Self-Learning Module for Grade 11

Pre-Calculus

Lesson 3.1
Angles in a Unit
Circle

1|Page
Content

➢ Trigonometry

Content Standards

➢ Key concepts of circular functions, trigonometric identities, inverse

trigonometric functions, and the polar coordinate system

Performance Standards

➢ formulate and solve accurately situational problems involving circular

functions

Lesson Outline
1. Linear and angular measure of arcs
2. Conversion of degree to radian, and vice versa
3. Arc length and area of the sector
4. Angle in standard position and coterminal angles

Learning Competencies
1. Illustrate the unit circle and the relationship between the linear and angular
measures of a central angle in a unit circle.
STEM_PC11T-IIa-1
2. Convert degree measure to radian measure and vice versa.
STEM_PC11T-IIa-2
3. Illustrate angles in standard position and coterminal angles.
STEM_PC11T-IIa-3

Overview
Angles are being used in several fields like engineering, medical imaging,
electronics, astronomy, geography and many more. Added to that, surveyors, pilots,
landscapers, designers, soldiers, and people in many other professions heavily use
angles and trigonometry to accomplish a variety of practical tasks. In this lesson, we
will deal with the basics of angle measures together with arc length and sectors.

2
 3.1.1 Angle Measure
We will first learn how angles are drawn within the coordinate plane. An angle
is said to be in standard position if the vertex of the angle is at (0, 0) and the initial side
of the angle lies along the positive x-axis. If the angle measure is positive, then the
angle has been created by a counterclockwise rotation from the initial to the terminal
side. If the angle measure is negative, then the angle has been created by a
clockwise rotation from the initial to the terminal side.

An angle is in standard position if it is drawn in the xy-plane with its vertex at

the origin and its initial side on the positive x-axis. The angles α, β, and θ in the
following figure are angles in standard position.

3
Drawing Angles in Standard Position
Example 3.1.1

Exercise 3.1.1
Sketch each of the following angles in standard position. (Do not use a protractor;
just draw a brief sketch.)

4
*Enrichment Activity
You can visit the website link below to provide you with an actual illustration of
angles. (A sample screenshot is also shown below.)
https://www.mathopenref.com/trigangle.html

Access these online resources for additional instruction and practice with angles.
• Angles in Standard Position
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpIjaKLOo6o

5
 • Angle of Rotation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yHDfG2m-44

Measuring Angles
To measure angles, we use degrees, minutes, seconds, and radians.

1
A central angle of a circle measures one degree, written 1  , if it intercepts of
360
1
the circumference of the circle. One minute, written 1’, is of 1  , while one
60
1
second, written 1” , is of 1’.
60

A. Steps on how to convert Decimal Degrees into Degrees, Minutes, Seconds

(DMS)
1. The whole units of degrees will remain the same (e.g., if your figure is
121.135 degrees, start with 121 degrees).
2. Multiply the decimal portion of the figure by 60 (e.g., “0.135 * 60 = 8.1”).
3. The whole number becomes the minutes (8).
4. Take the remaining decimal and multiply it by 60 (e.g., “0.1 * 60 = 6”).
5. The resulting number becomes the seconds (6 seconds). Seconds can
remain as a decimal if needed.
6. Take your three sets of numbers and put them together, (e.g., 121°8'6"
would be equivalent to 121.135 degrees).

