li
ony
ear
s.Bet
ween500,
000and75,
000y
ear
sago,t
het
ool
smanmadebecame
r
efi
ned.75,
000t
o20,
000y
ear
sago,
ther
ewer
erapi
dst
ri
desi
nhumancul
tur
e.Ar
tand
expr
essi
ont
ookpl
ace.Fr
om 10,
000t
o8,
000y
ear
sago,t
her
ewer
eevenmor
erapi
d
devel
opment
sthanbef
ore:
 compl
i
cat
edbui
l
dingswer
econst
ruct
ed.
 manpr
oducedhi
sownf
oodr
athert
hansi
mpl
ygat
her
ingwi
l
dfr
uit
s.
 mandevel
opedgest
ures,
signsandsy
mbol
stoconv
e yi
deasandcommuni
cat
e.
Bet
ween6,
000and5,
000y
ear
sagomani
nvent
edwr
it
ing.Educat
iont
husbecamean
i
nst
it
uti
on.Bet
ween4,
000and3,
000y
ear
sago,mani
mpr
ovedski
l
lsi
ncommer
ce.
Ear
lyci
vi
li
zat
ionemer
gedwhenmanbegant
ocont
rolandmani
pul
atet
heenv
ironment
t
osat
isf
yhi
sever
ydayneeds.Mandi
scov
e r
ed:f
ir
e,wat
eruse,andPr
oducedhi
sown
f
ood.
Theagr
icul
tur
alr
evol
uti
onchangedever
yaspectofmans’l
i
fe:mat
eri
alt
hings,t
he
soci
o-pol
i
tical
inst
it
uti
ons,
habi
ts,
cust
oms,
andi
deas
Theabi
l
ityofsy
mbol
i
crepr
esent
ati
onseti
nenabl
edmant
ocommuni
cat
e.
Pi
ctogr
aphi
candi
deogr
aphi
cwr
it
ingt
henr
epl
acedt
heor
alcommuni
cat
ionoft
he
sacr
edt
radi
ti
on and l
aws.The hol
ytr
adi
ti
on and l
aws,pi
ctogr
aphi
cal
l
y and
i
deogr
aphi
cal
l
yrepr
esent
edwer
etobet
hev
e r
yfi
rstt
extbooksandcur
ri
cul
um whi
ch
wer
erei
nfor
ced wi
thi
nthe i
nst
it
uti
ons and school
s and educat
ion became an
i
nst
it
uti
on.Api
ctogr
am i
sasy
mbolt
hatconv
eysmeani
ngt
hroughi
tsr
esembl
ancet
oa
phy
sicalobj
ect
.Ideogr
amsar
egr
aphi
calsy
mbol
sthatr
epr
esentani
deaorconcept
.Good
exampl
esofi
deogr
am ar
ether
edci
rcl
ethatmeans“
notal
l
owed”
,ort
heor
angeory
ell
ow
t
ri
angl
ethatmeans“
att
ent
ion”or“
danger
”.

Ear
lySoci
eti
esandEducat
ion
Thewayi
nwhi
chear
lysoci
eti
eseducat
edt
hei
ryoungandt
hushow f
utur
e
gener
ati
onswer
eeducat
edi
sami
l
e st
onei
ncul
tur
alhi
stor
y.Thus,t
heeducat
ionand
cul
tur
alant
ecedent
sar
esi
gni
fi
cant
,forpr
esentv
aluesar
eroot
edi
nthoseoft
hepast
.
I
nevi
tabl
y,t
her
eisal
lther
easonf
orbei
ngmadeawar
eoft
hemai
nav
e nuesofact
ion
i
nanci
entt
imes.
Ouremphasi
sont
hest
udyofeducat
ioni
nanci
entt
imesl
i
e si
nthosesoci
eti
es
whosei
nfl
uencehasbecomemor
eorl
essaper
manentf
eat
ureoft
hei
rappr
oacht
o
educat
ion.Thi
sisbecauset
hepr
esentKeny
aneducat
ionsy
stememer
gedoutof
t
hesef
ormalsy
stemsofeducat
ion.I
ndeed,oureducat
ionhassi
ncei
ndependence
l
argel
ydevel
opedal
ongwest
ernl
i
nes.

