Day and Night

 The Earth rotates on its axis, which is an imaginary line passing through the North Pole
nad the South Pole. It is daytime on the side facing the Sun and night time on the side
facing away from the Sun. This causes the cycle of day and night. The Earth completes a
full rotation in one day, which is about 24 hours.

Time Zones and Time Differences

 As different parts of the world receive sunlight at different times, their daytime and
night time start at different times. Therefore, the Earth is divided into many time zones.
Places within a time zone share the same local time, and places in neighboring time
zones are usually one hour ahead or behind.

Changes of Seasons
 The Earth revolves around the Sun. The Earth completes one revolution around the Sun
in one year, which is about 365 days. Since the axis of rotation is tilted, the two
hemispheres receive sunlight at different angles.
 It is summer in the Northern Hemisphere when it receives overhead sunlight, as the
light is more focused and the temperature is higher. At the same time, it is winter in the
Southern Hemisphere, where the slanted sunlight is less focused and the temperature is
lower. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere , it is summer in the Southern
Hemisphere.

Earth
 It evolves around Sun
 One revolution needs 1 year
 One rotation needs about 24 hours
Moon
 It evolves around Earth
 One revolution needs 27 days
 One rotation needs about 27 days

Why does the Moon have different phases?

 The Sun shines on only one side of the Moon. When the Moon revolves around the
Earth, its position in relation to the Earth and the Sun changes. Therefore, the shape of
the lit part of the Moon that we see on the Earth changes, causing different phases

Moon has different phases when it is in different positions during its revolution around the
Earth. It takes about 30 days to complete one lunar cycle.

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in between the Earth and the Sun. As a result, we
see that the Sun is blocked by the Moon.

A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth moves in between the Moon and the Sun. As a result, we
see that the Earth block sunlight from shining on the Moon.
Surface of the Moon
The surface of the Moon is rough, and full of rocks and craters. The Moon does not give off
light. We can see the Moon because it reflects light from the Sun.

Rotation and Revolution of the Moon

The Moon rotates on an imaginary axis and revolves around the Earth. It takes the Moon about
27 days to complete one rotation and one revolution. Therefore, we always see the same side
of the Moon from the Earth.

Phases of the Moon

When the Moon revolves around the Earth, its position in relation to the Earth and the Sun
changes. Therefore, the lit part of the Moon that we can see changes, forming different phases.
On the first day of a lunar month, we cannot see the Moon because sunlight falls on the back of
the Moon. From that day onwards, the lit part of the oon that we can see gradually get bigger.
A full moon appears on the 15th day when the fully lit side of he Moon faces the Earth. A lunar
cycle lasts for about 30 days.

Solar Eclipses and Lunar Eclipses

When the Moon moves in between the Earth and the Sun, it blocks sunlight from reaching the
Earth and a solar eclipse occurs. When the Earth moves in between the Moon and the Sun, it
blocks sunlight from shining on the Moon and a lunar eclipse occurs.

Strong sunlight is harmful to our eyes. We should not look at the Sun directly. We should watch
solar eclipses using suitable tools.

What types of celestial bodies are there in the universe?

Star
 Gives off light
 Example: Sun
Planet
 Does not give off light
 Revolves around a star
 Example: Earth
Satellite
 Does not give off light
 Revolves around a planet
 Example: Moon

The universe is huge. The Earth we live on is a planet in the Solar System. The solar system is in
the milky way galaxy, which is one of the many galaxies in the universe.
Fill in the Blank Questions
1. The Earth rotates on its ______________ that passes through the North Pole and the
South Pole.
2. It takes the Earth about ________________ hours to complete one full rotation.
3. The Earth is divided into different _______________ zones because different parts of
the world receive sunlight at different times.
4. The Earth revolves around the _______________ and completes one revolution in about
_______________ days.
5. During a solar eclipse, the _______________ moves between the Earth and the Sun.
Short Answer Questions
6. What causes the cycle of day and night on Earth?
________________________________________________________________________

7. Name the two main types of eclipses.

________________________________________________________________________

8. What is the main reason we have different seasons on Earth?

________________________________________________________________________

9. Why do we always see the same side of the Moon from Earth?
________________________________________________________________________

10. What is a satellite, and can you give an example?

________________________________________________________________________

Long Answer Questions

11. Explain why it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere when it is winter in the Southern
Hemisphere. Include the role of the Earth's tilt in your answer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

12. Describe the phases of the Moon and how they change over a lunar cycle.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

13. Discuss the importance of time zones and how they affect the way we measure time
across the globe.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Answers
Fill in the Blank Answers
1. axis
2. 24
3. time
4. Sun, 365
5. Moon
Short Answer Answers
6. The cycle of day and night is caused by the Earth's rotation on its axis. The side of the
Earth facing the Sun experiences day, while the side facing away from the Sun
experiences night.
7. The two main types of eclipses are solar eclipse and lunar eclipse.
8. Different seasons are caused by the Earth's tilt on its axis combined with its orbit around
the Sun, leading to varying angles of sunlight in different parts of the year.
9. We always see the same side of the Moon because the Moon's rotation period is equal
to its revolution period around the Earth, both taking about 27 days.
10. A satellite is a celestial body that orbits around a planet. An example of a satellite is the
Moon, which orbits the Earth.
Long Answer Answers
11. It is summer in the Northern Hemisphere and winter in the Southern Hemisphere at the
same time because of the Earth's tilted axis. During the Northern Hemisphere's summer,
the Earth's tilt causes this hemisphere to lean towards the Sun, receiving more direct
sunlight and warmer temperatures. Conversely, during this time, the Southern
Hemisphere leans away from the Sun, receiving less direct sunlight and experiencing
colder temperatures.
12. The phases of the Moon change in a cycle roughly every 30 days, known as a lunar cycle.
The cycle begins with the new moon, when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun,
and its lit side is not visible from Earth. As the Moon orbits the Earth, more of its sunlit
side becomes visible, leading up to the full moon when the entire sunlit side is visible.
After the full moon, the visible portion decreases until it returns to the new moon.
13. Time zones are crucial because they allow regions of the Earth receiving sunlight at the
same time to share the same standard time. The Earth is divided into 24 time zones,
approximately one for each hour of the day, reflecting the Earth's rotation every 24
hours. This system helps manage the differences in daylight that occur at different
longitudes and coordinates daily activities across different regions globally.