6
 B. Steps on how to convert Degrees, Minutes, Seconds(DMS) into Decimal
Degrees
1. Keep the decimal unit the same. (e.g., if your figure is 7515 ' 45" , start
with 75 degrees).
2. Divide the seconds number by 60 (e.g., “45÷60=0.75”)
3. Take the minutes number and add the decimal. (e.g.,“15.75”)
4. Divide the minute decimal by 60.(e.g., “15.75÷60=0.2625”)
5. The result is the decimal degree(e.g., “0.26250”)
6. Take the whole unit degree and add the decimal degree
(e.g.,."75.26250”)
Example 3.1.2
1. Convert 79.251 into degrees, minutes, seconds(DMS) form.
Solution:
79.251 = 79(0.251x60) '
= 7915.06 '
= 7915'(0.06 x60)"
= 7915'3.6"
2. Convert 1030 '18" into decimal degrees form.
Solution:
'
 18 
1030 '18" = 10  30 + 
 60 
= 1030.3 '
 30.3 
=  10 + 
 60 
= 10.505
Exercise 3.1.2
1. Convert the following into degrees, minutes, seconds form.
a. 77.745
b. 38.675
2. Convert the following into decimal degrees form. (Express your answer to the
hundredths place)
a. 12055 ' 25"
b. 936 ' 24"

7
 A central angle of the unit circle that intercepts an arc of the circle with length 1
unit is said to have a measure of one radian, written 1 rad. See the figure below.

In trigonometry, as it was studied in Grade 9, the degree measure is often used.

On the other hand, in some fields of mathematics like calculus, radian measure of
angles is preferred. Radian measure allows us to treat the trigonometric functions as
functions with the set of real numbers as domains, rather than angles.
In the following figure, identify the terminal side of an angle in standard position
with given measure.
1. degree measure: 135  , –135  , –90  , 405 
 3 3 
2. radian measure: rad , − rad , rad , − rad
4 4 2 2

Solution:

1. degree measure 135 : OC ; −135 : OD ; −90 : OE ; and 405 : OB

8
  3 3 
2. radian measure: rad : OB ; − rad : OD ; rad : OE ; and − rad : OE
4 4 2 2
Since a unit circle has circumference 2  , a central angle that measures 360  has
measure equivalent to 2  radians. Thus, we obtain the following conversion rules.

Converting degree to radian, and vice versa


1. To convert a degree measure to radian, multiply it by .
180

180 it shows some special

The figure below illustrates the Standard Unit Circle and
2. To convert a radian measure to degree, multiply it by .
angles with the indicated terminal sides. 

Example 3.1.3
1. Express 75 and 240 in radians.
Solution:
   5 5
75  =  75 = rad
 180  12 12
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    4 4
240  =  240 = rad
 180  3 3
 11
2. Express rad and rad in degrees.
8 6
Solution:
  180  
  = 22.5  = 22.5
8   8
11  180  11
  = 330  = 330
6    6
Exercise 3.1.3
1. Convert each of the following angles given in degrees to radians. Give your
answers as multiples of  .
a) 60 b) 90 c) 150
2. Convert each of the following angles given in radians to degrees.
 3
a) b)
9 4
3.1.2 Coterminal Angles
Two angles in standard position that have a common terminal side are called
coterminal angles. Observe that the degree measures of coterminal angles differ
by multiples of 360  .

Two angles are coterminal if and only if their degree measures differ by 360k ,
where k  Z .

Similarly, two angles are coterminal if and only if their radian measures differ by
2 k , where k  Z .

In simple terms:

Any given angle has infinitely many coterminal angles found by adding or
subtracting integer multiples of 360  or 2 rad.

or As
2πarad
quick illustration, let us try to find one positive angle that is coterminal with
50  .
Since the terminal side of a 50° angle resides in quadrant I, the terminal side of
its coterminal angle must share that side. This means the new angle would make one
10
complete revolution before having its terminal side come to rest at the same place.
Therefore, to find the coterminal angle to a 50° angle, just add 360°.

50 + 360 = 410

Example 3.1.4
1. Find the angle coterminal with −380 that has measure
a) between 0 and 360
b) between −360 and 0

Solution: A negative angle moves in a clockwise direction, and the angle

−380 lies in Quadrant IV.

a) −380 + 2  360 = 340

b) −380 + 360 = −20

2. Find two positive angles that are coterminal to -30°.

Solution:
-30°+ 360° = 330°
330°+ 360° = 690°
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 In this case, the two positive coterminal angles to -30° are 330° and 690°.