EDUCATI
ONI
NANCI
ENTCI
VILI
ZATI
ON
Thehi
stor
yofci
vi
li
zat
ionst
art
edi
ntheMi
ddl
eEastabout3000BCE,
wher
east
heNor
th
Chi
naci
vi
li
zat
ionbeganaboutami
l
lenni
um andahal
flat
er.TheMesopot
ami
anandEgy
pti
an
ci
vi
li
zat
ionsf
lour
ishedal
mostsi
mul
taneousl
ydur
ingt
hef
ir
stci
vi
li
zat
ional
phase(
3000–1500
BCE)
.Al
thought
heseci
vi
li
zat
ionsdi
ff
ered,t
heyshar
edmonument
all
i
ter
acyachi
evement
s.
Theneedf
ort
heper
pet
uat
ionoft
hesehi
ghl
ydev
elopedci
vi
li
zat
ionsmadewr
it
ingandf
ormal
educat
ioni
ndi
spensabl
e.

Char
act
eri
sti
cfeat
ureofEducat
iondur
ingt
heAnci
entCi
vi
li
zat
ion
Educat
ion seen ascul
tur
alt
ransmi
ssi
on i
mpar
ted i
nfor
mal
l
y,wi
thoutschool
s,
domi
nat
edupt
othet
imecompl
exdemandsofsoci
etybecamet
oogr
eatf
ori
t.The
pr
inci
pleofdi
vi
si
onofl
abourappar
enti
ntheanci
entci
vi
li
zat
ionssoonl
edt
osi
mil
ar
speci
ali
zat
ionsi
neducat
ion.Theexpl
osi
onofknowl
edgemeantt
hatt
hef
ami
l
yand
soci
etywer
eunabl
etocopewi
tht
heemer
gentspeci
ali
sm’
s,t
her
efor
epav
ingt
heway
f
orf
ormalt
rai
ning i
nreadi
ng,wr
it
ing and ar
it
hmet
ic.Home and soci
etyneeded
somet
hingt
osuppl
ementt
hem;whatschool
staughtwassupposedt
ober
elevantt
o
t
heneedsofhomeandsoci
ety
.Thesuppor
ti
vepr
inci
pleofdi
vi
sionofl
abourt
hat
f
oll
owedt
heagr
icul
tur
al,
technol
ogi
calandur
banr
evol
uti
onsofhi
stor
icsoci
eti
essaw
acl
ass oft
eacher
s ar
isi
ng.I
nit
ial
l
yteacher
simpar
ted hi
stor
icaland r
eli
gious
knowl
edget
oasel
ect
edf
ew.Teacher
sthussuppl
ement
edt
hef
ami
l
yandsoci
etyi
n
t
eachi
ngwhatwasconsi
der
edr
elevantf
ort
hecommer
cial
,admi
nist
rat
iveandl
i
ter
ary
needsoft
heevol
vi
ngcommuni
ti
est
hatbecameear
lyhi
stor
icsoci
eti
es.
Thedi
scov
e r
yofwr
it
ingwasani
mpor
tantst
imul
ust
owar
dst
heest
abl
i
s hment
ofschool
s.Theski
l
lsofr
eadi
ng,wr
it
ingandar
it
hmet
icwer
eusef
ulf
orcommer
cial
,
admi
nist
rat
iveandr
ecor
d-keepi
ngpur
poses.Hencet
hel
i
mit
edor
alt
radi
ti
onbasedon
memor
ywassur
elybei
ngphasedoutbyt
heendur
ingaut
hor
it
ati
ver
ecor
dedt
radi
ti
on
oft
hewr
it
tenwor
d.School
sbecameanecessi
ty,t
oteachpeopl
ehow t
oreadand
wr
it
e.