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in fx nt formula

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11 views

Chat GPT2

in fx nt formula

Uploaded by

Krishna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9/23/24, 10:38 PM ChatGPT

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∫ csc(x) cot(x) dx = − csc(x) + C

Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

1
∫ dx = sin−1 (x) + C
1−x 2
​

1
∫ 2
dx = tan−1 (x) + C
1+x
​

2. Common Rules of Integration


Linearity of Integration:

∫ (af (x) + bg(x)) dx = a ∫ f (x) dx + b ∫ g (x) dx

where a and b are constants.

Integration by Parts:

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du

This rule is used often in PDEs to simplify the integration of products of functions.

Substitution Rule (u-substitution):

∫ f (g (x))g ′ (x) dx = ∫ f (u) du (where u = g(x) and du = g ′ (x)dx)

This is useful when dealing with complicated functions, including those arising in
PDEs.

Partial Fraction Decomposition: If f (x) is a rational function, express it as a sum of


simpler fractions and integrate each term.

3. Double and Triple Integrals


In PDEs, it's important to be comfortable with multivariable integration, especially when
dealing with multiple dimensions.

Double Integral:

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