3. Find one negative angle that is coterminal to 30°.

Solution: A negative angle moves in a clockwise direction. In this case, to find
the negative coterminal angle, subtract 360° from 30°.

30° - 360° = -330°


Find a positive and negative angle that is coterminal to an angle that is radians.
6
Solution:

+ 2 
6 − 2
6
 12
+  12
6 6 −
6 6
13
11
6 −
6

Adding 2  to the By subtracting 2 

original angle yields the from the original angle,
positive coterminal angle. the negative coterminal
angle has been found.

Exercise 3.1.4
1. Find a positive and a negative angle that are coterminal with the given angle.
a) 75 c) −200
2 
b) d)
3 8

*Enrichment Activity
You can visit the website link below to the illustrate real-time concept of coterminal
angles. (A sample screenshot is also shown below.)
https://www.mathopenref.com/coterminal.html

12
Access these online resources for additional instruction and practice with coterminal
angles and radian measures.
• Coterminal Angles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuyF8fFg3B0

• Determining Coterminal Angles

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52L90YF18ds

13
• Positive and negative Coterminal Angles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7jTGVVzb0s

• Radian Measure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAJqXtzwpXQ

• Coterminal Angles in Radians

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpr8FkiowHk

3.1.3 Arc Length and Area of a Sector

Lesson Notes
This lesson explores the following geometric definitions:

• ARC: An arc is a connected subset of a differentiable curve or a snippet of the

circle, a piece of its circumference. It can be any of the following three
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 figures—a minor arc, a major arc, or a semicircle.
• LENGTH OF AN ARC: The length of an arc is the circular distance around the
arc.
• MINOR AND MAJOR ARC: In a circle with center 𝑂, let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be different points
that lie on the circle but are not the endpoints of a diameter. The minor arc
between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is the set containing 𝐴, 𝐵, and all points of the circle that are
in the interior of ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵. The major arc is the set containing 𝐴, 𝐵, and all points
of the circle that lie in the exterior of ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵.
• RADIAN: A radian is the measure of the central angle of a sector of a circle
with arc length of one radius length.
• SECTOR: Let arc 𝐴𝐵 ̂ be an arc of a circle with center 𝑂 and radius 𝑟. The union
of the segments 𝑂𝑃, where 𝑃 is any point on the arc 𝐴𝐵 ̂ , is called a sector. The
̂ is called the arc of the sector, and 𝑟 is called its radius.
arc 𝐴𝐵
• SEMICIRCLE: In a circle, let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be the endpoints of a diameter. A
semicircle is the set containing 𝐴, 𝐵, and all points of the circle that lie in a
given half-plane of the line determined by the diameter.

In a circle, a central angle whose radian measure is  subtends an arc that is the

fraction of the circumference of the circle, Thus in a circle of radius r (see the
2
figure below), the length s of an arc that subtends the angle  is
 
s= x circumference of circle = = (2 r ) = r
2 2

In a circle of radius r , the length s of an arc intercepted by a central angle with

measure  radians is given by

s = r

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 A sector of a circle is the portion of the interior of a circle bounded by the initial
and terminal sides of a central angle and its intercepted arc. It is like a “slice of pizza.”
Note that an angle with measure 2 radians will define a sector that corresponds to
the whole “pizza.” Therefore, if a central angle of a sector has measure  radians,

then the sector makes up the fraction of a complete circle. See Figure below. Since
2

the area of a complete circle with radius r is  r 2 , we have

 1
Area of a Sector = ( r 2 ) =  r 2
2 2

In a circle of radius r , the area A of a sector with a central angle measuring 

radians is

1
A = r 2
2

Example 3.1.5

1. Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 10m that subtends a central
angle of 30.
Solution: Since the given central angle is in degrees, we have to convert it into
radian measure. Then apply the formula for an arc length.
   
30   = rad
 180  6
   5
s = r = 10   = m
6 3
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 2. A central angle  in a circle of radius 4m is subtended by an arc of length
6m. Find the measure of  in radians.
Solution:
s = r
s 6 3
= = = rad
r 4 2
3. Find the area of a sector of a circle with central angle 60  if the radius of the
circle is 3m.
Solution: First, we have to convert 60  into radians. Then apply the formula
for computing the area of a sector.
   
60   = rad
 180  3
1 1 2    3 2
A = r 2 = ( 3)   = m
2 2 3 2
Exercise 3.1.5
1. In a circle of radius 7 feet, find the length of the arc that subtends a central
angle of 5 radians.
2. A central angle θ in a circle of radius 20 m is subtended by an arc of length 15
 m. Find the measure of  in degrees
3. Find the area of a sector of a circle with central angle that measures 75  if the
radius of the circle is 6 m.
4. A sprinkler on a golf course fairway is set to spray water over a distance of 70
feet and rotates through an angle of 120  . Find the area of the fairway watered
by the sprinkler.
Access the following online resource for additional instruction and practice with arc
length, and areas of sectors.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zD4CsKIYEHo

17
 Key Terms
Angle – the union of two rays having a common endpoint
Arc Length – the length of the curve formed by an arc
Area of a Sector – area of a portion of a circle bordered by two radii and the

intercepted arc; the fraction multiplied by the area of the entire circle
2
Coterminal Angles – description of positive and negative angles in standard position
sharing the same terminal side
Degree – a unit of measure describing the size of an angle as one-360th of a full
revolution of a circle
Initial Side – the side of an angle from which rotation begins measure of an angle the
amount of rotation from the initial side to the terminal side
Negative Angle – description of an angle measured clockwise from the positive x-axis
Positive Angle – description of an angle measured counterclockwise from the positive
x-axis
Radian – the measure of a central angle of a circle that intercepts an arc equal in
length to the radius of that circle
Radian Measure – the ratio of the arc length formed by an angle divided by the radius
of the circle
Ray – one point on a line and all points extending in one direction from that point; one
side of an angle
Standard Position – the position of an angle having the vertex at the origin and the
initial side along the positive x-axis
Terminal Side – the side of an angle at which rotation ends
Unit Circle – a circle with a center at (0, 0) and radius 1
Vertex – the common endpoint of two rays that form an angle

Key Equations

Arc Length s = r

1
Area of a Sector A = r 2
2

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Converting degree to radian, and vice versa


1. To convert a degree measure to radian, multiply it by .
180

180
2. To convert a radian measure to degree, multiply it by .


Coterminal Angles

Any given angle has infinitely many coterminal angles found by adding or subtracting
integer multiples of 360  or 2 rad.

Key Concepts

• An angle is formed from the union of two rays, by keeping the initial side fixed
and rotating the terminal side. The amount of rotation determines the measure
of the angle.
• An angle is in standard position if its vertex is at the origin and its initial side
lies along the positive x-axis. A positive angle is measured counterclockwise
from the initial side and a negative angle is measured clockwise.
• To draw an angle in standard position, draw the initial side along the positive
x-axis and then place the terminal side according to the fraction of a full rotation
the angle represents.
• In addition to degrees, the measure of an angle can be described in radians.
• Two angles that have the same terminal side are called coterminal angles.
• We can find coterminal angles by adding or subtracting 360° or 2π.
• Coterminal angles can be found using radians just as they are for degrees.
• The length of a circular arc is a fraction of the circumference of the entire circle.
• The area of sector is a fraction of the area of the entire circle.

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 ASSESSMENT TEST

Direction: Choose the letter that represents your best answer.

1. It is formed by rotating a ray about its endpoint.

a. vertex b. angle
c. degree d. radian
2. By rotating a ray from one position to another to make an angle, the original
position is called ___________.
a. initial side b. terminal side
c. point of intersection d. vertex
3. By rotating a ray from one position to another to make an angle, the final
position is called ___________.
a. initial side b. terminal side
c. point of intersection d. vertex
4. Two angles in standard position that have a common terminal side are called:
a. exterior angles b. reflex angles
c. coterminal angles d. vertical angles
5. An angle is said to be in ____________, if it is drawn in the xy-plane with its
vertex at the origin and its initial side on the positive x-axis.
a. standard position b. neutral position
c. vertical position d. horizontal position
6. It is a circle with center at the origin and radius 1 unit.
a. unit circle b. concentric circle
c. tangent circle d. congruent circle
7. It is the measure of the central angle of a sector of a circle with arc length of
one radius length.
a. coterminal angle b. reference
c. degree d. radian
8. Convert 85.581389 into degrees, minutes, seconds form.
a. 8558 '14" b. 8514 '53"
c. 8553'34" d. 8534 '53"

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9. Convert 11237 ' 48" into decimal degrees and round to the nearest
hundredths of a degree.
a. 112.36 b. 112.26
c. 112.63 d. 112.53
10. Convert the angle 2524 '16" to decimal degrees and round to the nearest
hundredths of a degree.
a. 25.31 b. 25.40
c. 25.38 d. 25.50
11. Convert 14.36 to degrees, minutes, and seconds form.
a. 1420 ' 26" b. 1436 ' 00"
c. 1412 '30" d. 1421'36"
12. Express 75° and 240° in radians, respectively.

a. 5 , 4 b. 4 , 5
12 3 3 12

c. 12 , 4 d. 5 , 3
5 3 12 4

13. Express  rad and 11 rad in degrees, respectively.

8 6
a. 330°, 22° b. 320°, 22°
c. 330°, 22.5° d. 22.5°, 330°
14. From the given set of angles: –120°, 600°, –480°, 120°, 240°, identify the
angle that is not coterminal with the others.
a. –120° b. 180°
c. 240° d. 600°
15. Which one is not coterminal with the others from the given set of angles:
 , 49 , 21 , − 9 ,11 ?
5 5 5 5 5

a. − 9 b. 
5 5

c. 49 d. 21
5 5
16. Find an angle between 0° and 360° that is coterminal of the angle -380°.
a. -340° b. 20°
c. -20° d. 340° .

21
 17. Find an angle between 0° and 360° that is coterminal of the angle
−2848 ' 65" .

a. - 33212 '5" b. 33210 '55"

c. 33112 '5" d. 33110 '55"

18. Find the angle between 0 rad and 2  rad that is coterminal with 13 .
2

a. 3 b. 
2 6

c.  d. 
4 2
19. Give an expression that generates all angles coterminal with 35º.
a. 35 + n  360 b. 90 + n  360
c. 35 + n 180 d. 90 + n 180
20. A central angle with measure 50° is drawn in a circle with a circumference of
9  miles. What is the length of the intercepted arc, rounded to the nearest
tenth of a mile?
a. 3.4 miles b. 3.9 miles
c. 6.8 miles d. 7. miles

For Items 19-20, use the diagram and the information below.

21. Which is the closest to the length of PQ ?

a. 14 feet b. 28 feet
c. 140 feet d. 280 feet
22
22. Which is closest to the area of the sector formed by POQ ?
a. 7 sq ft b. 14 sq ft
c. 70 sq ft d. 140 sq ft

23. What is the value of  , in radians, in the circle below?

a. 0.5 radian b. 1 radian

c. 1.5 radians d. 2.5 radians
24. What is the area of the shaded region of the circle below?

b. (9 − 9) in
2 2
a. 9 in

c. (9 − 18) in
2 2
d. 9 in

25. Find the area of a sector of a circle with central angle that measures 75° if
the radius of the circle is 6 m, in sq. m.
a. 6.5 b. 7
c. 7.5 d. 8.5

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Performance Task (Week 1)

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